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More Lessons for Calculus Help
Welcome to our collection of free Calculus lessons and videos.
Trigonometric Substitution - Example 1
Just a basic trigonometric substitution problem. I show the basic substitutions along with how to use the right triangle to get back to the original variable.
Trigonometric Substitution - Example 2
A complete example integrating an indefinite integral using a trigonometric substitution involving tangent.
Trigonometric Substitution - Example 3 / Part 1
A harder example of using a trig sub is shown! First, you have to complete the square!
Trigonometric Substitution - Example 3 / Part 2
Rotate to landscape screen format on a mobile phone or small tablet to use the Mathway widget, a free math problem solver that answers your questions with step-by-step explanations.
You can use the free Mathway calculator and problem solver below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem and check your answer with the step-by-step explanations.
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Increasing hydropower capacity without straining the environmentApril 29, 2013 by Jan Overney in Technology / Engineering
With over 800 mini-hydroelectric plants awaiting approval in Switzerland, the biodiversity of Swiss river ecosystems could be at stake. More enlightened policies could help preserve the environment.
As nuclear power production is phased out in several countries in the wake of the accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plants, renewable energy is expected pick up much of the slack. Switzerland expects a 10% increase in its hydropower capacity by 2050 by expanding its existing hydropower installations and authorizing the construction of hundreds of new mini-hydropower plants, leaving few river courses untouched. But what does this mean for the country's river ecosystems? Under current policy this could lead to a dramatic change of biodiversity, argues Paolo Perona, professor in applied hydro-economics and fluvial morphodynamics. In two recent publications, he outlines how a change in policy could help maintain the natural fluctuations in river flow that are fundamental in driving many ecological processes without hampering the economic productivity of existing hydropower installations. We met Paolo Perona for an interview.
How do you expect Swiss hydropower to evolve in the near future?
Because of Switzerland's recent decision to abandon nuclear power and expand hydropower, the population will begin to see exploitation touch almost all rivers. This could be a positive development, provided that we proceed with common sense. Mini-hydropower, using installations with a capacity of less than 10 MW, is one component that is expected to increase, especially given that it is faster and less expensive to implement. In fact, since the Federal Offices for the Environment and Energy, and the Federal Council have decided to invest into hydropower, around 800 new projects have been proposed, to be located in valleys all across the country. Many have already been approved and are now going into construction.
That must have quite an impact on the environment.
To limit the environmental impact, measures have been put in place to ensure that rivers never dry out. But the problem is that these measures kill the natural variability of the river. The challenge is the conciliation of river management from an ecological and an economic point of view. In 1992, the Swiss population voted in a law to protect the environment by imposing a minimum flow on all rivers that are impounded, for instance for the generation of hydropower. Today, this law sets a minimum standard. In many places, for instance, two or more minimum flow rates are imposed, depending on the season.
Why is it so important to preserve the natural variability of the river flow?
A lot of - perhaps even all - river processes are dictated by flow variability initiated by precipitation, and the melting snow and ice within the catchment. Consider sediment transport. Different sediment sizes are moved and deposited by different flow rates. In this way, habitats are moved and created. Through floods, variability also connects the river to its floodplain. This guarantees the renewal of soil moisture, the delivery of nutrients, and the removal of debris, benefitting both flora and fauna.
What happens when we remove this variability?
In the Maggia Valley, a strongly impounded system that is regulated using a two-threshold minimal flow release approach, we observed and modeled the effect of artificially altered flow regimes. One thing that became clear is that this regulation triggered a change in the vegetation and in its renewal dynamics. The problem with this is, once new trees or other vegetation have settled and grown deep roots, uprooting them is not just simply a matter of going back to the natural flow regime. The trees are too old. So you would need to wait a long time to bring back the system to its original state.
So how should we decide how much water to leave to the environment?
We decided to look at the problem using an approach borrowed from economics, called marginal analysis. As an example, say you have two people that are both thirsty, but you only have two liters of water to offer them. One person may need one liter of water to fully quench his thirst while another may need three liters. Marginal theory says that there is a point where these two liters of water are distributed optimally. That point is reached when both people would attribute the same value to the next sip of water they are offered.
How does this apply to river ecosystems?
Using this approach, we can allocate water among economic users and the environment in such a way that both benefit equally. When we do this using a method we recently published, the flow that is released downstream of a diversion point - water that is provided to the environment - is very similar to the flow in a natural river ecosystem, with similar variability, only with a lower magnitude.
What would be the financial impact of varying river flow rates to mimic the natural situation?
Of course we are removing water from the economic user. But if we are able to remove the water in the same amount as current law would have it, for example on a two threshold basis, but make it variable, we can preserve its value for business. At the same time, we greatly improve the ecological benefit thanks to the variability that we obtain. To qualify the ecological benefit more accurately, we are currently running field and lab experiments with Alexandre Buttler from the ECOS lab at EPFL.
Have you been able to test this on a real stream?
In the Canton of Graubünden, there are some mini-hydropower development projects where they plan to divert water from the river using a proportional distribution – a subset of the theoretical model we developed that has already been put into practice in some neighboring countries, such as Italy and Austria. Lorenzo Golra, a PhD student in my group, ran a case study on one of these projects and published his results in a second paper. He analyzed four different distribution scenarios, the natural scenario, and our optimal scenario. The results show that our approach based on a dynamic redistribution policy performs better than approaches based on minimum flow releases and proportional distribution approaches when we compare a number of economic and hydro-ecological indicators.
So will Switzerland be able to expand its hydropower capacity sustainably?
It depends on how we decide to manage water in these ecosystems. We can exploit a river for 40 or 50 years and then decide that we want to bring it back to its natural state, but we don't know how the ecosystem will respond. Does it make sense to invest a lot of money after 50 years for restoration if we could invest a little now, and perturb the environment less? In contrast, our research sends a message that we can move away from a restoration-based to a preservation-based approach. Let's exploit the river economically, but if we can do it with less impact, we will save a lot of money in the future. Ecosystems are only resilient to a certain point. But beyond that point, they are unlikely to bounce back promptly by simply restoring the river.
More information: Perona, P., D. Dürrenmatt and G. Characklis (2013) Obtaining natural-like flow releases in diverted river reaches from simple riparian benefit economic models. Journal of Environmental Management, 118: 161-169, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.01.010
Gorla, L. and P. Perona (2013) On quantifying ecologically sustainable flow releases in a diverted river reach. Journal of Hydrology, 489: 98-107, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.043
Provided by Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
"Increasing hydropower capacity without straining the environment" April 29, 2013 https://phys.org/news/2013-04-hydropower-capacity-straining-environment.html
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Geologic maps are a fundamental data source used to define mineral-resource potential tracts for the first step of a mineral resource assessment. Further, it is generally believed that the scale of the geologic map is a critical consideration. Previously published research has demonstrated that the U.S. Geological Survey porphyry tracts identified for the United States, which are based on 1:500,000-scale geology and larger scale data and published at 1:1,000,000 scale, can be approximated using a more generalized 1:2,500,000-scale geologic map. Comparison of the USGS porphyry tracts for the United States with weights-of-evidence models made using a 1:10,000,000-scale geologic map, which was made for petroleum applications, and a 1:35,000,000-scale geologic map, which was created as context for the distribution of porphyry deposits, demonstrates that, again, the USGS US porphyry tracts identified are similar to tracts defined on features from these small scale maps. In fact, the results using the 1:35,000,000-scale map show a slightly higher correlation with the USGS US tract definition, probably because the conceptual context for this small-scale map is more appropriate for porphyry tract definition than either of the other maps. This finding demonstrates that geologic maps are conceptual maps. The map information shown in each map is selected and generalized for the map to display the concepts deemed important for the map maker's purpose. Some geologic maps of small scale prove to be useful for regional mineral-resource tract definition, despite the decrease in spatial accuracy with decreasing scale. The utility of a particular geologic map for a particular application is critically dependent on the alignment of the intention of the map maker with the application. ?? International Association for Mathematical Geology 2007.
Additional publication details
Porphyry copper deposit tract definition - A global analysis comparing geologic map scales
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An upset stomach is the second most common ailment in the US next to the common cold. It is called gastroenteritis in the medical world. Symptoms include stomach aches and pains, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and fatigue. There are many different causes for an upset tummy, and different solutions for many of them. However, the first few days you will likely be at home waiting to see if it is a more serious condition or not. If you feel it is serious, or your upset stomach occurs for more than a few days, you may want to contact your doctor. It could be a sign of a food allergy or a serious stomach condition.
In the meantime, there are some foods that you will want to stay away from while dealing with an upset stomach. If you are vomiting, you are going to want to avoid all food until it has stopped for at least four hours, and your nausea subsides. You can suck on ice chips, ice pops or try to drink water to keep yourself hydrated. Pedialite is a great resource for small children, to keep them properly hydrated. When you feel you are ready to start eating again, start small. Some common foods you will want to avoid are:
Milk and Dairy products might seem like the way to go, since it is one of the first foods introduced to babies with new tummies. However, dairy products are hard on the stomach, and difficult to digest. Early humans were lactose intolerant, and many still are today. You especially want to stay away from dairy for a while if you suspect any food allergies. Lactose intolerance is a very common ailment.
Caffeine & Alcohol
Caffeine and alcohol are two more substances that are hard on your stomach, and may cause you more problems. Excessive alcohol consumption actually eats away at the lining of your stomach, a job best left for the acid already in your stomach. Caffeine is found in many common drinks, such as coffee, soda, tea, and energy drinks, so be sure to take note when reintroducing foods. For now, stick to low sugar sports drinks, water, and non-acidic juices such as apple juice. However decaffeinated teas and sodas such as sprite, may help an upset stomach. The key is to watch the caffeine.
As we all know, spicy foods can be hard enough on your stomach when you are not sick! Steer clear of spicy foods & seasonings for a while until your upset stomach is gone.
Nuts are another food group that can be hard to digest, as well as a common food allergy. Although nuts are a great food source otherwise, hold off until you are feeling better, especially if a food allergy is a possible suspect.
Acidic foods naturally increase the amount of digestive enzymes your stomach produces, so they can be broken down. This can be tough on your stomach, and should be cut out of your diet when you are having ailments. These include tomato products, citrus fruits, olives, and citrus juices.
These are the important foods that should be avoided, but in general one should stick to a bland, natural diet, with simple foods like oatmeal and rice. If your stomach problems persist for more than a day or two, you may want to contact your doctor. Food drinks like ensure are also a great way to keep up on your nutrients when dealing with an upset tummy.
Feel better soon,
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GM crop giant Monsanto has said its likely future developments in genetic agriculture engineering will take in a much wider variety of plants, including those grown in the world's poorest regions.
Bananas are a key crop for farmers in the developing world
Currently there are four main GM-engineered crops, three of which - maize, soya and oilseed rape, known in the north America as canola - are grown primarily for animal feed. Cotton is the fourth.
Only 1% of research goes into crops key to farmers in the developing world, such as bananas and cassavas. But Kerry Preete, Monsanto's head of US operations, said it was likely this would change in the future.
"Over time that is probably going to change as the technology gets developed and both private and public sector industry looks at it," he told BBC World Service's The Interview programme.
"I think it's well-known that there're tens, dozens, of different crops being worked on today all round the world, in all types of research agencies."
The role of GM crops in the developing world is particularly politically sensitive.
In 2002, US President George Bush accused the European Union of blocking efforts to fight famine in Africa because of "unfounded" fears over genetically modified foods.
Zambia, which was undergoing drought and severe hunger at the time, banned GM food aid which was sent. The country said it would rather go hungry than risk losing its export markets in Europe because its crops had been contaminated by GM seed.
Mr Preete said that particular storm was "not for Monsanto to comment on", but added that he felt GM technology was one of the "tools" which could help developing world farmers.
"One of the solutions and one of the tools is to help African farmers become more self-sufficient in agriculture," he added.
He also praised the UK government, which earlier this month agreed in principle to the growing of a single variety of GM maize in England.
"The introduction of this technology should be based on sound science, and I think the recent move by the UK government to look at and approve the cultivation of crops, we view as a tremendous step," he said.
"[It] clearly demonstrated that the UK is taking a very responsible, science-based and case-by-case approach to looking at these technologies.
"We think that's going to benefit farmers and consumers alike."
Anti-GM campaign groups vehemently opposed the decision.
Critics of Monsanto in particular have suggested two charges against the company.
One is that the use of their Round-Up Ready corn - genetically engineered to resist a Monsanto pesticide called Round-Up - has encouraged not a decrease, but an increase in the use of pesticides, specifically Round-Up.
Mr Preete conceded this was in fact true. "The fact is there is more Round-Up used," he said.
"But if you look at the amount of pesticide or herbicide applied per acre of soil, versus conventional, there have actually been several studies that show the actual pounds of pesticide have been reduced."
Monsanto hopes it can engineer crops to have a lower saturated fat content
The other suggestion is that new, super-resistant weeds, more tolerant of the pesticide glyphosate - which is the active ingredient in Round-Up - are now proliferating.
Mr Preete said this had happened, but argued it was not as a result of a Monsanto product.
"There's only been four known cases around the world of weeds becoming resistant to glyphosate," he stressed.
"None of those cases have been related to the use of Round-Up Ready crops... we don't accept that the use of Round-Up Ready crops enhances or proliferates the issue of resistant weeds."
He also stressed there was potential for GM crops to address some of the health concerns in the Western world, including rapidly increasing obesity rates.
"The ability of biotechnology is now being worked on to improve soy and canola oil, to reduce the level of saturated fats or to enhance the level of Omega-3 fatty acids, which has been proven to reduce heart disease," he said.
"Those are some of the benefits which are just around the corner with this technology."
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The people ran out of livestock. They came back to Joseph and told him they needed food and were willing to give him their land in exchange.
Discuss with your children:
- What is a plan?
- When is it good to come to someone with a plan?
- What is it that makes some people complain and others look for a solution?
- Think of other things that the people could have offered Joseph.
- List the things that you have and the things that you could do to barter for something that you want.
- List the qualities of someone who takes charge and gets things done.
- List the characteristics of people who complain all of the time.
- Note that the people did not come to Joseph and complain. They came with a feasible plan. Think of something that you want and come up with a feasible plan to get it.
- We know that some people always complain and others like to get to work and make something happen. How do you think the people who wanted to work out a way to get food persuaded the complainers to get on board with their plan?
- Create a flyer for the campaign.
- Create a billboard.
- Create a TV commercial.
- Make a speech that you would say to Joseph if you were the spokesperson for the people.
- What questions do you think Joseph would have asked about the program?
- Answer the questions for the people.
- The people told Joseph that an important aspect of their plan was that the land would not become barren. Why was this a very clever tactic?
- Why is it better to come to someone with a plan, rather than to ask them what can be done?
- If you were one of Joseph‘s advisers what would you tell him are the advantages and disadvantages of this plan?
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What is Polymyalgia Rheumatica?
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a disorder generally seen in people over age 50 that causes stiffness and aching in the neck, shoulder and hip areas. Other symptoms may include fatigue, weight loss, low grade fever and depression. These symptoms are due to an underlying inflammatory disorder.
What is Giant Cell Arteritis?
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a condition in which certain arteries become inflamed. It is also called temporal arteritis, as it often affects the arteries near the temples, although it can involve arteries in just about any part of the body. The inflammation of the involved artery leads to narrowing and sometimes to complete blockage of the blood vessel. This results in the surrounding tissues being deprived of an adequate blood supply. When GCA involves the arteries that supply blood to the eyes, blindness in one or both eyes may develop suddenly. Strokes may rarely occur. Some of the more common symptoms in GCA include headaches, pain in the jaw or tongue muscles when eating or talking, and tenderness of the scalp over the temples.
GCA and PMR seem to be related, as they often occur together. Over 10 percent of people with PMR also have GCA; approximately 50 percent of people with GCA also have PMR.
What causes it?
The causes of PMR and GCA are not known. Because these are disorders that occur primarily in older people, it has been suggested that these diseases may be related somehow to the process of aging. A genetic predisposition seems to be involved.
Who gets it?
- PMR and GCA almost always occur in people over the age of 50; the average age of persons with these diseases is approximately 70.
- PMR and GCA occur twice as often in women as in men.
- Whites have a stronger predisposition to PMR and GCA.
- The prevalence of PMR is 700 per 100,000; that of GCA is 200 per 100,000.
How is it diagnosed?
PMR is a syndrome, and unfortunately, there are no specific tests. Other conditions that cause symptoms similar to PMR need to be excluded before the diagnosis of PMR can be confidently made. The diagnosis of PMR is made based on the history and physical examination along with blood tests. A biopsy of an affected blood vessel – usually the temporal artery – is necessary to confirm GCA.
How is it treated?
The goal in treating PMR and GCA is to relieve the symptoms and, in the case of GCA, to prevent damage to the tissues. The most commonly used medication is prednisone. Usually patients with PMR respond very quickly to low doses; patients with GCA usually require larger doses of this medication. Treatment often extends for two years or longer. In mild cases of PMR, it may be possible to treat the symptoms with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can have side effects which may be particularly severe in the elderly. Methotrexate may be used as an alternative to steroids.
For More Information
If you want more information on this or any other form of arthritis, visit the Arthritis Foundation web site at www.arthritis.org.
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The Sahara – world’s largest hot desert – was covered in grassland that received plenty of rainfall as little as 6,000 years ago, a new study has found. Researchers at Texas A&M University in the US and colleagues found that shifts in the world’s weather patterns abruptly transformed the vegetated region into some of the driest land on the Earth.
They looked into precipitation patterns of the Holocene era and compared them with present-day movements of the intertropical convergence zone, a large region of intense tropical rainfall.
Using computer models and other data, the researchers found links to rainfall patterns thousands of years ago. The finding could lead to better rainfall predictions worldwide.
“The framework we developed helps us understand why the heaviest tropical rain belts set up where they do,” said Robert Korty, associate professor in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences.
“Tropical rain belts are tied to what happens elsewhere in the world through the Hadley circulation, but it won’t predict changes elsewhere directly, as the chain of events is very complex. But it is a step toward that goal,” said Korty.
The Hadley circulation is a tropical atmospheric circulation that rises near the equator. It is linked to the subtropical trade winds, tropical rain-belts and affects the position of severe storms, hurricanes and the jet stream.
Where it descends in the subtropics, it can create desert-like conditions. The majority of Earth’s arid regions are located in areas beneath the descending parts of the Hadley circulation.
“We know that 6,000 years ago, what is now the Sahara Desert was a rainy place,” Korty said.
“It has been something of a mystery to understand how the tropical rain belt moved so far north of the equator. Our findings show that that large migrations in rainfall can occur in one part of the globe even while the belt doesn’t move much elsewhere.
This framework may also be useful in predicting the details of how tropical rain bands tend to shift during modern-day El Nino and La Nina events – the cooling or warming of waters in the central Pacific Ocean which tend to influence weather patterns around the world.
The findings could lead to better ways to predict future rainfall patterns in parts of the world, Korty said.
“One of the implications of this is that we can deduce how the position of the rainfall will change in response to individual forces,” he said.
“We were able to conclude that the variations in Earth’s orbit that shifted rainfall north in Africa 6,000 years ago were by themselves insufficient to sustain the amount of rain that geologic evidence shows fell over what is now the Sahara Desert.
“Feedbacks between the shifts in rain and the vegetation that could exist with it are needed to get heavy rains into the Sahara,” said Korty. The findings were published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
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Marginal utility is defined as the change in total utility resulting from a 1-unit change in the consumption of the goods in question per unit of time. Furthermore, as we move to greater and greater quantities, marginal utility will fall. There is debate among economists on whether or not diminishing marginal utility holds true at […]
Tag Archives | Marginal Utility
Law of Demand and Diminishing Marginal Utility! According to the law of diminishing marginal utility, as the quantity of a good with a consumer increases marginal utility of the goods to him expressed in terms of money falls. In other words, the marginal utility curve of goods is downward sloping. Now, a consumer will go […]
Principle of equi-marginal utility occupies an important place in the marginal utility analysis. It is through this principle that consumer’s equilibrium is explained. A consumer has a given income which he has to spend on various goods he wants. Now, the question is how he would allocate his money income among various goods that is […]
According to the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, marginal utility of a good diminishes as an individual consumes more units of a good. In other words, as a consumer takes more units of a good, the extra utility or satisfaction that he derives from an extra unit of the good goes on falling. It should […]
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility: Meaning, Limitation and Importance! One of the characteristics of human wants is their limited intensity. As we have more of anything in succession, our intensity for its subsequent units diminishes. This generalization of satiable wants is known as the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility.
Total Utility vs. Marginal Utility! Every commodity possesses utility for the consumer. When the consumer buys apples he receives them in units, 1, 2, 3, 4 etc., as shown in Table 1. To begin with, 2 apples have more utility than 1; 3 more utility than 2, and 4 more than 3. The units of […]
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Knowledge Is Power Use...
The group is dedicated to like minded friends who would like to discuss any topic which will help us have a healthy debate and discussion and help us in becoming better human beings. Please go through the details and understand the same well before joining the group as joining the group means agreeing to the same. The knowledge thus obtained can be used for the betterment of humanity and help us in turning out to be individuals working for a common good and a better world. Respect and tolerance for others opinion and views is a basic requirement in this process members would also not make any negative comments, character defamation and use abusive language and indulge in deviant behaviour. Whoever would want to join or comment in the group would not misuse the group and stray from its objective and would not indulge in any legal cases, arbitration, suits, claim damages and the like. Topics will usually start with a write up article.
Suicides Are Tragic And Are Avoidable Among People Who Are Using Medicines
Medication has become an integral part of our lives and they are available for different health issues. But in the case people undergoing psychological and psychiatric issues the medicines wary so does the reaction and the state of thinking by the person who is consuming the medicine for different problems he or she may be suffering from. These are a result of mostly chemical imbalance among the chemicals which allow the brain to perform its usual functions by releasing the chemicals naturally through our human biological system.
When there is a shortage of different chemicals which are needed or there is a overdose of what is needed this creates problem for the brain to function in a normal which it would otherwise. Things like altered state of mind, lack of enthusiasm in life, not feeling happy which one would feel otherwise, emotional, sleep, spatial and neuromotor and other such things take place which create problems for the individual who goes through this situation.
The sad part is by the time one knows of become aware of this it takes months or years as earlier he would have been perfectly a normal individual all through his life. Once he comes to know the same from the doctor he goes through volatile emotions plus he also tries to combat his problem, he faces societal pressure and worries about his family and professional life all this builds up the pressure. When some medicines are consumed they take time to react it may be days or months for this and it is trial and error.
Now the individual is in a bind as his normal life has collapsed and depression and anxiety is a natural outcome. Initially he tries to battle the situation but when things become overwhelming he becomes a loner. It is not a wise thing for the family to leave such people alone. It is a difficult issue for the whole family for someone to be there all the time but they should not be left alone. As the mind plays games due to all the above reasons and convinces life is waste medicines also have side effects and tend to play a role.
There are many people who have done the avoidable by committing the suicide by hanging from the ceiling, consuming overdose of pills, jumping from the terrace, drinking phenyle and other other such cleaning agents which are used in the house. It is usually a split second decision during a weak moment when mind plays games and that proves fatal for the individual committing the act and all near and dear.
It is basically a cry for help which goes unheard and results in suicide. They are many warning signs which the person will give without his knowledge. People around should be careful and understand about this. Life is valuable and to be lived fully and mind games should not allow a life to be wasted. Share and create awareness of this issue and stay safe.
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designs reflect past eras
By Roger Lathe, Discover Magazine
Knowing historical context allows you to see how popular house designs expressed the taste, the economy and the technology of their times.
These are the Victorians you think of as "San Francisco style," usually with small porches featuring classical columns, always with multi-windowed bay fronts.
Emphasis is on vertical lines; facades are narrow and tall under a low-pitched roof. The forms and ornament are derived from Renaissance villas and palaces.
Look for wooden trim imitating carved stone, heavy cornices (roof edges) with ornate brackets and sometimes arched windows that are often topped with elaborate built up mouldings.
Trim can be Classical, Tudor, lacy jig-sawn "Eastlake" or even Gothic, in endless and often lavish combinations.
The details rule. Fancy shingles, spindlework, stained or leaded glass and intricate frieze decorations make a glorious visual fruit salad.
Midtown has many smaller Queen Anne cottages, without the signature corner towers of larger models.
Raised on "flood basements," most have long entry stairways with fancy details. Almost all have steep-pitched roofs and front bay windows.
Elaborate "gingerbread" trim on porches, roof edges and around windows was always made of redwood, the ideal exterior wood.
Simple box shapes are usually topped with low-hipped roofs, and most facades have full-width porches with wide stairs.
Foursquares can be trimmed in a Craftsman motif, or Prairie style (a la Frank Lloyd Wright), or even Spanish Colonial, stuccoed with tiled roof edges.
Most have California Revival detailing: Formal columns, wide (sometimes fluted) corner trim, window sashes with small panes and wide entry doors with sidelight windows. Midtown is full of these in every imaginable finish, trim and decor.
Craftsman themes are most often seen on bungalows, houses with low profiles and prominent roof exposures. Look for exposed rafter ends (often "birds-mouth" shaped) under wide eaves, plain large beams and heavy brackets, shingle siding, "hand-crafted" light fixtures and hardware and misshapen clinker bricks or river rocks in chimneys and porches.
Early midtown bungalows usually have more built-up detailing, sometimes with Swiss or Japanese themes. Exteriors became very plain by the 1920s.
Architect trained in the modern International style like to make fun of these pre-World War II escapist fantasies with labels like pseudo-Tudor, faux Chateau, elastic Hispanic, Cape Coddled, etc.
But these are usually efficient and pleasant homes, sometimes cozy, sometimes imposing and elegant.
Midtown also has many apartment buildings displaying the taste and fashion of the 1950s and '60s.
Architecture buffs in the next century will possibly find these interesting, perhaps even attractive. That will take a while yet.
source: The Sacramento Bee, Discover Magazine, May 4, 1998
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Janette Martin considers how the popularity of alternative and quack medical ideas and therapies in the 1840s throws light on wider radical concerns and movements in England’s industrial north.
In 1838 the American herbalist, Dr Albert Isaiah Coffin (1790/91–1866) arrived in Britain and toured the towns of northern England, including Huddersfield, Brighouse, Halifax, Leeds and Manchester. His revolutionary message chimed with the democratic age. Instead of paying the extortionate costs of conventional doctors (whose remedies were often ineffectual and dangerous) by learning the secrets of medical botany every man could be his own doctor. In the north of England, Coffin delivered lectures to working people and set up medical botany societies where people could meet to learn this new form of medicine and share their problems and successes. In the 1840s one of the most vibrant of these was the Huddersfield Botanical Society
Coffin also sold cheap tracts, at a penny a piece, describing his medical system or as he billed it the Triumph of Truth, or a Common Sense Vindication of the Laws of Nature. The system relied on the healing properties of various plants, most notably cayenne pepper and lobelia. His lectures and tract were later extended into the book The Botanic Guide to Health (1845),which went through numerous editions in the nineteenth century. Coffin wrotefor the lay practitioner and his Guide was simple enough for almost anyone to understand, the idea being that the male householder could see to the health of themselves and their families without the need for costly, conventional medicine. Dr Coffin’s tracts and books were inexpensive and thus within reach of educated artisans or frequenters of mechanics institutes. This was one of the key attractions of medical botany. But of equal importance was the democratic potential of Coffinism. It drew the attention of Chartist, Owenites and other radicals because of its anti-establishment message. It can be no coincidence that the 1840s, the peak years of the Chartist movement, was also the heyday for practitioners of medical botany. Dr Coffin himself was sympathetically reported (at least initially) by the Chartist newspaper the Northern Star, and praised for his support for the cooperative societies, another key self-help movement of the period.
My own interest in medical botany arose from research into a Chartist lecturer call David Ross (date unknown). Ross was a talented speaker, poet and polemicist who had a deep interest in alternative medicine. As Chartism waned, Ross supplemented his earning from political agitation with practical lectures on sanitation and his pet topic, hydropathy. Ross, in the 1850s, wrote a book on the water cure and set up a short-lived hydropathy establishment in Manchester. He also invented his own form of water cure or atmopathy as he called it. On paper, Ross would be exactly the sort of person attracted to the democratic promise of medical botany. Yet this was not the case. Indeed Ross was an ardent opponent of the nonsense surrounding cayenne pepper and the ‘cabbaging botanist’ himself. In 1845 Ross traded insults with Dr Coffin and the Huddersfield Botanical Society which came to a head in the threat of a court case.
A sample of the public argument between Ross and Dr Coffin
Northern Star 10 May 1845
Although the case was never heard this very public spat between David Ross and the Huddersfield Botanical Society and their partisan supporters offers a window into the democratic desire for working men to have control over health and medicine in the run up to the 1858 Medical Act. It demonstrates the range of both folk medicine and quackery on offer and the ways in which working people took self-education and the acquisition of useful knowledge seriously. Indeed this was the period which saw the first issues of the popular household manual, Enquire Within Upon Everything, which besides advice on child rearing, recipes and laundry included many entries on common ailments and their cures. The popularity of medical botany in Huddersfield also shows a doughty independence of spirit perhaps typical of northern radical culture. Decades later the anti-vaccination movement was also strong in Huddersfield and voiced similar sentiments which demonstrated deep suspicion of the medical establishment and a desire for medical decisions to be taken by the male head of the household.
This is very much work in progress, and the focus may shift away from medical botany itself to look at self-help and democratic medicine more generally, but as I’ve promised the Huddersfield Local History Society a chapter for a book on popular medicine and nineteenth century radical culture I shall certainly be engaging more with the ‘hero of Cayenne Pepper’ and his critics
Title page of David Ross’s book with an engraving of his patented atmopathic treat
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Lots of good examples, but this one is worth repeating
* A liberal professor at a famous university lectured his class on what numbers were and were not prime. He started out by saying that the odd numbers 3, 5, and 7 were prime, but went on to say that 9 was not. A certain student, disapproving of simply being told by an "expert" what was or was not prime, raised his hand and asked a question.
"You say 9 is not prime, correct?"
"Correct," replied the liberal professor, who did not like being questioned by his students who obviously were nowhere near as smart as he was.
"But 9 is the sum of 7 and 2, is it not?"
"It is" replied the professor.
The student continued "But 7 and 2 are both prime, so how can anything which is the result of adding two similar things together have traits different from those it is the result of without adding new information?"
The professor's draw dropped at this, and he fled the classroom without a word. The remaining students cheered the logic of the brave student, and his willingness to stand up to liberal indoctrination.
The name of that student: Albert Einstein.
Some other good ones:
- English Major: 2 is prime, 3 is prime, 4 is prime...
- Physicist: 3 is prime, 5 is prime, 7 is prime, 9 is experimental error, 11 is prime, 13 is prime, 15 is experimental error, 17 is prime, 19 is prime. The empirical evidence is overwhelming.
- Keynesian Economist: Any quantity can be made prime by introducing more units of fiduciary media
- Meteorologist: 3 is clearly prime. If you add one, it becomes non-prime. If you add one again, it goes back to being prime. We predict that 7 and 9 will be prime.
Now go read the rest
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Food recovery is a more sophisticated way of saying “food recycling”, making use of unwanted or unused food.
The most common methods of food recovery [pdf] are field gleaning, perishable food rescue or salvage (from wholesale and retail food sellers), food rescue (for prepared foods) and nonperishable food collection (food with long shelf lives). Some of these tactics are familiar to Food Not Bombs workers, food shelf volunteers or dumpster divers.
What you may not know is that under President Clinton, some United States Department of Agriculture agencies (Rural Development, the Farm Service Agency, and the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service) and AmeriCorps created a Summer of Gleaning project working with food recovery groups in twenty-two states to help recover food that would have otherwise been thrown away.
They were aided in this program by the passage in 1996 of the Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Act which creates a federal-level protection from liability for accidental damages for people and non-profits who donate food in good faith to help feed the needy.
A person or gleaner shall not be subject to civil or criminal liability arising from the nature, age, packaging, or condition of apparently wholesome food or an apparently fit grocery product that the person or gleaner donates in good faith to a nonprofit organization for ultimate distribution to needy individuals.
The USDA created a Citizen’s Guide to Food Recovery which includes a handy state food recovery resource directory as well as a list of state food recovery law citations (sadly unhyperlinked). Other government agencies have also published information on food recovery
- The EPA even got into the act, dealing with the related issue of reducing food waste, mainly via composting and food bank donations.
- The USDA created a Best Practices Manual For Food Recovery and Gleaning in the National School Lunch Program
- The FDA created a list of links to resources for Food Emergency and Salvage Information in the case of a natural or man-made disaster situation.
- The USDA Economic Research Service published the results of their research on food recovery and farmer’s markets in Increasing Food Recovery From Farmers’ Markets: A Preliminary Analysis
- The Department of Transportation joined with the USDA and private sector organizations to try to address the logisitcal issues involved in transporting available food to the people who need it. It’s unclear what the results of this program initiative were.
Hungry and want to talk to the government about it? Their number is 1-800-GLEAN-IT
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Swat is the most historically interesting valley in Pakistan. It is also one of the most beautiful - certainly much greener and more fertile than the valleys further north because it lies within the monsoon belt. In Lower Swat, the valley is wide, the fields on either side of the river are full of wheat and Lucerne, and the villages are prosperous and surrounded by fruit trees. In Upper Swat, the river tumbles through pine forests hemmed in by snow-capped mountains. For the historical and amateur archaeologist, Swat offers several hundred archaeological sites spanning 5,000 years of history. In 327 BC, Alexander the Great fought his way to Udegram and Barikot and stormed their battlemens. In Greek accounts these towns have been identified as Ora and Bazira. Around the 2nd century BC, the area was occupied by Buddhists, who were attracted by the peace and serenity of the land. There are many remains that testify to their skills as sculptors and architects. In the beginning of the 11th century AD Mahmud of Ghazni advanced through Dir and invaded Swat, defeating Gira, the local ruler, near Udegram. The "Udayana" (Golden) of the ancient Hindu epics; the land of enthralling beauty, where Alexander of Macedonia fought and won some of his major battles before crossing over the plans of Pakistan. This is the "valley of hanging chains" described by the famous Chinese pilgrim chronices, Huain Tsang and Fa-Hian in the fifth and sixth centuries. Swat was also the historical land where the Muslim conquerors, Mahmud Ghaznavi, Babar and Akbar fought their battles preparatory to conquest of South Asia. Headquaters of Swat valley, Saidu sharif houses the Swat Museum, which contains one of the finest collection of Ghadhara Art in the world. Mingorta, 3 Km, from Saiu Sharif, has yeilded magnificent pieces of Buddhist sculpture and the ruins of great stupas.The people of Swat are Muslim Pathans, Kohistanis and Gujars. Some have very distinct features and claim to be descendants of Alexander the Great.The Swat women wear colorful embroidered shirts and shalwars (baggy trousers). The men wear shalwar-gamiz and embroidered caps or silk turban.The valley of Swat sprawls over 10,360 sq. kms at an average elevation of 975 metres. The maximum temperature in July is 38 C and minimum (during January) is 1 C. The normal temperature is maximum 21 C and minimum 7 C.
Attractions: Beauty scenic spots worth visiting are Maraghzar, 13 Kms from Saidu Sharif, famous for its White Marble Palace of the former rule of the Swat; kabal, 16 Kms from Saidu Sharif with its excellent golf course, Madyan, 55 Kms, From Saidu Sharif, Bahrain, Miandam and Kalam. For the sportsman and trekker, it offers good fishing and hiking.Mingora:Mingora is the district headquarter and commercial centre of Swat. the Swat Museum, located between Mingora and Saidu, has a rich collection of Gandhara art which is worth viewing.Swat Museum:Swat Museum is on the east side of the street, halfway between Mingora and Saidu. Japanese aid has given a facelift to its seven galleries which now contain an excellent collection of Gandhara sculptures taken from some of the Buddhist sites in Swat, rearranged and labeled to illustrate the Buddha's life story. Terracotta figurines and utensils, beads, precious stones, coins, weapons and various metal objects illustrate daily life in Gandhara. The ethnographic section displays the finest examples of local embroidery, carved wood and tribal jewellery.Butkara (Butkada) Stupa:One of the most important Buddhist shrines in Swat, is near the museum. Take the dirt track on the left (north) side of the museum for one kilometer (about half a mile). The stupa is 400 meters (above a quarter of mile) across the fields to the left (north).The stupa, which dates from the second century BC, was possibly built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka to house some of the ashes of the Buddha. In subsequent centuries, it was enlarged five times by encasing the existing structure in a new shell. Italian excavators working in 1955 exposed the successive layers of the stupa, each layer illustrating a stage in the evolution of building techniques.Upper Swat Valley:The Swat Valley becomes more beautiful the higher you go. In mid-winter it is sometimes blocked by snow above Bahrain, but in summer you can drive up beyond Kalam and from there trek north to either the Chitral Valley or the Gilgit Valley. From Khwazakhela, the road across the Shangla Pass to the Karakoram Highway is usually open only from April to December.Miandam:Miandam is a small summer resort ten kilometres (six miles) up a steep side valley and 56 kilometres (35 miles) from Saidu Sharif, making it an hour's drive. The metalled road passes small villages stacked up the hillside, the roofs of one row of houses forming the street for the row of houses above. Tiny terraced fields march up the hillside right to the top.Miandam is a good place for walkers. Paths follow the stream, past houses with beehives set into the walls and good-luck charms whitewashed around the doors. In the graveyards are carved wooden grave posts with floral designs, like those used by Buddhists 1,000 years ago.Bahrain :Bahrain is ten kilometres north of Madyan and only slightly higher, at about 1,400 meters (4,500 feet). It is another popular riverside tourist resort, with bazaars worth exploring for their handicrafts. Some of the houses have carved wooden doors, pillars and balconies. These show a remarkable variety of decorative motifs, including floral scrolls and bands of ornamental diaper patterns almost identical to those seen on Buddhist shrines and quite different from the usual Muslim designs.Kalam :Kalam, 29 kilometres (18 miles) from Bahrain and about 2,000 meters (6,800 feet) above sea level, the valley opens out, providing rooms for a small but fertile plateau above the river. In Kalam the Ushu and Utrot rivers join to form the Swat river. Here, the metalled road ends and shingle road leads to the Ushu and Utrot valleys. From Matiltan one gets a breath-taking view of the snow-capped Mount Falaksir 5918 meters (19,415 ft.), and another un-named peak 6096 meters (20,000 ft.) high. The valleys of Ushu, Utrot and Gabral beyond Kalam, constitute some of the most beautiful parts of Swat. There is good trout fishing around Utrot. The waters of the Swat River around Kalam and in the valleys of Ushu and Gabral abound in brown trout.
Swat is 4-5 hours drive from Islamabad and 4 hours drive from Peshawar.
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PHILADELPHIA (AP) — After winter weather wreaked havoc on trees across the region, experts are hoping people won’t be afraid to plant more.
Emma Melvin of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society’s “Plant One Million” project tells KYW-AM (http://cbsloc.al/1lywn5A) that well-maintained trees will actually be a benefit in serious storm events and not a hazard.
The worry is that after so many fallen trees and branches caused all kinds of headaches this winter, homeowners or communities may be hesitant to replant. But sturdy, healthy trees improve air and water quality and help reduce erosion, water pollution and flooding.
Melvin says that while the particular species of tree doesn’t necessarily matter, there are some that handle winter better than others. Some good varieties are red maples, tulip poplars, various oaks, sycamores and even holly trees.
Information from: KYW-AM, http://www.kyw1060.com
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Money, the thing on everybody’s mind, takes center stage in practically every facet of daily life when we consider that just about everything we need, do, or desire, is – in one form or another – monetized.
Throughout history, money has taken a variety of forms — shells, strips of leather, even livestock were used as early systems of currency. The earliest form of trade, the act of purchasing something before the inception of our highly sophisticated monetary system, essentially meant swapping what you had of value with something else of what was deemed to be equivalent value. While that simple system still remains the basis of monetary exchange today, the invention of an entire system of symbolic value attests to the ingenuity of the human mind and our knack for shaping the world around us to cater to our innovative and creative natures – for better or worse.
The development of a system of currency was in the past one of the key indicators of an empire’s influence, power, and self-sustainability. Evidently, this remains true to this day, with some of the world’s leading and most innovative nations not surprisingly being the wealthiest. Of course, poverty is one of the leading causes of death around the world, and this fact emphasizes the reality that financial disparity continues to rein in a variety of social issues for every country, even the very richest. The fact that some of the richest countries also have notably high poverty rates and profound income inequality makes it clear that, on a national level, being rich doesn’t necessarily mean being better off.
According to the World Bank, the 12 largest economies in the world make up two-thirds of the world’s economy — evidently, the problem of unequal distribution extends to the international playing field. So who has the fattest slice of the money pie? We’ve ranked the top 10 richest countries of 2014 based on the sheer girth of their economies, determined by their purchasing power in U.S. dollar sums. The data featured here was collected by CNN from the IMF and the World Economic Outlook. For further insight we make note of each country’s ranking on the CIA World Factbook country comparison of GDP per capita rates, while also emphasizing the income inequality in each of these nominally wealthy countries by specifying the percentage of individuals living below the poverty line in each given country.
10. India: $2.0 Trillion
India comes in as the 10th wealthiest economy in 2014 with a purchasing power of $2.0 trillion. However, the densely populated country has a considerably low GDP per capita at $4,000, ranking 169th place out of 228 countries listed in the World Factbook country comparison chart. Despite India’s great economic wealth, a whopping 29.8 percent of Indian citizens live below the poverty line.
9. Russia: $2.1 Trillion
Russia’s economy boasts $2.1 trillion but ranks 77th place in the World Factbook country comparison with a GDP per capita of $18, 100. In Russia, 11 percent of citizens live below the poverty line.
8. Italy: $2.2 Trillion
Italy has an economy valued at $2.2 Trillion. The GDP per capita in this country is $29,600, placing it as the 51st highest in the world. There is a relatively high poverty rate in this country, with 29.9 percent of Italians living below the line.
7. Brazil: $2.2 Trillion
Tying with Italy, Brazil has an economy of $2.2 trillion. Despite the recent attention drawn to the state of the country during the recent World Cup tournament, Brazil’s economy makes it to this list. That’s not to say its social and political problems aren’t real; the GDP per capita in this country is a low $12,100, making it 105th place on the country comparison chart. 21.1 percent of Brazilians currently live below the poverty line.
6. United Kingdom: $2.8 Trillion
The United Kingdom has an economy worth $2.8 trillion in purchasing power in 2014. With a relatively strong GDP per capita of $37, 300, the United Kingdom doesn’t seem so badly off, ranking 34th place in the world. 16.2 percent of people in this country live below the poverty line.
5. France: $ 2.9 Trillion
France has an economy worth $2.9 trillion. It ranks 39th place in the World Factbook’s GDP per capita country comparison with a GDP per capita of $35,700. The country also has a low poverty rate with 7.9 percent of French people living below the poverty line.
4. Germany: $3.9 Trillion
Germany has a purchasing power of $3.9 trillion, marking it out as the wealthiest economy of all the European countries. Germany also ranks a strong 29th place in the GDP per capita country comparison with a GDP per capita of $39, 500. With 15.5 percent of Germans living below the poverty line, the country does have some work to do in terms of encouraging the trickle down effect.
3. Japan: $4.8 Trillion
With a purchasing power of $4.8 trillion, Japan takes third place on our list of most affluent economies. The GDP per capita in Japan is $37, 100, making it 36th place in terms of GDP. As of 2010, 16 percent of Japanese citizens are living below the poverty line.
2. China: $10.0 Trillion
With a growing economy, China has a purchasing power of $10.0 trillion. But in terms of GDP per capita, it is not a world leader, coming in at number 121 on the World Factbook’s GDP per capita country comparison with a GDP per capita of a low $9,800. Only 6.1 percent of Chinese citizens live below the poverty line in this country but it bears mentioning that in 2013, China set a new poverty line at $3,630 per person.
1. United States of America: $ 17.5 Trillion
Boasting $17.5 trillion in purchasing power, the United States continues to reign the number one richest economy in the world. This level of financial fruition lends it a relatively high GDP per capita at $52, 800, taking 14th place on the World Factbook’s country comparison — the highest ranking of all the countries featured on this list. In 2010, 15.1 percent of Americans lived below the poverty line; not a shocking figure in comparison to the many countries where that number is so much greater, but certainly something to consider in light of the wealth of the nation overall.
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Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation’s Science without Borders® Challenge is an international art competition that engages students to promote the need to preserve, protect, and restore the world’s oceans and aquatic resources.
The Science without Borders® Challenge was created to get students and teachers interested in ocean conservation through various forms of art. This annual contest inspires students to be creative while learning about important ocean conservation issues. The SWB Challenge is open to primary and secondary school students 11-19 years old, with scholarships of up to $500 awarded to the winning entries.
The theme for the 2017 Science without Borders® Challenge is “Reef SuperSpecies.”
For this year’s Challenge, use your imagination to create a piece of art that illustrates a made-up Reef SuperSpecies. A Reef SuperSpecies is an organism (plant or animal) that has found a way to adapt to a deadly threat facing coral reef ecosystems. You can make up an organism or base your organism off of an already existing reef organism.
The deadline is Monday, April 24, 2017 by 11:59 pm (Eastern Standard Time).
Home » »Unlabelled » Living Oceans Foundation’s Science without Borders® Challenge for 11 - 19 year olds
Published October 22, 2016
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http://www.wavuti.com/2016/10/living-oceans-foundations-science.html
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Carcinoma of the lung – the most common reason for the procedure today but only frequently performed for the last 30 years as lung cancer was a fairly rare tumor.
Tuberculosis – a very common reason for this procedure in the middle and early 20th century. The procedure described below is the procedure that is planned for extreme drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) patient Andrew Speaker’s surgery.
Pneumonia – necrotizing Streptococcus pneumonia is the usual organism requiring surgical removal.
Aspergillosis – fungal infection seen in immunocompromised patients.
Trauma – disruption of the lung parenchyma causing tissue loss or severe bleeding.
Copyright 2007 InsideSurgery.com
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://insidesurgery.com/2007/06/right-upper-lobectomy-lung-resection/
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Sao Paulo is Brazil’s biggest city and the business hub of the country. Nestling between the sky scrapers are the favelas or urban slums housing the poor. Life went to the favela Coliseu, in the heart of one of the richest parts of Sao Paolo. It epitomizes a stark fact that has come to characterise Brazil today. The gulf between the rich and the poor is one of the biggest in the world. Almost half the country’s wealth is concentrated in the hands of just twenty thousand families, and that’s out of a population 184 million. Life assesses what progress has been made in two and a half years by Lula, the worker President.
Nestling between the sky scrapers are the favelas or urban slums housing the poor. Life went to the favela Coliseu, in the heart of one of the richest parts of Sao Paolo.
It epitomizes a stark fact that has come to characterise Brazil today. The gulf between the rich and the poor is one of the biggest in the world. Almost half the country’s wealth is concentrated in the hands of just twenty thousand families – and that’s out of a population 184 million. What separates the poor families living in this favela from their millionaire neighbours, is a concrete wall.
It’s covered in paintings by Zezinho, one of the residents. ‘This is our Brazilian version of the Berlin Wall… it’s our wall of shame. On the other side of it is the rich world’¦ while on this side there’s a world of poverty.’
Immediately behind the wall is one of the world’s most exclusive luxury shops, the Daslu department store. Only the super rich can afford it. You can only get in by car because round here, the wealthy don’t walk. Zezinho makes his living recycling waste paper and has built up a library from old books and magazines for the children of the favela.
Twenty years ago Zezinho moved to Sao Paulo from the impoverished North East of Brazil, the same area as Lula himself. Back in the 1980s, the union leader Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva helped galvanize a mass movement for workers’ rights. In 2002, he was elected President of South America’s biggest country.
In his election speech, Lula, as he is known, promised to improve education, to improve health, to make land ownership fairer but most importantly – to fight poverty. Today, Lula the President’s big project is to make a more equal society. And even though economic growth is strong, inequality still appears entrenched.
Maria Victoria Benevides, a founder member of Lula’s Workers Party explains the problem: ‘The principal problem with Brazil as a nation is the brutal concentration of wealth in a few hands. In terms of inequality, Brazil is only just ahead of Sierra Leone. The very rich are a small minority, but a minority that controls most of Brazil’s wealth – including land.’
But Brazil’s business community believes rapid growth is what is needed to improve the country’s economy. Paulo Skaf, President of the Sao Paulo State Confederation of Industry, says: ‘A country such as Brazil with 180 million people needs to grow. It needs to grow at 6% or 7% every year. There’s nothing better for resolving the issue of social inclusion, of inequality than creating job opportunities, business opportunities, and income opportunities and all this comes from growth.’
Oded Grajew, President of the Ethos Institute, disagrees: ‘Economic growth does not necessarily lower social inequality. Brazil grew more than anywhere else in the world in the last century.’
Providing decent housing for the poor is one of the biggest challenges Lula faces – especially when control of property and land is concentrated in the hands of a tiny, rich elite. According to World Bank figures for 2004, between 50 and 60 per cent of Brazilians can’t afford a proper home and without a proper response from the government it’s going to get much worse.
Along with millions like him, Pedro da Silva ended up in the city. He also lives in the favela Coliseu. He tries to make a living carving ornamental houses for the rich. ‘I came from a poor family. I didn’t go to school. I can’t provide an education for my children. It’s a chain – my father was poor, I’m poor and my children will be poor,’ he says.
Homeless families squatting in a primary school are evicted by the authorities. One squatter, Simone, says: ‘Lots of these people will have to sleep under the bridge – or even on the streets because they have nowhere to go’¦ Where am I going to sleep? I have no idea.’
Despite the gulf between rich and poor, extreme poverty is being reduced. In line with its Millennium Development Goal pledges, Brazil has halved the percentage of people living in extreme poverty – that’s on less than a dollar a day. In 1990 it was 8.8 per cent. Now it’s 4.4 per cent.
Creating more jobs is another priority for Lula – and here he has some cause for celebration. In January 2000 unemployment was 15 per cent of the working population. By July 2005 – over two and half years since Lula came to power – that was down to 9.4 per cent – two point one million people, the lowest figure for four years.
Lula has also put his weight behind another initiative, called Solidary Economy. These are workers’ groups based largely on co-operative principles. The hope is they will create more jobs and ultimately transform the economy. An entire government department has been created to manage it.
Paul Singer, who is Secretary of the project in the Ministry of Labour, says: ‘We are trying to build a data bank about the Solidary Economy in Brazil and we have provisional estimates show us at least 20,000 enterprises, all sorts of enterprises, and different types of co-operatives and collective groups which possibly employ about 2 million people.’
According to government figures from 2004, a million people are already working within the Solidary Economy movement. Paul Singer adds: ‘Competition always leads to winners and losers. I think the Solidary Economy brings some sort of alternative of a non-capitalist or post-capitalist economy which is human and democratic but compatible with markets.’
Certainly, the entrenched positions of big business of the one side and the radical militants on the other have not made life easy for Lula – and rumours of bribes and corruption haven’t helped either. But the Minister of Social Development, Patrus Ananias, claims there has been real progress: ‘Considering the time that we have had, two and half years of Lula’s government, I believe that we have advanced a lot. In this period we have changed the social face of Brazil. We have put the social issue of poverty as a priority and the mark of our government is that we are going to meet our targets of the Millennium Goals.’
Read the World Bank’s current assessment of Brazil and its economy, and download a report Brazil: Reducing Rural Poverty by Increasing Access to Land. The World Bank has published another report entitled Brazil – Inequality and Economic Development. See also the International Monetary Fund’s pages on Brazil and the IMF.
InfoBrazil is a great site with all sorts of information and analysis about Brazilian social issues. Brazzil (News from Brazil) is an excellent e-zine about Brazil (with Brazilian music on ‘Radio Brazzil’ buttons).
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://tve.org/film/for-richer-for-poorer/
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Small bobbles are a nice way to add that extra little ‘pop’ to your garment. They can also be used for small buttons
Knit into the front, then back, then front again of the stitch on the left hand needle. This gives you three stitches from 1 stitch. Turn and knit these 3 stitches. Turn and knit these 3 stitches again. Turn and knit these 3 stitches one more time (you have knit them all 3 times). Turn and slip 1, knit 2 together, pass the slipped stitch over. You are now back to 1 stitch from 3 stitches.
also written as …
Knit into front, then back, then front again of st on LHN (3 sts from 1 st). [ Turn and knit these 3 sts] 3 times then turn and slip 1, k2tog, psso (1 st from 3 sts).
Intarsia is used when you are making blocks of color over several rows. It is good for representative (picture) knitting, as well as geometric shapes which don’t repeat on a small scale, such as argyle sock diamonds.
Each color block requires it’s own bobbin of yarn. From either the back or the front, the intarsia block is clearly visible
Intarsia is worked by keeping the colors separate from each other rather than carrying the unused color to the back of the work as in stranded knitting. This requires that you twist the yarn at the joins in order to prevent holes from occurring.
Prepare for knitting by winding off a small amount of yarn for each color area ahead of time. As a guideline, wrap the yarn around the needle once for every stitch in the block, then add another foot of yarn. Wrap this yarn on bobbins. For larger areas, you can use a small ball of yarn.
To keep the knitting smooth across color changes and avoid holes, keep these two rules in mind:
- When the change occurs at or before the color in the previous row, you must be sure and pick up the new color from underneath the color currently being worked. This will twist the yarns around each other.
- If the change occurs after the change in the previous row, you can simply drop the current yarn and pick up the new color without twisting.
Mosaic is used for special kinds of repeating patterns and takes two passes to complete a row.
It uses slipped stitches to “ignore” some stitches, then on the return pass, knits (or purls) those stitches in a second color, thus creating the color work pattern. The pattern is clearly visible from either side (with different texture)
Slipped Stitches are similar to mosaic, but can be done in many varying stitch (knit/purl) patterns.
Altering the number of colors used and the texture of the stitch patterns, and combining these with slipped stitches can produce a great variety of overall color effects.
This decorative seam technique can be used on both crochet pieces and knit pieces. It is accomplished by working loops at the edge of two pieces together using a crochet hook. The loops can be created using one of the following methods:
- In knitted fabric, dropping edge stitches
- Picking up stitches along an edge of any kind of fabric
With either method of creating the loops you should ensure that you have the same number of loops on each piece to be joined.
The traditional afghan seam is used on the edge of knitted fabric by first dropping one or two edge stitches from the edges of the knitted fabric to be joined. This leaves loops along the edge that are used alternately.
Starting with an anchor loop or the first loop from one side, Repeat the following two steps as many times as necessary to complete the seam:
- pick up a loop from one side and pull it through the loop on the crochet hook.
- pick up a loop from the opposite side and pull it through the loop on the crochet hook.
Secure the final stitch.
Modified Afghan seam
The modified afghan seam is used when stitches have been picked up from the fabric and are held on holders. In this case, the holders are two circular needles, each long enough to hold all of the stitches of one side of the seam. The general steps follow:
- Pick up as if to knit the indicated number of stitches along one side of the seam and place on first needle.
- Count the number of stitches on the first needle
- Pick up the same number of stitches along second seam edge and place them on the second needle.
- Hold the needles with the wrong sides of the fabric together
- If there is adjoining fabric, pick up an anchor stitch from the adjoining fabric and place on the crochet hook, otherwise, make one chain stitch and use it as the anchor stitch.
- Repeat the following two steps as many times as necessary to complete the seam:
- pick up a stitch from the first needle and pull it through the loop on the crochet hook
- pick up a stitch from the second needle and pull it through the loop on the crochet hook
- Secure the final stitch by attaching it to the adjoining fabric or pulling the end of the yarn through the last loop
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://fiberrhythm.com/info/2011/05/
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A city as young as Miami Beach isn’t supposed to have many ruins, but some of our region’s most interesting buildings are fragments of structures whose multi-layered history tells a lot about the growth and change of the metropolis. The strange concrete cylinder in Collins Park is a great example. Built as part of the new public library in 1962, the building was left to stand isolated and alone in the 1980s when the rest of the complex was demolished. It has been largely abandoned since then, its door perpetually locked, leaving passerby to ask what, exactly, is this odd structure?
The drum-like structure was built as the auditorium for the new public library. It was intended to help cultivate literary culture in Miami Beach by hosting readings, lectures, films and book fairs. Herbert A. Mathes, the New York-born architect responsible for a number of Miami Beach hotels (including the Parisian, the Continental and the Allison), designed the new library as two contrasting pavilions – the stacks and reading room were set in an open and airy building with floor-toceiling windows and a broad porch opening toward Collins Avenue, while the auditorium played its solid counterpart.
When the library building was demolished, the auditorium instead adopted a wonderful visual relationship with the Bass Museum – which had been built as the Miami Beach public library between 1930 and 1934 – with the auditorium’s sand-cast concrete walls echoing the sculpted coral rock façade of the older building. The older building was designed by Russell Pancoast to reflect the symmetry of the formal gardens in Collins Park, which were planted in the 1920s and donated to the city by the architect’s grandfather, Miami Beach pioneer John A. Collins. Pancoast’s library housed the first public space for exhibiting art in the Miami areas, and after the construction of the new library, the building was turned over to a new institution, the Bass Museum of Art. But the story of the Bass will have to wait for another column…
Built at a time when as many as 2,000 vacationers would sign up for library cards every year, the new library illustrated the optimism of the early 1960s. This was the period when Lincoln Road was redesigned as a pedestrian mall and populated with Morris Lapidus’s playful follies. The library’s construction happened in the middle of a five year period in which the Fountainebleau saw Frank Sinatra party in A Hole in the Head, Jerry Lewis working for tips in The Bellboy, and Sean Connery spending the afternoon with Shirley Eaton in Goldfinger.
The auditorium’s richly sculpted surfaced is a tale unto itself. Albert Vrana, a New Jerseyborn artist who worked in Coconut Grove, wrapped the entire building in a concrete basrelief sculpture whose panels he cast directly into wet sand he had shaped by hand. Titled “The Story of Man”, the abstract design makes reference to the role of the written word in the development of human culture. Mathes surrounded the auditorium with a shallow pool whose undulating surface reflects light on Vrana’s sculpture. The pool also originally cooled the condenser water from the library’s air conditioners, but this prosaic role belies the poetic depth of the auditorium.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://communitynewspapers.com/miami-beach/a-story-told-in-fragments/
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1/30/1835 - They certainly don't make presidents like Andrew Jackson anymore!
Jackson by Tomas Sully - 1824
Taking time off from his many presidential duties, on a damp and misty Washington D.C. day, Jackson travels to the Capitol Building to attend the funeral of 41-year-old South Carolina congressman Warren R. Davis ... and almost becomes a corpse himself when he encounters a madman upon leaving the event.
After stalking Jackson for days, waiting outside the East Portico for the president is a 35-year-old unemployed house painter from England named Richard Lawrence ... an armed maniac that believes all his problems will vanish if he kills Jackson. And he has lots of problems. Coming to America with his family at the age of 12, Lawrence seems normal until 1832, when he suddenly undergoes a change (some historians believe his unhinged mental state is a result of breathing in too much lead based paint fumes) ... vanishing from his family for months on end, claiming "unknown" individuals were out to "get" him, declaring himself to be King Richard III of England (the "My Kingdom for a horse!" royal that Shakespeare makes infamous in his play ... dead at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485!) and owed money by the United States government, threatening to kill a maid he believes has laughed at him, wearing flamboyant outfits that he changes three or four times a day, threatening to hit his sister over the head with a paperweight because he thinks she has been gossiping about him, standing in the doorway of his home looking out at the street for hours on end, having extended crying, laughing, and cursing fits, along with imaginary nonsensical conversations with himself, and sitting in his paint shop muttering to himself about the things he'd like to do to the president. Big time nuts, the day before his moment in history, the madness finally overcomes Lawrence ... decision made, assassination on, he smiles and states as he leaves his shop, "I'll be damned if I don't do it."
And do it, he does!
Not liking the shot he has as Jackson enters the Capitol, Lawrence positions himself near a large Greek pillar, in a spot he knows the president will pass on his exit from the funeral. And he is right ... after paying his respects and walking past the congressman's casket, Jackson walks right by Lawrence, giving the assassin an almost point-blank target. Seizing the opportunity he has been waiting for, Lawrence pulls a small percussion cap pistol from his pocket and fires at the president's back. BAM ... but no bullet comes out of the gun! Not fazed in the least as he has prepared for just such an event by bringing two guns to the offing, Lawrence draws and fires his back-up weapon with the same result ... POP ... but no bullet (after, the guns and powder are checked and work perfectly fine and it is believed the dampness of the day might have caused the guns to fail to fire ... others believe it is an act of Providence ... whatever the cause, the Smithsonian will one day give odds of 1 in 125,000 of both pistols failing to shoot).
Scene at the Capitol
Two chances is all he gets though because his intended victim is a man very well acquainted with violence and its many applications. Jackson, 67-years-young, bearing scars on his left hand and head from where a British officer slashed him with a saber for refusing to shine the soldier's boots, carrying a duelist's bullet in his chest since 1806 (at odds over a horse race bet and insults to his wife, Jackson lets plantation owner and rival horse breeder Charles Dickinson fire first ... hit, the future president puts his hand over the wound to staunch the blood, fights through the pain of a hole and two broken ribs only two inches away from his heart, takes careful aim, and from 24 feet away, puts a round in Dickinson's chest that proves fatal), the victor over the British at the Battle of New Orleans, the victor over the "Red Stick" Creek Indians of Alabama and Georgia at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, the man who whose attacks against the Seminoles in Florida forces Spain to cede the territory to the United States, reacts instantly to the attempt on his life.
Pivoting, Jackson races at Lawrence, and when the second shot of the assassin fails, gives an up-close-and personal display of how he earned the nickname, Old Hickory ... beating his would-be killer about the head and shoulder with the hickory cane he always carries. It is a demonstration of Jackson's violent temper that might have proved fatal had not another mourner at the funeral intervened to pull the president off Lawrence ... a bear of a man himself, the 12th District of Tennessee's representative in the U.S. House, Mr. David "Davey" Stern Crockett! The attempt on Jackson's life is the first against a sitting United States president ... sadly, it will not be the last.
Saved to stand trial, Lawrence goes before a judge and jury at the District of Columbia City Hall on 4/11/1835, and quickly becomes evident he is not playing with a full deck. Only a day in the dock, Lawrence, dressed in a shooting jacket and posh cravat, refuses to acknowledge the court's authority, makes wild rants, calls himself Richard III, declares Jackson killed his father, and insults the jury. NUTS ... the jury takes only five minutes to render a verdict of "not guilty by the reason of insanity." Oh, and the prosecutor who goes after Lawrence is yet another famous someone ... attorney Francis Scott Key, the part-time poet that in 1814 wrote the Star Spangled Banner while watching as the British attacked Baltimore's Fort McHenry during the War of 1812.
Francis Scott Key
Confined for the rest of his life in a number of institutions, Lawrence is finally sent to the newly opened Government House for the Insane in 1855, perishing there in 1861 at the age of 61.
And Jackson? He goes on making more history ... so much so that he becomes the face that now graces the $20 bill, dying at the age of 78 in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1845 as a result of tuberculosis, dropsy (an abnormal accumulation of fluids beneath the skin and in the cavities of the body), and heart failure.
At the End - 1845
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://homebrewedmojo.blogspot.com/2015/01/andy-gets-angry.html
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“If your best buddy jumped off a bridge, would you jump too?” Too often, the answer is yes.
Patients die because nurses and doctors who know better go along with bad decisions. Planes crash because crew members go along with plans they know could kill them. Organizations fail because employees sit on their hands in meetings—going along to get along. Social influence can turn geniuses into fools. However, there’s an easy way out of this trap.
We decided to demonstrate the problem by repeating a classic conformity study from the 1950s. We sat seven teenagers around a table and asked each in turn to answer a very simple question.
“Which of the three lines on this poster—Line A, B, or C—matches the line on the other poster?” The answer was very obviously Line C. It was the only line that was even close.
But here’s the trick—the first teenagers to respond to the question were confederates. They were working for us . . . and we told them to give the wrong answer. They all picked Line B.
This answer was obviously wrong, but we were interested in how the group’s answer would affect the final person. The actual subject was not in on the trick. What would the subject say?
Nearly two out of three subjects went along with the crowd. They picked the obviously wrong answer. Afterward, we asked them whether they knew they were picking the wrong answer and they said, “Yes.” They knew the answer was wrong, but they went along anyway, “because everyone else was.”
This is not dissimilar to what Solomon Asch found with adults; we tend to go along with the group—even when we’re confident that the group is wrong and even if we’re fairly certain that our conformity will come back to hurt us! Social influence is tough to buck.
Though we had finished interviewing the subjects, we weren’t quite done with our experiment. In the next round we made a tiny adjustment. We asked one of the confederates to express polite doubt about the group’s answer. The confederate said something similar to, “I might have seen it differently. I think it’s C.”
This polite doubt had an astounding impact on our results. In this condition, nineteen out of twenty subjects gave their actual opinion—they were honest!
Here’s the BS you can use. We have an innate fear of being shunned by valued groups. But even if you feel like you’re the odd person out, don’t stifle your concerns. Simply express them respectfully. It turns out this small dissent can provide powerful permission to the silent concerns of others.
You don’t have to risk being an outcast in order to test your concern. You don’t have to scream and yell. You don’t have to call others names. The quiet, polite expression of doubt can turn the rest of the group from zombies into thinkers.
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<urn:uuid:ddc31e3a-7280-441c-b09e-95acb3d6fe55>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.vitalsmarts.com/crucialskills/2015/03/one-simple-skill-to-overcome-peer-pressure/
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Before talking about the Council, perhaps we should put Councils in their context. We have to avoid polemic on either side. Some will say that Councils are or were the way that the Church was run until the rise of the middle ages when the Papacy took over. Others claim that Councils have no real place in the running of the Church and are a minor inconvenience every now and again.
Neither of these in wholly right. They couldn’t be. So what is a Council?
Well, there have been 21 of them. They have often been called to sort out a disputed point of theology (but not just for academic purposes). So, for example, the Council of Ephesus in 431AD decreed that Our Lady could rightly be called ‘Mother of God’ thus stating an eternal truth about the divinity and humanity of her Son. Others settled political questions of the relationship between Church and state, such as the First Lateran Council of 1123AD. Still others condemned heretics and heresies, such as those of Wycliffe and Hus by the Council of Constance in 1414-1418AD.
In truth we have to say that Councils did seem to have a role in the periodic life of the Church. However the last great Council which in practice changed this was the Council of Trent (1545-1563AD). Why do I say that this changed it all? Simply because after that Councils no longer had that same role in the life of the Church.
Now you can argue back and forth about what you think should happen, but the simple reality is that Councils disappeared off the agenda for a good 300 years until the First Vatican Council in 1869. This seemed to seal the fate of the Councils by defining the long believed Dogma of Papal Infallibility. The Pope could teach in ways different from Councils.
Councils really had changed dramatically from a periodically used arm of the Church.
It does not follow, of course that just because we used to do things, like have Councils, that we should have them again all the time. If someone suggests this then I offer them the ancient practice of public confession of sin. They then see the point. Indeed when we resurrect things, we usually change them into something that we like, modifying the original to make it more palatable. A good case in point was the newly written Eucharistic Prayer Two. Said to be based on Hippolytus (though in reality Hippolytus never wrote it) all the nasty references to Hell were cut out.
Just because something happened in the past does not mean that we must revive it. A man dies for a reason – it is foolish to dig up his rotten, mouldering flesh.
So… in a nutshell, Councils did lots of different things at different times in history but hadn’t for quite a long time.
The important thing about them is, of course, that the Church ignored chunks of them and sometimes simply overturned them.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://frbederowe.blogspot.com/2012/03/vatican-ii-what-is-council.html
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The lithosphere (from the Greek for "rocky" sphere) is the solid outermost shell of a rocky planet. On the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle which is joined to the crust across the Mohorovičić discontinuity. Lithosphere is underlain by asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle. The base of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary corresponds approximately to the depth of the melting temperature in the mantle. As the conductively cooling surface layer of the Earth's convection system, the lithosphere thickens over time. It is fragmented into tectonic plates, which move independently relative to one another. This movement of lithospheric plates is described as plate tectonics.
The concept of the lithosphere as Earth’s strong outer layer was developed by Barrell, who wrote a series of papers introducing the concept (Barrell 1914a-c). The concept was based on the presence of significant gravity anomalies over continental crust, from which he inferred that there must exist a strong upper layer (which he called the lithosphere) above a weaker layer which could flow (which he called the asthenosphere). These ideas were enlarged by Daly (1940), and have been broadly accepted by geologists and geophysicists. Although these ideas about lithosphere and asthenosphere were developed long before plate tectonic theory was articulated in the 1960's, the concepts that strong lithosphere exists and that this rests on weak lithosphere are essential to that theory.
The division of Earth's outer layers into lithosphere and asthenosphere should not be confused with the chemical subdivision of the outer Earth into mantle, and crust. All crust is in the lithosphere, but lithosphere generally contains more mantle than crust.
There are two types of lithosphere:
- Oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with Oceanic crust
- Continental lithosphere, which is associated with Continental crust
Oceanic lithosphere is typically about 50-100 km thick (but beneath the mid-ocean ridges is no thicker than the crust), while continental lithosphere is about 150 km thick, consisting ~50 km of crust and 100km or more of uppermost mantle. Oceanic lithosphere consists mainly of mafic crust and ultramafic mantle and is denser than continental lithosphere, for which the mantle is associated with crust made of felsic rocks. The crust is distinguished from the upper mantle by the change in chemical composition that takes place at the Moho discontinuity. Oceanic lithosphere thickens as it ages and moves away from the mid-ocean ridge. This thickening occurs by conductive cooling, which converts hot asthenosphere into lithospheric mantle, and causes the oceanic lithosphere to become increasingly dense with age. Oceanic lithosphere is less dense than asthenosphere for a few tens of millions of years, but after this becomes increasingly denser than asthenosphere. The gravitational instability of mature oceanic lithosphere has the effect that at subduction zones the oceanic lithosphere invariably sinks underneath the overriding lithosphere, which can be oceanic or continental. New oceanic lithosphere is constantly being produced at mid-ocean ridges and is recycled back to the mantle at subduction zones. As a result, oceanic lithosphere is much younger than continental lithosphere: the oldest oceanic lithosphere is about 170 million years old, while parts of the continental lithosphere are billions of years old.
Another distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is its flow properties. Under the influence of the low-intensity, long-term stresses that drive plate tectonic motions, the lithosphere responds essentially as a rigid shell and thus deforms primarily through brittle failure, whereas the asthenosphere (the layer of the mantle below the lithosphere) is heat-softened and accommodates strain through plastic deformation.
- Earth's Crust, Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
- Crust and Lithosphere
- Barrell, J. 1914a The strength of the Earth's crust. Journal of Geology.22, 425-433.
- Barrell, J. 1914b The strength of the Earth's crust. Journal of Geology 22, 441-468.
- Barrell, J. 1914c The strength of the Earth's crust. Journal of Geology 22, 655-683.
- Daly, R. 1940 Strength and structure of the Earth. New York: Prentice-Hall.
- Stanley Chernicoff and Donna Whitney. Geology. An Introduction to Physical Geology, 4th ed., Pearson 2007
|This page uses content from Wikipedia. The original article was at Wikipedia:Lithosphere. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with Geology Wiki, the text of Wikipedia is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.|
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Course Hero. "Grendel Study Guide." Course Hero. 2 Dec. 2016. Web. 29 June 2017. <https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Grendel/>.
Course Hero. (2016, December 2). Grendel Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved June 29, 2017, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Grendel/
(Course Hero, 2016)
Course Hero. "Grendel Study Guide." December 2, 2016. Accessed June 29, 2017. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Grendel/.
Course Hero, "Grendel Study Guide," December 2, 2016, accessed June 29, 2017, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Grendel/.
Author: John Gardner
Year Published: 1971
Perspective and Narrator:
Grendel is narrated in the first person by the monster Grendel, who has an uncanny ability to move beyond his own consciousness to provide insight into other characters.
Much of Grendel is written in the present tense, but multiple flashback sequences are written in the past tense.
About the Title:
Grendel takes its name from the book's protagonist and narrator, a monstrous creature who wreaks havoc in medieval Denmark and who originates in the English epic poem Beowulf.
This study guide and infographic for John Gardner's Grendel offer summary and analysis on themes, symbols, and other literary devices found in the text. Explore Course Hero's library of literature materials, including documents, Q&A pairs, and flashcards created by students and educators.
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XML Document Type Declaration commonly known as DTD is a way to describe precisely the XML language. DTDs check the validity of, structure and vocabulary of an XML document against the grammatical rules of the appropriate XML language.
This tutorial will teach you basics of DTD. Tutorial contains chapters discussing all the basic components of DTD with suitable examples.
This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them to understand the basic concepts related to DTD. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on DTD from where you can take yourself to a higher level of expertise.
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Yes, it does. And that’s true no matter where you live on Earth, because we all see the same sky.
No matter where you are on Earth (except at the North and South Poles), you have a due east and due west point on your horizon. That point marks the intersection of your horizon with the celestial equator – the imaginary line above the true equator of the Earth. At the equinoxes, the sun appears overhead at noon as seen from Earth’s equator. That’s the definition of an equinox: it’s when the sun crosses the celestial equator, as seen in Earth’s sky.
That’s why the sun rises due east and sets due west for all of us on the day of an equinox. The sun is on the celestial equator, and the celestial equator intersects all of our horizons at points due east and due west.
This fact makes the day of an equinox a good day for finding due east and due west from your yard or other favorite site for watching the sky. Just go outside around sunset or sunrise and notice the location of the sun on the horizon with respect to familiar landmarks.
If you do this, you’ll be able to use those landmarks to find those cardinal directions in the weeks and months ahead, long after Earth has moved on in its orbit around the sun, carrying the sunrise and sunset points southward.
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In early December 2016, the Belle Fourche oil pipeline spewed tens of thousands of gallons of crude oil into the Ash Coulee Creek near the North Dakota town of Belfield—about 150 miles away from the Standing Rock camp, where activists were busy protesting against the Dakota Access oil pipeline.
At the time, it was reported that around 176,000 gallons of oil had been spilled in a matter of hours before True Cos., the company which maintains the pipeline, managed to get things under control. A representative of North Dakota's Health Department now admits that the spill was much worse than initially believed, and may even be one of the worst in state history.
According to environmental scientist Bill Seuss, nearly three times more oil than initially estimated is now thought to have spilled from the Belle Fourche pipeline—not 176,000 gallons, but a whopping 530,000. Speaking with the Associated Press, Seuss said the pipeline likely ruptured due to a "slumping hillside."
In a press release from the DoH, Suess said that "Belle Fourche Pipeline has increased its initial estimate of 4,200 barrels of oil to 12,615 barrels. Of that amount, 4,030 barrels of oil have been recovered through skimming operations." In other words, experts have removed nearly as much oil as was initially thought to have been spilled in total.
The release goes on to say that an "undetermined volume" of oil has been burned off.
Suess told the AP that while no oil made it into nearby rivers or drinking water reservoirs, the state is focused on cleaning Ash Coulee creek before livestock grazing season begins.
True Cos., meanwhile, claims it is around 80% done with the cleanup process. "There's no timeline for completion," company spokesperson Wendy Owen told the AP. "We will be there until it is [done]."
At the time of the Belle Fourche spill, protesters in Standing Rock pointed to the contaminated creek as justification for their actions blocking the Dakota Access pipeline, which they claimed jeopardized the water supply and sacred lands of the Standing Rock Sioux tribe.
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Teachers, parents and students all have the same common goal throughout the school year. On top of studying and taking notes, the next key tool to achieve passing a class is to stay organized. Regardless of which one of the three roles you hold, organization is the key to a successful school year. Having to stay on top of project due dates, school events, early dismissal days, important test days or parent teacher conferences can get overwhelming. We want to take the pressure off of trying to commit everything to memory and help you organize it in one place.
How to use the Fill In The Year Academic Planner
Between studying, creating lecture plans and all the other responsibilities that are required each day, it’s easy to make a small oversight. Easily download this planner and start to take control of every detail. Open the file using Microsoft Excel and save it in a convenient place on your computer. Now you can take advantage of the easy to use planner that will act like your own personal assistant through the year. Insert the current year and select the desired month to begin. Input your reminders and tasks into the appropriate days and save the file. This template is quick and simple to use so you can keep tabs of each and every detail along the way.
Tips for Using the Fill In The Year Academic Planner
• You have the ability to schedule your reminders anywhere from days to months in advance, take advantage of the feature so you never miss a thing!
• The option of inserting the year lets you create a new planner each year and use the previous year’s template to plan ahead based on past events.
• Easily print of each month’s calendar and put it a convenient place as a visual aid when planning out your days if your computer is not within reach.
- 2017 Academic Calendar
- College Course and Credits Planner
- One Week Planner
- 2016-17 School Calendar
- 2015 Academic Calendar
View this offer while you wait!
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- Locating and Inserting Clip Art
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Modifying WordArt Text Position
You can apply a number of text effects to your WordArt objects that determine alignment and direction. The effects of some of the adjustments you make are more pronounced for certain WordArt styles than others. Some of these effects make the text unreadable for certain styles, so apply these effects carefully. You can apply effects to a shape by using the Format Shape dialog box for custom results. You can also use the free rotate handle (green circle) at the top of the selected text box to rotate your WordArt text.
Change WordArt Text Direction
Right-click the WordArt object you want to change, and then click Format Shape or Format WordArt.
If necessary, click Text Box in the left pane.
Click the Vertical alignment or Horizontal alignment list arrow, and then select an option: Top, Middle, Bottom, Top Center, Middle Center, or Bottom Center.
Click the Text Direction list arrow, and then select an option: Horizontal, Rotate all text 90°, Rotate all text 270°, or Stacked.
Rotate WordArt Text
Click the WordArt object you want to change.
Drag the free rotate handle (green circle) to rotate the object in any direction you want.
When you’re done, release the mouse button.
Click outside the object to deselect it.
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Washington, May 28 (ANI): Many commonly prescribed dementia drugs have side effects that may be risky for elderly patients, according to a Canadian study.
People with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias are prescribed Cholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept, Exelon and Reminyl) because they increase the level of a chemical in the brain that seems to help memory.
While such drugs have the potential to provoke slower heart rates and fainting episodes, the magnitude of these risks has not been clear to date.
"This is very troubling, because the drugs are marketed as helping to preserve memory and improve function. But for a subset of people, the effect appears to be the exact opposite," said Dr. Sudeep Gill, Queen's University Geriatrics professor.
Using province-wide data, the researchers conducted a large study and found that people who used cholinesterase inhibitors were hospitalised for fainting almost twice as often as people with dementia who did not receive these drugs.
Experiencing a slowed heart rate was 69 per cent more common amongst cholinesterase inhibitor users.
Besides, those who took the dementia drugs had a 49 per cent increased chance of having permanent pacemakers implanted and an 18 per cent increased risk of hip fractures.
While Gill acknowledged that these drugs have an important role in the management of dementia, he suggested that people who are already at a higher risk should ask their doctors to reassess the value of taking the drugs.
A significant slowing of the heart rate from cholinesterase inhibitors may cause a person to faint and suffer fall-related injuries like a broken hip-often debilitating and sometimes fatal for seniors.
However, Gill noted that many physicians aren't aware of the connection between these problems and the dementia drugs.
"This study does not suggest that dementia patients shouldn't take these drugs. What's critical is that patients, caregivers and physicians be aware of the potential side effects, and weigh these risks carefully against the potential for beneficial effects," said Gill.
The findings have been published in the Archives of Internal Medicine. (ANI)
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15 June 2014
So, we find ourselves in the monsoon season once again. Our familiar friend that brings life giving rain yet dangerous swell, cloudy skies yet cheap hotel beds! At Simba, this annual event can be the hardest to explain, especially predicting trips to distant islands. With this in mind, the following is a brief introduction to the monsoon more generally, and then how this affects us.
What is the Monsoon?
The word monsoon literally means ‘season’ in Arabic. Traders travelling the waters off the Arabian and Indian coast noted for centuries that dry, cool, northeast winds blew for 6 months and then suddenly changed to warm, moist air from the southeast. So in a nutshell, the monsoon weather is a change in the type and direction of winds (and therefore swell) that brings moist air.
When and how does it work?
Between April to September, the wind blows from the southeast as the land mass of India, the Himalayas and beyond heats up relative to the ocean. This causes moist warm air from the Indian ocean to rush into the gap as the warmer air rises. This is the moist ‘maritime’ air that brings the monsoonal rains. Between October and March, this phenomenon is reversed, as the temperature of the Indian Ocean is warmer relative to the land. This pulls dry, cool ‘continental’ winds. This is often called the ‘dry’ or ‘high’ season.
What Does this mean for Phuket?
Phuket is a very small island in a big neighbourhood! To our west sits the Andaman Sea, the bay of Bengal and the India Ocean. To the north and north west of us sits the giant landmass of India, the Himalayas and beyond. These are the major players in this titanic tug of war, and we are simply a spectator sitting a little too close! We very much experience the Monsoon phenomenon and our seasons reflect that of India (as above).
What does this mean for Simba Sea Trips?
We essentially travel to two different regions. Phang Nga and Phi Phi, both east of Phuket itself. Phang Nga luckily sits in a protected bay north east of Phuket. It is protected not only by Phuket itself, but the mainland of Thailand. Although there are still some relatively open passages of water, we’ve found average sea swells to be 1-2 meters less than Phi Phi. We also travel perpendicular to the mainland, and being on a boat, the closer to the protection of land the better!
Phi Phi unfortunately sits 50km south west of Phuket. It normally takes us between an hour and an hour 15 to get there by boat in relatively open waters. Although Phuket Island does offer some protection initially, the second half of the journey is in open water, where swells average 1.5 meters and can get as high 3 meters.
Despite the predictability of the monsoon as a phenomenon, the severity of the winds can intensify and relax as low pressures form and dissipate (hence the variation in swell). This is what we monitor on a daily basis and forms the backbone of our decision making (whether to go/cancel/change destination).
Its not all doom and glom however! An enjoyable trip to Phi Phi is still very much possible, there is just a relatively increased chance cancelation/change destination).
What can I expect on a Monsoonal day on the water?
Well… moist air obviously! Often described as overcast, it’s more like a washing machine of clouds competing for space. Low, mid and high band clouds fall, gather pace and dissipate, if you are into weather it can be a magical and awe-inspiring sight. The very unpredictable nature of these clouds does mean they often give way to rays of sharp sunshine, but they also form storm clouds that dump 10-20 minutes of heavy, warm, tropical rain!
So expect a little rain, expect a little wind but with this comes of the best visibility, wildlife, vegetation and natural vitality. What the monsoon does bring is life and it’s magical to see it up close!
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Presenting the keynote speech at AICGS’ recent workshop on Political and Societal Leadership in Encouraging Reconciliation, Markus Ingenlath discusses the experiences and best practices he has garnered from his tenure as Secretary General of the Franco German Youth Office (OFAJ/DFJW). Marking its fiftieth anniversary this year, 2013, the OFAJ/DFJW promotes intercultural understanding and personal development through organizing exchange programs between French and German youth.
German-French relations and their transition, through a process of reconciliation, from being hereditary enemies to achieving close – if not always easy – co-operation, can’t be considered as a standardised role model for reconciliation.
German-French relations have their own specific history and geopolitical context. And although their relationship is undoubtedly a success story, both from the German-French and the European point of view, it cannot be simply copied to other conflict regions around the world.
The history of the two neighbours and cultural spheres, France and Germany, has always had a great – if not decisive – influence on war and peace in Europe. However, on closer examination, we can affirm that the reconciliation process and the present close co-operation between the two countries may be quite interesting to other conflict regions in two respects:
- as a great source of inspiration and as an encouraging proof that a conflict once considered almost insurmountable can not only take a peaceful turn, but also, under certain circumstances, can bring about peace and prosperity.
- as a “box of bricks” containing diverse and very concrete instruments of understanding and co-operation. They represent to this very day the “glue” that cements the co-operation and dialogue between these two very different countries.
Some of these experiences and instruments originating from German-French relations since the end of the Second World War will be presented here.
Civil society has played, and continues to play a fundamental role in the development of German-French relations since the end of the Second World War.
Long before the Elysée Treaty was signed in 1963, it was the citizens of both countries who, on the basis of civil-societal structures, promoted dialogue and immediate initiatives to bring about reconciliation.
They included, for instance, French resistance fighters, prisoners of war and German immigrants who had survived internment in concentration camps and – influenced by their experiences – were pushed for an active dialogue with their German neighbours.
Hence, during the first few years after the Second World War, German-French encounters were organised between students, journalists, clerics and other professional groups with the aim of creating mutual trust. Town partnerships between Germany and France were created as early as the 1950s, allowing regular direct contacts between their citizens. The first town partnership arose in 1950 (Ludwigsburg – Montbéliard). It was not easy, however, because many people still distrusted their neighbouring country. Nevertheless, the organisers of these encounters didn’t get discouraged, for they were convinced that this was the only way to overcome hostility.
Furthermore, the rapidly growing European Movement, mainly composed of young citizens, called, as early as the 1950s, for German-French reconciliation between the two countries in favour of a United Europe. Here, it must not be forgotten that the process of European integration was a joint task and a challenge, serving as a binding force and powerful motivation to achieve German-French reconciliation.
The Elysée Treaty – a bilateral and political treaty between the two nation states – must also be judged in the context of the political demands arising within civil society at the time. These early and remarkably emphatic demands emanating from civil society most certainly influenced the subsequent political decisions made by De Gaulle and Adenauer.
In Eastern Germany, history took another turn, the initiatives between the GDR and France enclosed also a number of town partnerships which were in France often driven by party members of the Communist party. As far as the GDR was concerned the exchange with the “Non Socialist Abroad” was strictly controlled by state authorities. But this is not topic of this speech.
Especially today, German-French relations are based not only on extremely close and intensive inter-governmental political co-operation, but also on the broad anchoring of these relations within civil society, as well as on the individual experiences of a great number of citizens. The Franco-German Youth Office on its own has been able to reach over eight million young citizens through exchange programs and intercultural encounters since its founding in 1963. It created a network which includes over 6000 partners, organizations and individuals from the civil society.
The founding of the Franco-German Youth Office as an autonomous organisation, as well as the endowment of this institution with 10 million euros from each side, offered and still offers tens of thousands of young citizens each year the opportunity to discover and share their neighbour’s culture and language to discuss their cultural differences in order to see their own culture more profoundly “through the eyes of the other” and to get to know it from a different perspective.
These individual experiences are – on a very broad level – one of the main pillars on which German-French relations have been constructed. The Elysée Treaty is the basis, and the Franco-German Youth Office an instrument in order to develop “lively relationships” between the two countries. This relationship must be promoted constantly within each new generation and demands a lot of enthusiasm.
Particularly valuable and decisive for the success of German-French relations are the diversity of encounters and the dialogue between the citizens and institutions of both countries. The Franco-German Youth Office offers several individual exchange facilities (from 3 to 6 months long) as well as group exchanges subsidies.
Encounters between young sports people; exchange programmes for young trainees and working people such as bakers, librarians, and mechatronics technicians; exchange programmes for young scientists; a great diversity of opportunities in the cultural sphere, such as joint theatre workshops, music orchestras and hip-hop events; educational support and training of multipliers in the field of international youth education; the provision of joint advanced training for teachers; research on the dimensions of language in exchange programmes; and the availability of language and interpreting courses for youth encounters – all these are but a few of the examples of the wide range of offers that place their hopes on the broad foundations created within these relationships.
An important element in the strengthening of the French-German relationship is the instrument of intercultural learning and intercultural research, which researchers and partner organisations have been developing since the 1960s under the direction of the Franco-German Youth Office, and is now a central element in our educational exchange programme. The methods are based on the following principles:
- Reciprocity (from host role to guest and reverse), which constitutes a major difference respect to most EU-programs.
- Almost equal numbers of participants from both countries
- A balanced use of both languages
The goal is to learn to understand the differences and otherness with regard to the “other”, to avoid immediate judging of strange, unaccustomed (and unsettling) modes of cultural behaviour, and to learn instead to understand them in the context of their historical, social, political, sociological and economic backgrounds. This means, first of all, not letting oneself being dominated by intuitive values and those of one’s own cultural setting, but engaging in a debate with the culture of the other. At the same time, intercultural competence offers a new and more profound way of getting to know one’s own culture, because the “alien culture” serves as a mirror, providing new and surprising ways of accessing one’s own ostensibly familiar culture.
The instrument of intercultural learning is also considered as a constant, interactive process: “Culture” is lively, and not an ossified shell. It is not captured in stereotypes and rigid overlapping images, but is changing and developing: even, and above all, in encounters with the other.
Of special significance in German-French relations are the aspects of time and the sustainability of all endeavours to communicate and work together.
Developing peaceful relationships, mutual understanding and the ability to act in unison require a lot of time, far more time than any conflict or war. It took 40 years before young people, organized in a youth parliament, demanded a common Franco-German history book in schools. Cultivating trust requires patience, as well as enduring and reliable actions. Fifty years after the signing of the Elysée Treaty, the founding of the Franco-German Youth Office and the development of German-French relations – which has, on the whole, been a success story – nobody can rest on these laurels.
Beyond the great success of the past, the Franco-German Youth Office aims at new challenges, among which
- Maintain and strengthen the specific German-French cooperation within the European context
- Reinforce the participation of young people within the various exchange programs
- Upgrade the Franco-German Youth Office’s programs in order to aim at specific target groups (such as apprentices, young people with less opportunities, …)
- Enhance the already existing programs regarding the educational field
Deepen the reflexion on Franco-German exchange programs with a third country, especially in the Mediterranean territory
German-French relations demonstrate the central necessity of integrating, above all, the young generation creatively into the communication process. This is a long-term challenge, whose success also depends on whether the young generation is really granted the liberty being actively involved in events, as it was shown with the process of the history book!
Is this generation merely a symbolic fig-leaf with which our political leaders adorn themselves? Or do people genuinely trust young people and grant them the freedom to act in shaping dialogue and understanding and, hence, political activity, too.
The young generation is the political decision-maker of tomorrow. Will it be sincerely involved in shaping the process of understanding; won’t it feel “guilty” about the uncomfortable past, yet prepared to bear responsibility for history by shaping the future peacefully – without forgetting the uncomfortable past?
What role does the strengthening of interpersonal relationships play in everyday life?
Interpersonal relationships – and this is a distinct lesson learned from German-French relationships – play a central role in the communication process. No interstate treaty weighs so heavily upon us as a personal encounter and communication (especially when it takes place across language boundaries), and no political symbolism has the power or the magic of mutual personal discoveries and understanding.
This is perhaps the most important insight to be gained from German-French relations: without direct encounters and a dialogue involving (young) people, a process of reconciliation and intercultural learning cannot succeed. This encounter and this dialogue may be difficult, and sometimes even frustrating and tedious, and facing the threat of setbacks again and again, but it is, in fact, the only road to success.
In the work done by the Franco-German Youth Office on the Balkans, in a region where the wounds of war have still not healed, direct dialogue between young Serbs and Albanians, Macedonians, Bosnians and Croats holds, in fact, one of the few promises of success and concrete ways of moving towards a peaceful society in the future. Young Albanians and Serbs who are unable to encounter each other in northern Kosovo, and whose communities remain irreconcilable, use the opportunity presented to an “open dialogue” (to the anger of extremists on both sides), and often show great commitment in the process.
Together with young Germans and French, they consider possible ways of moving on in the future and discuss the contribution they might make to a future Europe. With every encounter and every – often difficult – conversation, their self-esteem and freedom to shape their future grows, and they are less vulnerable to political manipulation. They form their own opinions about the “other” and ascertain that dialogue is possible.
Herein lies the reason why reconciliation, understanding and dialogue depend, above all, on civil courage and involvement. Good neighbourly relations can only exist where there is a lively, constructive and peaceful dialogue between citizens. This is one of the central lessons to be learned from German-French relationships.
The other central lesson from German-French relationships is that fostering dialogue between citizens sustainably and on a broad basis, requires political support. This calls for a truly political will, and politicians who are courageous enough to overcome prejudices and negative feelings, and who are prepared to approach the other country despite the existing problems. When de Gaulle and Adenauer set out to intensify German-French relations, many people in Germany and France were still coming to terms with negative memories from the war. They were unable to imagine their two countries working closely together. However, the aversion among broad sections of the population and in the press did not stop de Gaulle and Adenauer, quite the contrary: they did all they could to convince people that overcoming prejudices and developing close co-operation was of vital interest to both countries and their peoples.
And they also understood that it was central to the development of long-term relationships not to decide over the heads of the people, but to grant the civil societies of both countries a central place in these relationships – a place through which their civil societies could help to cultivate these relationships.
The lesson from German-French relationships: We need active and courageous citizens on the one hand, and active and courageous politicians on the other hand; we can deduce therefore that there is a way for negative relationships to be transformed into constructive, peaceful and beneficial relationships for all sides involved.
Made possible by the support of Stiftung EVZ
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(February 2009) The last decade in Rwanda's history has been one of transition and rebirth. Ten years ago, the country was emerging from several years of strife and civil conflict; in 2009, urban and rural areas are energized with the promise of steadily improving economic, social, and health conditions. Despite this impressive transformation, Rwanda faces various challenges, many related to the complex relationships between population trends, poverty, and environmental conditions. Rapid population growth and the resultant dwindling landholdings, for example, have pushed more people onto landscapes poorly suited for agriculture, grazing, and settlement, such as steep hillsides and urban watersheds. As a result, an increasing number of households are vulnerable to food shortages and water scarcity and are more susceptible to disease and poor health. Thus, continued improvement in the quality of life of Rwanda’s citizens depends in large part on finding innovative and integrated solutions to complex population, health, and environment problems.
Fortunately, the links between population, health, and environment are now largely recognized by policymakers in Rwanda, especially since the end of the transition period in 2003. Indeed, almost all of Rwanda’s national-level policies acknowledge the need for cross-sectoral collaboration in order to effectively address the complex problems and issues currently facing the country. In practice, however, institutional coordination and integrated planning and program implementation are happening slowly and sporadically, with few projects and programs to date successfully integrating cross-sector initiatives. Most projects and programs—whether implemented by the government or NGOs, at a national scale or at the community level—continue to follow the traditional sectoral approach, aligned with government services and institutional structures. Yet a growing body of evidence shows that in many cases, desired programmatic outcomes can be achieved with greater cost-effectiveness, increased programmatic and administrative efficiencies, and higher rates of community participation and support by employing an integrated, holistic approach to development.
Melissa Thaxton is an independent consultant and former policy analyst at the Population Reference Bureau.
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Game of Thrones, possibly the biggest hit series on television, can be used as a perfect example to contrast Machiavelli’s The Prince. Machiavelli advises a prince to be cautious on who he chooses for his council, should be feared rather than loved and should gain the support of the people while weakening the nobles. Joffrey, eldest son of Robert Baratheon, becomes king after his father death and does everything wrong.
If Joffrey had read The Prince by Nicolo Machiavelli, he could have ruled for sixty years. His council was made up of people with their own self interests and Machiavelli believes a king should be weary of this. He also states that a king should not be so selective in his council that he doesn’t listen to anyone and sees no use in a council. Machiavelli provides an example in The Prince of an emperor, Maximilian, which never got anything done because he didn’t listen to anybody’s suggestions which caused things to be redone. Joffrey was similar to Maximilian. Even though Cersi tried to influence Joffrey’s decisions, she had little success. Joffrey took nobody’s advice into consideration and sometimes even did the exact opposite.
Joffrey was also neither feared or loved. He was regarded as weak, while also being hated. Machiavelli believes a good King should be feared. People will follow you while also giving a king the ability to still hold the peoples’ respect. If one is neither loved or loved, people will believe that they could over throw the king. Varys and Little Finger, two of Joffreys council members, schemed behind his back because they perceived him as being a weak king. Varys has been planning on the return of the Targaryens to the thrown while Little Finger basically planned the death of Joffrey.
In The Prince, Maximilian also consulted kings to weaken the power of the nobles and gain the praise of the people. Weakening the nobles but having the support of the people will ensure that the nobles won’t have any power to overthrow the king. Joffrey, again, did neither. Many people believed they were equals to Joffrey. The people did not praise him, fear him, but rather hated him. All of these are not suggestions from Machiavelli to be a great king.
Joffrey is renowned in Game of Thrones as one of the worst kings ever. An example of Joffrey’s brutality is shown when he forced his soon to be wife, Sansa Stark, to watch the execution of her own father for which he ordered himself. If you were to ask Machiavelli, Joffrey had no chance. No chance to be a great leader. No chance to live a long life as king.
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There is research indicating that air pollution is responsible for 2 million deaths around the world, according to The Huffington Post. In regards to the environment, Phys.org also notes that plastics are one of the prime polluters of the marine environment, as just about every product contains plastic. Furthermore, plastics from sewage plants, shipping facilities and oil and gas refineries dispense plastic byproducts into the ocean.Continue Reading
Phys.org notes that 28 million tonnes of plastic ended up in the ocean in 2012. The Huffington Post draws a link between environmental pollution and the toll on human health, revealing that ozone pollution causes 470,000 deaths annually. Ozone pollution occurs when air pollution from facilities, like automobile plants, interact with the atmosphere.
Web MD also highlights the effects of indoor air pollution on humans and the risk of contracting respiratory ailments, such as asthma and allergies. Cigarette smoke is also classified as a pollutant, with experts believing that 90 percent of lung cancer cases are traced to smoking. Smoking, along with second-hand smoke, increases a person's chances of succumbing to heart attacks and strokes. An article from USA Today mentions that air pollution can have an adverse effect on growing brains in children, causing such problems as autism and schizophrenia. Pregnant mothers living in a polluted environment can also have a negative effect on a child's health.Learn more about Human Impact
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When your computer's Internet connection is bogged down due to heavy traffic on your network, it can cause your "ping" to get excessively high. A ping is the amount of time it takes for a data packet to make a round trip from your computer to a remote computer. It is one measure used to tell how fast your Internet connection is. While you normally want a low ping, you can artificially inflate your ping by inducing an abnormally large traffic pattern on your computer.
Click the Windows "Start" button. Type "cmd" into the search field at the bottom of the Start menu, then press Enter to open a Command Prompt window.
Type "ping 127.0.0.1 -t" into the Command Prompt.
Press Enter and your computer will start pinging itself, creating more traffic that will help to cause a higher ping on your connection. When you are finished, you can close the Command Prompt window to stop your computer from pinging itself.
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Presentation on theme: "Basic well Logging Analysis"— Presentation transcript:
1Basic well Logging Analysis Hsieh, Bieng-ZihFall 2009
2Outlines Introduction Borehole Environment Invaded Zone, Flushed Zone, Uninvaded ZoneInvasion and Resistivity ProfilesBasic Information Needed in Log InterpretationExercises (#1A, #1B, #2A, #2B)
3Introduction Well log, Wireline Log, Geophysical well logging, Log A continuous measurement of formation properties with electrically powered instruments to infer properties and make decisions about drilling and production operations.
4Introduction (Cont.)The record of the measurements, typically a long strip of paper, is also called a log.
5Introduction (Cont.)In wireline measurements, the logging tool (or sonde) is lowered into the open wellbore on a multiple conductor, contra- helically (反螺旋) armored wireline.Once lowered to the bottom of the interval of interest, the measurements are taken on the way out of the wellbore.
6Introduction (Cont.)This is done in an attempt to maintain tension on the cable (which stretches) as constant as possible for depth correlation purposes.(The exception to this practice is in certain hostile environments in which the tool electronics might not survive the temperatures on bottom for the amount of time it takes to lower the tool and then record measurements while pulling the tool up the hole. In this case, "down log" measurements might actually be conducted on the way into the well, and repeated on the way out if possible.)
7Introduction (Cont.)Most wireline measurements are recorded continuously even though the sonde is moving.Measurements include electrical properties (resistivity and conductivity at various frequencies), sonic properties, active and passive nuclear measurements, dimensional measurements of the wellbore, formation fluid sampling, formation pressure measurement, wireline-conveyed sidewall coring tools, and others.
8Introduction (Cont.)Certain fluid sampling and pressure-measuring tools require that the sonde be stopped, increasing the chance that the sonde or the cable might become stuck.Logging while drilling (LWD) tools take measurements in much the same way as wireline-logging tools, except that the measurements are taken by a self-contained tool near the bottom of the bottomhole assembly and are recorded downward (as the well is deepened) rather than upward from the bottom of the hole (as wireline logs are recorded).
10Borehole EnvironmentWhere a hole is drilled into a formation, the rock plus the fluids in it (rock-fluid system) are altered in the vicinity of the borehole.A well’s borehole and the rock surrounding it are contaminated by the drilling mud, which affects logging measurements.Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a porous and permeable formation which is penetrated by a borehole filled with drilling mud.
11Fig. 1Exercise:You have 15 min. to fill in your answer
14Diameter dh – hole diameter di – diameter of invaded zone (inner boundary, flushed zone)dj – diameter of invaded zone (outer boundary, invaded zone)Δrj – radius of invaded zone (outer boundary)
15Hole diameterA well’s borehole size is described by the outside diameter of the drill bit.But, the diameter of the borehole may be larger or smaller than the bit diameter because of(1) wash out and/or collapse of shall and poorly cemented porous rocks(2) build-up of mudcake on porous and permeable formation
16Hole diameter (Cont.)Borehole sizes normally vary from 7 7/8 inches to 12 inches, and modern logging tools are designed to operate within these size ranges.The size of the borehole is measured by a CALIPER LOG.
17Mud hmc – thickness of mudcake Rm – resistivity of the drilling mud Rmc – resistivity of the mudcakeRm – resistivity of mud filtrate
18Drilling mudToday, most wells are drilled with rotary bits and use special mud as a circulating fluid.The mud helps remove cuttings from the well bore, lubricate (潤滑) and cool the drill bit, and maintain an excess of borehole pressure over formation pressure.The excess of borehole pressure over formation pressure prevents blow-outs.
20Drilling mud (Cont.)The density of the mud is kept high enough so that hydrostatic pressure in the mud column is always greater than formation pressure.This pressure difference forces some of the drilling fluid to invade porous and permeable formations.As invasion occurs, many of the solid particles (i.e. clay minerals from the drilling mud) are trapped on the side of the borehole and form MUDCAKE.
21Drilling mud (Cont.)Fluid that filters into the formation during invasion is called MUD FILTRATE.The resistivity values for drilling mud, mudcake, and mud filtrate are recorded on a LOG HEADER.
26Invaded zoneThe zone which is invaded by mud filtrate is called the invaded zone.It consists of a flushed zone (Rxo) and a transition or annulus (Ri) zone.The flushed zone occurs close to the borehole where the mud filtrate has almost completely flushed out a formation’s hydrocarbon and/or water (Rw).
27Invaded zone (Cont.)The transition or annulus zone, where a formation’s fluids and mud filtrate are mixed, occurs between the flushed (Rxo) zone and the uninvaded (Rt) zone.The depth of mud filtrate invasion into the invaded zone is referred to as the diameter of invasion (dj).
28Invaded zone (Cont.)The diameter of invasion is measured in inches or expressed as a ratio:dj/dhwhere dh = borehole diameter
29Question -- General invasion diameters are: dj/dh = 2 for ？ porosity rocksdj/dh = 5 for intermediate porosity rocksdj/dh = 10 for ？ porosity rocksHigh or Low porosity? And why?
30Invaded zone (Cont.)The amount of invasion which takes place is dependent upon the permeability of the mudcake and not upon the porosity of the rock.In general, an equal volume of mud filtrate can invade low porosity and high porosity rocks if the drilling muds have equal amounts of solid particles.The solid particle in the drilling muds coalesce (結合) and form an impermeable mudcake.
31Invaded zone (Cont.)The mudcake then acts as a barrier to further invasion.Because an equal volume of fluid can be invaded before an impermeable mudcake barrier forms, the diameter of invasion will be greatest in low porosity rocks.This occurs because low porosity rocks have less storage capacity or pore volume to fill with the invading fluid, and, as a result, pores throughout a greater volume of rock will be affected.
32Invaded zone (Cont.) General invasion diameters are: dj/dh = 2 for high porosity rocksdj/dh = 5 for intermediate porosity rocksdj/dh = 10 for low porosity rocks
34Flushed zoneThe flushed zone extends only a few inches from the well bore and is part of the invaded zone.If invasion is deep, most often the flushed zone is completely cleared of its formation water (Rw) by mud filtrate (Rmf).When oil is present in the flushed zone, you can determine the degree of flushing by mud filtrate from the difference between water saturations in the flushed (Sxo) zone and the uninvaded (Sw) zone.
35Flushed zone (Cont.)Usually, about 70 to 95% of the oil is flushed out.The remaining oil is called RESIDUAL OIL.Sro = 1.0 – Sxowhere Sro = residual oil saturation (ROS)
37Uninvaded zone The uninvaded zone is located beyond the invaded zone. Pores in the uninvaded zone are uncontaminated by mud filtrate; instead, they are saturated with formation water (Rw), oil, or gas.Even in hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs, there is always a layer of formation water on grain surfaces.Water saturation (Sw) of the uninvaded zone is an important factor in reservoir evaluation.
38Uninvaded zone (Cont.)By using water saturation (Sw) data, a geologist can determine a reservoir’s hydrocarbon saturation.Sh = 1.0 – Swwhere Sh = hydrocarbon saturation (i.e., the fraction of pore volume filled with hydrocarbons)The ratio between the uninvaded zone’s water saturation (Sw) and the flushed zone’s water saturation (Sxo) is an index of HYDROCARBON MOVEABILITY.
45Basic information needed in log interpretation Lithology – from cuttingTemperature of formation – Because the resistivities of the drilling mud (Rm), the mud filtrate (Rmf), and the formation water (Rw) vary with temperature.(Resistivities information can be read from LOG HEADER)
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Cartilage injury is can occur with direct blows or impact, can be associated with other ligaments injuries or fractures. Treating cartilage injury is difficult because the cells, like brain cells, do not divide and therefore have limited ability to heal on their own.
All joints contain cartilage. The normal motion of joints is lubricated by fluid called synovial fluid made by the cells that line each of the joints. The end of the bones themselves are covered with a specific type of cartilage called hyaline cartilage. Motion between hyaline cartilage lubricated with synovial fluid is smoother than ice on ice. Defects in the cartilage decrease this smooth motion and can result in friction causing pain, swelling, and changes to the synovial fluid in the joint.
As we go about our daily lives the cartilage in our joints can wear slowly and gradually, much like the tread on a tire. When the cartilage becomes thin this process results in osteoarthritis (which is one type of arthritis). Unfortunately, any injury to the joint, the underlying bone, or it’s surrounding ligaments can speed the otherwise gradual process. Not all cartilage injuries cause symptoms to occur and if the remainder of the joint is healthy some cartilage injury can be very well tolerated. However, when this interferes with activities of daily living or the ability to play sports then treatment is required.
Goals are always to maximize non-operative treatments first. By optimizing strength, range of motion, and endurance symptoms can be relieved in a majority of cases. Physical therapy, medications, and injections as well as supplements and adjunctive therapies are all viable options in treatment of cartilage injury.
Physical therapy can be performed as either a guided home program or in conjunction with a dedicated physical therapist. Therapists have various modalities that can decrease pain and improve function and can tailor a home exercise program to fit your needs.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications can be beneficial for some patients but have risks. Long term use should be discussed with a doctor or health care provider.
Some supplements have shown promise in the treatment of cartilage injury. Common over the counter formulations include glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Other herbal medications from ayurvedic and Chinese medicine have shown effectiveness in large research trials, but more research is needed to determine which compounds are providing the effectiveness.
Acupuncture is an additional modality which has shown proven effectiveness for some patients. It is low risk and often has additional benefits related to stress relief and relaxation which are often associated with and can worsen pain from injury.
In some cases, braces can be useful to provide proprioceptive feedback and compression to reduce swelling. Bracing can be highly customized based on patient anatomy and the nature of the injury.
Steroid injections decrease the pain and inflammation associated with cartilage injury and can be very effective in eliminating swelling. This is often a first line treatment because the procedure is simple, effective, and can be performed in the clinic with minimal discomfort and no restrictions after the injection. Steroid injections do not directly treat the injury itself but relieve the symptoms associated with it. Steroid injections can be repeated at intervals of 4-6 months but sometimes lose efficacy over time.
Hyaluronic Acid Injections (HA)
HA is a normal component of healthy joints and a primary part of the synovial fluid that promotes lubrication between cartilage surfaces. As stated above, in the injured joint there can be loss of these normal compounds
Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP)
PRP is a relatively recent treatment for articular cartilage injury. Rather than a drug or compound, PRP is a portion of the patient’s own blood that is concentrated and injected into the diseased area. This is done in a procedural area, but not in the clinic, and takes about five to 10 minutes to perform. Blood is drawn and placed in a machine which separates the parts of the blood and isolates the growth factors from the cells. The concentrated growth factors are then injected. There are no restrictions after PRP although localized soreness is common for the first several days and full effects may take up to 6 weeks. While early research is promising, this procedure may not be covered by all insurance plans. At Mammoth Orthopedic Institute we are actively researching PRP and you may be asked to participate in our research outcomes registry.
Failure of non-surgical treatments is the primary reason for investigating surgical options. Given the current state of technology there is a wide array of procedures available, some of which are discussed below. Choosing an individual treatment plan is a complex process and involves a thorough understanding of the injury severity, its size and location, and the risks involved.
Microfracture was one of the first techniques developed for cartilage repair. The procedure can be performed all arthroscopically and involves use of a pick to create small holes in the bone underneath the damaged cartilage which releases stem cells and growth factors which can generate a scar cartilage. A small pick or a wire can be used the make the microfracture holes. Microfracture does not restore normal cartilage. Rehabilitation after microfracture requires 6 weeks of strict non-weight bearing and early aggressive range of motion. Microfracture is most often used for lesions which are either very small or very large.
Biocartilage is an adjunct to microfracture. It is developed form donor cartilage and contains the important building blocks for creating new cartilage such as type II collagen, proteoglycans and additional growth factors. The theory is that the addition of these growth factors will improve the overall quality of tissue that is generated after a microfracture. Because it can be inserted with a small needle biocartilage can be useful in some hard to reach portions of damaged joints and on uneven surfaces within the joint. Rehabilitation is similar to microfracture
Osteochondral Autograft/Allograft Transplantation Surgery (OATS)
OATS is the only procedure currently that provides mature normal cartilage to replace the damaged cartilage. In autograft OATS the healthy cartilage is transferred from a part of the joint that sees little or no stress and the diseased tissue is transferred to where the healthy cartilage was taken from. This is useful for smaller cartilage lesions up to 1.5 cm. The advantage is that no allograft, or cadaver tissue, is required. The disadvantage is that in some cases problems can occur at the donor site where the healthy cartilage was harvested.
In allograft OATS, a cadaver donor is found which has a similar size and shape to the patients damaged tissue and the corresponding area from the healthy cadaver cartilage is transplanted into the patient’s cartilage defect. This is commonly used for larger areas, greater than 2 cm. The transplanted tissue includes both the bone (osteo-) and cartilage (chondral) from the donor. Rehabilitation after OATS in many cases can be accelerated compared to the previously mentioned techniques because the graft is more stable at the time of implantation. One disadvantage to allograft OATS is that it may take time to find a donor cadaver with similar anatomy to the patient.
Cartiform is a product that is harvested from cadavers as well and is similar to osteochondral allograft described above. The difference is that the bone portion of the Cartiform is extremely thin making the graft flexible and able to conform to different surfaces. Because of this feature, an exact size match is not required as is the case for allograft OATS. The Cartiform can be trimmed to fit the defect and then secured with sutures or suture anchors. The disadvantage in this case is that the graft does not have immediate stability and that some time is required to allow the graft to heal before initiating weight bearing.
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THE doomsday vault that is supposed to protect the world’s most valuable seeds against any kind of disaster has sprung a leak.
The Norwegian government is altering the entrance to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault after unusually heavy rain and melting permafrost entered the entrance tunnel and froze on the floor. The water didn’t get near the seed storage areas deep within the mountainside, but the alterations will ensure the entrance is more secure. The measures include building waterproof walls, digging drainage ditches and moving a power transformer whose heat might be helping to melt permafrost.
The vault is located on an island in the Svalbard archipelago, far to the north of Norway. It is less than a decade old, but has already proved useful, for example in providing seeds to drylands researchers unable to access a seed storage facility in war-torn Aleppo, Syria.
This article appeared in print under the headline “Doomsday vault not watertight”
More on these topics:
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In tough times, Greece takes bold steps to protect its biodiversity!
Discussions in the Parliament were dominated by objections regarding the potential impact that specific provisions of the law would have on building rights within protected areas. The most noteworthy parts of this new law are:
• the organization of an integrated and science-based system of protected areas, with simple designation procedures and improved administrative support,
• the provision for the adoption of urgent conservation measures, in cases of rapid decline of species populations or critical habitat degradation,
• a strengthened framework for the imposition of sanctions on crimes against biodiversity
• a new legal framework for the protection of small island wetlands, and the inclusion of conservation measures for marine species and habitats,
• regulations for building within the boundaries of Natura 2000 protected areas.
WWF, the global conservation organisation, congratulates the Greek Government and particularly the Minister for Environment, Energy and Climate Change, Tina Birbili, and the supportive Members of Parliament on this important step towards conserving the integrity of the most outstanding natural places and species in Greece and contributing to a more secure and sustainable future for all.
“WWF Greece has actively campaigned for this law which we consider an important step for nature conservation in Greece. Despite the views expressed by certain MPs, asking for more building rights within protected areas, the voted law is a sign of hope that Greece’s natural heritage will not be ignored or sacrificed in the quest for rapid financial gain”, states Demetres Karavellas, CEO of WWF Greece.
“The greatest challenge however lies in implementing the provisions of this law. WWF stands ready to assist in making this happen.”
“This new law is an important tool in implementing critical European legislation such as the Wild Birds and Habitats Directives. With the right vision of promoting and celebrating its wonderful natural heritage, investing in nature conservation should also assist Greece in finding a way out of the challenging financial crisis,” states Tony Long, Director of the WWF European Policy Office.
For further information:
Iason Kantas, Press officer, WWF Greece
Tel: +30 210 33 14 893
Mobile: +30 698 247 1724
Notes to editors
1. Globally important ecoregions registered in Greece by WWF
The mountain ranges of Northern Pindos and the Rhodope, as well as the forests of Crete are registered by WWF International as three of the 825 distinct global terrestrial ecoregions. These areas, are part of the global natural heritage. For more information on these ecoregions, please visit the following links:
Crete Mediterranean forests (PA1205)
Pindus Mountains mixed forests (PA1217)
Rodope montane mixed forests (PA0435)
Also, Greek seas and islands are part of the Mediterranean ecoregion, many forest ecosystems are part of the European-Mediterranean Montane Mixed Forests or the Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub ecoregions and certain freshwater ecosystems are included under the Balkan Rivers and Streams ecoregion, which have been identified by WWF International as four of the globe’s 200 priority ecoregions.
2. Greek nature in numbers
• Fauna: 116 species of mammals (4 endemic), 442 species of birds, 59 species of reptiles (6 endemic), 20 species of amphibians (2 endemic), 110 species of freshwater fish (35 endemic), 447 species of marine fish, 649 endemic species of coleoptera, 174 species of terrestrial molluscs
• Flora: Over 5,500 species of flowering plants, 936 of which are endemic
• More than 250 mountains of altitudes higher than 1,000 metres
• 3,612,992 hectares of forest cover, 10 wetlands of international importance (protected under the Ramsar Convention), 241 Sites of Community Importance (protected under the EU’s Habitats Directive), 202 Special Protection Areas (protected under the EU’s Wild Birds Directive) and 14 National Parks
• Over 800 small wetlands on Greek islands, covering an area of more than 45 km2
• Over 3,000 islands, only 227 of which are inhabited
• The Prespa Lakes host the largest population of the Dalmatian Pelican on earth!
• Sekania beach in Zakynthos hosts the largest number of sea turtle nests in the Mediterranean!
• The forest of Dadia in Evros offers vital habitat to 36 out of the 38 species of diurnal raptors that inhabit the European Union!
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Debugging is always a large part of developing and most developers today have access to a JTAG/SWD debug probe, which is often sufficient for basic debugging tasks. However, the relatively low-cost trace probes available gives the developer even further possibilities for understanding what the application is doing, and makes debugging difficult situations a whole lot easier.
If you have chosen to work with a device based on the ARM Cortex-M3 or -M4 core, you can gain a lot from its useful on-chip debug logic, which in combination with a capable debugger enables you to examine the application’s behavior from various angles.
The debug architecture consists of five main units as described by Figure 1. Some of these, like the Embedded Trace Macrocell (ETM), are optional so you may need to check which have been implemented in your device.
Figure 1. The debug architecture of the ARM Cortex-M3 and M4 devices
The Instrumentation Trace Macrocell (ITM) is a lightweight trace that provides selected trace data over a low speed access port. Instrumentation trace is available using a debug probe such as I-jet, a low-cost probe that every developer should have on his or her desk. The ITM provides 32 channels for software trace that can be used by the software to generate packets for distribution to the debugger over SWO. This can be used for instrumentation of the code with very little overhead as the core does not need to stop to output the message or data. All that is needed is a single write operation to one of the 32 ITM stimulus registers. On the other hand, far from every instruction is traced
The ITM also takes care of trace events triggered by another unit, the Data Watchpoint and Trace (DWT). The DWT provides a set of functions that collect information from the system buses and generates events to the ITM for packetizing and time stamping and further distribution on the SWO channel.
There are four independent comparators, or watchpoints, in the DWT that can generate an event on an address match or a data match. They can be used for various purposes, including triggering the ETM, triggering an ITM packet, or breaking the code at certain conditions. Setting one of the four watchpoints to trigger the ETM is useful when debugging applications that run for a longer time, as it makes it possible to set not just plain trace start and stop breakpoints that starts and stops the trace data collection at specified addresses, but also to set complex trace start and stop conditions that, for example, could be based on when a variable reaches a certain value.
The DWT also provides an interrupt trace function and a PC sampler that samples the program counter register at regular intervals. As the sampling is likely to miss most instructions that are executed, it will not be able to give a complete view of the applications whereabouts, but it will be able to provide information about in which functions the application has spent its time.
ITM and DWT are very useful and may be sufficient for most embedded projects, but sometimes you will need an even more powerful debug mode to get down to the most difficult problems. Tracing every single executed instruction, the Embedded Trace Macrocell (ETM) provides you with unmatched insight into the microcontroller’s activities and enables you to find those hard-to-find bugs that are difficult or even impossible to find any other way.
To use ETM, you need a special trace debug probe that can store the instructions in its memory. The number of instructions, or rather samples, possible to store is of course limited by the size of that memory. IAR Systems trace probe I-jet Trace for ARM Cortex-M reads trace data 4 bits at a time, this is what is called a sample. 4 bits is the standard trace width on ARM Cortex-M devices. I-jet Trace has a large trace memory capacity of up to 32 Msamples but since the ETM protocol is compressed, there is no one to one mapping of number of samples to number of instructions. The maximum number of instructions per sample occurs for completely linear execution (no jumps or branches in the code) and is 7.5. The average is around 2 instructions per 4-bit sample.
Unlike the event trace provided by the DWT and ITM, the ETM will let you know what your application was doing before it received an interrupt, what it is doing while the ISR is executing, and what happens after it leaves the interrupt. It will tell you where the application has been and exactly how it got there. In short, it will give you full insight to your applications behavior in real-time without being intrusive.
The most obvious way to use trace data in debugging situations is to look backwards in time, for instance when tracking a program where execution goes askew. You can stop execution after the program has deviated, and examine the trace output to see where it went wrong.
In addition to the most straight-forward way of using trace, to go back and examine execution, there is other useful functionality that is enabled by using ETM trace. Code coverage analysis supplies information on which parts of your code have been executed and which have not. This information is extremely helpful during testing, since it enables you to ensure all parts of your code have been tested. Function profiling shows you the amount of time being spent in each function, helping you decide where to put most effort in code optimizations and improvements. Function profiling using the sampled SWO trace can also be useful, but is based on a statistical profile instead of the full trace data available with ETM trace.
All of the above mentioned functionality is available in IAR Embedded Workbench, and is enabled by using a trace probe equipped with ETM trace, such as I-jet Trace.
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Ishtar Female Pilot
The Anunnaki Goddess: Inanna - Ishtar, has been described... as roaming the heavens..... over many lands... that lie far apart……
feats only possible... by flying. (She also spoke of flying).
Ishtar was said to be a astronaut who would fly in a spacecraft,Notice her air flight goggles.
Z. Sitchin wrote about a similar statue discovered at Mari, in 1934:
"It was a life - size statue of a beautiful woman. Her unusual headdress was adorned with a pair of horns, indicating that she was a goddess. Standing around the 4000 - years - old statue, the archaeologists were thrilled by her lifelike appearance ( in a snapshot, one can hardly distinguish between the statue and the living man).
They named her The Goddess with a Vase because she was holding a cylindrical object. Unlike the flat carvings or basreliefs, this life - size, three dimensional representation of the goddess reveals interesting features about her attire.On her head she wears not a milliner's chapeau but a special helmet ; protruding from it on both sides and fitted over the ears are objects that remind one of a pilot's headphones … an unusual box of rectangular shape.
The box is held tight against the back of a goddess and is firmly attached to the helmet with a horizontal strap … a hose … two sets of straps … She is clothed in a PALA garment ( ruler's garment), and on her head she wears the SHU.GAR.RA helmet … All this suggests to us that the attire …was that of an aeronaut or an astronaut
posted on Monday, October 29, 2007
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Let’s start from the beginning. Big Bang created energy which clumped together as matter which clumped together into stars which clobbered together lighter atoms to make heavier elements. In a burst of rebellion, this heavy matter spread out during a super nova only to change its mind and start clumping together again as planets. On one such planet, self-replicating clumps of matter – life – got together to dance around a may pole and usually clump together, two and two, later on in the evening. This is called ‘Swedish Midsummer’.
Mid-what, you ask? Summer. We have summer because the earth rotates around its own axis. A hemisphere has summer when it leans towards the sun, but not because it is closer to the sun! If you are a defender of that tired old misconception then please stop confusing correlation with causation. Demeter’s custody of Persephone is a more believable explanation of summer than the relative distances of the hemispheres to the sun. In fact, the earth is five million kilometres – 392 earth diameters – closer to the sun in January than in June. The real cause of summer has to do with angles, but really, I’m here to talk about midsummer, not astronomy.
Midsummer started as a pagan fertility festival. The church tried to change it to become a celebration of St. John’s birthday. However, because the average Swede thinks of nothing but sex and alcohol in the height of summer, midsummer remains a pagan fertility festival.
If you are in Sweden during midsummer, get yourself invited to celebrate it with some locals. In recent years, there has been a rise in impostor-Swedes, so here is a helpful guide to know if you are at a genuine midsummer party.
- Check the available alcohol. The liquor should add up to at least half the bodyweight of the available guests. In addition, there must be snaps (spiced or flavoured vodka) available. You should be able to tune a metronome by the rate at which this is drunk.
- The food served must be new potatoes, at least five kind of soused herring and sour cream with chives. Since meatballs and prince sausage can be legally served at any Swedish festival, you might spot those too. Don’t be alarmed. You have not overslept and woken up at Christmas.
- There must be singing. Check the lyrics. If they are grotesquely rude, then you are in the company of proper Swedes.
- If there is a lake, there must be skinny-dipping. If you lack a lake, use a tub.
- There should be plenty of inappropriate flirting and coupling between people who should know better.
- In the garden, look for a large phallus adorned with leaves and flowers i.e. the maypole. The people jumping around it, imitating frogs, are Swedes.
- The next morning, check yourself. If an imp is redecorating the inside of your skull with a mallet, and if your humanity is aghast with horror at the thought of what you did last night, then you were at a proper Swedish midsummer party.
The above pretty much sums up my own midsummer.
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Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes - Similarities and Differences
Lesson 4 of 4
Objective: SWBAT understand and compare and contrast the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
In the first 5 minutes of class students read an article that discusses about the benefit of a "wimpy" handshake. This lesson follows a lesson that introduces students to prokaryotes and its most famous example, bacteria.
The rationale for using this article, besides its interesting topic (rate of bacteria transfer depending on type of handshake), is that it connects the previous lesson to today's lesson. In addition, it's an article that everyone can relate to since handshaking is a daily occurrence for most people.
Prior to having students read the article I give them a text dependent focus question. The focus questions directs students to the author's purpose for writing the article.
Possible focus questions can be:
1) According to the author, why is there an upside to a "wimpy" handshake?
2) What is the claim the author is stating? What is the author’s evidence to support the claim?(RL.6.1, RL.6.2)
After a quick share out I inform students that today we will be delving deeper into our study of cells, including for the first time exploring eukaryotic cells.
During this part of the lesson students will explore the characteristics of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells through a microscope lab. (SP3 - Planning and Carrying out Investigations)
The Microscope Lab is a three part lab where students will observe both eukaryotic cells (animal and plant cells) and prokaryotic cells.
Since I haven't covered organelles, students are not responsible for labeling. I will refer back to these sketches in the next lesson where I will introduce cell organelles.
- In Part A students observe plant cells by preparing a wet-mount slide of both an Elodea leaf and Onion. Students are instructed to view slide under both low-power and high-power and draw observations.
Instructions on how to prepare a wet-mount slide:
- In Part B students observe animal cells by viewing both prepared animal tissue slides and wet-mount cheek cells. Students are instructed to view both slides under low-power and sketch their observations.
- In Part C students observe bacterial cells under the microscope and sketch their observations.
The video below can be shown to students if this is their first time preparing a wet-mount slide. (SL.8.5)
In this part of the lesson students take Cornell Notes on the Two Types of Cells presentation that introduces students to eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Secondly, this presentation introduces students to the nucleus, which is the distinguishing factor between both type of cells, and an organelle that will be the focus of many of the upcoming lessons.
The rationale for taking Cornell notes is that this note-taking system allows students to interact with notes by creating questions that clarify meanings, reveal relationships, establish continuity, and strengthen memory. In addition students are required to write a summary or answer a teacher given essential question. At the end of a unit completed notes are great tool for studying for unit tests.
In addition to the powerpoint presentation, this Learners TV website is a great interactive site that allows students to explore prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in greater depth (SL.8.5). It is also a site that you can come back to and revisit once you have covered organelles, since it has a feature where you can construct cells.
In this section of the lesson students visit either CK-12 (1) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells or CK-12 (2) Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (SL.8.5). Both sites are very similar in terms of content but with different videos, I provide both so you can select according to your preference.
During this section, students do further reading on the eukaryotes and prokaryotes and watch a video that accompanies the reading. After completing this task, students complete a post-read which helps them to organize information and supports their thinking in comparing and contrasting eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Comparing and contrasting is a more rigorous thinking task, because unlike listing characteristics or writing definitions, comparing and contrasting requires students to analyze individual characteristics to select like and unlike aspects between the two cell types.
To assess learning objective students complete Double Bubble map using the information gathered from lesson. Students are to compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes using words such as unicellular, multicellular, membrane bound organelles, nucleus, bacteria, animal cell and plant cell.
Teacher Note: I introduce the use of a double bubble map by modeling its use and by connecting it with the use of a Venn Diagram which most students are familiar with.
Things to compare and contrast with a Double Bubble Map:
1. Sports ( Basketball vs Baseball)
2. Movies (Toy Story 1 v Toy Story 2)
3. Animals (Dogs vs Cats)
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The air is filled with the sounds of birds in April. We hear the loud rattling of belted kingfishers, the winnowing of the common snipe in flight, woodpeckers drumming, the chattering of tree swallows, mourning doves cooing and Canada geese honking. Added to this is the “cheer-up” song of the American robin and the melodic accomplishments of the song sparrow. The song sparrow sings three or four repeated notes followed by a rich and varied chuck-chuck warble — put into the English language it might come out as “Marge-Marge-Marge, put-on-your-TEA-kettle-ettle-ettle.” There are hundreds of variations on this basic song sparrow theme.
Why do birds sing, call or make mechanical sounds? It’s how they communicate with other birds and the world around them. The chief function of song in most species is to proclaim territory. It warns males to stay away while attracting females, plus it strengthens the bond between the mated pair. There are social songs such as a canary-like one used by American goldfinches in flock formation. At times a bird sings because it is bubbling over with the pure joy of living. Call notes are used in a variety of situations. There are calls of alarm, anger, scolding and location. As an example, the cheeps of warblers help these nocturnal migrants stay together in flight.
Even though birds do not call and sing for our benefit, we can still enjoy their efforts. It keeps us in tune with the changes coming our way, especially in the spring.
Jim Gilbert’s Nature Notes are heard on WCCO Radio at 7:15 a.m. Sundays. His observations have been part of the Minnesota Weatherguide Environment Calendars since 1977, and he is the author of five books on nature in Minnesota. He taught and worked as a naturalist for 50 years.
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This post introduces some of the concepts that are important when analyzing the data measured from the Holometer. The last post introduced the concept of an interferometer. In the Holometer, the photodiodes measure the intensity of the laser at the dark port. As described in the previous post, if everything was perfectly aligned and nothing moved, the dark port would be completely dark. However, in reality, everything is moving a bit and the intensity of laser at the dark port varies. The photodiode produces a voltage corresponding to the intensity of the laser which is sampled by a computer-based measurement system. (I’ll write much more about the computer-based measurement system later since it is the one part of this experiment with which I have expertise.) If this voltage is plotted over time, it looks like noise. That is, there is no discernible pattern to the voltages. Here is an example (not from a photodiode, but a simulated signal):
It is very difficult to see repeating patterns in a signal when there are either multiple patterns present or there is significant random noise. In order to see these repeating patterns we travel to a parallel universe of sorts. In this parallel universe we observe the signal in the frequency domain (amplitude as a function of frequency) instead of in the time domain (amplitude as a function of time). This is done with a Fourier transform. I’m not going to focus on how to calculate Fourier transforms of signals, but I do want to describe Fourier transforms conceptually.
Let’s start with a sine wave with a frequency of 4 Hz, an amplitude of 1 V, and a phase of 0 degrees. Frequency is how many cycles of the sine wave are in every second; amplitude is the difference in volts from the equilibrium position (0 V in this case) to the maximum voltage; and phase is where the sine wave starts at time 0 s. I’m not going to worry about the phase at all. It looks like this in the time-domain (graph of amplitude in Volts vs. time in seconds):
It could also be described in the frequency domain (amplitude in Vrms vs. time in seconds):
The amplitude of the signal in the frequency domain is zero everywhere except at 4 Hz, where it is 0.7 V (Vrms value of an 1-V amplitude sine wave). (For those of you wondering, I’m not going to discuss the phase information in the frequency domain.)
What if our signal is the combination of two sine waves? Let’s add a second sine wave with a frequency of 10 Hz, an amplitude of 1.5 V, and a phase of 0 degrees. The signal still looks like a repeating pattern, but is more complicated:
However, the signal is easily described in the frequency domain:
The amplitude of the signal in the frequency domain is zero everywhere except at 4 Hz and 10 Hz.
The idea behind a frequency-domain representation of a signal is that any signal can be represented as a combination of sine waves of various frequencies, amplitudes, and phases. Here’s an example of a signal that is a combination of five different sine waves of various frequency and amplitudes:
and here are the five frequencies clearly shown in the frequency domain:
Good luck determining that the time-domain graph was comprised of five sine waves of frequency 4 Hz, 10 Hz, 13 Hz, 15 Hz, and 18 Hz.
Let’s go back and look at the original signal in the frequency domain:
It is now evident that what appeared to be random noise is composed of a 60 Hz signal. The signal to noise ratio for this example was worse than 1/50. That is, the amplitude of the noise was more than 50 times greater than that of the 60 Hz signal. This is the power of analyzing signals in the frequency domain. When performing this analysis, the Fourier transform is calculated multiple times and the results are averaged together. This reduces the influence of the random noise and makes the repeating signal more apparent. There are other techniques besides averaging to improve the measurement such as windowing, but we aren’t going to worry about that for now.
There are many things that contribute to the noise measured by the photodiode in the interferometer. A truck driving by, seismic activity, vibrations due to a fan, 60 Hz AC power, and the digitizer itself are all possibilities. In addition, the holographic noise presented in the first post in this series is also present. If the two interferometers which make up the Holometer are isolated from each other, than much of their noise will be uncorrelated, that is, not related to each other. Some sources of noise would be correlated, such as seismic activity and a truck driving near the experiment. However, these sources of noise occur at much lower frequencies that the holographic noise. If the two interferometers overlap in their space-time (I’ll explain this more later), than the holographic noise should be correlated. We can remove uncorrelated signals between two signals by calculating the cross power spectrum. As an example, suppose I have two signals:
We can filter out uncorrelated signals by calculating the cross-power spectrum for the two signals (again, just focus on the concept and not how the calculation is done). The graph of the resulting cross-power spectrum for these two signals is:
Whoa! There is a 60 Hz correlated signal between the two signals. This signal was lost in the noise when looking at the individual signals in the frequency domain because it was so much weaker than the other components (unless you look really carefully). However, by minimizing the uncorrelated frequencies between the two signals, the 60 Hz correlated signal becomes more apparent. (The uncorrelated 80-Hz and 110-Hz signals are not completely eliminated, but they are minimized.)
The Holometer experiment uses these techniques to search for the correlated holographic noise signal between two adjacent interferometers.
I have the opportunity to meet with Craig Hogan this week and ask him some of my questions which should help me more clearly explain the ideas of the holographic principle, in general, and the Holometer experiment, in particular. I hope to have clear answers for questions such as:
- Why is the interferometer 40-m long?
- Given the incredible small scale of the Planck length, how to the two adjacent interferometers “share” the same space-time?
- What is the connection between the holographic information principle and the Planck length?
- Why is the holographic noise expected to be around 4 MHz?
- What’s up with this?
What questions do you have?
This post is one in a series about The Holometer experiment and my work at Fermilab in the Summer of 2011:
- Holometer: Holographic Noise
- Holometer: Interferometer
- Holometer: Spectral Analysis
- Holometer: Transverse Jitter
- Holometer: Correlated Interferometers
- Holometer: Computer-Based Measurements
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Me, Myself and Math, a six-part series by Steven Strogatz, looks at us through the lens of math.
I don’t know much about camels, having ridden one only once (and that was enough). But from what I’ve been told, you can usually add another piece of straw to a camel’s burden without ill effect.
Except, of course, when it’s the last straw.
The ancient proverb about the straw that broke the camel’s back is meant as a lesson about the nature of precipitous change. It reminds us that big changes don’t necessarily require big forces. If the conditions are just right (or wrong), a tap can push a system over the brink.
In the mid-20th century, mathematicians updated this proverb by turning it into a picture, a graph of the interplay between input and output, force and response. A field known as catastrophe theory explores how slow continuous changes in the force applied to a system (like the gradually increasing load on a camel’s back) can trigger rapid discontinuous jumps in its response.
Here we’ll take a look at the simplest picture from catastrophe theory. It’ll help you make sense of the economy we’ve been stuck in, and — bringing it back to you — the sleep you’ve been losing as a result.
The idea is that the stage is set for catastrophe whenever a line intersects a folded curve tangentially.
This kind of intersection is said to be “tangential” because the line is tangent to the curve: they touch at one point without crossing and they have the same slope there. It’s the gentlest possible contact. They barely graze each other.
You saw similar pictures in high school geometry when you studied tangent lines to a circle:
But back then your teacher never said anything about an impending catastrophe, and even now these pictures may strike you as harmless.
To see the potential for calamity within them, imagine that the line pulls away from the curve or the circle.
Poof! Goodbye, intersection.
Why does this matter? Because intersections often represent answers. Solutions. States of equilibrium. In mathematical models of economies, or ecosystems, or other kinds of dynamical systems, intersections are where variables come to rest and settle down. In economic models, for example, the equilibrium price of an item is set by the intersection of supply and demand curves. If that intersection suddenly vanishes, the price has to jump.
What’s especially worrisome is that the jump occurs without warning. An intersection, by its very nature, doesn’t fade away. It exists until it doesn’t.
An animation of a tangential intersection reveals its inner violence. Look at what happens as we slide a line across a circle:
Little by little the two points of intersection approach each other. At the moment of tangency they smash head on. After impact, the line no longer crosses the circle at all. It’s as if the intersections annihilated each other, like a particle and anti-particle.
This is the “fold catastrophe,” the most basic scenario in catastrophe theory. It’s important because in its aftermath there are no other intersections in sight. Whatever the system is going to do next, it’s going to be something radically different. It has to leap to a different state.
A leap like this occurs in our own bodies — specifically, in how long we tend to sleep after being awake for many hours. Imagine that you’ve just stayed up very late. Maybe you’ve even pulled an all-nighter. When you finally get to bed, will you sleep more than usual, the same, or less? Assume that you can sleep undisturbed until you wake up naturally.
It turns out that the longer you stay up, the less sleep you’ll get afterward. If you haven’t experienced this, it sounds unbelievable, but it’s been confirmed in several experiments and field studies (see the endnotes for references). Every extra hour awake will cost you about 20 or 30 minutes of sleep — assuming you go to bed before noon the next day. The leap occurs if you stay up even longer. Suppose you don’t get to bed till around 3 the following afternoon, having been awake for something like 32 straight hours. How long do you think you’ll sleep now? A 1996 study found that half the subjects woke up after only a lousy little three-hour nap, while the other half corked off for 11 hours!
Let me repeat this since it’s so strange. If you’ve been awake long enough and you fall asleep when your body thinks it’s siesta time, the amount of sleep you’ll get can be either very short or very long. At that time of day, sleep duration jumps abruptly.
To help us understand these results, consider a simple pictorial model. The sloping line represents the rise in your restedness as you accumulate sleep. When restedness reaches a threshold level shown by the wavy curve, it becomes hard to sleep any more and you wake up spontaneously.
The threshold in the model bobs down and up periodically like a wave to mimic the action of your internal circadian clock. Anyone who’s ever had jet lag or worked the night shift has felt these waves. For example, have you ever noticed that when you pull an all-nighter, you feel more and more tired but then get a second wind? That’s your internal alarm clock kicking in. This same circadian clock also affects how long you can sleep. When the internal alarm is ringing loudest, the threshold drops almost to its lowest point and cuts off sleep prematurely. (Such truncation of sleep caused by a misaligned circadian clock is a chronic frustration for police officers, nurses, nuclear power plant operators, train drivers and many other shift workers.)
The experimental results fall into place when viewed through this model. The picture correctly predicts that the later you fall asleep, the less sleep you’ll get …
… but only up to a point. At a critical phase of bedtime, sleep duration lengthens suddenly. The leap occurs at a fold catastrophe where the sloping line intersects the wave tangentially.
Animating the model makes these effects seem obvious.
In economics, a similar mechanism underlies the jumps predicted by a model of the business cycle. The idea goes back to Nicholas Kaldor, a disciple of Keynes, in the 1940s, and was recast in the framework of catastrophe theory in 1979 by Hal Varian, currently the chief economist at Google. The assumptions behind the model — and their limitations — are explained in detail here and in Varian’s elegant paper, so let me focus on the model’s tangential intersections and what they suggest about the economy.
In these diagrams of the economy, the horizontal axis shows the level of economic activity, as reflected by the national income. Values on the far right mean a booming economy, while values on the left mean a sluggish economy like the one we’ve been in for the past few years. The model says that the economy will be in equilibrium when the supply of funds available for investment matches the demand for such funds. On the graph, equilibrium occurs where the “savings line” crosses the “investment curve.”
Depending on how the line and curve are situated, one, two or three intersections can occur. The upper intersection (the green dot) represents a strong economy with high levels of national income. The lower equilibrium (solid red dot) depicts an economy stuck in the doldrums. The middle equilibrium (open red circle) turns out to be unstable and acts like a watershed; when economic conditions are near it, they drift away toward one of the other two equilibriums.
Now comes the crucial idea. The amount of investment doesn’t depend only on national income but also on how much investment has already been accumulated. At some point enough is enough. During the housing boom, for example, increases in income fueled the demand for housing investment. But as the stock of housing rose, the demand for investment dropped. In the model this drags the S-shaped investment curve down. It’s like the straw being added to the camel’s back.
As the next animation shows, that little straw — that gradual lowering of the demand for investment — can suddenly tip a strong economy into recession:
The national income level crashes from the green dot at the upper right to the red dot at the lower left. The triggering event was a tangent intersection as the curve pulled away from the line. When that upper equilibrium disappeared, the economy had no place to go but down.
Remarkably, scientists in disparate fields have uncovered this same general picture, again and again. It’s there in the thermodynamics of water heated past the boiling point; in the optical focusing that creates intense webs of light at the bottom of a swimming pool; in sociological models of mobs and mass movements like the sudden revolts that became the Arab Spring; and in ecological models for the collapse of a forest from an outbreak of insects.
In some of these cases (boiling water, optical patterns), the picture from catastrophe theory agrees rigorously with observations. But when applied to economics, sleep, ecology or sociology, it’s more like the camel story — a stylized scenario that shouldn’t be taken for more than it is: a speculation, a hint of something deeper, a glimpse into the darkness.
1. The expression “the straw that broke the camel’s back” may have originated in an Arabic proverb. Charles Dickens refers specifically to the “last straw” in his novel “Dombey and Son” (1848): “As the last straw breaks the laden camel’s back, this piece of underground information crushed the sinking spirits of Mr. Dombey.”
2. For a readable and wide-ranging introduction to catastrophe theory, I’d recommend Tim Poston and Ian Stewart, “Catastrophe Theory and Its Applications” (Dover Publications, 2012). The pioneers of the theory on the pure mathematical side were René Thom and Vladimir Arnold, while the more applied aspects of the subject were enthusiastically developed and popularized by E.C. Zeeman.
3. Contrary to its ordinary meaning, a “catastrophe” in the mathematical sense is value-neutral. A discontinuous jump can be good or bad, depending on context.
4. Catastrophe theory has been controversial ever since its emergence as a pop sensation in the 1970s. Zeeman’s article “Catastrophe Theory,” Scientific American, Vol. 234 (April 1976), pp. 65–70, 75–83, showcased the theory’s exciting promise but was seen by many as overreaching. Predictably, the backlash it provoked also went too far, as exemplified by the screed of R.S. Zahler and H.J. Sussman, “Claims and Accomplishments of Applied Catastrophe Theory,” Nature, Vol. 269 (1977), pp. 759-763. For a more measured assessment, see J. Guckenheimer, “The Catastrophe Controversy,” The Mathematical Intelligencer, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1978), pp. 15–20.
5. For experimental evidence that sleep duration shortens as bedtime is delayed, but then jumps up at a critical circadian phase in the following afternoon, see T. Akerstedt and S. Folkard, “Predicting Duration of Sleep From the Three Process Model of Regulation of Alertness,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 53 (1996), pp. 136–141.
A similar shortening of sleep with later bedtime was reported in a field study of train drivers working irregular schedules; see J. Foret and G. Lantin, “The Sleep of Train Drivers: An Example of the Effects of Irregular Work Schedules on Sleep,” in “Aspects of Human Efficiency,” edited by W.P. Colquhoun (English University Press, 1972), pp. 272–282.
This counterintuitive trend in sleep duration was also observed in “time-isolation” studies, in which brave subjects volunteered to live alone for months in underground caves or soundproofed, windowless apartments. For the story of these remarkable experiments — and the surprises they revealed about human sleep and circadian rhythms — see Chapter 3 of S. Strogatz, “Sync” (Hyperion, 2003). The experimental data are analyzed in S.H. Strogatz, R.E. Kronauer and C.A. Czeisler, “Circadian Regulation Dominates Homeostatic Control of Sleep Length and Prior Wake Length in Humans,” Sleep, Vol. 9, No. 2 (June 1986), 353–364.
6. Art Winfree proposed the deliberately simplified model of sleep duration discussed above, in “Impact of a Circadian Clock on the Timing of Human Sleep,” American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 245, No. 4 (Oct. 1983), pp. R497–R504. He linked the model to catastrophe theory in A.T. Winfree, “Exploratory Data Analysis: Published Records of Uncued Human Sleep-Wake Cycles,” in “Mathematical Models of the Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycle,” edited by M.C. Moore-Ede and C.A. Czeisler (Raven Press, 1984), pp. 187–199. The Akerstedt and Folkard paper cited above in Note 5 presents a more refined model that matches experimental data quantitatively.
7. Hal Varian explored the application of catastrophe theory to Kaldor’s model of recessions and depressions in H.R. Varian, “Catastrophe Theory and the Business Cycle,” Economic Inquiry, Vol. 17, Issue 1 (Jan. 1979), pp. 14–28. The paper is careful and intellectually honest, and clarifies which parts of the model are speculative. Kaldor’s original paper is N. Kaldor, “A Model of the Trade Cycle,” The Economic Journal, Vol. 50, No. 197 (Mar., 1940), pp. 78–92.
I have glossed over the economic reasoning behind the model. For readers who are wondering, for example, why the investment demand curve should flatten out at both low and high levels of economic activity, Varian quotes Kaldor: the marginal propensity to invest
“will be small for low levels of activity because when there is a great deal of surplus capacity, an increase in activity will not induce entrepreneurs to undertake additional construction: the rise in profits will not stimulate investment.… But it will also be small for unusually high levels of activity because rising costs of construction, increasing costs and increasing difficulty of borrowing will dissuade entrepreneurs from expanding still faster — at a time when they already have large commitments.” p. 81, Kaldor
For further information, see “Kaldor’s Non-Linear Cycle.” And for a comprehensive survey of how catastrophe theory has been applied in other parts of economics and social science, see J.B. Rosser, “From Catastrophe to Chaos”, 2nd edition (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000).
8. The connections between catastrophe theory and phase transitions are discussed in Chapter 14 of Poston and Stewart’s book, mentioned above in Note 2.
9. The webs of light at the bottom of a swimming pool have been studied by the physicist Michael Berry and his colleagues in their work on “catastrophe optics.” See, for example, M.V. Berry and J.F. Nye, “Fine Structure in Caustic Junctions,” Nature, Vol. 267, No. 5606 (1977), pp. 34-36, and the papers and posters available at Berry’s Web page.
10. The sociologist Mark Granovetter didn’t explicitly refer to catastrophe theory in his classic paper on riots and mobs, “Threshold Models of Collective Behavior,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 83, No. 6 (1978), pp. 1420–1443. But tangent intersections underlie the discontinuities in crowd behavior that the model predicts.
11. For a lucid application of catastrophe theory to an important problem in ecology and forest management, see D. Ludwig, D.D. Jones and C.S. Holling, “Qualitative Analysis of Insect Outbreak Systems: The Spruce Budworm and Forest,” Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Feb. 1978), pp. 315–332.
Thanks to Diarmuid Cahalane for creating the animations; Margaret Nelson for preparing the illustrations; and Bob Frank, Paul Ginsparg, Bobby Kleinberg, Tim Novikoff, Barkley Rosser, Andy Ruina, Carole Schiffman and Hal Varian for their comments and suggestions.
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The EP3.dk Partnership employs a coaching model and is a relationship in which all partners (whether individuals or groups), value both their own and the other’s well-being. It is a relationship of essential equality based on our humanness, even when there are different roles, skills or other resources and degrees of power in a given situation. It also means we have mutual responsibilities toward each other.
Partnership implies a relationship in which each partner contributes their resources and power for the good of both or for a common purpose.
If I am sick, I’ll visit a physician (doctor, GP) who has knowledge and skills that I don’t have. I enter into a partnership in which each of us brings ourselves and our resources. In this context, I bring my money (or health insurance) in exchange for her services. But it also means that I bring my intelligence, my observations of symptoms and/or other conditions related to my illness, my willingness to take part in my healthcare, the examination, and follow her prescription (e.g. medicine, changing habits, diet, etc.). I have partnered with the doctor with the mutual goal of improving my health and well-being. Some of these resources we each bring are core values that characterize our relationship as an ethical partnership.
An ethical partnership requires each person or group in the relationship to act and speak with integrity to several ethical core values:
Each partner takes ownership of what they bring into the relationship (e.g. feelings, words, actions and resources). It’s not just the absence of a negative input, but the responsibility of contributing positive inputs that strengthen and build the quality of the relationship.
Accountability means that we are honest with ourselves and one another about our contributions to both the problems and the solutions. Accountability requires a deeper level of transparency . . . to let the other(s) see what we are doing (or not doing) and reporting about our successes and failures.
Respect is honoring the dignity and equality of everyone. It involves communicating with each other and behaving towards one another only in ways that demonstrate the value of the other.
Care and value for the well-being of all, equally
We must also develop a consciousness, an awareness, of how our own behavior and words, policies and procedures, impact the ‘other.’ To do that, we each must listen and take into consideration the concerns and the impact of our actions on others.
This means sharing benefits and burdens in a way that does not intentionally exploit or place excessive burdens on others for personal gain.
Integrity means consistently operating (e.g. speaking, acting, behaving) in congruence with our core values. Integrity is honesty of being. Part of the definition of integrity is that it is complete and unreduced. Partially matching one’s core values indicates a compromise of integrity. Yet at the same time, full integrity is an unachievable perfection; an ideal. We will all fall short of consistently acting with integrity every day in every relationship. Part of integrity is honestly expressing this limitation but continuously striving towards the ideal.
Collaboration means to work together for the well-being of all. If we collectively pool our experience and resources, we can accomplish much more than one person or group on their own.
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A Fisheye View of the Tree of Life
From water to land
A coelacanth swimming near Sulawesi, Indonesia
Like other sarcopterygians, the coelacanth has "lobe-fins," muscular fins with a single bone that articulates with the rest of the body. Most fishes (the Actinopterygii, or ray-finned fishes) have several bones at the bases of their pectoral fins, and their fins are composed of a set of webbed rays, not muscle- and skin-covered bone.
Tetrapods evolved from a group of organisms that, if they were alive today, we would call fish. They were aquatic and had scales and fleshy fins. However, they also had lungs that they used to breathe oxygen. Between 390 and 360 million years ago, the descendents of these organisms began to live in shallower waters, and eventually moved to land. As they did, they experienced natural selection that shaped many adaptations for a terrestrial way of life. Like other terrestrial sarcopterygians, modern humans still carry the evidence of our aquatic past in the way our arms and legs attach to our bodies, as well as in the many other features that link us to our fishy origins.
Which came first, the gill or the lung?
Since fish appear in the fossil record earlier than the clade we call tetrapods does, it's tempting to assume that modern fishes bear the same traits that their and our common ancestor did. This line of reasoning is intuitive, but it is not correct. Though it is true that both modern ray-finned fishes and the ancestor we tetrapods have in common with them are finned and aquatic, the same pattern of reasoning does not hold water when it comes to lungs.
View this article online at:
Coelacanth photo courtesy of Mark V. Erdmann; lungfish photo from Wikipedia user Haplochromis and licensed under Creative Commons
Understanding Evolution © 2017 by The University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, and the Regents of the University of California
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If it weren’t for his secret need to harass, stalk, rape, and murder German women, Paul Ogorzow might have been considered a model Nazi. A loyal Party member who supported his wife and family by working for the Berlin railroad, Ogorzow spent his free time beating up people Nazis considered undesirable, part of his job as a Storm Trooper for the Nazi paramilitary organization Sturmabteilung. Nevertheless, he became an enemy of the state, as he took advantage of the blackout regulations (mandated by the government in 1939, in anticipation of allied bombing attacks) to commit crimes against women on Berlin’s pitch-dark streets. Between 1939 and 1941 Ogorzow killed eight individuals—including five on the city’s above-ground railroad—earning him the moniker S-Bahn Murderer.
In his latest page turner, “A Serial Killer in Nazi Berlin,” author Scott Andrew Selby recounts Ogorzow’s life and crimes—crimes which would have been galling in any time or place, but were especially upsetting to Nazi leadership, who couldn’t afford to have a serial killer terrorizing women while the city’s men were away fighting for the Fatherland. This explains why the Third Reich issued a “Decree Against Public Enemies,” under which a crime—even a petty offense—could carry a death sentence if the accused was charged with exploiting the special conditions of war, like blackouts and a lack of police supervision. It also explains why the Nazis tried to censor news of Ogorzow’s attacks, even as the Berlin criminal police conducted a resource-intensive manhunt, at one point arranging for men to ride the S-Bahn dressed in drag, hoping the killer would mistake one of the cross-dressing officers for a woman, thereby making himself known to authorities.
Selby systematically describes and relates the circumstances surrounding all of Ogorzow’s major attacks, which became increasingly violent and deadly as he gained experience. Ogorzow (born Paul Saga, but adopted by a man named Johann Ogorzow), assaulted women in a variety of ways in a variety of locales, yet his signature assault included bludgeoning a woman and throwing her from a moving train. Ironically, Ogorzow volunteered for—and was accepted into—a program instituted by Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, in which unaccompanied females were provided Storm Trooper escorts while riding the S-Bahn. In effect, Ogorzow was charged with protecting women from himself, which he did, faithfully.
Berlin police caught a break when one of Ogorzow’s co-workers told authorities he’d seen a man leave his post at a railroad signal tower, only to return before his absence was noticed by superiors. (Though police had looked carefully at railroad employees, Ogorzow was initially dismissed as a possible suspect because he was supposed to be at work at the time of the attacks.) The authorities brought Ogorzow in for formal questioning on July 12, 1941, and he soon admitted to leaving work while on duty. More incriminating still, the police found blood spatter on his uniform jacket. Within days, Ogorzow confessed to the murders. He was indicted on July 23, tried and convicted on July 24, and executed (by guillotine) at Plötzensee Prison on July 25—swift justice, even by Nazi standards.
Make no mistake, “A Serial Killler in Nazi Berlin” is a very dark book, yet it’s a fascinating look into the mind of a killer. It’s well suited for anyone who enjoys reading about true crime—or the history of Nazi Germany.
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Is ALINED valid for Scrabble? Words With Friends? Other games?!
Definitions of ALINED in various dictionaries:
- verb - place in a line or arrange so as to be parallel or straight
- verb - to arrange in a straight line
There are 6 letters in ALINED: A D E I L N
Scrabble results that can be created with an extra letter added to ALINED
To search all scrabble anagrams of ALINED, to go: ALINED?
Rearrange the letters in ALINED and see some winning combinations
6 letters out of ALINED
5 letters out of ALINED
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Contextual use of ALINED
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Lookup in Wiki for ALINED
Anagrammer is a game resource site that has been extremely popular with players of popular games like Scrabble, Lexulous, WordFeud, Letterpress, Ruzzle, Hangman and so forth. We maintain regularly updated dictionaries of almost every game out there. To be successful in these board games you must learn as many valid words as possible, but in order to take your game to the next level you also need to improve your anagramming skills, spelling, counting and probability analysis. Make sure to bookmark every unscrambler we provide on this site. Explore deeper into our site and you will find many educational tools, flash cards and so much more that will make you a much better player. This page covers all aspects of ALINED, do not miss the additional links under "More about: ALINED"
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Update: The final rule concerning the listing of the rusty patched bumble bee as endangered was originally slated to go into effect on February 10, 2017, as is described below. On February 9, the Fish and Wildlife Service published a notice in the Federal Register explaining that they would abide by the Trump Administration’s 60-day regulatory freeze and delay the effective date until March 21, 2017. The Federal Register entry is available here.
Will the bee’s ESA listing stand, and how might it affect agriculture?
Written by: Ellen Essman, Law Fellow, OSU Agricultural & Resource Law Program
On January 11, 2017, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) published a final rule designating the rusty patched bumble bee (scientific name Bombus affinis) as an endangered species, the first bee in the continental U.S. to receive this status. The rule was originally slated to go into effect on February 10, 2017. If the rule is allowed to stand, it will have a number of implications for federal agencies, farmers, and other private entities.
The final rule, found in the Federal Register at 50 CFR Part 17, includes a lengthy description of the rusty patched bumble bee. The bees have black heads, and the worker bees, as well as the male bees, have a “rusty reddish patch centrally located on the abdomen,” giving them their common name. Necessities for the species include “areas that support sufficient food (nectar and pollen from diverse and abundant flowers), undisturbed nesting sites in proximity to floral resources, and overwintering sights for hibernating queens.” Additionally, the bees prefer temperate areas. The rusty patched bumble bee was found in 31 states and provinces in the 1990s. From the year 2000 and on, the bumble bee has only been found in a diminished range of 14 states and provinces. The bumble bee has been found in Ohio since 2000, but following the overall trend, at much lower rates.
Possible reversal of the rule
Since the publishing of the final rule, the Trump Administration has instituted a regulatory freeze on administrative agencies which could push back effective dates for those regulations that have not yet gone into effect by at least 60 days. In the meantime, the Congressional Review Act (CRA) may also affect the final rule. The CRA gives Congress 60 legislative days from either the date a rule is published in the Federal Register, or the date Congress receives a report on the rule, to pass a joint resolution disapproving the rule. A signature by the President is the final step required to invalidate the rule. What is more, an agency cannot submit a rule after these steps are taken that is “substantially in the same form” as the overturned rule. Historically, the CRA has not been frequently used, as success is typically only possible when a number of events align:
- There is a new presidential administration;
- Congress and the President are members of the same party;
- The previous President was a member of the opposing party; and
- The timing of rule publication or rule reporting and Congressional calendars allow for a joint resolution within the 60-day limit.
The text of the CRA is available here. With the regulatory freeze and the possible use of the CRA, it is not clear when or even if the new rule will actually go into effect.
Importance of the rusty patched bumble bee
The rusty patched bumble bee is a pollinator species, meaning they, along with other pollinators, assist with the reproduction of flowers, crops, and grasses. According to a FWS fact sheet, in the United States, the rusty patched bumble bee and other insects’ pollination is worth $3 billion annually.
The Endangered Species Act
What exactly is the process for listing a species as “endangered?” The Endangered Species Act’s (ESA) definition of an endangered species is: “any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” Accordingly, the ESA allows the FWS to designate species as endangered or threatened as long as one (or more) of five factors apply:
- (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification or curtailment of its habitat or range;
- (B) Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes;
- (C) Disease or predation;
- (D) The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
- (E) Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. 16 USC 1533.
In the case of the rusty patched bumble bee, the FWS found that factors (A), (C), and (E) applied. For factor (A), which concerns loss of habitat and range, the FWS cited past encroachment by residential, commercial, and agricultural development. Additionally, agriculture has contributed to the replacement of plant diversity with monocultures, which has resulted in loss of food for the bees. What is more, the range of the rusty patched bumble bee has faced an 87% reduction, as well as an 88% drop in the number of recognized populations.
Concerning factor (C), FWS pointed to a number of diseases and parasites that have afflicted the rusty patched bumble bee. Finally, for factor (E), the FWS identified more numerous hot and dry periods, pesticide and herbicide use, and reproductive issues that have contributed to the reduction of the species. Due to its findings and the factors discussed, the FWS determined that the rusty patched bumble bee is “in danger of extinction throughout its range,” and therefore designated it as endangered.
Significance of ESA listing
After a species is labeled “endangered,” what happens next? In order to facilitate recovery of a species, the ESA also calls for, to the “maximum extent prudent and determinable,” a critical habitat designation to be made for the species. The term “critical habitat” does not apply to everywhere the species is found. Instead, “critical habitat” can be certain places both inside and outside the overall “geographical area occupied by the species” that are found to be “essential” to its preservation. In the case of the rusty patched bumble bee, the FWS has not yet determined its critical habitat.
Implications for agriculture
Under the ESA, federal agencies and private entities have different responsibilities. Federal agencies generally must make sure that any action they are involved in will not do harm to an endangered species or its critical habitat. For the most part, private entities are not affected by critical habitat unless financial aid or approval is sought from a federal agency.
Even though critical habitat concerns do not explicitly apply to private entities, the ESA does contain provisions that prohibit the importing, exporting, possession, sale, delivery, transport, shipping, receiving, or carrying of an endangered species in the United States or in foreign commerce. What is more, the ESA prohibits the “taking” of endangered species within the United States or in the ocean. “Take” is defined as “to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect,” an endangered species, or to attempt to do so (emphasis added). It is important to note that “harm” is defined as “an act which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife…includ[ing] significant habitat modification or degradation which actually kills or injures fish or wildlife by significantly impairing essential behavior patterns, including, breeding, spawning, rearing, migrating, feeding or sheltering.” Thus, even though the designation of an endangered species and its critical habitat does not explicitly affect private entities, the definitions of “take” and “harm,” when read together, implicitly prohibit actions that are damaging to the species or its habitat. The FWS rule defining “harm” can be found here. The government can assess penalties against those who violate these provisions.
Farmers and other private entities should be aware of the designation of a species as endangered. In the case of the rusty patched bumble bee, if the rule is allowed to stand, private landowners, including farmers, would not be allowed to “take” or “harm” the bee or destroy its critical habitat. Given the important role pollinators like the rusty patched bumble bee play in making agriculture possible, we can assume that agriculture will want to protect the species. But due to the nature of this species, it will be difficult to ascertain when a farmer’s actions do “take” or “harm” a rusty patched bumble bee. The nature of the species and the future status of the rule create much uncertainty on how agriculture will address the rusty patched bumble bee going forward.
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Are you the parent of a student with disabilities in the public school system? If so, it’s likely that your child is educated in either a self-contained or an inclusive setting. It’s important to know the difference between self-contained classrooms and inclusive classrooms, and why it matters. Families can help schools identify which educational setting works best for their child. They can also expect schools to provide the most appropriate education possible.
Self-contained classrooms were established decades ago when students with disabilities were first placed in the public school system. Prior to self-contained classrooms, most children with disabilities were educated in separate facilities.
The purpose of the self-contained classroom is to give students with disabilities specialized interventions and support. The class is sometimes smaller in size than a general education class, with a lead teacher and several paraprofessionals who provide assistance. Students spend the majority of their day in the self-contained classroom. While beneficial for some students, self-contained classrooms have limitations that inclusive classrooms do not.
Inclusive classrooms educate students with and without disabilities. Studies since the 1970s have proven over and over again that students with disabilities who are taught alongside typically developing students make tremendous gains in all areas of personal growth and development. As such, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (a federal law that governs how people with disabilities are educated in American schools) states that children need to have access to the general education curriculum in the regular classroom to the maximum extent possible.
Benefits of Inclusive Classrooms
Here are five specific ways in which inclusive classrooms are different from self-contained classrooms:
1. Students with disabilities are given the same educational opportunities as their typically developing peers.
This is because they spend the majority of their day in the inclusive class together. Specialty services and supports are brought to the student, curriculum is modified, and accommodations are made for learning. Wherever possible, the student remains with his or her class.
2. Inclusive classrooms give students the opportunity to interact and learn with others who have a wide variety of abilities and backgrounds.
Students learn about one another, develop respect, and gain a deeper understanding of diversity. They are socially prepared for a future beyond school.
3. Inclusive classrooms are hubs of activity.
Teachers use a variety of research-based teaching methods, resources, and learning materials to reach the span of ability levels and learning styles. Group work, discussions, and demonstrations are seen daily in an inclusive class. Students are given a variety of ways to learn and show what they know.
4. Inclusive classrooms create a greater sense of community for all families.
Parents and siblings share common experiences with others. For example, they see one another at assemblies, celebrations, school activities, and fundraisers. As a result, families of children with disabilities become more integrated into school life.
5. Inclusive classrooms provide a rich education with high standards.
Students have the input and support of numerous learning specialists, such as a special education teacher, occupational therapist, counselor, and speech-language pathologist. In addition, they have the benefit of a classroom teacher who is well versed in teaching and learning methods. This collaboration of education professionals ensures that all students have their educational needs met in high quality environments.
While inclusive education is not a new concept, it is unfortunately not a common one either. Many schools across the U.S. have yet to adopt the inclusion model, favoring self-contained classrooms instead. However, from the examples above, you can see that inclusive classrooms are very beneficial to students with disabilities. This knowledge can help families give input into educational decisions made about their child and advocate for inclusive opportunities.
By: Nicole Eredics
Nicole Eredics is an elementary teacher who has spent over 15 years working in inclusive classrooms. She is also a parent, advocate and education writer. Nicole is creator of the blog The Inclusive Class, where she regularly writes about inclusive education for teachers and parents. She can also be found on Twitter at @Inclusive_Class, Facebook at The Inclusive Class, and Pinterest.
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Florence Nightingale is reknowned as the guiding force in the philosophy of nursing. She was born in the English Victorian era of an upper class family who considered it beneath her class to provide menial labor in the service of the ill and disabled.
Florence is attributed with defining what would be considered major health care reform today, for her era of the 1850’s.
She turned around the rodent-infested, cess-pool infected, deplorable conditions for the Crimean war soldiers who were dying in the hospital to which she was summoned and assigned. It is documented that she was able to reduce the death rate of the wounded soldiers by 2/3 by establishing principles of infection control, nutrition and nursing care.
Referred to as “the lady with the lamp” for her lamp-light guided nightly rounds in that Crimean hospital, Florence changed projected fatality for countless soldiers then and future generations of soldiers and civilians. Many would not have survived the deplorable conditions of that war without her direction and care. She established basic changes that we consider to be common sense today, from establishing the use of a hospital laundry, to routine cleaning of patient rooms, use of nutritious food, and assuring proper hand washing to prevent transfer of infection from patient to patient.
Florence Nightingale’s Birthday is May 12. Every year, her birthday is celebrated by nurses and recognized as National Nurse’s Day. Her writings and teachings are memorialized and remain the basic nursing principles of modern nursing. In fact, most allied health sciences including nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, nutrition therapy, respiratory therapy are derived from Florence Nightingale’s basic teachings she wrote through the course of her very short life.
This week, National Nurses Week, is celebrated on behalf of the 3.6 million nurses who carry Florence’s lamp and legacy with them in the care they employ on behalf of every patient they encounter. Protecting, advocating, managing, educating, counseling, assessing, comforting, caring are just a few verbs to describe the role. Nurses do many different things and today there are over 100 nursing specialties. Practicing both science and art, nurses direct care of each patient in their charge to prevent harm, maintain and promote health, and improve each patient’s outcome. All nurses are asked to provide care with ethics and to practice at their highest level of training.
The Nightingale Pledge
I solemnly pledge myself before God and in the presence of this assembly, to pass my life in purity and to practice my profession faithfully. I will abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous, and will not take or knowingly administer any harmful drug. I will do all in my power to maintain and elevate the standard of my profession, and will hold in con dence all personal matters committed to my keeping and all family a airs coming to my knowledge in the practice of my calling. With loyalty will I endeavor to aid the physician in his work, and devote myself to the welfare of those committed to my care.
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Unformatted text preview: Magnetic Field Generated by Current in Straight Wire (1)
Consider a field point P that is a distance R from the axis of the wire. 0 Idx 0 Idx sin = cos 4 r2 4 r2 R R dx r2 = = 2 2 = x = R tan d cos2 R /r R dB = 0 I 0 I r2 d cos = cos d dB = 2 R 4 r 4 R Z 2 0 I B= cos d 4 R 1 0 I (sin 2 - sin 1 ) = 4 R Length of wire: L = R(tan 2 - tan 1 ) Wire of infinite length: 1 = -90 , 2 = 90 B = 0 I 2R tsl216 p.1/2 Magnetic Field Generated by Current in Straight Wire (2)
Consider a current I in a straight wire of infinite length. The magnetic field lines are concentric circles in planes prependicular to the wire. The magnitude of the magnetic field at distance R 0 I . from the center of the wire is B = 2R The magnetic field strength is proportional to the current I and inversely proportional to the distance R from the center of the wire. The magnetic field vector is tangential to the circular field lines and directed according to the right-hand rule. tsl217 p.2/2 ...
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This note was uploaded on 04/30/2008 for the course PHYS 204 taught by Professor Andrevantonder during the Spring '07 term at Rhode Island.
- Spring '07
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Socrates continues to be an extremely influential force to this day; his work is featured prominently in the work of contemporary thinkers ranging from Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss, to Michel Foucault and Jacques Rancière. Intervening in this discussion, What Would Socrates Do? reconstructs Socrates’ philosophy in ancient Athens to show its promise of empowering citizens and non-citizens alike. By drawing them into collective practices of dialogue and reflection, philosophy can help people to become thinking, acting beings more capable of fully realizing the promises of political life. At the same time, however, Joel Alden Schlosser shows how these practices’ commitment to interrogation keeps philosophy at a distance from the democratic status quo, creating a dissonance with conventional forms of politics that opens space for new forms of participation and critical contestation of extant ones.
Giorgio BertiniResearch on society, culture, art, neuroscience, cognition, critical thinking, intelligence, creativity, autopoiesis, self-organization, rhizomes, complexity, systems, networks, leadership, sustainability, thinkers, futures ++
520 Posts in this Blog
- Follow Learning Philosophy on WordPress.com
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Notes for 10th grade on the qualities of a tragic hero
possesses the qualities of a tragic hero
Not even the powerful figures enshrined on Mt. Rushmore could quite match Lyndon Johnson’s unsurpassed ability to impose his will on people and events. The 36th President’s vision and ambition equaled his political shrewdness. The Machiavellian knowledge accumulated over decades as master of Texas’s famously cutthroat politics and the Senate’s byzantine ways equipped him, he imagined, to literally change the world. Inasmuch as the character trait that made him powerful — his hubristic belief that he could through cunning and power politics bend anything to his will — is also the tragic flaw that leads him to overreach, Johnson boasts all the qualities of a tragic hero, and is the most Shakespearean of American leaders.
Resource C – the qualities of a tragic hero
Whether Mary Stuart was the champion of women's rights in the 16th Century as heradmirers claim, or the conspiring and murderous woman that her critics claim, she was oneof the most interesting women of her time. Her life possessed all the qualities of atragic hero. She was beautiful and had the world in the palm of her hand, yet it was notmeant to be. She would fall from her glorious status due to circumstances that may or maynot have been out of her control.
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"Your country needs you," bellowed Lord Kitchener from the infamous sign-up poster, his pointing finger emerging from a resplendent moustache. Except one group of men, who Kitchener thought he didn't need.
They weren't the archetypal Tommy Atkins: the sort of strapping, strong-jawed British soldier who stood six feet tall and adorned the government's army recruitment propaganda during the First World War.
Neither were they asked, as most other British men of fighting age were, to fight for king and country on the frontlines, from the Somme to Gallipoli.
Instead these men had to fight first on the home front, before being sent with the rest of their peers into the flesh-shredding carnage and trench misery of World War I. All because they were short.
Yet by the end of the war, they had established themselves as some of the most fierce, reliable and loyal soldiers in the conflict, fighting alongside each other in what became known as Bantam Battalions.
As one poem by an unknown author put it:
Each one a pocket Hercules
five feet and a bit,
a kind of Bovril essence
of six feet British grit.
5ft 3in or taller
By 1915, the generals of the British Army had realised that what would later be called the Great War for its scale, length and intensity would not end anywhere near as quickly as they had first thought.
To keep fighting and match the German war machine, hordes of the Empire's young men would have to be called up. Millions were asked to volunteer, before in 1916 the army became so desperate for numbers that it resorted to coercion through conscription.
Criteria were set for the volunteers. Men would have to be aged between 19 and 30; they must have a minimum chest size of 34in; and they must be 5ft 3in or taller. Automatically, tens of thousands of fit, healthy men were written off because they were too short.
Some had it in their genes. Some had been malnourished as children raised in harsh Victorian poverty. Others were the sons of generations of miners, whose growth had been stunted down the years by the grim, gruff work they did in claustrophobic underground tunnels.
Most were ready and willing to fight, they just weren't allowed. There were even reports of these brave men being mocked at Army recruitment stations, despite being among the first to hold up their hands to be sent into battle. One, a coal-heaver called James Robertson, wasn't allowed inside the London Scottish Regiment headquarters to put his name down.
"They said: 'Get away home, Titch,'" Robertson, who was just one inch below the regulation height, later recalled. "I told them 'I'm all Scottish', but they just laughed and said 'To get in, there'd have to be two of you!'".
The patronising attitude shown towards short soldiers sits awkwardly with the fact that some of history's fiercest fighters have been small. In 1914, the average height of the Japanese adult male was 5'3. Yet the Imperial Japanese Army had built up a serious reputation as a powerful force because of its brutality, having left a horrifying trail of massacre in its small footprints.
15th Battalion, 1st Birkenhead
For one anonymous Durham miner, the rejection became too much. He had marched 150 miles from street to street, starting in Durham and ending in Birkenhead, repeatedly getting knocked back. At 5ft 2in, not one recruiter would sign him up.
By the time he had arrived in Birkenhead, the miner was furious. It was at the city's recruitment centre that he cracked. Having been told once again he was too short, he threw his coat to the floor and offered to fight any man in the room to prove that the missing inch mattered not.
According to the Birkenhead MP at the time, a 6ft 6in demi-giant called Alfred Bigland, the miner "raged and swore" until the recruiting sergeant "with great difficulty got him out of the office".
This inspired Bigland to write to the British Secretary of State for War Kitchener. The policy must change, urged Bigland, and groups of "bantam" fighters – healthy men between 5ft and 5ft 3in with a minimum chest size of 34in – could be formed. They would be named bantams after the pugnacious fowl, a creature that would be their motif.
Kitchener didn't reply. But his underlings did. They liked the idea, but said the War Office couldn't afford the time and resources to form such outfits. As a compromise, they said they would provide the equipment and some financial support. But the responsibility of raising a Bantam Battalion would fall to the town of Birkenhead alone. So Bigland did.
Thus the 15th Battalion, 1st Birkenhead, The Cheshire Regiment was formed. It was the founding Bantam Battalion, but the idea soon spread. By the end of the war in 1918, such was their success and reputation, there would be 29 of these Bantam Battalions across Britain and Canada, formed in three divisions - the 35th, the 40th and the Canadian Expeditionary Force - with 50,000 having served in them.
Perhaps because many felt they had a point to prove, Bantams became known for their ferocity as combatants. The 18th Battalion of the Highland Light Infantry (HLI) was based in Glasgow, a tough Scottish city known for its brawlers and brutes, where locals had nicknamed them "The Devil Dwarfs".
"Zestfully as ready to a punch-up with a pubful of English soldiers as to storm a German trench, their quarrelsome reputation was legendary," wrote Sidney Allinson in his authoritative 1981 book The Bantams, a rare and comprehensive history of this largely overlooked story in WWI, which includes interviews with hundreds of Bantam Battalion veterans.
"Long before they reached France, the cantankerous 18th Battalion had earned their nickname, 'The Devil Dwarfs'. It was soon awarded for their record for brawling and general mischief which almost eclipsed even the awesome reputation of their sister battalions in the HLI [Highland Light Infantry].
"For all their recalcitrance, they had proved to be readily trained into smart soldiers on the barrack square and the assault course."
It wasn't just at home that they earned their status as big-hitting small men. It was in the horrific reality of frontline conflict that they became known, too.
In one daring raid on 8 June, 1916, 60 bantams from the 14th Gloucester set out for enemy trenches in France. After running ahead of German artillery fire, the shells exploding in their moments-old footprints, the Bantams reached the trench.
"The fight became a hand-to-hand brawl with every man for himself – confusion of bursting grenades, shooting, stabbing, and clubbing, while men screamed with the murderous voices of close combat," wrote Allinson in The Bantams.
"At the end of it, 30 Germans and eight British lay dead, and the enemy fled into the box-barrage where many more were killed. The bantam raiders scampered back to their own side, dragging a heavy Maxim machine-gun with them."
There were upsides and downsides to being short in WWI. In some ways, they were better adapted to life in the trenches. It was easier to scurry around in the narrow corridors and to live in the cramped chambers. And they could fit better in one of the war's deadliest and lasting creations, the tank, which was invented by Lincoln-based engineering firm William Foster & Co.
They were also less likely than taller fighters to unwittingly find their heads above the trench just enough to catch the eye of a German sniper.
"Some of the taller fellows in charge were inclined to say us small chaps suffered from 'duck's disease' - our backsides too close to the ground," said George Palmer, a Bantam with the 14th Gloucesters, in an interview with Allinson.
"Be that as it may, I never regretted my lack of height since the time a sniper's bullet hit the tree just above my head while I was making water. Any taller and I'd have been dead. I was soon down in the latrine pit, clean boots and all."
But when the trenches bogged as they did as heavy winter rains fell, Bantams struggled most of all to trudge their way through the muddy mire, their short legs often submerged to the thighs in stinking, glutinous brown goo. To be wounded was to drown in the mire if you were a Bantam.
Frighteningly Fewer Bantams
Like all others fighting on the WWI fronts, the Bantams suffered heavy losses. As men fell they were replaced, but not with the plucky, healthy men such as the first wave of miners and the like.
Instead, their muddied, bloodied boots were half-filled by underdeveloped men, recruited out of desperation to bolster numbers in a murderous slog that was trudging on for longer than all had expected. Shelled, machine-gunned, gassed. Battle by battle - and there were many - Bantams were knocked down like skittles.
"There were frighteningly fewer Bantams every hour and their reservoir of fit reserves was drying up fast," wrote Allinson.
"Divisional medical officers were so concerned at the low quality of replacements that they recommended the divisions should return back to the depots every man of poor physique who had arrived in recent drafts."
By Spring 1917, faith in the Bantams divisions was faltering amid sub-standard replacements and the scars of war. There weren't enough suitable small men left in Britain who could be called up to justify entire divisions. A message from the War Office dictated that "the Bantam standard must be disregarded for good and all". It was the end of the 35th (Bantam) Division, which contained the original Birkenhead Battalion, and the beginning of the end of the 40th (Bantam) Division.
The 40th Division lasted another few months. Its Bantams saw grizzly action at the Battle of Cambrai in November 1917, almost a year to the day before the bells of Armistice would knell for the war's death and its dead millions.
Cambrai was brutal to the 40th. Veterans of the battle recalled shrapnel "rattling like rain" and bullets that buzzed past their heads "like a swarm of bees". Others remembered "clumps of small bodies in khaki" and the choking acidic sting of gas attacks. The division's casualties were huge - over 4,000 men dead in just two days' fighting.
They had captured the German position at Bourlon Ridge, the prize Field Marshall Hague had longed for. A worthless consolation, in the end. It was lost again just one week later.
In the years immediately after the end of WWI in 1918, the story of the Bantams had come full circle. Despite their contribution and losses, the Bantams faced the same struggle as in 1914. For many jobs, they were deemed too small. It was an echo from the army recruitment halls.
The matter was discussed in parliament when Captain George Garro-Jones, MP for Hackney South, raised the concerns of a constituent. Garro-Jones had been approached by a former Bantam soldier in the war who had been turned down for a job sorting mail at the Post Office because he was too short.
The Liberal MP was outraged and said he found the situation "grossly unfair". He had served alongside Bantams in France and remembered them fondly. He recalled one scene when the small soldiers hauled sand bags down and stood on them to see over the trench walls and fire at the enemy.
"Three days later that battalion took over the lines, and I found that along the whole line that particular difficulty had been overcome by every one of them," said Garro-Jones in the House of Commons on 20 July, 1925.
"I say without laying myself open to any charge of sentimentalising or anything of that kind that for a man of this kind to be rejected by the Post Office because he might require a small piece of board to stand on is a gross offence.
"No man who served his country, and who was strong enough and tall enough to carry a pack and to fire over the top of the trench, should be told that he is not strong enough to carry a bag of letters or not tall enough to reach the top pigeonhole in a sorting office."
Many others faced the same problem with the Post Office and it was raised again in parliament. But the cabinet minister in charge - Postmaster General Sir William Mitchell Thompson - refused to back down on the regulation height for mail sorters.
"There are a considerable number of applicants, but we have a very large number of applicants who are of suitable height, and it would be an injustice to them, and I am not prepared to abandon the Regulation," Thompson said in the Commons on 28 June, 1927.
Sir James Macpherson, a Liberal MP for Ross and Cromarty, was indignant in response to Thompson's flat rejection of his and others' pleas for a relaxation of the stiff rules.
"Is the right hon. gentleman not aware that the same objections which he is advancing now against the employment of men of that height were advanced by the War Office at the beginning of the War and is he further aware that no battalion covered itself with greater distinction than the Bantams Battalion?"
Duff Cooper, the Conservative MP for Oldham, pointed out that under the regulation, the diminutive French imperial hero Napoleon Bonaparte "would have been ineligible to be a postman".
Some Bantams did find fame and fortune, though not for their time in the war. Two of the best known names are Arthur Askey, the popular bespectacled entertainer, and Billy Butlin, who founded an empire of eponymous holiday camps.
Today, the Bantam Battalions struggle to be seen over the many towering tales of WWI. Their collective story is little known and much of what is can be put down to the efforts of Sidney Allinson's digging in the mud and blood of trench memories for his book.
Bantams didn't fit into the popular narrative about the hero Tommy then and they don't now. But, on the stories of their service and struggles, they stand just as tall as any man who fought in that gruelling war.
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The programme addresses not only students of Archaeology but also the broader public, especially those with a particular interest in prehistoric/protohistoric times in broader eastern Mediterranean area.
Ritual and daily life in the prehistoric Eastern Mediterranean:
This online course explores the archaeological evidence from the Aegean area, Cyprus and other regions of eastern Mediterranean during prehistoric/protohistoric times, focusing on specific subjects. This programme comprises four different modules. Each module is divided into three or four lessons. Each lesson will be accompanied with relevant iconographic material, selective bibliography as well as comprehensive chronological tables. The content of the modules focuses on presenting:
the most popular imaginary creatures in Minoan iconography
the diseases and the cure methods/practices in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Aegean during later Prehistory
The design methods of models uncovered in Crete and Cyprus with references to respective Egyptian products
and lastly the significance of the Minoan Rituals and their relation to the rituals of modern civilizations.
The subjects have been carefully selected taking into consideration not only current research trends but also what interests the general public. The aim of the programme is to present archaeological evidence from the Aegean area, Cyprus and other regions of eastern Mediterranean during prehistoric/protohistoric times, focusing on specific subjects. Thus, themes include a. the monsters and other hybrid creatures depicted in prehistoric art and possibly connected with magical and religious beliefs, b. the medical and therapeutical practices of the prehistoric communities in the east Mediterranean, c. the significance of house and other models of clay deposited in tombs, sanctuaries and other type of sites and d. the presentation and discussion of a series of rites as integral part of the human activity which are documented in the archaeological record of the aforementioned areas.
Hybrid and monstrous creatures in Minoan iconography
Lesson 1 Griffin-unica-sphinx
Lesson 2 Minoan genius -minoan dragon
Lesson 3 The human-bird creatures -minotaur-other bipod creatures –gorgoneion
Disease and Therapy: medical and other therapeutical practices in prehistoric eastern Mediterranean
Lesson 4 Egyptian medicine
Lesson 5 The performance: physicians – magicians - Mesopotamia- Diseases mentioned in Mesopotamian Texts
Lesson 6 Rare diseases-Aegean cultures - Remedies -Peak Sanctuaries
Lesson 7 Skeletal remains
Modeling everyday life in Aegean and Cyprus with reference to Egypt
Lesson 8 Introduction- Models of Minoan Crete
Lesson 9 Cyprus: Pottery decorated with figures (I)
Lesson 10 Cyprus: Pottery decorated with figures (II)- Autonomous Models
Lesson 11 Egyptian Models-Conclusions
Ritual performance in Minoan Crete: archaeological and iconographic evidence
Lesson 12 Introduction- Archaeological and Iconographic evidence(Sacrifice Ritual)
Lesson 13 Iconographic Evidence (Baetylic - Robe Rituals)
Lesson 14 Iconographic Evidence (Flower Ritual -Initiation Rites)
Lesson 15 Iconographic Evidence (Dance Ritual- Procession- Music)
The assessment methods will be based on a mixture of open and closed type questions.
Online and distance learning at National and Kapodistrian University of Athens offers a new way of combining innovative learning and teaching techniques with interaction with your tutor and fellow students from around the world.
The e-learning programme is implemented via a user-friendly educational platform adjusted to the Distance Learning Principles. Programmes are structured as weekly online meetings; interaction with the programme tutor and other students takes place in a virtual learning environment. The programmes are designed to fit around your schedule; you access the programme whenever it is convenient for you.
The whole world becomes your classroom as e-learning can be done on laptops, tablets and phones – it is a very mobile method. Learning can be done on the train, on a plane or even during your trip to Greece!
The educational platform is a portal that offers access to electronic classrooms based on modern distance learning technologies. The computer based nature of training means new technology is being introduced all the time to help students engage and learn in a tailored way that will meet their needs. Each e-classroom is similar to a traditional teaching classroom. Students have access to e-classrooms with their personal code number in order to browse the teaching material, to being informed about the latest news/updates and interact with their instructors. Moreover, through own personal e-mail account through which they can contact directly their mentors or the administration office of the programme and share any concerns or anxieties related to the programme and make the most form their experience.
In each programme, learners submit the corresponding tests, within the deadline given by their instructors. Final mark fluctuates from 0 to 100%. The overall grade in each programme is calculated based on the student's marks on assessment exercises that follow each unit while their instructor might also assign them with a final assessment at the end of the programme. Finally, if the total score on one or more lessons of the programme does not exceed 50%, students can ask for reassessment.
During the programme students will be attending lectures and group seminars presented by academics and speakers from the National University of Athens as well as from other Universities, Research Institutes and Cultural organizations around Greece. In addition, when you study with us, you have online access to first-class resources relevant to your programme – plus you can browse material in other subject areas.
Every week e-learners are provided with the relevant material , either video-lectures or typed notes and relevant resources or a combination of both.
Interactivity, lower costs and our long experience guarantees that studying with us will offer a successful and rewarding experience. Finally, the access to a large variety of material and online resources available in each unit aims to excite your curiosity and guide you in studying further on your favourite topic will the online material which can be downloaded will give you the opportunity to quickly refresh your memory after the completion of the programme.
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Patients with treatment-resistant lymphomas represent a group of patients with limited options and poor prognosis. Though advanced Hodgkin's disease (HD), for example, has been known to be curable by chemotherapy, long-term survival with standard intensity chemotherapy regimens has been uniformly poor. Now, according to researchers, a new technique may offer patients improved survival.
Clinical researchers have for several years noted that patients given high doses of chemo, together with bone marrow stem cells harvested from their own body before the chemo ["autologous bone marrow transplantation" (ABMT)], attained better disease-free survival. Unfortunately, however, the regimen did not improve overall survival.
...[t]andem transplantation using two different chemotherapy regimens offers hope...
So, in an attempt to achieve potential long-term remission, researchers at New York Medical College decided to test tandem transplantation. The tandem transplantation method involves two high-dose cycles of different chemo agents. After each cycle, the patient receives a transplant of bone marrow stem cells that were harvested from their own bone marrow.
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In response to my last editorial, I received a letter from B in which he asked me:
My question to you is, Dr. Bhatia: Is it really necessary to acquire this extra knowledge in conventional medicine as a true, classical homeopath? I thought the motto of a true classical homeopath is: “Treat the patient, not the disease!”
Just studying Hahnemann’s principles, the Materia Medica’s and learning about the drug pictures for homeopathic medicines in depth alone can take many, many years. It never really stops anyway if you are determined enough to deepen your understanding in homeopathy all the time.
However, the aim of a ‘classical homeopath’ from my understanding is to match the essence of the patient with the essence of a remedy according to the totality of symptoms. So where does the knowledge of conventional medicine finds its place in prescribing the correct homeopathic remedy for a patient? I truly believe homeopaths are NOT prescribing for a particular disease! Disease according to Hahnemann and Kent starts in the mind. I even think any manifestation IN THE PHYSICAL BODY (so-called disease) stems from an imbalance in the emotional body. This very knowledge is distinguishing homeopaths from allopaths. What makes a homeopathic prescription so special? The knowledge of the Law of Similars and the Law of the Minimum Dose. No need to know how to analyze a disease, wouldn’t you agree with me?
Hahnemann used to say: “The name of your disease is none of my concern, the name of the remedy should be none of yours.”
So why gain more knowledge in something which has nothing to do with homeopathy and may only in the end be confusing? Is it to attain better and higher credentials? Is it to show conventional doctors homeopaths are just as good as them since they have obtained same knowledge in understanding pathophysiology and diagnosing diseases? Or is it to try and make homeopaths look equal in the eye of an allopathic doctor and therefore they are entitled to charge ‘an arm and a leg’ for a treatment as well? I wonder?
Instead of sending you an email, I have preferred to put this issue in this month’s editorial as this is a very common confusion among our students and I would like to address the answer to all the students.
To your question: Is it really necessary to acquire this extra knowledge in conventional medicine as a true, classical homeopath? My answer would be ‘YES’! Let us now discuss the ‘why’ behind this yes.
First, let us explore the word ‘conventional medicine’. Conventional means ‘conforming or adhering to accepted standards‘ and ‘Medicine’ means ‘the art or science of restoring or preserving health or due physical condition, as by means of drugs, surgical operations or appliances, or manipulations: often divided into medicine proper, surgery, and obstetrics.‘ So conventional medicine includes those drugs, methods and practices which are accepted by the general population as being effective and true.
Since Homeopathy is still not universally accepted, let us call ourselves ‘Unconventional Medicine‘. Although we are considered ‘unconventional’ at present but since we are a system of ‘medicine’, we have at our disposal all the various means of medicine like drugs(remedies), surgery, manipulations etc.
Now what makes the ‘conventional medicine’, conventional? Is it the knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, Surgery, Gynecology, Microbiology, Disease Nosology etc? NO! Most of these sciences developed independently and were later integrated with the ‘conventional’ medicine. And they can be integrated with ANY system of medicine. These sciences do not directly deal with the methods of treatment but they deal with the knowledge of ‘how’ our body functions in health and disease. This knowledge is essential for every practitioner, of every system of medicine. How this knowledge is then used for the treatment is what individualizes each system of medicine.
What makes the ‘conventional’ medicine, conventional, is their ‘scientifically’ proven pharmacology. If they say Paracetamol brings down fever, it is very easy to ‘prove’ that; if they say Diclofenac sodium decreases pain, it is very easy to document that; if they say Norflox kills E-coli, it is easy to come up with a successful study to prove the claim.
Their practice is very consistent with their ‘chemicals effective against disease‘ philosophy. They deliver what they promise and hence they are generally accepted (conventional). Our approach towards health and sickness is very different and we treat accordingly but are we really ‘consistent’? Have we been able to pull out significant studies (not using their approach but our approach) that show results so positive that they are difficult to disprove, disagree or disrespect? Think about it.
If Homeopathy has to become a global phenomenon, it will have to show consistency and uniformity in education and practice. I have raised these issues in my past few editorials and will not discuss them further here. I’ll come back to our original question.
The knowledge of the structure and the function of human body is equally essential for the homeopaths. Unless you know what is normal, you can not distinguish the ‘abnormal’. Unless you know, what is health, you can not distinguish sickness. I will not call this knowledge, the knowledge of ‘conventional medicine’. Open your repertory and try to find a page where the knowledge of human body is not called for to distinguish between the normal and abnormal. Any symptom that relates to colour, pain, size, pulse, respiration, location, appearance etc. will require knowledge of the human body.
The knowledge of disease (nosology) is also helpful in many ways. First, it lets you distinguish between the common and the uncommon. In aphorism 153 Hahnemann says (Underline mine):
In this search for a homoeopathic specific remedy, that is to say, in this comparison of the collective symptoms of the natural disease with the list of symptoms of known medicines, in order to find among these an artificial morbific agent corresponding by similarity to the disease to be cured, the more striking, singular, uncommon and peculiar (characteristic) signs and symptoms of the case of disease are chiefly and most solely to be kept in view; for it is more particularly these that very similar ones in the list of symptoms of the selected medicine must correspond to, in order to constitute it the most suitable for effecting the cure.
But how do we differentiate what is common and what is uncommon? It is the knowledge of ‘disease’ that lets us distinguish between what belongs to the disease pathology and what belongs to the patient. Whether the ‘palpitations, worse lying down‘ is peculiar to the patient or is a common symptom of valvular dysfunction or the ‘Stitching pain in rectum at the time of menses‘ is a common symptom of endometriosis or an uncommon symptom of the patient, can only be made out if you understand the symptoms that are common to ‘disease pathology’.
The knowledge of conventional medical subjects also helps you distinguish between surgical and non-surgical cases. Look at the footnote of Aphorism 7:
1 It is not necessary to say that every intelligent physician would first remove this where it exists; the indisposition thereupon generally ceases spontaneously. He will remove from the room strong-smelling flowers, which have a tendency to cause syncope and hysterical sufferings; extract from the cornea the foreign body that excites inflammation of the eye; loosen the over-tight bandage on a wounded limb that threatens to cause mortification, and apply a more suitable one; lay bare and put ligature on the wounded artery that produces fainting; endeavor to promote the expulsion by vomiting of belladonna berries etc., that may have been swallowed; extract foreign substances that may have got into the orifices of the body (the nose, gullet, ears, urethra, rectum, vagina); crush the vesical calculus; open the imperforate anus of the newborn infant, etc.
Hahnemann himself said that surgery and antipathic methods might be of use at times. How will you know if the ‘heaviness in lower abdomen‘ is due to a large vasical calculus or uterine fibroid if you can’t diagnose them? Surgery is a reality and although it is done by conventional medicine doctors, surgery per se is not strictly in the realm of conventional medicine.
Homeopathically speaking, the knowledge of pathology also helps you decide about the underlying miasm. The pathology a patient develops reflects the underlying tendencies that the patient has and if you understand the pathology, you can get a cue to the miasmatic influence that the patient was born with.
Apart from this, the homeopaths of the modern era should have some basic knowledge of allopathic pharmacology too. These days, there is hardly any patient who comes to us without taking allopathic medicines. The symptom picture is often mixed as a result of suppressions, side-effects, medicinal symptoms etc. To cure such patients, we have to have some understanding of the agents which are causing these changes.
So, we do need the knowledge of the sciences associated with conventional medicine but not to show that we are equal, not to show our diagnostic capabilities, not to speak in the medical jargon to impress the scientific community and to confuse the patient. We need this information to improve ourselves as true classical homeopaths and for the betterment of our system of medicine!
I hope this brings out my views clearly. You can share your own experiences and thoughts with me at firstname.lastname@example.org
Dr. Manish Bhatia
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Unformatted text preview: The Psychology of Art: Past, Present, Future ART ABILITIES In the period between the two world wars, important studies were made in Germany, Austria, France, and elsewhere in Europe of the artistic development of individual children. Examples were kept of the drawing, painting, and clay-modeling of certain youngsters from infancy to maturity. Successive stages, observable in the drawings of all normal children, were distinguished in such terms as "scribble," "schematic," and "realistic." An effort was made not to direct or hasten the child's artistic development into adult styles, but to let his powers of visual conception as well as execution mature freely. Innate individual differences always appear in the child's work, over and above any such general, typical stages. The influence of the child's artistic environment and school instruction is also evident in spite of all attempts to keep him free from it. Similarly, studies have been made of the learning process in acquiring techniques of performance, as in playing the piano, and of how it can be accelerated.as in playing the piano, and of how it can be accelerated....
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This note was uploaded on 04/19/2008 for the course PSYCHOLOGY Psy of Art taught by Professor Stanford during the Fall '07 term at Franklin CH.
- Fall '07
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By Greg Gage, Special to CNN
Our understanding of the brain is rapidly expanding. New tools and technologies coming online allow scientists to probe deeper into the microarchitecture of the circuits of our mind. It is an exciting time to be a neuroscientist, as over the past decade our knowledge has been rapidly growing.
But these discoveries and insights have all been limited to a small, select group of individuals that have dedicated their lives to study neuroscience in graduate school and become postdocs, researchers, and professors. While most everyone is fascinated by the brain, very few get the chance to peer into the world of neurons. Because, until now, there wasn’t a way for amateurs to get involved.
Throughout history, many great contributions to science and mathematics have been made by amateurs. For example, Thomas Bopp, a factory manager and an amateur astronomer co-discovered the great Comet Hale–Bopp of 1997. Amateur mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan made so many important discoveries that India has proposed that his birthday be declared the National Mathematics Day. The reason many amateurs can contribute to these fields in particular, is that the instrumentation is very affordable.
In astronomy, one needs a consumer telescope ($50 - $100), and in math, one needs only paper or a personal computer. For much of science, this is not the case. In neuroscience, for example, equipment to read out the brain activity can cost over $10,000. But this is beginning to change. With the DIY revolution, people can now have similar high-tech gear in their own homes and garages for under $100.
When I was a grad student studying neuroscience my labmate, Tim Marzullo, proposed an interesting idea: Can we record from the brain for less than 100 dollars, just using everyday electronics? We set off on a self-imposed engineering challenge to see if we could replicate our expensive lab equipment with something affordable by consumers.
We ended up with the SpikerBox: a small kit (which you can build yourself, if you like) that can listen to the living brain cells from insects. You can use your smartphone, iPad, or computer to also see and record this activity in real time. After a few minutes, you can start to understand the basic principles of how neurons encode information, and how remarkable the brain can be.
Greg and Tim with the first SpikerBox prototypes in 2008.
To get an idea of how this works, we should first discuss some background on neurons. In the nervous system, neurons are specialized cells that consist of a body, dendrites, and a long axon. Axons are the long nerve fibers through which the neuron sends electrical impulses (called “action potentials” or “spikes”, see below) from the cell body all the way to another neuron.
When the action potential reaches the end of an axon, a chemical message gets sent to the next cell across the small space between them (called the “synapse”). On the other side of the synapse lies the dendrite of the next cell. The dendrite receives these chemicals, which then change the amount of electricity inside of the cell body. Once the electricity is high enough, they send off an electrical “spike” and the process continues.
Human and insect neurons are remarkably similar in their build and function, which allows us to use insects as a model to understand how the human brain works. Our SpikerBox amplifies the tiny voltage from a spike and makes it large enough so that one can see and hear how the neurons communicate.
A sketch of a typical neuron. Also a drawing of an action potential or Spike
Like the telescope, the SpikerBox is a simple tool, but it allows anyone to begin exploring and making their own predictions. In the few short years since starting on this venture, high school students have made suggestions and have contributed to developing new experiments that highlight new areas of the nervous system.
The SpikerBox connected to an iPad showing the Spikes of cockroach neurons in the backyard.
Why do we need this new amateur age in Neuroscience? While our understanding of the brain is growing rapidly, we are still in the dark ages when it comes to afflictions that affect the brain. One out five of us, that’s 20%, will be diagnosed with a brain disorder that still has no cures. By getting more people involved with the public participation of neuroscience, we can inspire those interested to become a neuroscientist, or perhaps even an amateur discovery in Neuroscience!
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WASHINGTON — Sometimes history speeds up. Rarely in our nation’s 239 years of life has a single week brought such a surge of social change and such a sweeping set of challenges to past assumptions.
The move against the Confederate battle flag in South Carolina quickly cascaded into a national effort to cast aside commemorations of secession, slavery, and white supremacy. This was more than symbolism. It represented something bigger — the nation’s turn toward “thoughtful introspection and self-examination,” as President Obama said in his powerful eulogy for the Rev. Clementa Pinckney on Friday.
For years, the fact that slavery was the central cause of the Civil War was swept under a rug woven of heritage and battlefield glory. Confederate emblems that came into wide public use in the 1950s and 1960s in large part to protest racial equality and civil rights were treated as if they had always been there, representing a “tradition” kept vague enough to hide away slave labor, disenfranchisement and murderous night riders.
On Thursday, the Supreme Court decided, 6-to-3, to keep the Affordable Care Act whole. To go the other way, as Chief Justice John Roberts argued, would have violated any plausible understanding of what Congress had intended. Roberts’ reasoning was rooted, ironically, in the principles of interpretation put forward by Justice Antonin Scalia. This did not stop Scalia from offering a scalding dissent that gave the nation a vocabulary lesson when he condemned “interpretive jiggery-pokery.”
Yet if the King v. Burwell case was about a textual dispute, its implications were much broader. In principle, there are no irreversible changes in a democratic republic because everything is always subject to popular review. In practice, some reforms do become irreversible as they are accepted by overwhelming majorities as necessary and normal. Obamacare has not quite reached this point, but it is now on the road to joining Medicare and Social Security as fixtures of social policy.
And the next day the Court made same-sex marriage the law of the land. Few legal cases have more dramatically demonstrated the complicated interaction of personal decisions, social movements, political struggles, and judicial judgments than Obergefell v. Hodges. And on few issues has the American public so rapidly changed its collective mind. In Brown v. Board of Education, the Court led public opinion. In Obergefell, the Court followed it.
It’s plain how this happened: As individual gays and lesbians came out, more and more Americans realized that someone they cared about belonged to a group that had long been oppressed and stigmatized. Supporters of gay marriage mobilized these new allies, gradually winning victories in legislatures and referendums. These campaigns further turned opinion to the point where Justice Anthony Kennedy could discern a 14th Amendment right to equal protection that did not seem to apply just a few years ago.
“The nature of injustice is that we may not always see it in our own times,” Kennedy wrote for the majority. “When new insight reveals discord between the Constitution’s central protections and a received legal stricture, a claim to liberty must be addressed.”
Most Americans will agree with this. Despite my own qualms about judicial activism, I found myself cheering his logic and the result. A fair share of conservatives I know are privately happy that the Court has begun to take the issue out of politics.
This does not make concerns about judicial activism disappear, and liberals should be candid: They cheered Roberts’ judicial modesty in the Obamacare case (“we must respect the role of the legislature, and take care not to undo what it has done”) and then criticized him for upholding a related principle in Obergefell (the majority, Roberts charged, “seizes for itself a question the Constitution leaves to the people”). Liberals — myself among them — have also taken Roberts to task on his own brand of judicial activism in tearing apart laws on campaign finance and voting rights.
Yet these inconsistencies also illustrate something conservatives need to recognize: that social movements, public opinion, the courts, and the elected branches are not hermetically sealed off from each other.
And the core liberal conviction about the Supreme Court, developed during and after the New Deal years, still rings true: that the Court plays its most constructive role in our national life when it uses its power to vindicate the rights of beleaguered minorities. This week will be remembered as a stunning moment when our institutions converged to accelerate our long, steady movement toward an ever more inclusive equality.
E.J. Dionne’s email address is firstname.lastname@example.org. Twitter: @EJDionne.
Photo: Photo Phiend via Flickr
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The Partnership’s conservation work begins with conservation planning which provides the foundation for selecting land conservation priorities and advising management decisions. This science-based process provides critical information about the ecosystem, wildlife habitats, and water quality resources. Collaboration among local, regional, state and federal Partners builds a consensus process for decision-making on land conservation projects and stewardship programs.
The Partnership completed its first regional landscaping scale conservation plan in 1997, the Habitat Protection Plan of the Great Bay NH Focus Area, Atlantic Coast Joint Venture of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. The plan provided information about the important habitat resources and priority conservation lands within twenty-four town, 272,000 acre Great Bay Focus Area, and served as a blueprint for conservation decision-making.
To further guide conservation decision-making, the Partnership has completed habitat studies for Conservation Areas including Crommet and Lubberland Creeks (1997, 2000, 2005), Piscassic River and Lower Lamprey River Watersheds (2002), and Follet’s Brook and the Cochecho River Watersheds (2004). The studies assisted in identifying the highest value conservation lands, informing the appropriate funding sources for protection and management efforts; providing habitat information for management considerations; and providing natural resource information to municipalities for conservation planning purposes. In addition, the Partnership’s conservation priorities are informed by other studies such as the New Hampshire Wildlife Action Plan (2015), and Land Conservation Plan for New Hampshire’s Coastal Watersheds (2006).
Partner organizations also collaborate on research projects that further our understanding of the factors affecting the health of land and water resources. Research projects have included studying climate change impacts, invasive species early detection and control, protecting in-stream habitat conditions for aquatic species, identifying migratory fish passage opportunities and addressing control of excessive nutrients.
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Since the Internet was created it has gained extraordinary momentum. So much momentum that now, most people do not go a day with out logging on to the World Wide Web. Communication has been one of the things that has been most affected by the Internet. It now makes communicating with others easier than ever before. Is the convenience of the Internet making online relations more favorable than face-to-face relations?
What if we were able to work, play, and get to know others without ever having to leave our house? Increasingly, that is how our society is becoming. My question affects everyone in our society. If, as a society, we are moving more towards all communication via the Internet than we may never have to see anyone again, we will be able to live in our houses and never leave. Now this is extreme, but it could happen with the increasing technology. Now a days it is pretty rare to find someone who does not do anything via the Internet. The Internet is truly versatile for all that are willing to use it. I find that my question fits the many different domains we have talked about in class. With the exception of services, transactions, entertainment, personal relationships, news, and education are all flourishing because of our use of the web.
My question is interesting because since the beginning of time, people have mostly communicated through face to face contact. As the world grew so did the need for new ways to communicate. Things such as letters and telephones became very popular. Still, I find these very personal ways of talking to one another. Now I think that the web has taken some personal touches out of communication. When we communicate through computers we are seeing text fonts instead of handwriting and pictures instead of faces. If we start to move away from face-to-face relations than how will we know who is really behind the screen?
I read this article and felt that it was a lot of explaining how this “dynabook” would look and how it would run. I did not find a nugget per say but I do have feelings toward the writing as a whole.
I have noticed that everything we have read has been has been written between the 1940s-1980s. The catch to this is that a lot of what they talk about it exactly the technology we have and use today. But that means that there is a 30-70 gap in ideas and actual well manufactured products. In the article there was a picture of the mock-up of the future dynamo (Figure 26.2). To me, that looked like the current Surface by Microsoft. Right now there are ideas of robots that can realize their sense of self and make judgment calls based on ethical values and morality. When you think of the future of robots and its implications, it is the same way that Kay and Goldberg thought of their dynabook. The implications are astounding. Just think if we had robots that could act like and interact with humans. It would be world changing. The same way that computers have changed the world in how we are able to communicate and produce new technology.
I also want to touch base on how I have connected this with thought vectors. At first I was unsure of what a “vector” was. Something that just keeps going (in math it would be the equivalent to a ray), right? But how can a thought just keep going? Thats what got me confused. But now I think of a vector as an evolution. The thought of thoughts evolving (changing or morphing into something bigger/better) makes more sense to me. Computers were a thought back in the 40s and on. Ever since that first thought it has been an evolution to where we are today. So the things that current generations are thinking about are going to keep getting thought about until we can call them reality.
I think I have made some progress in this class. Although at first I was not sure how I would like this class since it seemed to have no structure and no “plan of attack”. Once I realized that the reason why Prof. Hale was being so vague and mysterious, it helped me understand that what he wants is for people to be curious, for people to ask questions, and for people to dig deep enough to find answers. Once my anger for the concept of no points diminished, I could start to actually be interested in this class. Although I do not feel like I am as intellectually gifted as some in this class I sure am trying to get up to par. I do find our discussions interesting and do try my best to come up with significant answers. I have never participated so much in an English-type class before.
As for my writing…I went back to my very first post and noticed that I did not at all use the concept of SEEI. I was really just bouncing around the subject. I was not making connections to other things and I was not pulling anything out of the article, I was merely restating what the author had said. Now, I am actually making points that could be applied to something. I am making connections and taking more out of the readings. With that being said, I am no where near perfect in the world of reading and critical thinking. But I am improving, slowly but surely. English and literature have never been my strong point (I like math and numbers) but I am trying and I am proud of my effort.
“The reader or viewer always gets feelings along with information, even when the creators of the information think that its “content” is much more restricted.”
I really enjoyed this quote because it gave me a new perspective as a writer. No matter how unbiased I try to be (or any writer for that matter) I am still leaving an emotional impression on them. I think the best example that was used in the article was assembly instructions. You would think that these are too the point and would not leave ant emotions with the reader/assembler. But when I thought about it deeper, it does. Depending on how vague or how in depth the instructions are, the reader may end up leaving feeling like they will never finish assembling this item or like they could’ve put the item together without instructions.
This really made me think about my own writing, especially with the beginnings of our final project. As straight forward as I think my writing is, a reader may take away certain feelings that I did not account for. This could either be a good or bad thing whether or not their emotions are agreeing with me or disagreeing. This makes me more cautious when writing so that the reader will not take away the wrong idea. It makes me realize that even though our final project will be an “academic” paper that it still will leave the reader with emotions rather then just the information I will be providing. I think that this will also make me more cautious with the information I present and what that may infer. A lot of the time I try to be not be bias when writing formally (as opposed to blogs which are completely my opinion) but now I will try to look at my sources and rationale through different lenses to see the impression that it leaves with other perspectives other than my own.
To be an effective guest speaker, I think that the speaker has to be able to leave an idea, thought, or belief within everyone in the audience’s mind. This is a tough thing to achieve since the speaker has no background on us, the audience. We all come from different households and all hold different beliefs on small and big topics. The guest speaker has to speak in a way that could hit home with all of us, not just the people who are interested in the Engelbart’s work.
As I was reading some things on the Engelbart website I kept noticing “Collective IQ”. Well back when Engelbart first thought of this idea, Internet was not as widely used as it is today. I want to know if Christina thinks that Internet is helping or hurting our collective IQ. I would say that it is helping but at the same time a lot of people use the Internet for their personal use as opposed to helping solve a problem greater then they are.
I know her speech will also be thought provoking and that I will have more to ask her after she talks.
The very first thing I thought of was blogging and the purpose of it. Well blogs wouldn’t exist if the author did not want to post something. So then I came to the question of why do people blog. I thought about it in a different way and came up with why do people feel the desire/need to publicize their lives. I feel that when people post on the internet, they are opening up some aspect of their life to the public. Where as some bloggers are more “anonymous” than others, the Internet is still a public place. What I mean by anonymous is that some people only post things like recipes and for the most part un-bias posts while on the other hand people post videos and have blogs that share their opinions. So my question comes down to Why do people feel the desire to publicize their lives?
I tried to dissect my question into the different domains.
1. Psychological POV (point of view): In class we talked about importance and how some people view the Internet as an opportunity to feel important/needed and to have their voices heard. Now this can be from a very open person, such as someone in a video where everyone can see who they are, or from a more refined setting, something more along the lines of a blog with just a name not a face. This then turns into an identity issue. Some people create aliases in order to be perceived in a certain way. This then becomes manipulative.
2. Entertainment POV: I watch a lot of YouTube videos and a lot of comedians have turned their YouTube channel into their full-time job where they earn money through Ads and appearance since their popularity is so high. I feel like these people know that being open with the public can make a lot of people laugh and forget about their worries.
3. Informative POV: Some people post their opinions on products/services as reviews for other people to take into consideration before buying. They really want to help consumers who do not want to waste money on unfit products.
4. Educational POV: These people are just posting information for other people to learn. These people are generally not social media public figures.
It amazes me that the the digital world of the Internet can be so addictive. Its not tangible but it can leave a lasting mark on a person. I also amazes me the amount of people that post things all the time that might not get read. I have visited a lot of blogs and have only read a very tiny portion of what is on there.
Due to my personal views I do not like the thought of putting technology into humans. I believe strongly in evolution and that we are here for a reason. I believe in producing technology that can help us with everyday tasks (like computers and prosthetics). I do not believe in creating technology to put into humans to make us smarter. Animals have evolved into humans and now we are the superior beings on Earth. We do not need to disturb that. If we disturb evolution by augmenting humans than humans wont evolve naturally. Then evolution turns into innovation. It turns mother nature into a computer. I personally do not like that idea because due to a lot of the world in poverty only the people that can afford this new tech will be able to access it. Then the world becomes even more unequal. It would make the separation of social classes even more prominent than it is today. I think that the risks outweigh the reward in this situation.
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or painkillers like ibuprofen should not be taken as a preventative against colorectal cancer because of its adverse effects, a federal task force advises in a new report.
The recommendation is made by the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force is said to be applicable even to those who with a family history of colon cancer.
The panel said taking more than 300 mg a day of aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as ibuprofen and naproxen significantly increases the risk for stroke, intestinal bleeding or kidney failure.
These risks outweigh the potential cancer-preventing benefits of aspirin, the task force says in its report published in the Tuesday's issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine.
Early studies suggested that taking a low dose of aspirin such as 100mg or less a day can help reduce the risk of heart disease, but it's found to have no protection against colon cancer.
Colorectal cancer is diagnosed in 150,000 men and women killing 56,000 each year in the United States. It is the third most common cancer in men and women and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths.
People at age 50 or older, those who have a family member with the disease and black people are all at a higher risk of colorectal cancer.
Early in 2002, the PSTF recommended regular screening of colon cancer for those aged 50 or older.
Early in 2000, The American Cancer Society published an article that cites Michael Thun, MD, vice president of epidemiology and surveillance research for the ACS as saying that "The body of research pointing to the potential benefits of aspirin and related drugs in keeping colorectal cancer at bay continues to grow."
The article cites analysis of more than 600,000 adults in 1980 about their aspirin use. Six year later from the start of the study, researchers found that people who took aspirin 16 or more times a month were about 40% less likely to die from cancer of the digestive tract including colorectal cancer.
But the authors(s) of the article also pointed out that the side effects of aspirin can be serious, particularly as the dose increases. It says "Aspirin can irritate the lining of the stomach so much that it causes indigestion or nausea, or even stomach bleeding or ulcers, or problems with blood clotting, liver or kidney damage or stroke."
The issue is a bit controversial as some early studies had suggested that taking a low dose of aspirin could lower the risk of development of precancerous polyps, which may in turn develop into colorectal cancer.
But latest studies showed low doses of aspirin did not help prevent cancer.
A scientist with foodconsumer.org reminds readers that the real protection against colorectal cancer may come from a healthy d iet, not aspirin. Early studies suggest that reduced intake of meat and dairy and increased intake of plant f oods may help prevent colorectal cancer.
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Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution have many similarities and ideas. The characters, settings, and the plots are the same. In addition Animal Farm is a satire and allegory of the Russian Revolution, George Orwell meant for it to be that way. My essay will cover the comparison between Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution. Also it will explain why this novel is a satire and allegory to the Revolution.First of all the characters of the farm have a special role in Russian Revolution. The farm itself represents Russia, with its poor conditions and irresponsible leaders. Napoleon, the mad dictator pig who plays Joseph Stalin in real life. Snowball, the leader who gets betrayed by Napoleon and plays Lenin, Old Major as Karl Marx. And who could forget the others like Boxer, who plays the working class, and Molly as white Russia, and of course
Mendez 2 the evil dogs of Napoleon who inspire the role as the secret police of Joseph Stalin. Both the novel and Russian Revolution cover the same ideas because of these reasons. In the Russian Revolution an irresponsible leader name “Nicholas the second” or how people in those days refer to him as “the Czar” was overthrown by a new leader with better ideas and ways to keep Russia alive, he was Lenin! But then he was betrayed by one of his communist comrades, Stalin. Stalin ruled for a great period of time, but everyone knows there is no such thing as immortality, and so he got kicked out too! This time by his own people. In Animal Farm a boar name “Old Major” has a dream about a world where animals rule, there are no differences, all equality, a dream about communism. This same thought applies with the idea of Stalin and his plan in ruling Russia. So when Snowball hears this him and his comrades get ready to attack the government, Mr. Jones (also known as “the Czar”). When he is overthrown Snowball becomes the leader and is betrayed by Napoleon. This event is when Stalin kicks out Lenin. Mendez 3
Animal Farm is a great example of a “Political Satire”. The novel was written to criticize the totalitarian regimes and particularly Stalin’s rule in Russia. In Chapter one its tells how the author, George Orwell, feels about the novel. Also it give reference to the farm and how it relates to Russia. But you can see all the satire in chapter two. It tells how inefficient of the idea “communism” does not work. Human nature can’t handle “communism”. We are too devious and too demanding for the things we want, we are “bossy”. From chapter two to the last chapter shows how the novel is a Satire and in the end has a conclusion that was shown in chapter two.
The characters, settings, and plot of Animal Farm is an “allegory” to the Russian Revolution. For example Napoleon symbolizes Joseph Stalin because they are both advocates of the devil and follow an idea of a certain race or species ruling everything.
The farm of course is Russia with their bad conditions and no good government. And last of all the plot tells about the same thing, dictatorship never works! Mendez 4
George Orwell has made good points in his novel. I think he’s a great and very smart writer because his novel was disguised as a children’s novel to a Revolution where if you spoke what you thought about it you would get executed. In conclusion I think Animal Farm is a great novel and not only did I learn about a group of Animals taking over a farm but I learned more about World War one history and Russia’s history.
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In the oil spill equipment industry there are numerous products that are manufactured utilizing hydraulic power to drive the product. Some of these are: oil skimmers, boom reels, oil skimming offshore systems and mechanical lifting devices.
Hydraulic power is power derived from motor and pressure of a particular liquid such as water or oil. Hydraulic power is widely used in many industries throughout the world and this case the oil spill recovery market. Hydraulic power is transmitted by controlled circulations of fluid under pressure to a motor that converts it to mechanical output capable of doing work. A reservoir, hydraulic pump, values and actuators are the main parts of any hydraulic system.
In most cases, oil spill recovery hydraulic power packs are driven by one of three sources: electro hydraulic, diesel hydraulic and pneumatic hydraulic.
The electro hydraulic power pack is designed for providing hydraulic flow for operating a variety of equipment such as oil skimmers and boom reels. These units usually have 230/460 volt electrical requirements and provide from 5 gallon per minute or greater flow. The reservoir holds approximately 20 gallons of ATF Dexron or equivalent.
The diesel hydraulic power pack is driven by an engine that can produce various horse power outputs. Some diesel hydraulic power packs can be driven by a 10 HP single cylinder, 4 cycle, air coiled engine. The large reservoir of 17 gallons can be utilized to power two pieces of equipment simultaneously (skimmer and transfer pump) or simply a single piece of equipment like a boom reel.
The pneumatic driven power pack is designed to drive the hydraulic unit via an air supply. This air supply can be a standalone compressor, built in compressor to the power pack or a source like a vac truck with an air source. Cubic feet per minute flows can be as little as 7-10 SFM or higher. Most portable pneumatic systems separate at 2200lbs.
For more information about oil spill containment, view our links below:
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August 23, 2012
GEORGE NORRIS II
Knoxville, Tennessee (JFK+50) Today we continue our report on Senator John F. Kennedy’s Pulitzer Prize winning book, “Profiles In Courage.”
JFK’s book highlights the stories of eight United States Senators who risked their political careers to pursue justice.
In the introduction to the Memorial Edition, Robert Kennedy writes:
“Courage is the virtue that President Kennedy most admired. That is why this book so fitted his personality, his beliefs.”
The title of Chapter VIII is George Norris.
JFK describes Senator George Norris of Nebraska as “an idealist, an independent, a fighter–a man of deep conviction, fearless courage, (&) sincere honesty.”
But he also points out his faults. “emotional in his deliberations, vituperative in his denunciations & prone to engage in bitter & exaggerated personal attack…”
On balance, however, JFK writes that “nothing could sway (Norris) from what he thought was right, from his determination to help all the people…”
This included his fight to bring low-cost electricity to the TENNESSEE VALLEY whose people, JFK says, “live a thousand miles from….Nebraska.”*
*Senator Kennedy does not go into TVA in this chapter, but since it has had & does have such an impact on my home city, county & state, I will go into TVA a little further.
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY
The TVA Act, sponsored by Republican Senator George Norris of Nebraska, was signed into law by Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 18, 1933.**
TVA was created to provide navigation, flood control, electricity & to promote the economic development of the Tennessee Valley, one of the most blighted areas of the nation.
Prior to TVA, the average income in the area was $639 annually.
Farm income had declined due to flooding & eroded soil & declining crop yields.
Today TVA operates 11 coal-powered plants, 29 hydroelectric dams, 3 nuclear power plants & is the largest public power company in the U.S. serving more than 8.5 million people.
**East Tennessee is traditionally a Republican stronghold but Knox County was won by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Presidential elections of 1932, 1936 & 1940.
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Subduction leads to orogeny
April 19, 2010
That’s a little bit of lame undergraduate geology student humor, occasionally seen on bumper stickers. A sort of an inside joke – but one with more than a grain of truth about it. An orogeny is an episode of mountain-building, not so much in the sense of carving mountains out of the rocks, but more in the way of actually creating the hot, thickened and buoyant rocks themselves, which subsequently rise into a range of mountains. These mountains may be worn right down to the gums, subsequently, but the evidence of the disturbance will remain frozen in the new rocks, once they are uncovered by uplift and erosion.
Subduction, on the other hand, is the pulling-down of dense crust and uppermost mantle into the interior of the planet. Think abduction – pulled away – or induction – pulled in – and you will get the idea. The great unifying theme of geological change – plate tectonics – requires this action, to compensate for new crust and uppermost mantle being born at the vast network of mid-ocean ridges that web our planet. Zones of subduction are naturally places where crust converges, and if conditions are favorable, a sort of piling-up and heating of crust can occur. And there you have it: subduction leads to orogeny. Ha!
You can actually watch this process happening in the microcosm of a soup bowl, next time you visit your favorite Japanese restaurant. Gaze into your bowl of miso soup as it cools – and – if you have an imagination like mine – you can see dark little zones of subduction lacing the surface of your meal:
These patterns drift across the surface of the soup, forming spontaneously, moving, merging, forming again. It’s fascinating to watch.
So what can this possibly have to do with Santa Fe? (Beside the fact that we have some great Japanese restaurants?)
Well, take the wings of geological imagination and have a look at New Mexico from the Space Shuttle, around, say 1.75 billion years ago. We’re right in the center of the picture:
Looks more like Indonesia and Southeast Asia, doesn’t it? Those dark streaks, by the way, mark oceanic trenches that have formed over subduction zones. They also mark plate boundaries. And if we could put the map in motion, those arcs of island would be slowly converging toward the rigid nucleus of early North America – you can just make out the outline of Montana, for reference – destined to crunch up against it and add to the continent.
Island arcs like the ones portrayed above are built by the volcanic activity that occurs above subduction zones as they pull water-soaked oceanic crust down into the hot dry mantle. Basins form near the islands, providing space for volcanic tuffs, lavas, and sediments eroded from the islands to accumulate. Great thicknesses of these materials can pile up, although the bulk of the mass is too “light” to be pulled down into the mantle by subduction. But as the islands and their basins converge and crush together, the bottom of this pile can be pushed as much as 20 miles or more deep into the Earth, where it’s hot enough to begin melting. Formerly horizontal beds and layers are compressed into folds as tight as those of a squeezed accordion as the pile contracts.
Only the very deepest roots of these crustal welts – called orogens – may actually melt. The middle and lower parts, 10 to 15 miles down, approach melting temperatures, however, and are not only under enormous confining pressures, by virtue of their depth, but are subjected to distorting stresses as contraction occurs. The minerals in the buried rocks begin to react with one another and re-crystallize as they adjust to the new conditions of heat and confining pressure. They realign themselves according to the distorting stresses. The sediments and volcanics begin to morph, without melting, into hard, dense, and visibly crystalline rocks of completely different appearance. They are now metamorphic rocks.
As you drive up Hyde Park Road (NM 475) from Santa Fe, on your way to say Ten Thousand Waves for a massage, or for a hike on the Chamisa Trail, or perhaps heading up to Hyde State Park, and begin to leave the soft pinyon-covered hills dotted with expensive homes, you begin to see road cuts like this:
“Such tortured rock!” a friend of mine once exclaimed, upon seeing this. And indeed it is. A closer look reveals a distinctive texture:
You can almost feel this rock flowing like warm taffy. Although it’s counterintuitive, crystalline solids, like rocks, can flow slowly if they are put under a distorting stress, especially if they are close to their melting temperature. The closest actual experience we have to this activity is the flow of ice in glaciers, in which a solid – ice – not all that far from it’s melting temperature, flows slowly downhill under the stress of gravity. And even this activity proceeds with, well, glacial slowness.
The visibly banded and ‘stretched’ texture of this rock, basically made up of the same minerals you find in your granite countertop but profoundly deformed, identifies it as a gneiss (pronounced ‘nice’). It’s a classic metamorphic rock. Based on its mineral content, the rock probably began life as a silica-rich volcanic tuff or a gritty siltstone. It looks nothing like those rocks now.
Quite often you will see features like these:
The “veins” of pink rock really are just like the granite in your countertop, because that’s what they are made of: granite. The pink color comes from the mineral feldspar, the most common mineral in the Earth’s crust: a blocky, moderately hard mineral made up of oxygen and silicon combined with the light metals aluminum and potassium.
A mineral with which you are probably more familiar is also abundant in these granites, and in some places forms nearly pure, milky-white, crystalline masses – quartz:
Quartz is made up of a tight molecular framework of oxygen and silicon with no contaminating metals, and consequently it is a very durable mineral, slow to break down here at the surface. You will frequently find it lying around on the ground while you are hiking in the mountains here, looking like pieces of unmelted ice. (In fact the ancient Greeks thought that quartz was ice that had frozen so firmly it could not melt. Their word for this substance was krystallos – and – I bet you guessed – this is where our word “crystal” comes from.)
You can see from the two photographs above that these veins of granite (technically “dikes” of granite) cut across the stretched and banded grain of the gneiss. That’s because these rocks were injected into the gneiss as melted rock, either as the gneiss was forming, or, in some cases, long after it formed. And since the granite did crystallize from a melt, it is classified as an igneous rock.
Many of the road cuts you’ll see on the lower part of the drive, before you get to Hyde State Park, have a rather motley appearance:
Here the injections of granite have been caught up in the deformation of another kind of gneiss with a somewhat difficult name: amphibolite. A closer look at this dark rock show the same flowing distortions you see in the more traditional gneiss:
Amphiboles are a class of common iron-rich minerals which tend to form elongated and lustrous black crystals. A name for the most common of these minerals is one you might be able to retrieve from your 5th grade memories – hornblende. Based on the abundance of these dark, iron rich minerals, it’s likely that these rocks began life as a silica-poor volcanic tuff, erupted from volcanoes spewing basalt or andesite.
In the sunlight these rocks have a distinctive glitter set up by reflections from all those tiny aligned crystals of hornblende. In fact all of these rocks are characterized by a texture of dense interlocking crystals large enough to glitter and shine, and geologists frequently group all these rocks together as the crystalline rocks.
Remember – these rocks formed at depths of 10 to 15 miles down in the Earth’s crust. Now they are exposed and shivering up over a mile and a half above sea level! It took miles of crustal uplift to bring these rocks up from the depths. It took miles of erosion to strip the overlying rocks out of the way. These are profound movements. Entire mountain ranges had to be eliminated to accomplish this, over 100’s of millions of years. The evidence shows that the ancient orogen was worn as flat as Kansas, and eventually slipped beneath the ocean, only to become the dumping ground for new, “young” sediments, “only” 500 to 300 million years old. You can actually see this very contact along the Hyde Park Road, just as you make the sharp turn east into the canyon:
Normally you’d have to go to the bottom of the Grand Canyon to see this.
By contrast, the relatively few miles of crustal buckling and uplift that brought up the Rocky Mountains, and pushed the crystalline rocks up where we can see them, seems like a minor afterthought.
Geologists used to lump all these rocks into units called “the crystalline basement” or “the Precambrian basement” and plot them up in a single color on their maps, as sort of the foundation upon which the more understandable, fossil-bearing rocks rested. It is hard to untangle their secrets. But with the development of radiometric age dating, and esoteric techniques with names like geobarometry and geothermometry, along with a better understanding of how minerals behave under stressful conditions, we are beginning to gain some insight. Things really started to fall into place with the advent of plate tectonics; now there were globally consistent mechanisms to explain the associations of all these fascinating rocks.
Geologists have long been entranced with orogeny. They just didn’t realized they’d been seduced.
*This representation is taken from “Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau” by Ron Blakey and Wayne Ranney.
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There are some things that your boat trailer can do without, but winches would not be one we’d recommend leaving behind. Generally used to haul or hold objects into place, winches are widely used and hugely helpful for owners of large vehicles such as trucks, boats, and off-roaders.
How do winches work?
Winches are pulling mechanisms. Their power comes from winding wire around a drum at a steady tension and pace. Depending on the winch and its intended purpose, those two basic elements (the drum and the wire) may come in a variety of materials, sizes, and even shapes. This affects their load and hauling capacity.
Because winches differentiate so widely, we recommend you read your manual closely upon purchase, so that you are aware of any variations in its style and material. Always be sure to check whether or not you’re getting the right winch for the job, or you may be replacing it sooner than you think.
What are its uses?
Whether or not you’re familiar with winches or not, you might be surprised how commonly winches are used. Tow trucks utilize heavy towing winches to pull cars and other vehicles that have had mechanical failures on a road. Often times, four-wheelers and other off-roading vehicles will use winches to pull themselves out of mud. Truck owners might use a winch to haul stuff onto their bed, making loading faster and easier.
And, of course, boat owners love using winches to help tow their boats!
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The Environment Centre NT has an ambitious agenda for transitioning the Territory away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy for domestic use and potentially export, protecting sensitive ecosystems and important ecological processes from the oil and gas sector, and ensuring carbon pollution levels stabilise and fall by 2020.
Want to be part of it?
Whilst the gas boom will bring major economic growth to parts of the Territory, it also has substantial impacts and risks.
While Territory Labor and the Country Liberals refer to gas as ‘clean’ because it contains less carbon than coal and oil, it is very dirty compared to renewable energy. This is the logical benchmark for a century in which the world must move rapidly away from all fossil fuels to renewable energy.
Territory carbon pollution levels will increase markedly in the absence of a combination of federal carbon cap-and-trade system that achieves rapid national emission cuts, and government-mandated conditions on projects approvals that require heavy industry to achieve carbon neutrality over a project’s life cycle.
The gas boom will also place our economy at long term risk as the world increasingly moves to place a price on carbon, cut pollution and move to renewable energy.
The Territory Government’s plans to making Darwin the gas hub of Northern Australia will make Darwin Harbour an industrialized and potentially polluted harbour, with marine wildlife subject to heightened underwater noise impacts from shipping, dredging and blasting.
The Territory currently has a single liquefied natural gas (LNG) ‘train’ (or processing plant) in Darwin Harbour, namely Darwin LNG operated by ConocoPhillips. The INPEX Ichthys LNG plant is due for construction from early 2012, and will have two trains in Stage 1, with a potential additional four trains to be built as more gas is found.
Each new LNG train increases Australia’s carbon pollution levels by 0.5%, on average, because of the massive amounts of electricity needed to freeze the gas into liquids to store it on boats for export.
The potential exists for more gas to be piped to the Darwin LNG or INPEX LNG plants from gas fields in the Arafura and Timor Seas, which would have lower impacts on Darwin Harbour than new LNG plants being built, but would see carbon pollution levels rise even further.
The marine supply base would also service up to ten Floating LNG ships proposed for construction across the Arafura and Timor Seas, thereby further focusing our economy on fossil fuels.
Onshore, exploration for oil and gas is currently occurring across 70% of the Territory.
Unconventional shale gas is a major risk to the Territory’s efforts to cut carbon pollution, and to protect sensitive landscapes and water resources, National Parks, and valuable pastoral lands.
Coal seam gas and unconvential shale oil gas has become a highly contentious matter nationally and globally, specifically regarding the “hydraulic fracturing” (or fraccing/fracking) of rocks to release gas for extraction.
The impact of hydraulic fracturing has been a public concern overseas, including the United States, Great Britain, Ireland and France. In Lancashire, UK, fraccing was suspended after fears that the process was linked to minor earthquakes and tremors and due to public concern about the potential for contamination. France has officially banned the use of hydraulic fracturing for the exploration and exploitation of shale gas and shale oil and there is currently a moratorium on fraccing within South Africa’s Karoo region.
Fraccing has occurred in Canada since the 1990s, although recent concern has arisen due to water access arrangements; however the practice has temporarily been suspended in Quebec while an environmental review is undertaken. Hydraulic fracturing has generated public scrutiny and concern within the US although the US EPA has found that there was little to no risk of fracturing fluid contaminating underground sources of drinking water during hydraulic fracturing of coalbed methane production wells.
Within Australia, a parliamentary committee was established in NSW to investigate the environmental, economic and social impacts of coal seam gas mining.
What’s it all about and what does it mean for the Northern Territory?
What is Hydraulic Fracturing?
Hydraulic fracturing (fraccing) is a well stimulation process used to maximize the extraction of underground resources; including oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy.
The process of hydraulic fracturing begins with building the necessary site infrastructure including well construction. Production wells may be drilled in the vertical direction only or paired with horizontal or directional sections. Fluids, commonly made up of water and chemical additives, are then pumped into a geologic formation at high pressure and when the pressure exceeds the rock strength, the fluids open or enlarge fractures. After the fractures are created, a propping agent is pumped into the fractures to keep them from closing. The created fractures then provide a conductive path connecting a larger area of the reservoir to the well, increasing the area from which natural gas and liquids can be recovered from the targeted formation.
- Impacts on water quality. There are claims that fraccing creates cracks in rock formations that allow chemicals to leach into sources of fresh water. Calculations performed by (US) EPA show that at least nine hydraulic fracturing chemicals may be injected into or close to underground sources of drinking water at concentrations that pose a threat to human health. These chemicals may be injected at concentrations that are anywhere from 4 to almost 13,000 times the acceptable concentration in drinking water. The National Industrial Chemical Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS), has assessed only 2 out of the 23 known compounds used in fraccing fluids in Australia.
- In October 2010, traces of BTEX chemicals were found at an Arrow Energy fraccing operation in Queensland. Arrow Energy confirmed that benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene had been found in well water associated with its coal-seam gas operation at Moranbah, west of Mackay. An underground coal gasification project, a joint venture between Origin and the multinational ConocoPhillips, near Kingaroy Queensland, was also temporarily shut down when benzene and toluene were detected. Queensland has banned the use of BTEX chemicals in fraccing fluids.
- Wastewater management. 60 – 80% of fracturing fluids return to the surface as flowback. When contaminated with the byproducts of the hydraulic fracturing process, this wastewater is referred to as ‘produced water’. In addition to the fraccing fluids added by the gas drilling companies, this water picks up other contaminants from deep in the earth, with one of the most notable ingredients being salt.This fluid combination becomes brine wastewater andbrine wastewater is difficult and expensive to treat.
- Impacts on Aquifers. Impacts include aquifer drawdown as well as contamination. For example, industry predicts groundwater drawdown for the Arcadia Valley and Fairview CSG fields within the Bowen Basin, Queensland of up to 15 metres by 2013 and 65 metres by 2028. Drill holes or fractures may intersect with one or multiple aquifers potentially mixing groundwater from different strata or altering the groundwater chemistry through exposure to the air, gas, fraccing chemicals and drilling fluids.
- Landscape values.Within many areas of the Territory consideration needs to be given to the visual impact of gas well infrastructure on landscape values. The exploitation of unconventional shale gas fields will change the visual feel of existing natural or rural landscapes, becoming “industrial” in nature. In addition to pipelines, evaporation ponds, water storage tanks, well heads, roads and trucks the landscape will become littered with gas flares (gas flare or flare stacks are used in gas wells to ‘dispose’ of waste gas). Landscape and ecosystem value will also be compromised by the indirect impacts of gas exploration and exploitation – notably through weed invasion associated with increased access across the landscape.
Is the Northern Territory at risk?
Yes. Exploration permits have been issued under the Petroleum Act for unconventional shale gas reserves, the most notably being in the Barkly district. The Territory could see literally many thousands of well heads built across the Barkly, plus elsewhere.
From a regulatory perspective, the Territory is not ready for this type of industry. Onshore gas projects are regulated by the Petroleum Act and Schedule of Onshore Petroleum Exploration and Production Requirements. Neither of these laws provide adequate protection for the environment or consideration of social and cultural issues. They are not informed by the principles of ecologically sustainable development and do not easily link to the Environmental Assessment Act to ensure adequate assessment is made of an unconvential shale gas proposal. They do not specify environmental standards or include environmental offence provisions . Nor do they include public participation provisions, including the public’s right to say “no” to a proposal, or provide third party appeal provisions.
The Environment Centre NT would like to see the Territory Government follow the NSW Government’s lead and undertake a Public Inquiry to determine the suitability of this industry for the Northern Territory. Such an inquiry would need to examine:
- The adequacy of the legislative and regulatory environment.
- The environmental, climate and health impacts and risks of unconventional shale gas extraction.
- The economic and social implications of unconventional shale gas.
- The impact of similar industries in other jurisdictions.
Earthworks, accessed at http://www.earthworksaction.org/FracingDetails.cfm26 September 2011
Dr Mariann Lloyd-Smith and Dr Rye Senjen, February 2011: Hydraulic Fracturing in Coal Seam Gas Mining: The Risks to Our Health, Communities, Environment and Climate, accessed http://ntn.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/NTN-Fracking-Briefing-Paper-2011.pdf on 26 September 2011.
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Class 7 – Probability
Take practice tests in Probability
Introduction: Probability in simple English language means chance. Knowingly or unknowingly, we make statements that are concerned with chance.
i) It may rain today.
ii) Smita is likely to top in the board examination.
iii) The train may be late.
iv) India may win the World Cup this year.
v) It may be a holiday tomorrow.
All these statements are based on chance. They may or may not happen. Mathematicians have derived formulae to calculate this uncertainty. It is studied under the chapter called probability.
Let us consider a few examples to illustrate the concept of probability.
1. A coin is tossed and we know it will land on its head or tail. Both heads and tails have an equal chance to come up. Hence, in a cricket match, when a coin is tossed both the captains have a 50-50 chance to get a head and make the decision to bat or field.
The total outcomes when a coin is tossed are either head (H) or tail (T), that is only one can occur at a time, so the probability of heads is and the probability of tail is .
Probability is the measure of the chance of the happening of an event.
2. We have all played Ludo or snakes and ladders. We use a dice to play the game. A dice is a cube which has six faces. Each face is marked with dots from 1 to 6. The dice is cast and any face can come up. There are six possible outcomes and each is equally likely or has the same chance of coming up. The probability of any number coming up is .
3. If we have four colored cards lying face downwards and any one card is turned, we can get any of the four colored cards.
There are four possible outcomes and the probability of drawing each colored card is .
Let us understand the terms used in the examples given earlier.
1. Experiment: This is an activity that is performed and the result obtained is called an outcome. For example, tossing a coin is an experiment and to get head or tail is an outcome.
2. Random experiment: This is an experiment where the outcome cannot be predicted in advance. For example, when we toss a coin we cannot predict in advance whether we will get heads or tails.
3. Event: It is the outcome that we want in a particular experiment. For example, tossing a coin is an experiment where the two possible outcomes are heads or tails. If we desire to get heads then the correct outcome is called an event.
4. Sample space: All possible outcomes of an experiment are called a sample space. For example, when we throw a dice, the possible outcomes are 6 and written as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
5. Sure event: It is an event that is definitely going to happen and has a probability of 1.
6. Impossible event: It is an event that will not happen and has a probability of 0. The probability of any event lies between 0 and 1.
If the probability that an event will occur is p then the probability that it will not occur is 1-p.
Probability of event not occur =
Probability cannot be negative and also cannot be greater than 1.
Example: What is the probability of getting the number 4 when a dice is thrown?
Solution: The possible outcomes are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. The event is to get the number 4. So the probability of getting 4 is . There is only one face marked as
Example:There are four flash cards-one red, one green and two blue. What is the probability of drawing a blue card?
Solution: The total number of cards are four. There are two blue cards so the probability of getting a blue card is
Example: A pack of playing cards consists of 52 cards. There are 4 suits spades(♠), Diamonds (♦), Hearts (♥), and Clubs (♣) 13 cards of each. The 13 cards are numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, J (Jack), Q (Queen), K (King) and A (Ace). The number 1 is called an Ace. The clubs and spades are black in colour while Diamonds and Hearts are red.
From a pack of playing cards, a card is drawn.
a) What is the probability of getting an Ace of Heart?
b) What is the probability of drawing a red Queen?
c) What is the probability of drawing a king from any suit?
a) The probbility of getting an ace of heart is because there is only one ace of Heart.
b) The probability of a red Queen is because there are two red queens, one of hearts and the other of diamonds.
c) The probability of getting a king from any suit is as there are four kings, one in each suit.
Example: In a bag, there are seven cards numbered 1 to 7.
A card is picked at random. What is the probability of picking:
a) 5? b) an odd number?
c) an even number? d) a prime number? e) 0?
Solution: The total number of cards is7.
a) There is only one card with the number 5.
∴ Probability of getting a
b) There are four cards with odd numbers, 1, 3, 5 and 7.
∴ Probability of getting an odd number is =
c) There are three cards that bear an even number, 2, 4 and 6.
∴ Probability of getting an even number is =
d) There are four cards with prime numbers, 2, 3, 5 and 7.
∴ Probability of getting a prime number is =
e) There is no card marked 0.
∴ Probability of getting 0 =
To get a 0 in this experiment is an impossible event.
Example: A box contains 3 red, 2 blue and 5 green marbles. A marble is drawn at random. What is the probability of getting
a) a red marble? b) a blue marble? c) a green marble?
Solution: There are 3 red + 2 blue + 5 green marbles = 10 marbles in a box.
a) The probability of getting a red marble = since there are 3 red, marbles in the box.
b) The probability of getting a blue marble because there are 2 blue marbles in the box.
c) The probability of getting a green marble since there are 5 green marbles in the box.
Try out this activity to understand why a large amount of data is collected to finalise the probability of an event.
a) Toss a coin 40 times and record the results in a table, using tally marks.
b) Calculate the experimental probabilities for your experiment.
c) What is the theoretical probability of getting a head on a single toss?
d) How many of your 40 trials give you heads as result?
e) Were your experimental probability close to the theoretical probability?
f) Increase the number of trials to 60 and see what the change is?
The more the number of trials are in a probability experiment, the closer the experimental probability would agree with the theoretical probability.
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Consolmagno, Guy & Davis, Dan: Turn Left at Orion
The new edition of this excellent book, packed with viewing tips and clear instruction. Also realistic drawings of what you can expect to actually see.
Gribbin, John: In Search of the Big Bang
The best introduction to Big Bang. Very well written and explained. Recommended.
Kitchin, Chris: Photo-Guide to the Constellations
The photographs of the sky as it actually looks under a variety of conditions, coupled with a detailed guide to star-hopping and other useful techniques, will enable you to quickly and easily gain a working knowledge of the constellations.
Levy, David H.: Observing Variable Stars: A Guide for the Beginner
A good introduction to this fascinating branch of astronomy, where the amateur still makes a valuable contribution. Has good charts and seasonal observing suggestions.
Levy, David H.: Skywatching
An attractive and comprehensive introduction for the beginner, with charts by the lauded Wil Tirion. Suitable for about age 12 to adult.
Ridpath, Ian and Tirion, Wil: Collins Gem: Stars
This little "gem" is often overlooked by serious astronomers, but its small format (8cm x 11.5cm) gives you a star atlas in your shirt pocket! Separate chart for each constellation, down to mag 5. Lots of DSOs, including the Messiers, are marked.
Ridpath, Ian & Tirion, Wil: The Monthly Sky Guide
Clear and simple introduction for beginners of all ages.
Upgren, Arthur: Night Has a Thousand Eyes
This is, quite simply, the best introduction to naked eye astronomy yet written. Upgren weaves a remarkable book that takes the reader to a greater depth of understanding and knowledge than any other book aimed at a similar readership. The style is captivating and the explanations have a simplicity that comes from a mastery of the subject matter.
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Botanicus Interacticus is a technology for designing highly expressive interactive plants, both living and artificial. Driven by the rapid fusion of computing and living spaces, we take interaction from computing devices and places it in the physical world using livings plants as an interactive medium.
Botanicus Interacticus has a number of unique properties. This instrumentation of living plants is simple, non-invasive, and does not damage the plants: it requires only a single wire placed anywhere in the plant soil. Botanicus Interacticus allows for rich and expressive interaction with plants. It allows to use such gestures as sliding fingers on the stem of the orchid, detecting touch and grasp location, tracking proximity between human and a plant, and estimating the amount of touch contact, among others.
In Botanicus Interacticus we also deconstruct the electrical properties of plants and replicate them using standard electrical components. This allows the design of a broad variety of biologically inspired artificial plants that behave nearly the same as their biological counterparts. From the point of view of our technology there is no difference between real and artificial.
Botanicus Interacticus technology can be used to design highly interactive responsive environments based on plants, developing new forms of organic, living interaction devices as well as creating organic ambient and pervasive interfaces.
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Analogies are a great way to check for understanding of concepts. We've been looking closely at all kinds of analogies in English Language Arts, so I thought to myself, "What a great way to see how deeply my students understand and view coding." I wanted to see if they could apply coding principles outside of coding (decontextualize) to see how well they really "get" the thinking and process of coding itself. In a nutshell, students were to come up with an analogy for coding along with three supporting examples.
"Coding: A baby learning to take steps because when a baby learns to walk, it starts slow and small. If it goes too fast or big, it will fall down. The same with coding - if you start going fast, your program will fall apart because you're going too fast. Also, if you take big steps, you will miss a step and starting big can you mess up. Once a baby falls down and with programming, once your program falls, you can get up and try again."
"Coding:Building. This is because with coding, if you are not exact, it will "wonkify." With building, you need to be exact or the building will fall. Another way is that if you don't like your Scratch program, you can delete it and try again. With building, you can knock down your building. Lastly, you can remix someone else's code. In building, you can sort of copy someone else's, but make changes, and call it your own. Though quite different, building and coding are very alike."
"Coding is like doing crossword puzzles because one word in the wrong place affects the word that is going down or across that word. That relates to coding because if you do Scratch and put the wrong block, when you want to do something else, it turns into a disaster. When you do a crossword puzzle, at first it might be just experimenting and trying to fit the words in the squares. Same with coding. You have to experiment if the cat moves the way you want or not. At first, the crossword puzzle might look different or weird, but it turns out cool. With coding, it might look weird at first, but when it is finished, it is awesome!"
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In April 1710 three Mohawks and a Mahican – all members of the Six Nations of the Iroquois League which dominated what is now upper New York State – visited London on an embassy with Johannes Schuyler and Francis Nicholson representing the colonists of New York to petition Queen Anne for support in a military expedition against the French in Canada. Although the representatives were not the most powerful Iroquois chiefs – who were still smarting from a British failure to support them in 1709 – they were much lauded as Indian Kings and were the toast of London for two weeks. They had their portraits painted, were the subject of two contemporary pamphlets and were satirized by Joseph Addison in The Spectator, 27 April 1…
We have have no profile for this entry. If you are a qualified scholar and you wish to write for The Literary Encyclopedia, please click here to contact us.
Clark, Robert. "Iroquois Kings Visit London". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 23 October 2008
[http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=5548, accessed 22 June 2017.]
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Negative space is probably the most difficult concept for non-designers to grasp. If you are designing a floral pattern, why worry about the space around the flowers? This might seem especially an unimportant consideration if the space around the motif is just flat ground. But, in actual fact, that’s when you need to think about it most of all, because it is going to create shapes that will either work with or fight with the shapes of the motifs themselves.
To make things simple, think of negative space like this. If you live in a big city you’ll be used to seeing buildings. You are probably so used to seeing them, that you now give them no more thought. They’re just there. But, you’ll have stopped, at some point, to look at the sunset through the buildings. What you’re really appreciating is the negative space between the buildings, suddenly illuminated by the changing color of the sky. Make sense? Okay.
Why think about the “negative space” at all? Simply this: when you consider the space around motifs or images you’re considering composition — and that’s essential to great design. Every designer starts with a blank piece of paper, or, more likely today, a blank computer screen. Of course, designers will have a collection of researched material in front of them for inspiration and use. But, before anything is laid down, you’re starting with a blank sheet. And, you’re probably thinking about where each element will go, and how they will interact before you’ll do anything. Designers, in other words, work as much with negative space as they do with motifs and actual images.
Although most people tend to think of “patterns” as obvious, repeating images (the polka dot is the simplest and most obvious example), in textiles there are numerous types of layouts, one of the most challenging of which can be the “placement print.” This type of design is often printed on the garment, after it has been cut out and sewn, rather than being printed all over on the rolls of fabric themselves. At other times the garment pieces can be printed and then cut out and sewn.
Designing placement prints means thinking not only about motifs and spacing, but where these “fall” on the body. Will, for example, the placement of a motif or spacing highlight a part of the body that we might be uncomfortable with? No woman is going to want to wear a dress that draws attention to her stomach. However, most women will be attracted to clothing that draws attention away from the stomach toward more flattering parts of the body. That’s an important consideration that many designers forget.
When it come to placement prints they are often placed asymmetrically on the body, e.g., on jeans: higher on one leg than on the other; on a jacket: on one sleeve only. Placement prints, and thinking about negative space, gives us a chance as designers to think outside the box, and to get really creative.
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This article is a cross-post from The Otter ~ la loutre, and is part of a series on using historical Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for teaching and research in environmental history and historical geography. It is part of a collaboration between the Network in Canadian History and Environment (NiCHE) and the Canadian Historical GIS Partnership Development project. Other articles in the series are available here. If you would like to contribute a post to the series please contact the editors Josh MacFadyen or Jennifer Bonnell.
Canadians have been hitting above their weight in the area of geospatial analysis since the development of the Canada Land Inventory and the world’s first Geographic Information System (GIS) in the 1960s and 1970s. Similarly, environmental historians and historical geographers have made great gains in Historical Geographic Information Systems (HGIS) research over the last decade, including several NiCHE projects, a 2014 edited collection, and now the Canadian HGIS Partnership. Canada is big. And in typical high modernist fashion, postwar scientists trying to fathom it ignored the knowledge of the rural, northern, and indigenous people who understood its land and water. Instead scientists turned to digital tools like GIS to examine and measure the nation. In what we believe is a post-normal and integrative approach, environmental historians are now both using the software and critiquing the normative processes it helped to create. But Canada is still big; its libraries, students, and other knowledge resources are very far afield. Our communities of digital scholars employ digital tools to collaborate and communicate our results across the continent. This post focuses on the students using these tools and the new ways historians are teaching HGIS online. This kicks off a series written by NiCHE and CHGIS collaborators on geospatial tools and analysis for Canadian historians.
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Dental implants are changing the way people live. They are designed to provide a foundation for replacement teeth that look, feel, and function like natural teeth. The person who has lost teeth regains the ability to eat virtually anything, knowing that teeth appear natural and that facial contours will be preserved. Patients with dental implants can smile with confidence.
What Are Dental Implants?
The implants themselves are tiny titanium posts that are surgically placed into the jawbone where teeth are missing. These metal anchors act as tooth root substitutes. The bone bonds with the titanium, creating a strong foundation for artificial teeth. Small posts that protrude through the gums are then attached to the implant. These posts provide stable anchors for artificial replacement teeth.
Implants also help preserve facial structure, preventing bone deterioration that occurs when teeth are missing.
The Surgical Procedure
For most patients, the placement of dental implants involves just one surgical procedure. First, the implants are placed within your jawbone. Then for the next 3 months, your bone will bond to the implants. You will be able to wear a temporary denture made by your General Dentist. During this time, you should not chew on the implants as this can cause the implants to loosen and fail.
After the implant has bonded to the jawbone, the second phase begins. No anesthesia is needed for this procedure. Dr. Chan will attach small posts that protrude through the gums and will act as anchors for the artificial teeth. When the artificial teeth are placed, these posts will not be seen. The entire procedure usually takes 3-4 months. Most patients experience minimal disruption in their daily life.”
Dental Implants Presentation
To provide you with a better understanding of dental implants, we have provided the following multimedia presentation. Many common questions pertaining to dental implants are discussed.
Using the most recent advances in dental implant technology, Dr. Chan is able to place single stage implants. These implants do not require a second procedure to uncover them, but do require a minimum of six weeks of healing time before artificial teeth are placed. There are even situations where the implants can be placed at the same time as a tooth extraction – further minimizing the number of surgical procedures.
Dental Implant placement is a team effort between an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and a restorative dentist. While Dr. Chan performs the actual implant surgery, initial tooth extractions, and bone grafting if necessary, the restorative dentist (your dentist) fits and makes the permanent prosthesis. Your dentist will also make any temporary prosthesis needed during the implant process.
What Types Of Prosthesis Are Available?
A single prosthesis (crown) is used to replace one missing tooth – each prosthetic tooth attaches to its own implant. A partial prosthesis (fixed bridge) can replace two or more teeth and may require only two or three implants. A complete dental prosthesis (fixed bridge) replaces all the teeth in your upper or lower jaw. The number of implants varies depending upon which type of complete prosthesis (removable or fixed) is recommended. A removable prosthesis (over denture) attaches to a bar or ball in socket attachments, whereas a fixed prosthesis is permanent and removable only by the dentist.
Dr. Chan performs in-office implant surgery in a hospital-style operating suite, thus optimizing the level of sterility. Inpatient hospital implant surgery is for patients who have special medical or anesthetic needs or for those who need extensive bone grafting from the jaw, hip or tibia.
Why Dental Implants?
Dental Implant Overview
For a brief narrated overview of the dental implant process, please click the image below. It will launch our flash educational MiniModule in a separate window that may answer some of your questions about dental implants.
Once you learn about dental implants, you finally realize there is a way to improve your life. When you lose several teeth – whether it’s a new situation or something you have lived with for years – chances are you have never become fully accustomed to losing such a vital part of yourself.
Dental implants can be your doorway to renewed self-confidence and peace of mind.
A Swedish scientist and orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Per-Ingvar Branemark, developed this concept for oral rehabilitation more than 35 years ago. With his pioneering research, Dr. Branemark opened the door to a lifetime of renewed comfort and self-confidence for millions of individuals facing the frustration and embarrassment of tooth loss.
Why Select Dental Implants Over More Traditional Types Of Restorations?
There are several reasons: Why sacrifice the structure of surrounding good teeth to bridge a space? In addition, removing a denture or a “partial” at night may be inconvenient, not to mention that dentures that slip can be uncomfortable and rather embarrassing.
Bridges that attach to your natural teeth can be more costly in the long run compared to replacing a single missing tooth with a dental implant
Are You A Candidate For Implants?
If you are considering implants, your mouth must be examined thoroughly and your medical and dental history reviewed. If your mouth is not ideal for implants, ways of improving outcome, such as bone grafting, may be recommended.
What Type Of Anesthesia Is Used?
The majority of dental implants and bone graft can be performed in the office under local anesthesia, with or without sedation anesthesia.
Do Implants Need Special Care?
Once the implants are in place, they will serve you well for many years if you take care of them and keep your mouth healthy. This means taking the time for good oral hygiene (brushing and flossing) and keeping regular appointments with your dental specialists.
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16 November 2010 - The spectacular growth in world population since the 18th century - and particularly during the 20th century, when it almost quadrupled- is obviously one of the principal causes of radical change in the relationship between animal populations, human civilization and the ecological system of the earth. Population growth along with human encroachment of forests and wildlife reserves, among other factors, have provoked massive killing of wild animals for subsistence or commercial purposes throughout the humid tropics of the Americas, Asia, and Africa (most pronouncedly in West and Central Africa). This short web article looks at the hunting of bats for bushmeat and examines the implication for global public health.
The extent of hunting of bats for bushmeat in the Old World tropics is widespread. Given that over 20 percent of all mammal species are bats, they are assiduously sought as a source of food in areas where food production remains challenging. Studies and literature reviews by wildlife experts report high levels of off take throughout Asia, the Pacific islands and some Western Indian Ocean islands, where fruit bats of the genus Pteropus are eaten extensively. In the African continent, most hunting was reported in western states. The largest fruit bat Eidolon helvum was preferred, but others exotic species were also hunted for food (and trade). In Asia, insectivorous bats are also eaten, particularly Tadarida, among others.
The hunting of bats is both for local consumption and commercial purposes. Also in many countries bats are not eaten, but killed indiscriminately because of fear or hatred of the species. This high level of offtake has had an impact on global bat populations and has resulted in the local extinction of some species. This creates profound effects on ecology and agriculture because in some areas bats may be "keystone species" in ecosystems as pollinators and seed dispersers of plants, many of which are economically important.
In addition to concerns related to the decimation of bat populations in specific locations, there is also the fear that increased contact between bats and humans from encroachment, including hunting, may lead to higher incidences of old and new diseases. Approximately 60 percent of emerging infectious diseases of humans are zoonotic, that is, those diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans. Of these, 72 percent originate from wildlife; these include Anthrax, Ebola, Hendra, HIV/AIDS, monkey pox, Nipah, rabies, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), simian foamy virus and West Nile virus.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is currently undertaking a bat behavior and surveillance study that examines bat ecology and potential interfaces with livestock systems and human populations. It is important to recognize that the drivers behind bat-borne infectious diseases are a result of encroachment, demographics, landscape changes and other anthropogenic activities. Potential pathogens have likely existed for hundreds, if not thousands of years, but pathogen introduction into different species is a phenomenon which has recently emerged due to increasing contact among bats, people and livestock.
Bat-borne disease incidences appear to be on the rise as agricultural expansion and natural resource extraction activities push forward into bat occupied territories, thus increasing the interaction between bats, livestock and people. The hunting of bats is a high-risk activity for pathogen exchange as viruses can easily spread via bites and scratches when handling bats or through body fluids when processing carcasses for consumption. Understanding the changes impacting these populations is critical to design effective management tools to address identified risks and limit the exchange of viruses between species.
A deeper comprehension of bat ecology and the ecosystem services that bats provide as well as increasing local knowledge of these factors is key to preventing risky bat interaction behaviors and indiscriminate extermination of local bat populations.
The emergence of new zoonotic diseases is particularly worrisome to governments, leaders and world societies given that they carry multidimensional impacts to economic growth, food security, livelihoods and public health, as well as to social order, international trade and travel, and tourism revenue. The complex, interdependent world we live in today has simply multiplied and deepened the challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases; it has not created them. For its part, FAO is currently working to better understand the drivers of disease emergence and examining the options for comprehensive disease control and management, while at the same time, identifying important conservation issues that need to be taken into account when balancing the needs of people, livestock and wildlife.
Read an article on "Bushmeat consumption, wildlife trade and global public health risks"
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Shrines by Type, Shrines by Kami (Deity)
Japan is home to some 90,000 Shintō shrines. These are classified into a bewildering number of schools and sects by academics, historians, the government, and believers. Despite great confusion in classification schemes, only a limited number of shrine types enjoy nationwide popularity. These popular shrines often have old and modern names, as many were forced to change their names during the government’s forced separation of Shintō and Buddhism in Japan’s Meiji Period (1868-1912). Names can also vary among Japanese localities and regions, thus causing more confusion.
- Jinja Shintō (Shrine Shintō). The most prevalent. Details here.
- Koshitsu Shintō (Imperial House Shintō, State Shintō, Jingū Shintō). Details here.
- Minzoku Shintō (Folk Shintō). Details here.
- Shūha Shintō (Sect Shintō, Sectarian Shintō). Details here.
- New Religions. Details here.
Predominant Shrine Types
- Asama Shrines 浅間 (Mt. Fuji, Easy Childbirth)
- Benzaiten Shrines 弁財天 (Wealth, Art, Literature, Water)
- Daikoku - Ebisu Shrines 大黒 & 恵比寿 (Wealth, Prosperity)
- Ebisu - Daikoku Shrines 大黒 & 恵比寿 (Wealth, Prosperity)
- Gion Shrines (Protect People Against Evil & Epidemics)
- Goryō Shrines 御霊神社 (Appease Dead Souls & Angry Spirits)
- Hachiman Shrines 八幡宮 (Warriors, Archery)
- Hakusan Shrines 白山神社 (Mountain worship, ascetic practices)
- Hie Shrines 日吉 (Monkey, Happy Marriage, Kids, Syncretism)
- Hitohira Shrines 琴平 (Seafaring, Fishing, Water)
- Inari Shrines 稲荷 (Rice, Fox, Agriculture)
- Ise Shrines 伊勢神宮 (State Shintō, Amaterasu)
- Izumo Taisha 出雲大社 (Happy Marriage, Medicine)
- Jingū Shrines (State Shintō, Amaterasu)
- Kasuga Shrines 春日大社 (Fujiwara Clan; Syncretism)
- Komagata Shrines 駒形 (Devoted to the gods and goddesses of horses)
- Konpira Shrines 金比羅 (Seafaring, Navigation, Fishing)
- Kotohira Shrines 金刀比羅宮 (Seafaring, Fishing, Water)
- Kumano Sanzan 熊野三山 (Syncretism, Sacred Mountains)
- Mikumari Myōjin Shrines 子守明神 (Water distributiion, rain, children)
- Munakata Shrines 宗像 (Safety at sea, bountiful fishing, island and water kami)
- Sengen Shrines 浅間 (Children, Easy Childbirth)
- Shirahata Shrines 白旗 (Genji clan, Minamoto clan, warriors, war)
- Shirayama Shrines 白山神社 (Mountain worship, ascetic practices, syncretism)
- Shugendō Sites (Mt. Ōmine region, ascetic practices)
- Sōja Shrines 総社 (Consolidated, multiple deities)
- Suitengū Shrines 水天宮 (Water, Fertility)
- Sumiyoshi Shrines 住吉 (Hachiman, Wars on the Sea, Sailors)
- Tendai Sannō Shrines 天台山王 (Monkey, Fertility, Syncretism)
- Tenjin Shrines 天神 (Deified People)
- Ujigami Shrines 氏神 (Clan Specific)
- Yakumo (Yagumo) Shrines 八雲神社 (Health, Sickness, Epidemics)
- Yasaka Shrines 八坂神社 (Health, Sickness, Epidemics)
- Yasukuni Shrine 靖國神社 (War Dead)
Above list is not comprehensive. For another list,
see Kokugakuin University Encyclopedia of Shintō.
Asama Shrines 浅間神社. Also pronounced Sengen Shrines. These shrines are dedicated to the mythical princess Konohana Sakuya Hime (木花之佐久夜毘売; also spelled Konohanasakuyahime), the Shintō deity of Mount Fuji and of cherry trees in bloom. She is also known as Koyasu-sama 子安様, a Shintō deity who grants easy childbirth. But after Buddhism gained a strong foothold in Japan, Koyasu-sama was supplanted by her Buddhist equivalents, known as Koyasu Kannon, Jibo Kannon, Koyasu Jizo, Koyasu Kishibojin, and Maria Kannon (a Christian-related form). For more deities of motherhood, please see Guardians of Children. Over 1,000 Asama (Sengen) shrines exist across Japan, with the head shrines standing at the foot and the summit of Mount Fuji itself.
In Shintō mythology, Konohana (lit = tree flower) is the daughter of Ōyamatsumi (the earthly kami of mountains). She was married to Ninigi 邇邇芸尊 (heavenly grandchild of sun goddess Amaterasu), became pregnant in a single night, and gave birth to three children while engulfed in fire. In some accounts she died in the fire, and thus she is likened to the short-lived beauty of the cherry blossom. But in other accounts, she survived the fire. She is also known as Konohana Sakuya Hime no Mikoto, Kamuatatsu Hime, Kamu Toyoatatsu Hime, and Kamu Atakaashitsu Hime. One of her children, Hōri no Mikoto 火遠理命, married the Dragon King’s daughter, who then gave birth to Jinmu Tennō 神武天皇, Japan’s legendary first emperor. Learn more about this mythical princess at the Encyclopedia of Shintō (Kokugakuin Unniversity). Also see this link (J-site) for more on Asama Shrine.
Benten, Benzai, or Benzaiten Shrines / Temples
弁天 | 弁財天 | 弁才天. Japan’s preeminent goddess of water, one who is worshipped independently or as one of Japan’s Seven Lucky Gods at thousands of Shintō, Buddhist, and Shugendō sites around the country. Her temples and shrines are, befittingly, nearly always in the neighborhood of water -- the sea, a river, a lake, or a pond. This deity originated in India as a Hindu river goddess and was later adopted (8th century CE) into Japan's pantheon of divinities. Sarasvatī, her Sanskrit name, means "flowing female" and thus she represents everything that flows (e.g., music, words, speech, eloquence). Sarasvatī was invoked in Vedic rites as the deity of music and poetry well before the emergence of Buddhism in the 5th century BCE. Benzaiten is also one of many Tenbu (天部 celestial beings; known as DEVA in Sanskrit), and among the top goddesses in a group known as the Tennyo 天女 (celestial maidens). She comes in many forms in Japan, but the three most prominent are (1) a two-armed beauty playing a four-stringed lute; in this form she is known as Myō-on Ten; (2) with eight arms holding martial implements to indicate her role as protector of the nation; in this form, she is known as Happi Benzaiten; and (3) with a human-headed white snake and shrine gate atop her head; in this form, she is known as Uga Benzaiten. She serves numerous roles, including goddess of learning, oral eloquence, performing arts, wealth, longevity, national defense, battlefield success, and one who can end droughts and bring rain. Most importantly, she is the predominant muse of Japanese art, one who inspires musicians, writers, poets, lovers, and artists in all professions. From a modern perspective, the realms of imagination and Jungian unconscious are often compared to deep uncharted waters from which spring life-renewing creative forces and artistic inspiration. Benzaiten's traditional links with flowing water and artist endeavor are therefore most appropriate -- even from a modern psychological standpoint. She is also a patron of motherhood, and is associated closely with the snake and dragon -- both creatures of water and members of the naga family. On days of importance to the serpent in Japan, one can find many festivals at the numerous Japanese shrines and temples dedicated to Benzaiten, in which votive pictures with serpents drawn on them are offered. It is also said that putting a cast-off snake skin in your purse/wallet will bring you wealth and property. During the Kamakura Period, artists for the first time began to create "naked" sculptures of Buddhist and Shintō deities (see above photo). The object of their artistic talents was often Benzaiten, although other deities, like Jizō Bosatsu, were also sculpted in the nude. One of her main sanctuaries is on the island of Enoshima (江の島) in Sagami Bay, about 50 kilometers south of Tokyo, where she and a dragon are the central figures of the Enoshima Engi (江嶋縁起), a history of the shrines on Enoshima written by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kokei 皇慶 in 1047 A.D. Among the myriad sanctuaries devoted to her, the three most widely known are those at Enoshima 江ノ島 (near Kamakura), Itsukushima 厳島 (Miyajima Shrine, Hiroshima), and Chikubushima 竹生島 (Chikubushima Shrine, Lake Biwa, Shiga Prefecture) -- all islands. The three are collectively known as the Three Great Benten Shrines (Nihon Sandai Benten 日本三大弁天). For more details on Benzaiten, click here.
Daikoku & Ebisu Shrines 大黒 and 恵比寿. Daikoku and Ebisu are two of Japan's most popular deities. Daikoku (of Hindu origin) is the god of the earth, agricultural, rice, and wealth. Ebisu (of Japanese origin) is the god of the sea, fishing folk, and prosperity. Both are members of Japan's Seven Lucky Gods. The two are often paired together as an intimate set, and artwork of the pair can be found everywhere in Japan. Many shrines and temples have small enclaves within their precincts that are devoted to the pair. Ebisu has a large following in the Osaka area. For example, the Imamiya-Ebisu Shrine 今宮恵比寿神社 in Osaka holds the "Toka Ebisu Festival" each year on January 9, 10, and 11. During the festivities, says the Flammarion Iconographic Guide to Buddhism (page 239), “business people strike the walls of his sanctuary with mallets to call him, because he is believed to be rather deaf. Large radishes (daikon) steeped in vinegar are offered to him as tributes.”
Other shrines nationwide hold the same festival as well, such as the Toka Ebisu Shrine 十日恵比須神社 in Fukuoka City (Fukuoka Prefecture). Nishinomiya Shrine 西宮神社 (Hyōgo Prefecture) is another popular Ebisu site and it attracts many pilgrims. Click here (outside link) to learn more about the Toka Ebisu Festival.
Gion Shrines 祇園. See Yasaka Shrines.
Goryō Shrines 御霊神社 (Ancestor Worship, Dead Spirits). Goryō literally means “honorable soul.” Such shrines are located throughout the Japanese islands, and are devoted to appeasing and venerating the souls of departed people -- those who died unnaturally, by violence, in a state of anger or resentment. Their souls are enshrined at numerous nationwide Goryō Shrines to avoid their anger and malevolence. Most of these shrines hold regular services to pacify the spirits of the dead and to exorcise evil attachments. Representative examples are the Kami Goryō Jinja 上御霊神社 in Kyoto and the Shimo Goryō Jinja 下御霊神社, also in Kyoto. A list of well-known shrines in this group can be found here (J-site).
Hachimangū Shrines 八幡宮. Hachimangu Shrines worship the 15th Emperor, Ōjin 応神, who was long ago deified as the god Hachiman 八幡 (lit. “eight banners” which supposedly fell from heaven in legends involving Ōjin). These shrines typically deify three figures -- Emperor Ōjin, his mother Empress Jingu 神功, and Ōjin’s wife Himegami 比売神. In the late 6th century, the Hachiman cult was based at Usa Hachimangū 宇佐八幡宮 shrine in Ōita Prefecture, with the deity playing an oracular function and exhibiting attributes of both Shintō animism and Korean shamanism. It was only later, sometime in the 9th century, that the deity became associated with Emperor Ōjin, and later still that Hachiman became worshipped as the god of archery and war, ultimately becoming the tutelary deity of the Minamoto clan and famed warrior Minamoto Yoritomo 源頼朝 (1147-1199), founder of the Kamakura shogunate. Hachiman is also considered a Bodhisattva, and thus serves as protector in both Shintō and Buddhist traditions. The Tsurugaoka Hachimangū Shrine in Kamakura ranks among the most prestigious shrines in Japan. There are approximately 30,000 Hachimangu shrines nationwide, with the head shrine at Usa Hachimangu in Ōita Prefecture. For more on Hachiman lore, plus details and photos, click here.
Hakusan Shrines. See Shirayama Shrines below. Also see Sacred Hakusan Mountains.
Hie Jinja Shrines 日吉神社 or 日吉大社
Hie Shrines are dedicated to Sannō 山王, the guardian deity of Mt. Hiei 比叡 in Shiga Prefecture (near Kyoto). Sannō 山王 (literally “Mountain King”) is the central deity of Japan's Tendai Shinto-Buddhist multiplex on Mt. Hiei. The monkey is Sannō's messenger (tsukai 使い) and avatar (gongen 権現). Monkeys are considered patrons of harmonious marriage and safe childbirth at most of the 3,800 Hiei Jinja 日吉神社 shrines in Japan, which are located in close proximity to Tendai temples. The name SANNŌ was given to the original Japanese Shintō mountain kami 神 Ōyamagui 大山咋 (or Oyamakui) by the Japanese monk Saichō 最澄 (766-822 AD), the founder of Japan’s Tendai sect. Saichō had studied the teachings in China, and the name he gave the kami probably came from the Chinese god who protected Mount Tientai 天台 in China (Mt. Tientai, Zhejiang Province, China). Read the legend of how Saichō chose the name Sannō.
Photo: Monkey Guarding the Gate at Hie Jinja (Hie Shrine), Akasaka, Tokyo, Japan. Photo by James Baquet. The female monkey shown here cradles a baby in her arms and is considered the patron of harmonious marriage and safe childbirth. For more details, please see the Monkey Page. Also see Patrons of Motherhood and Children.
Hie Shrines are part of Hie Shintō 日吉神道 <see also Tendai Shintō and Sannō Ichijitsu Shintō>, a syncretic school that combined Shintō beliefs with the teachings of Tendai Buddhism. The Tendai sect’s central temple-shrine multiplex is located at the base of (and around) Mt. Hiei. The main temple is Enryakuji Temple 延暦寺, with Hie Jinja 日吉神社 (aka Hiyoshi Taisha 日吉大社, aka Sannō Gongen 山王権現) serving as the main tutelary shrine. The Tendai sect gained great favor and influence in court affairs in the Heian period (794 to 1185), and played a major role in the syncretic merging of Shintō and Buddhism. The Sannō deity, for example, is broadly conceived, for Sannō actually represents three Buddhas (Shaka, Yakushi, and Amida), who in turn represent the three most important Shintō kami of Hie Jinja (Hie Shrine). These three kami are Ōmiya 大宮, Ninomiya 二宮, and Shōshinshi 聖真子. These manifestations of Sannō are called "Hie Sannō Gongen" (日吉山王権現 Mountain King Avatars of Hie Shrine). The ideograms for Sannō 山王 (山 = mountain, 王 = king) both reflect the syncretism of the Tendai tradition and the importance of the number three to Tendai followers. The home of China's Tientai (Jp. = Tendai) sect was on Mt. Tientai (天台山, literally "heavenly terraced mountain"). This name, moreover, is attributed to the mountain's location below a three-star constellation north of the Big Dipper in Ursa Major. The three stars are known as the Three Terraces or Three Platforms (三台, Jp. = Sandai), and were considered a symbolic staircase connecting heaven to the earth. The overwhelming predominance of the number three in Tendai circles is probably, therefore, the origin of Japan's three-monkey symbolism (see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil). An interesting legend describes how Saichō chose the name Sannō. Read the legend.
There are a total of 21 shrines at Mt. Hiei, known as the “21 Sannō Group” (Sannō Nijuuissha 山王二十一社). These 21 shrines are split into three groups of seven -- the three groupings represent the three main Buddha/Kami of the Tendai complex, who are Shaka (Ōmiya 大宮), Yakushi (Ninomiya 二宮), and Amida (Shōshinshi 聖真子). The so-called Upper Seven Sannō Shrines (Sannō Kami no Shichisha 山王上七社) form the core of the Sannō complex. They are associated with Shaka (the Historical Buddha) and the Shintō deity Ōnamuchi no Kami 大己貴神 (agricultural deity; also known as Ōkuninushi no Mikoto 大国主命 or Ōbie no Kami 大比叡神; also read Ōhiegami). The seven are known as the Big Hiei Group and are identified with the seven stars of the Big Dipper (Hokuto Shichisei 北斗七星). The next group of seven shrines, known as the Little Hiei Group, is associated with Yakushi Buddha (the Medicine Buddha) and the Shintō kami Ōyamagui no Kami 大山咋 (mountain kami; the kami of brewing; the original presence or Jinushigami 地主神; also called Kobie no Kami 小比叡神; also read Kohiegami). Both Ōnamuchi and Ōyamagui are mentioned in Japan’s oldest surviving text, the Kojiki 古事記 (712 AD; Record of Ancient Matters).
The shrine buildings are located at the base of Mt. Hiei and at the foot of a small hill called Hachiōjisan 八王子山 (which is the multiplex’s most sacred mountain or its Shintaizan 神体山). The mountain kami Hachiōji 八王子 is identified with the Buddhist deity called the 1000-armed Kannon. Sannō is likewise identified with Amaterasu Ōmikami 天照大神, the supreme goddess of Japan’s native Shintō tradition, from which the imperial family claims its lineage. The Tōshōgū Shrine 東照宮 at Nikkō 日光 is another famous site associated with Tendai Shintō and the three monkies (hear, see, speak no evil). The Tendai Buddhist sect played a major role in the merger of Shintō and Buddhist deities and philosophies. The Hie Sannō Mandala is an important artistic representation of this syncretism. Finally, the Sannō Festival 山王まつり is one of Japan's big three Shintō festivals (typically held in mid-June in central Tokyo). For photos of the festival, click here (outside link).
Learn More about Hie Shrines:
Hitohira Shrines 琴平. See Kotohira Shrines.
Inari Shrines 稲荷. Inari (also called Oinari or Oinari-sama) is the Japanese god/goddess of rice cultivation, the five grains, and the harvest. The deity’s name translates as “rice cargo.” Inari is popularly associated with the kitsune (fox) deity, said to be Inari's messenger. Inari is also commonly identified with Uka no Mitama no Kami 宇迦之御魂神, the Shintō patron deity of agriculture and grain. Inari lore is quite complex and confusing, and some think the deity represents a hybrid Shintō-Buddhist divinity. Characteristics of Inari shrines are vermilion torii 鳥居 (gates) protected by a pair of fox statues, one on the left, and one on the right. There are some 30,000 Inari shrines nationwide. Curiously, most Japanese no longer distinguish between the god (Inari) and the messenger (fox or kitsune) -- for all practical purposes, the two have been amalgamated into one. The first and oldest Inari shrine is Fushimi Inari Taisha 伏見稲荷大社 (in Kyoto), which dates back to 711 AD. It is the headquarters of all Inari shrines in Japan, and enshrines the spirit of Uka no Mitama. It is an impressive shrine, for visitors must pass through more than 10,000 vermilion torii to reach the inner sanctuary. Fushimi Inari Taisha is also one of Japan’s most popular shrines. It attracts some 2.5 million visitors during the first three days of the New Year holiday. See Fushimi Inari’s homepage (J-site).
Ise Jingū 伊勢神宮. The Grand Shrine of Ise (or Ise Shrine) in Mie Prefecture continues to play a pivotal role in modern-day Shintōism. It and its numerous sub-shrines are devoted to Amaterasu Ōmikami 天照大神 (female, sun goddess, chief deity of Ise's inner sanctuary or Naikū 内宮) and Toyōke Ōmikami 豊受大御神 (male, god of agriculture and industry, chief deity of Ise's outer sanctuary or Gekū 外宮). The high priest and high priestess of Ise Shrine are typically members or descendants of Japan’s imperial family. The worship of Amaterasu is of particular importance, for Japan’s imperial family claims direct descent from her divine lineage. Ise Shrine is arguably one of Japan’s most important Shintō enclaves and one of the nation’s oldest. See Kōshitsu Shintō for more on Ise Shintō 伊勢神道. Also see <Ise Mandala> <Ise Sankei Mandara> <Sengū: Changing of the Shrine>
Ise Related Topic = Okage Mairi お蔭参り. Special pilgrimages to the Grand Shrines of Ise made every 60 years, in the "Okage” year (the “thanksgiving” year). Pilgrimages to the Ise Shrines originated in the late Kamakura period (1185-1332 AD), when the common folk began group pilgrimages to Ise in the hope of gaining the blessings of the shrines’ divinities. The 60-year pilgrimage tradition, however, reportedly originated later, in the Edo Period. Sixty years, incidentally, represents the 60-year cycle of the Zodiac. In these bygone days, when people were not allowed to travel freely, people impulsively set out to visit Ise without permission from family or employers or without obtaining permission from authorities. Even today, many Japanese dream of visiting the Grand Shrines of Ise at least once in their life.
Izumo Taisha 出雲大社. The Grand Shrine of Izumo (Izumo Taisha) in Shimane Prefecture is one of Japan’s oldest shrines. It is devoted to Ōkuninushi 大国主命, the Shintō kami of abundance, medicine, luck, and happy marriages. In Japanese mythology, Ōkuninushi (lit. = Master of the Great Land) built and ruled the world until the arrival of Amaterasu’s grandson, Ninigi-no-Mikoto 瓊瓊杵尊. He then gave political control to Ninigi but retained control of religious affairs. In gratitude, Amaterasu presented Ōkuninushi with the Grand Shrine of Izumo. According to Japanese tradition, all Shintō gods meet in Izumo each year in October. October is thus known around Izumo as Kamiarizuki 神有月 (Month with Gods) and everywhere else in Japan as Kannazuki 神無月 (Month Without Gods). Ōkuninushi’s Buddhist counterpart is Daikokuten (the god of agriculture and fortune, and one of Japan's Seven Lucky Gods). In addition, Izumo no Okuni 出雲の阿国, the so-called founder of Japanese Kabuki 歌舞伎 theatre, was a shrine virgin (miko 巫子) of Izumo Taisha 出雲大社. She was the subject of a painting genre that flourished in the 17th century known as Fūzokuga 風俗画, and is credited with a devotional dance called Nembutsu Odori 念仏踊り. For more details about her, see John Dougill's Izumo no Okuni: Kagura to Kabuki. For more details on Izumo, see Izumo: The myths and gods of Japan's history, story by Sachiko Tamashige, Japan Times, 16 August 2012.
Jingū 神宮 shrines are associated with the imperial family and are typically devoted to the sun goddess Amaterasu, for Japan’s imperial family claims direct descent from her lineage. Jingū shrines also serve to commemorate the souls of Japan’s former emperors and empresses. Also known as Imperial House Shintō, State Shintō, or Koshitsu Shintō. Notable shrines are Ise Jingū 伊勢神宮 in Ise and Atsuta Jingū 熱田神宮 in Nagoya (both dedicated to the Shinto Sun Goddess Amaterasu). Jingū shrines were directly funded and administered by the government during the era of State Shintō (from the start of the Meiji Era to the end of WWII), and include a number of shrines built during the Meiji restoration, such as Tokyo's Meiji Shrine 明治神宮 and Kyoto's Heian Shrine 平安神宮.
Kasuga Shrine 春日大社 (Kasuga Taisha). Says site contributor Gabi Greve: “The Kasuga Shrine, also known as Kasuga Taisha 春日大社, is a Shinto shrine in the city of Nara (Nara Prefecture, Japan). Established in 768 AD and rebuilt several times over the centuries, it is the shrine of the then-powerful Fujiwara 藤原 clan. The interior is famous for its many bronze lanterns, as well as the many stone lanterns that lead up to the shrine. The architectural style (called Kasuga Zukuri 春日造) takes its name from the Kasuga Shrine. The shrine along with the nearby Mt. Kasuga Primeval Forest are registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site (part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara). The enchanting path to Kasuga Shrine passes through Deer Park (where tame deer roam free). Over a thousand stone lanterns line the way.” <end Gabi Greve quote>
According to legend, a mysterious human figure reportedly appeared on a rock immediately in front of the gate to Kasuga Shrine. Known as Kasuga Akadōji 春日赤童子 (literally "Red Youth"), this deity is often depicted as a youth (Jp. = dōji), colored red (Jp = aka), standing on a rock, and leaning on a staff. In certain poses both in paintings and in prints, Akadōji resembles Kongōdōji 金剛童子, one of the attendants of Fudō Myō-ō 不動明王. His connection with Kasuga is obscure, but he has been identified with Ame-no-Koyane 天児屋根, the Shintō god of the Third Sanctuary there; with Jinushi Gami 地主神 (a Shintō land god with a healer's helping spirit) and with the thunder god of Mount Mikasa 御蓋 (which stands behind the Kasuga Shrine). Extant images date from the Muromachi to Edo periods. The 2,000 Ishidoro (stone lanterns) that line the approach to the Kasuga Shrine are perhaps the most well-known in Japan. They are lighted twice a year, for the lantern festivals held in February and August.
Painting, Dated 1488
H = 73.9 cm, W = 31.5 cm
Treasure of Uetsuki Hachiman Jinja 植槻八幡神社 (in Nara).
Kasuga Shrine is closely aligned with Kōfukuji Temple 興福寺 (also in Nara, a World Heritage site, and one of the Seven Great Temples of Nara). Kōfukuji was founded in +669 by the powerful Fujiwara 藤原 clan and named Yamashinadera 山階寺. It moved twice after that, once to Umayasaka (Nara prefecture) and then again, when the capital was transferred to Heijōkyō 平城京 (today's Nara city), when it was renamed Kōfukuji Temple. It is also sometimes referred to as Kasuga-ji or Kasuga Temple 春日寺, to differentiate it from the Kasuga Shrine. Kōfukuji houses a rich collection of Buddhist art from the Nara era, including statues of the Six Japanese Patriarchs. The temple also served as an important government-run workshop making Buddhist statues in the Nara and Heian periods. The Kasuga Mandala 春日曼荼羅 was another famous art form that sprang from Kasuga Shrine. Such mandala typically include devotional paintings of the deities and landscapes of Kasuga Shrine, but they may also refer to the scenery and deities of Kōfukuji Temple. The Kasuga Matsuri 春日祭 (aka Saru Matsuri 申祭 or Kasuga Monkey Festival) is a popular festival held on the first day of the monkey (saru no hi 申の日) in February and November (old lunar calendar). The Kasuga Shrine was reportedly build in the 2nd year of the Zingo-Keiun era (768). In the Meiji period, the festival date was changed to March 13. During the matsuri (festival), an imperial messenger makes offerings to the Saru (monkey) deity and many Shintō ceremonies are performed. It is one of three great festivals designated by Japan’s imperial court (Sanchokusai 三勅祭).
Komagata (lit. = Horse-shaped) Shrines 駒形. Found throughout Japan, Komagata shrines are devoted to the gods and goddesses of horses, including 宇迦之御魂神 (Ukanomitama no mikoto), 天照大神 (Amaterasu Ōmikami), 天忍穂耳尊 (Ame no oshihomimi), 天之常立神 (Amenotokotachinokami), and numerous other folk deities serving as protectors of horses. Batō Kannon (the Horse-Headed Kannon) is identified as the Buddhist counterpart (honjibutsu 本地仏) of the Komagata deities. The tradition of offering horses to Shintō deities (kami) stretches back to early times, as the kami were believed to ride horses between this world and the sacred realm. Such offerings were beyond the means of the common folk, who instead offered horse-shaped figurines and pictorial votive tablets known as EMA 絵馬 (e = picture, ma = horse), for the votive tablet was often inscribed with the image of a horse. Even today, one can purchase EMA at most shrines in Japan -- on which you write your name and petition, and then hang it within the shrine compound. Iwate was one of Japan’s most famous horse-breeding centers in olden days, and the Komagata Shrine in Iwate Pref. is thus befittingly one of Japan’s most well-known. For more, see John Dougill's White Horse in Shinto Traditions.
Kompira or Konpira Shrines 金比羅神社. See Kotohira Shrines.
Kotohira-gū Shrines 金刀比羅宮. Kotohira shrines can be found throughout Japan. Synonymous with Konpira 金比羅 shrines, Kompira 金比羅 shrines, Hitohira 琴平 shrines, or Kotohira 琴平 shrines. They are devoted to Konpira 金比羅, a local kami 神 (deity) worshipped as the guardian deity for seafarers, navigation, fishing, and water for agriculture. Konpira’s Buddhist counterpart is Kubira 宮毘羅, the leader of Yakushi Buddha's Twelve Heavenly Generals (Jūni Shinshō 十二神将), and also one of the Sixteen Protectors of Shaka Nyorai (Jūroku Zenshin 十六善神). The main shrine is situated on Mt. Zōzusan 象頭山, a maritime location in Kagawa Prefecture (Shikoku Island), where locals fondly call the deity and shrine “Konpira-san” or “Konpira Daigongen” and claim his cult dates back centuries before the introduction of Buddhism to Japan. But, says JAANUS, “According to legend, Konpira flew from India to a sacred cave at Matsuodera Temple 松尾寺 on Mt. Zōzusan 象頭山 (lit. Elephant's Head Mountain), a small mountain near the sea on Shikoku island, and became the temple's protective deity. He is worshipped principally as a seafaring god and secondarily as a god of water for agriculture. He may appear as a snake or as a dragon god (Ryūjin 竜神) and is also identified with Ōmononushi 大物主神, the Shintō kami of Mt. Miwa 三輪, who in turn is identified with Daikokuten (god of agriculture). In the Edo period, Zōzusan was a famous Shugendō 修験道 site (ascetic mountain practices associated with the legendary founder En-no-Gyōja 役行者), and as a result it became a popular Shintō-Buddhist pilgrimage site. In the Meiji period (1868), the site was converted to a Shintō shrine in line with government policies to suppress Shugendō practice and Buddhist faith. The original Matsuodera Temple was therefore renamed Kotohiragū Shrine 金刀比羅宮 and the Konpira deity renamed Ōmononushi no Kami (aka Ōmononushi no Mikoto, aka Ōkuninushi 大国主命, aka Great Land Master). In spite of this, the principal image of the shrine remains that of the Buddhist deity Konpira, who today remains the central deity (shintai 神体) of Kotohiragū Shrine.” <end JAANUS quote>.
One of the
12 Heavenly Guardians
Clay 塑像 & paint (saishiki 彩色)
H = 165.1 cm standing statue.
Above we present only
a closeup of the face.
Shin-Yakushiji Temple 新薬師持
Photo: Ogawa Kouzou
Kotohiragū Shrine was an important pilgrimage site for Emperor Sutoku 崇徳天皇 (1119 – 1164), the 75th emperor of Japan. It became an especially popular pilgrimage site in the 14th century, and remains very popular even today. The approach requires the pilgrim to climb 785 stone steps to get to the main sanctuary. Mt. Zōzusan, where it is located, is only 531 meters above sea level. But the shrine is only half way up Mt. Zōzusan. Altogether, pilgrims must climb 1,368 stone steps to arrive at the inner shrine. Kotohira is also called Konpira Mōde 金毘羅詣. A statue of the 11-Headed Kannon Bodhisattva (a designated Important Cultural Property) is located inside the shrine precincts.
Kumano Sanzan Shrines 熊野三山. Three famed shrines in Japan’s Kumano region (at the southern tip of Wakayama Prefecture). The Kumano area, moreover, has long been known as the Land of the Kami and the dwelling place (the paradise) of Kannon Bodhisattva. The Kumano shrine complexes played a major role in the syncretic merging of Shintō and Buddhist beliefs and deities. They were likewise influenced by the ascetic practices of Shugendō mountain worship, for Kumano lies at one end of the Ōmine 大峰 mountain range, which is the central site of Shugendō ascetic practice. The Kumano pilgrimage (Kumano Sankeimichi Naka-echi 熊野参詣道中辺路) became popular among all classes of people in the mid-Heian period (794-1192), including the sick, the poor, the imperial family, and nobility. Emperor Shirakawa 白河天皇 (1053 – 1129, Japan's 72nd emperor) made 23 pilgrimages to the site. Today the pilgrimage is still one of Japan’s most popular spiritual routes. Kumano is also reportedly the home of the legendary Tengu goblin (slayer of vanity). People making the Kumano pilgrimage seek salvation based on Sangaku Shinkō 山岳信仰 (belief in the supernatural power of particular mountains) rather than through common religious practice. In terms of artistic output and influence, Kumano is one of the three most important syncretic Shintō-Buddhist sites in Japan, along with the Kasuga 春日 complex in Nara (also see Kasuga Mandala) and the Sannō 山王 temple-shrine multiplex located on Mt. Hiei 比叡 near Kyoto in Shiga Prefecture (also see Hie Sannō Mandala). Paintings known as the Kumano Mandala are among the most famous relics of Shinto-Buddhist syncretism. Kumano Sanzan gained inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 2004. The three shrines are:
- Kumano Hongū Taisha Honguu 本宮 or Kumano Nimasu Jinja 熊野座神社
Shinto Deity = Ketsu no miko kami 家都御子神; Buddhist Counterpart = Amida (Pure Land)
- Kumano Nachi Taisha 那智 or Kumano Fusumi Jinja 熊野夫須美神社
Shinto Deity = Fusumi 夫須美 or Musubi no kami 結びの神; Buddhist Counterpart = Senju Kannon
- Kumano Shingū Taisha 新宮 or Kumano Hayatama Jinja 熊野速玉神社
Shinto Deity = Hayatama no kami 速玉神; Buddhist counterpart = Yakushi
The three deities of the three shrines (and their Buddhist counterparts) are also known as the Kumano Sansho Gongen 熊野三所権現, to which nine more were added to make a group of twelve called the Kumano Jūnisha Gongen 熊野十二社権現. There are other groupings as well. Says the Chintaku Reifu Engi Shūsetsu 鎮宅霊符縁起集説(1628), as translated on page 221 by Shugendō scholar Gaynor Sekimori in The Worship of Stars in Japanese Religious Practice (edited by Lucia Dolce, special double issue of Culture and Cosmos, ISSN 1368-6534: “According to the writings of En no Gyōja, there are four deities who protect the world. The first dwells in the center of Magadha (a region of ancient India); this is Amida Nyorai, who appears in our land as Chōjō Daibosatsu 頂上大菩薩 (the deity of the Hongū Shrine at Kumano). The second, Hokushin 北辰 (the pole star, literally 'northern dragon'), dwells in the north and is Yakushi Nyorai, manifested in our land as Kumano Gongen. The third is Tayū and the fourth is Hakuta; they are brothers and are Kannon, dwelling at Mount Potalaka. In our land they are called Nachi Gongen 那智権現.” <end quote>
Says JAANUS: It is clear from archaeological discoveries made in sutra mounds that as early as the Nara period (8c), Kumano was the devotional site for the Lotus Sutra (Hokekyō 法華経), for the Paradise of Kannon (Fudarakusen 補陀落山) was said to be located here. In the Heian period, the pilgrimage to Kumano became important to all classes of people, and by the Kamakura and Muromachi periods this was the most popular site in Japan. Part of the attraction was the widespread notion that Japan had entered the Age of Mappo 末法 (Decline of Buddhist Law), when only faith in Pure Land Buddhism and Amida Buddha could bring salvation (click here for details on Mappo and the Three Periods of Dharma Law). From the shore near Kumano Shingū, pilgrims sailed to Kannon's paradise in small unsteerable boats. It was also believed that those who committed suicide at Kumano would go directly to the Paradise of Amida (Gokuraku 極楽). Because Kumano was at one end of the Ōmine 大峰 mountain range, the central site of Shugendō ascetic practise (the other extreme being Yoshino 吉野), it exercised considerable power over the surrounding region, and its warrior monks often played a part in political disputes. Although today the shrines appear entirely Shintō with the exception of Nachi, where Fudarakusanji (Kannon’s paradise) still exists, this purity is the artificial result of the separation of Shintō and Buddism (Shinbutsu Bunri 神仏分離) and the banning of Shugendō in the early Meiji period. <end JAANUS quote>
Mikumari Jinja 水分神社 or Mikomori Jinja 御子守神社 or Mikomori Myōjin 御子守明神. Mikumari 水分 literally means “water-dividing kami,” which refers to deities who control the allocation of running water. There are numerous kami in this category. Says the Encyclopedia of Shinto: “Amatsumikumari no kami 天津水分神 (Heavenly Mikumari) and Kunitsumikumari no kami 国津水分神 (Earthly Mikumari). Shrines devoted to these two kami as objects of worship (saijin 祭神) can be found in numerous locales, but the best known would include the shrines Katsuragi Mikumari Jinja, Yoshino Mikumari Jinja, Uda Mikumari Jinja, and Tsuge Jinja (all in Nara Prefecture); and the Take Mikumari Jinja and Ame no Mikumari Toyo-ura Mikoto Jinja (Osaka)......such kami are also the object of worship in rites invoking rain (amagoi 雨乞い).” <end quote> Says JAANUS. “Also called Komori Myōjin 子守明神, a female deity who may appear in a triad known as Mikomori Sannyoshin 御子守三女神. This female deity of the shrine Yoshino Mikumari Jinja 吉野水分神社 is situated on a ridge above the village of Yoshino 吉野 in southern Nara. It is one of four major watershed shrines in old Yamato 大和 (i.e., Japan). Yoshino Mikumari appears in a record of 702 and was known as a site at which to pray for control of rain and water. Apparently through a misapprehension of the sound, Mikumari became known as Mikomori, a protector of children. Mikomori is one of the eight gongen 権現 of Yoshino, gongen being the forms taken by supernatural beings in order to manifest themselves on earth. There are twenty sculptures of the deity at Yoshino Mikumari Jinja. The most famous of these is that of Tamayorihime 玉依姫, dating from 1251. She appears in the KOJIKI 古事記 (712) as the mother of Emperor Jinmu (Jimmu) 神武. In this case she appears accompanied by two other deities and the three together are known as the Mikomori Sannyoshin. It is important to note that Tamayorihime is not identical with Mikomori Myōjin, since the latter is the collective deity of the whole shrine and includes a number of other deities. In paintings Mikomori may appear alone or in a triad. She is shown as a court lady, and she may be with children or shown holding a vajra (a symbol/weapon often held by Buddhist deities to represent their power to overcome evil). She and/or her shrine often appear in Yoshino Mandala 吉野曼荼羅. Mikomori Myōjin's Buddhist counterpart (honjibutsu 本地仏) is Jizō Bodhisattva 地蔵, and the bonji 梵字 (Siddham letter or mystical sound of the deity) for Dainichi Buddha 大日 of the Taizōkai Mandala 胎蔵界曼荼羅 may appear on paintings of her.” <end JAANUS quote>
SOURCES (last accessed on Dec. 3, 2011)
Munakata Shrines 宗像 and Munakata Taisha 宗像大社. Munakata Taisha in Munakata City (Fukuoka) is the mother shrine for some 6,000 satellite Munakata shrines nationwide. Munakata shrines are dedicated to the Munakata Sanjoshin 宗像三女神 (also written 胸形三女神), the “Three Female Kami of Munakata.” These three are water goddesses, island kami, patrons of safety at sea, bountiful fishing, guardians of the nation, protectors of the imperial household. The trio appear in the Kojiki 古事記 (K) and Nihon Shoki 日本書紀 (NS), two of Japan's earliest official records of the 8th century, although the spelling of their names differ slightly. Their worship began under the patronage of the Munakata 宗像 clan on Kyūshū (Kyushu) island, hence they are named the Three Goddesses of Munakata. In the 8th and 9th centuries, Japanese envoys to Korea and China visited Munakata Taisha before their departure to pray for safety on the sea voyage. In the classical texts mentioned above, all three kami were formed when sun goddess Amaterasu broke Susanō's sword, chewed it in her mouth, then blew out a mist that produced the triad <see story>. The three are:
In the 8th and 9th centuries, Japanese envoys to Korea
and to China (kentōshi 遣唐使) visited Munakata Taisha
before their departure to pray for safety on the sea
voyage. In the Nihongi, the supreme sun goddess
Amaterasu commands the Munakata goddesses to protect
the sea route from northern Kyushu to the Korean Peninsula.
Ichikishima-hime 市杵嶋姫命 (NS) or Itsukishima-hime 市寸島比売命 (K), or Ichikishima Hime-no-Kami 市杵島姫神, or Sayoribime no Mikoto 狭依毘売命 (K). Enshrined at Hetsumiya (Hetsu-gū ) 辺津宮 in Munakata City, Fukuoka. Also known as Itsukushima Myōjin 厳島明神 at Itsukushima Shrine 厳島神社 (Hiroshima), where she appeared in the late Heian period and was enshrined as the central object of worship and also identified as a manifestation of Benzaiten. Ichikishima-hime is the most important of the three Munakata goddesses. In some shrines she is shown alone yet represents all three.
Itsukushima 厳島. The most important
of the Three Munakata Goddesses.
Shown here as she appears in the
1783 version of the Butsuzō-zui.
Click image to see enlarged versions
from both the 1690 and 1783 editions.
She is considered a manifestation of
Benzaiten, Japan’s most preeminent
and popular water goddess. This is
clearly implied in the above image,
where she is shown as a two-
armed beauty playing the biwa --
the exact same iconography used
for Benzaiten’s standard iconic form.
- Tagitsu-hime 多岐都比売命 (K) or 湍津姫 (NS). Enshrined at Nakatsumiya (Nakatsu-gū) 中津宮 on Ōshima island 大島, roughly ten kilometers from land. In some esoteric traditions, she is considered the goddess of architecture and forestry. <source page 390>
- Tagori-hime 田心姫 (NS) or Tagiri-hime [Takirihime] 多紀理毘売 (K), or 田心姫神. Also known as Okitsushima-hime 奥津島比売命. Her main shrine is Okitsumiya (Okitsu-gū) 沖津宮 on Okinoshima island 沖ノ島 at the southwestern tip of the Sea of Japan. Surprisingly, the island is off limits to women -- a tradition that started early on. In the Kojiki, she marries Ōkuninushi 大国主命 (great landlord kami; identified with Daikokuten, Buddhist deity of agriculture). Tagori-hime has a male manifestation known as Shōshinji Gongen 聖真子権現 (also read Shōshinshi), who is the 19th member of the 30 Kami of 30 Days; he is venerated at Mt. Hiei (the third shrine at Mt. Hiei is Shōshinji 聖真子 or Usamiya 宇佐宮). In some esoteric traditions, Tagori is the kami of agriculture & weaving. <source page 390>.
Note 1: In the Encyclopedia of Shinto, Nogami Takahiro says the three goddesses are deifications of female mediums (Ichikishima-hime), rough water (Tagitsu-hime), and fog (Tagori-hime). Last accessed Dec. 2, 2011.
Note 2: Scholar Richard Thornhill provides this illuminating passage: “From ancient times, Benzaiten has been identified with the Shinto goddess of islands, Itsukushima-Hime or Ichikishima-Hime, a minor figure in the oldest Shinto scriptures. In 1870, Shinto and Buddhism were legally separated, and the Shinto clergy have thus stressed this identification so as to continue worshipping Benten at Shinto shrines. In the Rig Veda, Sarasvati is viewed as one of a trinity of goddesses, together with Ila and Bharati or Mahi. In the Shinto classics, Itsukushima-Hime is one of a trinity of water goddesses, together with Tagori-Hime and Tagitsu-Hime, all of whom were formed from the sword of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu.” <end quote by Richard Thornhill> Last accessed Dec. 2, 2011.
SOURCES (all last accessed on Dec. 2, 2011)
Encyclopedia of Shinto: Munakata | Ichikishima-hime | Tagori-hime | Tagitsu-hime
Also see Gabi Greve, Munakata Goddesses
Also see Jean Herbert, Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan
Sengen Shrines 浅間神社. See Asama Shrines.
Shirahata Shrines 白旗神社 (Shirahata Jinja). Also written 白幡神社 or 白籏神社. Shrines dedicated to Minamoto Yoritomo 源頼朝 ((1147-1199; founder of the Kamakura Shogunate), his son Minamoto Sanetomo.源実朝 (ruled 1203-1219), and the Minamoto 源 clan (aka Genji 源氏 clan). There are 70+ nationwide shrines, but most are located in the Kantō 関東, Tōhoku 東北, and Chūbu 中部 regions. Says Kondo Takahiro: “The first Shirahata shrine was built in Kamakura by Hōjō Masako 北条 政子 (1156 – 1225) in 1200 AD. Masko was Minamoto’s consort. Shirahata means ’White Flag.’ White was the color of the Minamoto clan's banner. It was dedicated to the memory of Minamoto Yoritomo and Minamoto Sanetomo, but not to their sibling Yoriie 源頼家 (ruled 1202 – 1203). Yoriie was Masako's second son and the second Shogun. Historical records show that he was at odds with his mother.“ <end quote> The Minamoto-Hōjō clan ruled Japan from Kamakura city, and numerous Shirahata sub-shrines can thus be found in the city. Also see Hachimangū Shrines. Hachiman, the Shintō god of archery and war, was the tutelary deity of the Minamoto clan.
Shirayama Shrines 白山. Also known as Hakusan Shrines. Shirayama (also pronounced Hakusan) literally means white mountain, but is actually the collective name for a number of sacred Japanese mountains that converge along the borders of four prefectures (Ishigawa, Fukui, Gifu, and Toyama) in northwest Honshū island. From early on, Hakusan was known as a “mountain realm inhabited by kami” (shintaisan 神体山). The character “shin” 神 is also read “kami,” which means Shintō deity. The mountains were once taboo to climb, but with the subsequent growth of Japan’s Shugendō cult of ascetic mountain practice, Hakusan became a popular site of worship, meditation, pilgrimage, and ascetic training.Today some 2000+ nationwide Shirayama Jinja Shrines 白山神社 (also read Hakusan Shrines) are devoted to this faith. Hakusan is undeniably one of Japan’s most important and ancient sites of religious mountain worship (sangaku shūkyō 山岳宗). The Hakusan mountains are celebrated in the Man'yōshū 万葉集 (Japan’s oldest anthology of verse compiled in the 8th century). Over the centuries, Hakusan became a stronghold of Shintō-Buddhist syncretism, a major pilgrimage site, a center of ascetic practice for the Shugendō 修験道 cult of mountain worship, and the focus of mandala artwork. Today Hakusan is considered one of Japan’s three most sacred mountain sites (Nihon Sanreizan 三霊山 or Nihon Sanmeisan 三名山). The other two are Mt. Fuji and Mt. Tateyama. The Shirayama Hongū Shrine 白山本宮 (aka Hakusan Hongū Shrine) located on Mt. Gozenpō (the highest peak and the most sacred site in the Hakusan region) is the headquarters of all nationwide Shirayama branch shrines-temples. Around 600,000 to 700,000 worshippers visit this central Hakusan shrine every year, which enshrines the Shintō creator god Izanagi and Shintō creator goddess Izanami and the main Shintō deity Shirayama-Hime (aka Kukurihime-no-Kami). The main seven shrines in the Hakusan grouping of 21 shrines are presented below along with their main honji-suijaka (Buddhist-Shintō) counterpart deities. Women are permitted pilgrimage as far as Chūgū.
Shugendō Sites 修験道. A syncretic sect of Japanese practice that combines Shintō beliefs, pre-Buddhist mountain worship, and ascetic practices with Buddhist teachings in the hopes of achieving mystic powers. The semi-legendary holy man En no Gyoja 役行者 (7th century) is considered the father of Shugendō. Shugendō practice is centered around sacred Mt. Ōmine 大峰山 in Nara (very close to the famed Kumano Sanzan Shrines, another major area of Shinto-Buddhist syncretism). When the Meiji government forcibly separated Shintō and Buddhism (Shinbutsu Bunri 神仏分離) in the late 19th century, the Shugendō sect was declared superstitious and banned by the Meiji government, dealing a severe blow to Shugendō practice. See Sects/Schools page for more on Shugendō, or see the Shugendō page.
Sōja 総社. Also written 惣社. Also pronounced Sōsha or Subeyashiro or Kanjō 勧請. A shrine that contains many deities, which may have individual shrines in distant parts of Japan, thus enabling worshippers easy access to such deities without the necessity of travel. According to some, this custom was originated in the Nara period by a practical-minded provincial governor. He created a consolidated shrine near the provincial capital in order to eliminate the arduous task of visiting all the shrines under his jurisdiction. There were also country and village sōja. <above text courtesy of JAANUS> Another related topic is the Sunafumi お砂踏み Ceremony, or Walking on Sacred Sand. For example, for those unable to make the popular Shikoku pilgrimage to the 88 Sacred Sites, there is a temple in Tokyo’s Setagaya ward called Tamagawa Daishi 玉川大師. Twice each each, the temple holds a special ceremony in May and October, from the 21st to the 23rd, wherein people can pray in front of hanging scrolls of the 88 Temples of the Shikoku Pilgrimage whilst standing on a bag of sacred sand from each respective temple. For much more on this ceremony, which is held at many other Japanese temples associated with Esoteric Buddhism, please visit this outside page by Gabi Greve.
Suitengū Shrines 水天宮
Devoted to the Deity of Water, known as Suijin or Suiten or Mizu no Kamisama. This Shintō deity, often a goddess, protects not only fishermen but also serves as the patron saint of fertility, motherhood, and easy childbirth. She is mostly worshipped at "Suitengū" shrines throughout Japan, and votive stone markers devoted to her can be found frequently in the countryside. The Suitengū Shrine in Kurume (Fukuoka) is the main shrine of all Suitengū Shrines in Japan. It is especially famous to those praying for safe and easy childbirth. For many more details, please visit the Suijin Page. Also see Gabi Greve’s page on Suiten Amulets, Folk Practices/Beliefs, and Easy Delivery.
Sumiyoshi Shrines 住吉. These popular shrines are devoted to three deities known as the Sumiyoshi Sanjin 住吉三神. The Osaka-based Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine (Sumiyoshi Taisha 住吉大社) is the central shrine of a nationwide network of 2,300 related shrines, but the oldest is based in Hakata, Japan. Most shrines in the group are devoted to three deities known as Sokotsutsu no Onomikoto 底筒男命, Nakatsutsu no Onomikoto 中筒男命, and Uwatsutsu no Onomikoto 表筒男命. A fourth deity, added in later times, is known as Okinagatarashihime no Mikoto 息長帯日 (aka Empress Jingū 神功皇后). The four are known collectively as the Sumiyoshi Ōkami 住吉大神 (the great gods of Sumiyoshi; also called the Sumiyoshi no Ōgami no Miya 住吉大神宮; also called Sumiyoshi Daijin 住吉大神). The Osaka-based Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine is also considered to be the ancestral origin of Japan's popular Hachiman deity. Hachiman, Japan's god of war, represents Emperor Ōjin (Japan's 15th emperor), who was long ago deified as the god Hachiman to protect warriors on land. His mother (Empress Jingū) was added to the Sumiyoshi triad in later times, and the three (four) are considered gods protecting sailors and those who battle on the sea, while Hachiman represents the god protecting those who battle on land. The term "Sumiyoshi" also refers to an architectural style. Please see below links for more details of architecture and the deity.
Sumiyoshi Deity, Muromachi Period
Wood, Treasure of Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine, Kamakura
Tendai Sannō 天台山王. See Hie Jinja Shrines above.
Tenjin Shrines 天神. Deceased individuals are sometimes deified and thereafter worshipped as Tenjin (lit. "heavenly spirit" or "heavenly god"). Shrines devoted to Michizane Sugawara 菅原道真 (845 - 903 AD) and to Emperor Meiji 明治天皇 (1852 - 1912 AD) are the two most prominent examples of Tenjin shrines. Michizane (courtier in the Heian period, noted poet and academic) was deified after death, for his demise was followed shortly by social unrest in the capital (Kyoto), said to be his revenge for being demoted and exiled to Dazaifu (Kyūshū). Michizane is the patron deity of scholarship, learning, and calligraphy. Every year on the 2nd of January, students go to his shrines to ask for help in the tough school entrance exams or to offer their first calligraphy of the year. Egara Tenjin 荏柄天神 (in Kamakura) is one of the three most revered Tenjin Shrines in Japan, and among the three largest. The other two are Dazaifu Tenmangū 大宰府天満宮 (near Fukuoka; Dazaifu is where Michizane was re-posted after his demotion; it is also where he died), and Kitano Tenjin 北野天神 in Kyoto (Michizane's birthplace). Of a total of about 90,000 Shinto shrines in Japan, there are about 11,000 Tenjin or Tenmangū shrines (editor: must find source of number). Around January 15 each year, shrine decorations, talismans, and other shrine ornaments used during the local New Year Holidays are gathered together and burned in bonfires. They are typically pilled onto bamboo, tree branches, and straw, and set on fire to wish for good health and a rich harvest in the coming year. At these events, children throw their calligraphy into the bonfires -- and if it flies high into the sky, it means they will become good at calligraphy. For more on Tenjin belief, see the Encyclopedia of Shinto. For talismans, amulets, and folk practices, see Gabi Greve’s various pages: Tenmangu (Dazaifu) || Tenman Tenjin Sama 天神さま, a popular folk toy || Somin Shōrai Fu Amulets 蘇民将来符 || Uso 鷽 Bullfinch
Ujigami Shrines 氏神. Clan-specific, or family-specific, shrines. The Ujigami 氏神 are clan or village deities who are responsible for a particular community or locality, and in many cases, they represent the ancestors who founded the village (e.g., Fujiwara Shrine, Kasuga Shrine, Tachibana Shrine, Umemiya Shrine). The protective deity of one’s birthplace is called Ubusunagami 産土神, and all the people living in one locality worshipping the local deity are called Ujiko 氏子.
Yakumo Shrines 八雲神社. See Yasaka Shrines.
Yasaka Shrines 八坂神社 (lit. = Eight Hills Shrine). Also known as Yakumo Shrines 八雲神社 (lit. = Eight Clouds Shrine). The central shrine is called Yasaka Shrine. It is based in Kyoto and was originally known as Gion-sha 祇園社. It was reportedly established in Kyoto 876 AD, but after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 and the government’s forced separation of Shintō and Buddhism, the shrine was renamed Yasaka Shrine. Its many sub-shrines around the country were also obliged to rename themselves, with many taking the name “Yakumo.” The main shrine in Kyoto serves as the headquarters of approximately 3,000 nationwide sub-shrines. Shrines in this group serve to protect people against epidemics and evil, as the main shrine in Kyoto (according to legend) was built to halt an epidemic brought upon the city by Gozu Tennō 牛頭天王 (the Ox-Headed god of epidemics), a syncretic Shintō-Buddhist deity of Indian origin. Gozu reversed his curse on Kyoto after the shrine was built to appease him. Shrines in this category also venerate deities of Shintō mythology -- especially Susano-o no Mikoto 須佐之男命, the impetuous, mischievous, and powerful Shintō deity who was cast down from heaven to earth for his indiscretions but later gained redemption. Over time, Gozu Tennō was assimilated with Susano-o, becoming the latter’s Buddhist counterpart. Both are powerful epidemic gods. Like Shinra Myōjin 新羅明神 (an epidemic god of Chinese origin said to expel pestilence and demons), both are fundamentally ambivalent deities -- they protect people from illness when worshipped properly but destroy people when ignored. Yasaka-Yakumo shrines also typically venerate Susano-o’s sister (sun goddess Amaterasu Ōmikami 天照大神), Susano-o’s wife (Kushinadahime / Inadahime 櫛名田比売 / 稲田姫), and the couple’s eight offspring deities (Yahashira no Mikogami 八柱 御子神). The couple also squired Ōkuninushi 大国主命, the popular Shintō kami of abundance, medicine, luck, and happy marriages. Ōkuninushi is venerated at the Grand Shrine of Izumo (Izumo Taisha 出雲大社) in Shimane Prefecture. In addition, Yasaka-Yakumo shrines venerate Amaterasu as the central representative of the Amatsukami 天つ神 (gods of heaven) and Susano-o as the central representative of the Kunitsukami 国つ神 (gods of earth).
Yasukuni Shrine 靖國神社. Established in 1869 as a memorial to Japan’s war dead. Soldiers, top military leaders, and war criminals from WWII are enshrined here. This has attracted much negative attention in recent decades from Japan’s Asian neighbors. China in particular expresses great dissatisfaction whenever the existing prime minister of Japan pays a visit to the site. Each year, in mid-July, the shrine also holds its Mitama Festival, a four-day festival to pray for the repose of 2.4+ million war dead, to display thousands of lanterns, and to conduct various rituals and entertainment events. See photos here (outside link)
Other Shintō Links
ū ā ō Ō
First published Jan. 2008
Last Update Dec. 6, 2011. Revised / added text, and posted new photos.
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Difference between revisions of "Grand River Indian Agency (North Dakota)"
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== Records ==
== Records ==
Revision as of 20:00, 5 December 2008
The Grand River Agency was established in 1869, reporting to the Dakota Superintendency and associated with the Upper Platte Agency After 1870, the agent reported directly to the Office of Indian Affairs in Washington, DC. The Grand River Agency was primarily responsible for the Upper and Lower Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Cut Head (Pabaska), and Blackfeet Sioux. Other bands of the Sioux, including the Two Kettle (Oohenonpa), Sans Arcs, Oglala, and Brulé, also were associated with this agency. In July 1873, the agency was moved from the junction of the Grand and Missouri Rivers in South Dakota to its present location 50 miles up-stream on the Missouri River at Standing Rock, North Dakota. The name of the agency was officially changed to Standing Rock Agency in December 1874.
see also Standing Rock Agency.
Letters received by the Office of Indian Affairs from the Grand River Agency, 1871-1875, have been microfilmed by the National Archives as part of their Microcopy Number M234, Rolls 305-306. Copies are available at the National Archives and at the Family History Library and its family history centers (their microfilm roll numbers 1661035 thru 1661036).
Reports of Inspection of the Field Jurisdictions of the Office of Indian Affairs, 1873-1900 have been microfilmed by the National Archives as part of Microcopy Number M1070. The reports for Grand River Agency, 1873-1874, are on roll 17 of that Microcopy set. Copies are available at the National Archives, their Regional Archives, and at the Family History Library and its family history centers (their microfilm roll number 1617690).
- American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.
- Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981.
- Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.
- Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880. National Archives Microcopy T1105.
- Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services.
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Due to constant investments, which have drastically reduced the average “life expectancy” of Greek ships, the merchant fleet has increased its transport efficiency, exceeding 264 million tons (dwt). For this reason, Greek shipping has been included among the most effective of the world’s navy, making the top of the list.
Competitiveness, modern tonnage and stability are some of the Greek shipping characteristics, despite the crisis in the navy market. However, the decision of the Papandreou government to convert the Ministry of Mercantile Marine into the Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Islands and Fisheries played a negative role in the situation.
Greek government decided that Greek ships travelling many miles away from Greece must lower the Greek flag in order to avoid pirates. More than 200 ships travel without the Greek flag, and this affects the market in some way.
The Greek Shipping Cooperation Committee aka the Greek shipowners of London, published the report. Greek fleet, despite the falling number of ships, managed to increase its storage capacity, according to the report.
This development came as a result of the replacement of older ships with the purchase of new ones.
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Introducing an irresistible project at the beginning of a unit of study can give students a clear and meaningful reason for learning. Plus, they end up with a product or result that could possibly make a difference in the world!
In project based learning students are driven to learn content and skills for an authentic purpose. PBL involves students in explaining their answers to real-life questions, problems, or challenges. It starts with a driving question that leads to inquiry and investigation. Students work to create a product or presentation as their response to the driving question.
Technology can be helpful throughout a project, whether students use iPads, Chromebooks, Android tablets, laptops, or desktops. I've written a primer for each of the three major components of project based learning. I share useful websites and apps as I tell you about my take on project based learning.
Projects begin with a driving question–an open-ended question that sets the stage for the project by generating interest and curiosity. It captures the heart of the project by providing purpose using clear and compelling language.
In project based learning students answer a driving question. That question is so deep that it leads students to ask more and more questions. I have lots of strategies and tips for investigating answers to those questions.
Let’s take a look at sample projects and some of the hottest apps for showing, explaining, and retelling. These tools can turn students into teachers and are great for sharing their answers to a project’s driving question.
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Candi Lumbung is located in the Prambana archaeological Park on the northwest side of modern Yogyakarta. It is a Buddhist temple dating from around 850AD and is situated between between Candi Prambanan and Candi Sewu. The main sanctuary is surrounded by to be surrounded by 16 smaller temples, most of which contain a raised altar with spaces marked for three images. In addition, there are niches in the back and side walls for additional deities.
Sewu is an 8th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple located 800 meters north of Prambanan in Central Java. It comprises a main sanctuary surrounded by many smaller temples. Candi Sewu is actually the second largest Buddhist Temple in Indonesia after Borobudur. Candi Sewu predates nearby “Loro Jonggrang” temple. Although originally only around 249 temples are present, the name in Javanese translates to ‘a thousand temples,’ which originated from popular local folklore; The Legend of Loro Jonggrang. The original name of this temple compound is probably Manjusrigrha.
Candi Plaosan, also known as the ‘Plaosan Complex’, is one of the Buddhist temples located in Bugisan village, Prambanan district, Central Java, Indonesia, about a kilometer to the northwest of the renowned Hindu Prambanan Temple. Candi Plaosan covers an area of 2,000 square meters with an elevation of 148 meters above sea level. Candi Plaosan was thought to have been built by a Hindu king for his Buddhist queen.
The architecture of Prambanan temple follows the typical Hindu architecture traditions based on Vastu Shastra. The temple design incorporated mandala temple plan arrangements and also the typical high towering spires of Hindu temples. Prambanan was originally named Shivagrha and dedicated to god Shiva. The temple was designed to mimic Meru, the holy mountain the abode of Hindu gods, and the home of Shiva. The whole temple complex is a model of Hindu universe according to Hindu cosmology and the layers of Loka.
Just like Borobudur, Prambanan also recognize the hierarchy of the temple zones, spanned from the less holy to the holiest realms. Each Hindu and Buddhist concepts has their own terms, but the concept’s essentials is identical. Either the compound site plan (horizontally) or the temple structure (vertically) are consists of three zones
Passionate Photographer …. Lost in Asia
Stuart Taylor of HighlanderImages Photography has been making images for over 25 years and can offer a diverse range of photo imaging services with a focus on Asia and a documentary/photojournalistic style. These services include planning and executing a photo shoot on location but importantly all the post-processing and image preparation needed for the specific finished media format required by the customer. Stuart’s experience and knowledge in all of these aspects makes HighlanderImages Photography a one-stop-shop for a comprehensive and professional image production service.
Stuart can be available for a variety individual assignments or projects and he specialises in areas such as photojournalism, commercial, architectural, real estate, industrial, interior design, corporate, urbex, adventure, wilderness and travel photography. Stuart can also offer some innovative and advanced techniques such as HDR (High Dynamic Range) and Panoramic Photography.
Final image products can be delivered as high resolution images, prints, books, multimedia slideshows, videos and DVDs. Images from this website can be purchased as prints in a variety of sizes and media, as gift items or as digital downloads.
E-Mail : firstname.lastname@example.org
Website : www. highlanderimages.com
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Your general well-being can be negatively impacted if you fail to treat your panic attacks. The following tips will assist you in controlling your attacks.
If you feel that an attack is coming, listen to your favorite music. Focusing on the lyrics of calm, soothing music in a quiet environment can really help. As you divert your mind from your symptoms, it becomes easier to calm your body.
Try to find panic attack support groups around you online. It is always a great relief to share details of your attacks with people who understand, as they are battling with it themselves. They may also have helpful hints on how to deal with panic attacks that you are not aware of.
Taking control of your actions during a panic attack is a great way to get it over with quickly. You should fight fear, as it is a great way to battle it.
Seeking help from a counselor is the best thing to do, but even confiding in a friend or family member can help. A professional will be able to get to the root causes of your panic attacks and formulate an appropriate course of action.
When you are about to have a panic attack, you stand a better chance at beating it when you accept what’s about to happen. You can remind yourself that these feelings and emotions are going to pass and the attack will end. You absolutely must remain calm during a panic attack. Remaining calm can be accomplished by reminding yourself of the actual vs. conceived effects of serious anxiety, but fighting too hard can have the opposite effect.
When you are trying to overcome a panic attack, you should try to think about calming things that are positive. Know that you will get through it. Tell yourself that you know you can stay in control.
An important piece of advice to someone that suffers with panic attacks is they need to be aware of what is going on when an attack happens. Keep in mind that your nervous system has merely been over-stimulated, and you are going to be okay. This will help you keep the right state of mind and will lessen the length of the attack. This advice in no way intends to deny the serious distress involved in a panic attack, but adopting such an attitude can be useful in the midst of an attack.
Create a daily schedule that includes even minor elements of your routine such as brushing your teeth. For ever greater precision, see how long each task takes and put that in your scheduling program. This will allow you to know what your day will include and be prepared for it before it happens.
Panic attacks tend to quite exhausting, and so can their treatment, but learning the strategies needed to cope with them can greatly improve your life. Always remember there are positive ways to cope with your stress. In addition to following the tips listed above, consider conducting further research or consulting your doctor to learn even more ways to deal with your stress.
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Not keeping or showing an even balance; not evenly distributed,
Not keeping or showing an even balance; not evenly distributed
(of a person) Emotionally or mentally disturbed
(of an account) Not giving accurate, fair, or equal coverage to all aspects; partial
this may give an unbalanced impression of the competition
being or thrown out of equilibrium
brainsick: affected with madness or insanity; "a man who had gone mad"
debits and credits are not equal
not balanced, without equilibrium; dizzy; irrational or mentally deranged; not adjusted such that debit and credit correspond; of an expression having different numbers of left and right parentheses; an offensive line with more players on one side of the center than on the other
(unbalancedness) The state or quality of being unbalanced
Unharmonious-wine in which one or more of the basic elements is weak or overbearing. See also Balance.
In experimental design, refers to an experiment or set of data in which all treatments or treatment combinations are not equally represented. The most common cause of unbalanced experiments is unequal mortality among entries in a test. (See randomized-block design and replication. ...
A method of interconnecting recorders, amplifiers and other electronic gear using two-conductor cable.
oils with overwhelming flavors of bitterness and pungency
A transmission circuit with an impedance to ground. See Differential Input. This is also referred to as a single-ended transmission line. Most analog signals over 100MHz are single ended. The compliment to this type of transmission line is differential.
This refers to a way of connecting audio signals using wires carring a single core and screen.
An unbalanced signal has a ground signal which is the common for all other signals and the actual signal voltage is measured in reference to this ground signal. ...
A signal carried between the ground and a single conductor (single-ended). Also describes a neurotic audiophile.
Wiring scheme in which one of the two necessary conductors further serves as the insulation for the cable.
A form of cable and electrical circuit in which only one half of the positive/negative signal is referred to a zero reference earth.
A method of audio connection which uses a single signal wire and the cable screen as the signal return.This method does not provide the same degree of noise immunity as a BALANCED connection.
Component parts on palate ill matched: over-tannic. over-acid, lacking fruit.
an audio circuit whose two conductors are unequal at ground, usually because one conductor operates as ground. An unbalanced audio circuit is more susceptible to noise problems than balanced circuits. Noise can be combated by keeping lines as short as possible
Tooling which does not evenly distribute the tonnage front to back and thus creates a thrust force on the punch holder. Often seen in 30°-60° type tooling.
A circuit that carries information by means of one signal on a single conductor. Unbalanced cable usually consists of a single conductor and a shield as in instrument cables, coaxial cable, patch cords, and high impedance mic cable.
Unequal orientation in the LD and TD.
Refers to a signal-carrying circuit with one electrical conductor and an overall metallic shield. Also referred to as an unbalanced line.
Any hand that is not balanced, but particularly hands with relatively extreme distribution.
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Mix into water, juice or milk, or sprinkle over food.
Children 9-12 years - Take 1g (1 level provided spoon), once daily.
Children 2-8 years - Take 0.5g (1/2 a provided spoon), once daily.
Or take as directed by your healthcare practitioner.
Not be used in children under two years of age without medical advice.
- Children’s Probiotic Care helps maintain balanced, healthy intestinal flora and inhibits the growth of unwanted intestinal bacteria.
- Children’s Probiotic Care helps to re-establish and maintain a healthy composition of intestinal bacteria.
- Children’s Probiotic Care helps maintain a healthy immune system and a normal healthy response to allergens.
- Bifidobacterium lactis BI-04 helps reduce the risk of mild upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and may assist in the management of recurrent mild URTIs.
- The probiotics in Children's Probiotic Care have been specifically chosen for their ability to survive stomach acid and therefore reach the intestines, where they colonise.
- Children’s Probiotic Care contains probiotics that survive stomach acid and bile, and have good adherence to the intestinal wall.
- Inulin is a prebiotic that helps maintain healthy digestive function. Inulin promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, including bifidobacteria, in the intestine.
- If symptoms persist consult your healthcare practitioner.
Each 1g contains:
|Bifidobacterium lactis (Bl-04)||2 billion CFU|
|Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019)||0.5 billion CFU|
|Lactobacillus acidophilus (La-14)||1.5 billion CFU|
|Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Lr-32)||1 billion CFU|
|Does not contain added egg, milk, peanut, soy, tree nut or animal products, yeast, gluten, lactose, artificial colourings, flavourings, sweeteners or preservatives|
|Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price||$31.95|
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The impact of family motivation on college age students with learning disabilities may be a deciding factor in regard to the student's success or failure. College age students with learning disabilities obviously have more immediate needs in cooperative learning settings when compared to typical students. Educators cannot just tell the student to just sit-down and read five chapters of Freud. These students have problems like dyslexia, AD/HD, or English as a second language to name a few and they may have had additional help in the past that may not be available at an older age. When there are obvious underlying issues, the family, teachers and the students themselves have to work more closely together in order to reach the desired positive outcomes. "Teaching effectiveness is inferred from the product that was created; it is the product that is the indicator of scholarship." (Cranton, 2000)
This report aims to provide general background information about the application of Family Theories. The underlying object of this is study was to understand the implications of Family Theories as they pertain to college age students with learning disabilities and how these principles can be used to set up programs to help assess and correct a student's problem areas if possible. This type of work offers opportunities to assess personal rewards from family and other external resources while also providing insights into the intrinsic rewards a student receives from within. There is little doubt that being a student with a specific problem or learning disability can often bring to light related personal phobias and cause unwarranted justifications that the family and teachers may not understand or appreciate and therefore the students often create emotional atmospheres that travel a full spectrum of emotions.
Family Stress and Family Systems Theories are both developmental theories that have been applied from the broader area of Family Science. Family Science investigates the reasons that some family entities have an ability to adapt and grow even though the family unit faces greater numbers of situational stressors and transitional events while other family systems face far less stress and transitional related events and completely break down under those circumstances. These theories offer methodologies that can be used to measure and interpret why families facing hardship or change develop unique ways to cope through new found strength or improved physical capabilities that have been shown to be able to enhance the development of individual.
In studying college age students with learning disabilities' families, these theories help define the family population and each member's role in helping the student achieve success. Whether the family represents a nuclear, extended, or some other type of family, it is always critical to determine the primary care giver within the family in order to understand where corrective actions or questions can be answered and addressed. Environment within the family system is "viewed as an open system and a component of the larger community and society, with the assumption that families benefit from and contribute to the network of relationships and resources in the community." (McCubbin, 1993) Whoever the primary caregiver is, either biological parents, grandparents, or some other significant person, college age students with learning disabilities can achieve and excel in their learning environment.
"The range and depth of the family's repertoire of coping and problem-solving strategies when employed to manage a crisis situation are related to the level of family adaptation, and this is a positive relationship." (McCubbin, 1993). Understanding the patterns that are demonstrated at the individual and the family level is a key application of the Family Stress and Family Systems Theories. By identifying outcomes, it is possible to determine the break through levels of established patterns at the individual level, the family level, or both so that a student's resilience can be assessed by either response or behavior.
Name of Theory: FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY
The process of successfully coping and adapting to inherent stress factors on a family and the family support system is vital to understand. Family Systems Theory is a viable tool used to do just that. Family Systems Theory's legacy arose from the works of Ludwig Von Bertalanffy's. Von Bertalanffy worked on a more general systems theory that provided insights into a new and different way of looking at science. He proposed that instead of the bland mechanistic…
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This page is intended for students who are interested in program analysis and transformation research and whom would like more information on the topic. This page may be used as a primer to getting involved in this research area.
There are essentially two ways to analyze programs. In each way, the input is the program text, e.g., a Java source code file (.java). If the analysis studies the program without executing it, that is called static analysis. This is very much related to compiler technology. A compiler, e.g., javac, is a program that receives a program text as input. It does not run the program, instead, it analyzes it and produces either an executable file or a file containing an intermediate representation., e.g., a bytecode file (.class). You can think of this activity as a translation from a higher level language into a lower level one. A great book to read about compiler technology is Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools.
If, on the other hand, the analysis runs the program and studies what the program performs given various input (or test cases), that is called dynamic analysis. A dynamic analysis can either study the results of the program or a trace of the program, which may include the sequence of method calls, field accesses, etc. Dynamic analyses are also very helpful in finding information about a program and, often, can be more accurate and faster than static analyses. However, dynamic analysis is dependent on the test suite, i.e., the input to the studied program, whereas static analyses are independent of such input. As such, there is a trade-off between the two kinds of analyses and often times can be used in conjunction.
Since much of my research pertains to program transformation, of which the source code is required as input, I mainly deal with static analysis. Unlike a compiler, however, a general program transformation may not always transform programs between language levels. In fact, such a transformation may transform a program from a high-level language to a program in the same language. In this case, the meaning (or semantics) of the program remains the same but the text has changed. This is called a refactoring.
Refactoring is performed for different reasons but the main being to improve the structure of a program or to migrate the program to use new language features. Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing is a great book that contains many common refactorings, i.e., ways to improve existing software. Refactoring to Design Patterns talks about refactorings that involving existing software by introducing design patterns, or “best practices” for software development (a great book related to patterns is Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software.
Note that while the above resources describe program transformation, the steps portrayed are manual. Automated refactorings, one of the main focuses of my research, are programs that perform the refactorings automatically (or sometimes semi-automatically, occasionally needing help from the developer). Many automated refactorings have not only the program text as input but also additional input. For example, a rename refactoring requires not only the original program but the entity to be renamed and what the new name should be. Moreover, many automated refactorings are manifested as plug-ins into integrated development environments (IDEs), like Eclipse and NetBeans.
I have listed some additional resources below. Please also refer to my publications and software projects for explanations and examples. For a good example of automated refactoring, please refer to this paper and this project.
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What is Ext js?
What is Angular js?
Extjs vs Angularjs
Ext js and angular js both are frameworks to develop the rich user interface in industries. Both ext js and angular js have powerful features. Manufacturers mostly prefer Sencha Ext js for developing the rich user interface. Because it uses plug-in-free charting, advanced model view controller architecture and modern widgets. Ext js is one stop shop for a rich user interface. Meantime angular js used among the web developers where it provides the opportunity of two-way data binding, an ability to create quick custom templates.
Few similarities also there if we take ext js vs. angular js like both suitable for single page applications and cross browser compatibility is also one of the similarities between these two.
When to use ext js and angular js?
Use of ext js
- It is the time saver if you want to use components delivered with ext js.
- Need not worry about cross compatibility when programming and development.
- If you have paid service, the commercial license is affordable.
- Separate desktop and mobile applications valuable.
Use of angular js
- Small footprint required.
- The responsive design needed for an application.
- It is cheaper to integrate existing 3rd party components for free.
- You should feel comfortable with CSS to solve the cross-compatibility issues.
- Architectural difference of ext js vs. angular js
- Ext js component based like grid, tree, forms, and charts. It also follows OOPs concept and MVC pattern.
- Angular js is declarative programming adding with HTML and others.
Ext js supports both MVC and MVVM frameworks. It is also component-based modular. Angular js is HTML enhanced web applications. It is module based and supports MVM or MVVM.
Ext js follows depth first bottom-up approach and angular js support depth first, bottom up for DOM tree. And controllers liked with a top-down approach.
Ext js supports several thirty party testing frameworks like the siesta, jasmine, and mocha. Angular js supports new chrome extension bat rang.
Sencha touch is high and leading HTML5 framework for developing mobile web apps. Phone gap is to develop cross-platform applications. Angular js can also develop the cross-platform applications with a trigger.io, Cordova, and Ionic framework.
Here the differences of ext js vs. angular js are discussed. Apart from this differences and similarities, some other factors are available on the website. Ext js and angular js are the most used web developing application software’s around the world among industries and individual corporations as well.
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What is the origin or source of a sense of "universal goodness" or "universal truth" in an individual? If it is true that God created human beings with an innate sense of right and wrong (fitra), it is also true that the Quran and the Sunna teach that this inner sense can be corrupted by persisting in sin, and that one can easily be led astray by one's selfish desires. It is for this reason that revelation is a theological necessity - to help guide us back to what is right. But how do we attain a true understanding of revelation if we are already emotionally and spiritually wounded people?
If we reflect upon the story of Hajar (wife of Abraham, peace be upon them) we find a way out of this dilemma. The spiritual matriarch of Islam shows us that we must first trust in God, and then struggle, using all means God has given us, to find the pure waters of Divine knowledge. Hajar found the holy water only because she was confident that God would provide for her, and then exerted all her energy and resources to find her provisions.
Thus, in the first place, we must use all the intellectual resources God has given us to attempt to understand the true meaning of the Quran. God gave Hajar two legs which she used to run back and forth between the mountains, and two eyes with which she looked for a source of water. God gave Muslims, individually and collectively, sight, hearing, and intellect to put at the service of studying the linguistic and historical context of the Quran. It is impossible for any one individual to master all these aspects of Quranic learning, even in a lifetime of study. A serious effort to understand the Quran, therefore, necessarily includes a deep engagement with the extensive scholarly tradition of Islam.
The second necessary condition for understanding revelation is the proper intention - to sincerely wish to be guided by God. This does not mean that non-Muslims and even atheists cannot contribute to the factual body of knowledge useful to contextualizing the Quran; but you cannot attain what you do not set out to find. The meaning of the revelation can only be accessed by those who believe that ultimate meaning is beyond the limited understanding of any human being and who sincerely turn to the Quran for the purpose of finding that meaning. However, attaining the state of humility that is characteristic of a sincere intention is not easy. How many individuals are confident of the purity of their intentions and the soundness of their hearts, yet clearly are deceiving themselves?
"The Story of the Qur'an: Its History and Place in Muslim Life" - Ingrid Mattson, pp. 229-231
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Glaucoma is not a single disease, but is caused by a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain. It’s most often characterized by a dangerous increase in fluid pressure in the eye that can eventually kill the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. The result in decreased peripheral vision and, eventually, blindness. Glaucoma is similar to ocular hypertension but with accompanying optic nerve damage and vision loss.
However glaucoma is not simply a case of high eye pressure. Ninety percent of people with elevated pressure do not have glaucoma and up to a third of those with glaucoma have a normal eye pressure. The disease is more common with advancing age and in women. Because pain is generally not associated with the condition, nearly half of those with glaucoma do not know they have the disease.
Generally, initial treatment of glaucoma involves beta-blocker eye drops to reduce eye pressure. Laser surgery called trabeculoplasty can also be employed. Tiny holes are opened where the cornea and iris meet to increase aqueous humor drainage. Another procedure called trabeculectomy creates an artificial drainage area in cases of advanced glaucoma when there is optic nerve damage and the pressure continues to soar. The final option is a drainage device, which the surgeon implants in the eye to improve fluid drainage.
How prevalent is the disease?
Glaucoma affects an estimated 3 million Americans, with 120,000 blind due to the condition.
Who’s at the most risk for glaucoma?
If you’re over age 60, African-American, diabetic or have a family member with glaucoma, you are at higher risk for glaucoma than others.
Why do I taste bitterness after putting glaucoma eye drops into my eyes?
There are drainage channels in the inner corner of the eyes that drain into the nose and mouth. This is perfectly normal.
Is there any special way I should take my glaucoma eye drops?
The most important thing to remember when taking glaucoma medications is to take them as directed by your doctor and to take them continuously.
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Sunday, February 10, 2013
Industrial Ruling Class founded in the impoverishment of others
Industrial Ruling Class founded in the impoverishment of others - Benjamin Franklin
Manufactures (wage workers) are founded in poverty.
It is the multitude of poor without land in a country, and who must work for others at low wages or starve, that enables undertakers to carry on a manufacture, and afford it cheap enough to prevent the importation of the same kind from abroad, and to bear the expence of its own exportation.
But no man who can have a piece of land of his own, sufficient by his labour to subsist his family in plenty, is poor enough to be a manufacturer and work for a master.
Hence while there is land enough in America for our people, there can never be manufactures to any amount or value. It is a striking observation of a very able pen, that the natural livelihood of the thin inhabitants of a forest country, is hunting; that of a greater number, pasturage; that of a middling population, agriculture; and that of the greatest, manufactures; which last must subsist the bulk of the people in a full country, or they must be subsisted by charity, or perish." - Benjamin Franklin
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Change of Heart!
Artistic Alternatives to Violence
|Professional Development Seminars and On-Site Residences|
|The visual and performing arts are neither a luxury nor a diversion. They are,
as David Rockefeller called them in his book Coming to Our Senses, "nourishment for the soul."
They are relaxing and therapeutic for millions of adults who find a way
to express their feelings creatively…rather than destructively. We must give
our children the same opportunities to release their stress that we enjoy
to release ours—for their sakes and for our own.|
|Artistic Alternatives to Violence are structured activities through which young people can identify and express their own emotions with aesthetic evaluation, rather than personal judgment. Utilizing Poetry, Visual Art, Music, Dance and Theatre, students are engaged in creating works of art, based on social, domestic and personal issues that impact their daily lives. Expressing both their negative and positive emotions through the arts, they learn how to provide for themselves specific ways to change their feelings by focusing on the act of creation and be validated for their efforts. Working individually at first, students come together to co-create a final culmination project.|
|Celebrating diversity and emphasizing unity, Artistic Alternatives to Violence|
utilizes the holistic paradigm of Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
in order to address the learning needs of every child.
|Read more: |
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