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A new study has discovered more than one hundred genes associated with the development of schizophrenia. It’s believed the discovery could lead to new drugs more capable of treating the psychiatric disorder.
Schizophrenia is a serious disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions. It often emerges in teenagers or people in their early 20s. Unfortunately, there have been few advances in schizophrenia drug research over the past half-century or so.
But this most recent discovery — which was made by a massive team of roughly 300 scientists from 35 different countries — offers a great deal of hope to the families of schizophrenia patients. Specifically, the researchers found 108 precise locations in the human genome connected to schizophrenia, with almost all of those locations (83) being totally new.
It’s believed the gene discovery will help scientists gain a better understanding of what causes the disorder and how to develop drugs that treat it.
“We’ve been able to detect genetic risk factors on a huge and unprecedented scale and shed new light on the biological cause of the condition,” noted Michael O’ Donovan, one of the study’s lead researchers and a professor at Cardiff University School of Medicine.
The challenge facing scientists now: take these new discoveries and turn them into treatments for schizophrenia patients. According to Cardiff University genetic expert Sir Mike Owen, the goal is to “finally put an end to the 60-year-wait for new treatments for sufferers worldwide.”
The research associated with the study has now been published in the journal Nature.
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Every day a patient somewhere in the country is affected by some form of a medication error. These errors can occur at any point in the prescription process, starting when the doctor writes the script and when the pharmacist fills it. And unfortunately there are many ways in which medication errors can occur, some of which are described below.
Erroneous Diagnosis. This is when a doctor simply mistakes your condition and prescribes the wrong medication to you. Depending on the medicine your doctor has prescribed, the effects could be minor or traumatic. For more information on misdiagnosis, see this link to our other Carpey Law articles.
Errors in Writing of Prescription. This occurs when your doctor has accurately diagnosed you but has incorrectly written your prescription; for instance, miscalculating your dosage.
Incorrect Distribution of Drugs. These amount to pharmaceutical errors, which happens when a prescription is not properly filled by a pharmacist. Examples of this include a pharmacist misreading the name of the drug or confusing it with a similar drug.
Failing to Educate Patient. This is when a patient is not given a thorough rundown of the drug he or she has been prescribed. Doctors and/or pharmacists should explain to patients how a drug is taken, interpret any confusing language on the label, and warn of potentially hazardous drug interactions.
How to Prevent Medication Errors
Sometimes a patient simply cannot know that a medication error has occurred until the incorrect meds have been imbibed. However, there are some measures you can take to help ensure you are taking the correct medication, and taking said medication correctly.
Know Your Medication. Know what meds you’ve been prescribed and then check the label to make sure that’s the drug you’ve received.
Read Information Sheets. If you doctor or pharmacist has given you any literature with your medication, read it. You may be to catch an error if you get to know your drug better.
Know Harmful Drug Interactions. Make sure your doctor or pharmacist has not overlooked any potentially harmful drug interactions; especially interactions with common drugs. Sometimes the label of your medication will inform you of these interactions. If not, there are websites which will provide you with this information.
Medication errors committed by your doctor or pharmacist are serious and may entitle you to recover money for medical treatment and other financial losses. If you would like to know more about medication errors, please see the other relevant articles on the Carpey Law website.
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Putting training wheels on a child’s bike has become a passé way to teach them to learn to ride a bike. Balance bikes—bicycles without pedals that kids push with their feet and glide along on—are much more effective; they teach kids how to balance more quickly. It takes a typical kid about an hour to teach herself (yes, all alone) how to balance on a bicycle from a seat that allows her feet to touch the ground without the added complication of having to pedal. Once they master balance, kids soon discover the freedom that comes with bicycling.
So, why don’t training wheels work? It’s because they basically change a bicycle into a tall tricycle devoid of a low center of gravity making it easy for a beginning rider to fall over or crash land, typically with a bicycle on top of him. Also, for that same reason, a child on training wheels who goes around a corner on her bicycle can’t lean into it, which is one of the sheer joys of riding a bicycle in the first place—that leaning, swooping motion that makes bike riding feel like unfettered flying!
In the literacy world, phonemically regular books—those with titles like Nat the Fat Cat, and Al and Sally are Pals—are the equivalent of training wheels for reading. While the titles are cute, their content gives beginning readers an unbalanced introduction to books. Basically, books that are written based on common phonics rules, to ensure that every word is easy to decode, result in confusion and frustration because phonetically irregular words are used a large percent of the time. The resulting content of these types of books is simplistic and fails to captivate children’s imaginations and help teach them to love books and reading, which is the glorious path to lifelong learning.
Having a passion for books and reading invites children to experience the utter joy of folding themselves into a real story or subject to which they can relate. They are then overjoyed when invited into the treasure houses of the libraries and bookstores where they can discover an endless supply of such wonders, filled with natural language. Literacy training wheels are a hinderance, not a help.
Sure, children need help learning to read…and ride a bike. They need to see adults doing both. They need to get the answers to key questions like: “How do I keep from falling over?” and “Why do the letters in this word say that?” But twisting the magic of cycling and and the joy of reading into something cute and simple can diminish children’s motivation for wanting to learn either. Conversely, when we teach children to do something that they really, really care about—even if it’s hard—we give them wings.
C’mon. Let’s teach ’em to fly!
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U.S. National Library of Medicine
The ash, dust, gases, and lava released by volcanic explosion. The gases are volatile matter composed principally of about 90% water vapor, and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. The ash or dust is pyroclastic ejecta and lava is molten extrusive material consisting mainly of magnesium silicate. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The numerical value of volcanic eruptions in Chaldean Numerology is: 7
The numerical value of volcanic eruptions in Pythagorean Numerology is: 9
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
The forecast is based on the key drivers of global climate, but it doesn't include random events, such as large volcanic eruptions, which can cause a temporary cooling effect.
As Pangea split there were huge volcanic eruptions, about 200 million years ago, and these plunged the world into chaos: environmental destruction and rapid climate swings, the big amphibians couldn't cope well and many species went extinct, but dinosaurs and mammals made it through.
Images & Illustrations of volcanic eruptions
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"volcanic eruptions." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 27 Jun 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/volcanic eruptions>.
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Why does Canadian milk matter?
Canadian dairy farmers have been a part of this great nation’s history since the very beginning. Whether Jacques Cartier or Samuel de Champlain, those travelling to the New World made sure that cows were onboard their ships. To these explorers, cows were a lifeline that was envisioned as a consistent source of healthy food; to them, dairy meant survival. Not long after these brave adventurers arrived, Canada’s first dairy farms were established. Indeed, many of the dairy farms that are still in operation today are older than Canada itself, dating to well before confederation in 1867. These dairy farms, passed down from generation to generation, and the farmers that run them, have long acted as stewards of our Canadian land.
From the time of Canada’s first settlers to today, dairy has been a staple of our nation’s rural communities – while providing healthy, high-quality milk for our urban centres. Dairy is a longstanding part of Canada’s history. It is both a sustainable provider, and a key economic driver for our country. Dairy has always been at the heart of Canada, because Canadian milk matters.
Here are a few more reasons why Canadian milk matters:
Canadian milk matters because Canadian dairy farmers care about their animals, the environment, and how their milk is produced.
Canadian dairy farmers have always cared deeply about the welfare of their animals, preserving the environment, and the sustainable production of high quality milk. Dairy farming in Canada has a long history of sustainability, but in the internet age, it became important for dairy farmers to tell that story to Canadians. This is why Dairy Farmers of Canada developed the proAction initiative, an efficient and co-ordinated national framework for on-farm sustainability standards and best practices. The proAction initiative includes national standards for milk quality, food safety, animal care, traceability, biosecurity, and the environment. As a result of these efforts, the Canadian dairy sector, on its own initiative, is dedicated to meeting and constantly improving the quality and safety standards that are rigorously set and adhered to by all our farmers.
Please click here for a short video with more information on proAction.
Canadian milk matters because dairy farmers care about their communities, their fellow Canadians, and their country.
Dairy farmers have played an integral role in this nation’s rural fabric ever since the first cattle were brought to Canada hundreds of years ago. Dairy farmers take pride in their country, and strive to be active participants in their local communities; they have also always tried to give back to their fellow Canadians, particularly when times are tough. During the Great Depression, for example, many dairy farmers were known to donate portions of their milk to those who couldn’t afford to make ends meet. In the spirit of this tradition, today, Canadian dairy farmers donate over 2 million litres of milk per year across Canada to food banks. Canadian dairy farmers believe that all families should have access to healthy, nutritious food.A vibrant Canadian dairy sector means more rural jobs, more rural infrastructure, and stronger rural communities. Whether you live in a rural area or an urban centre, Canadian dairy means a stable supply of the safe, high quality milk that Canadian consumers have come to expect.
Canadian milk matters because dairy is a vital part of our national economy.
The Canadian dairy sector contributes $19.9B to Canada’s GDP, and $3.8B in tax revenues, every year. It sustains 221,000 full-time equivalent jobs across the country. Dairy is either the top or second agricultural sector in 7 out of 10 provinces. Furthermore, unlike other jurisdictions where farmer’s incomes are heavily subsidized, Canadian dairy farmers receive no direct subsidies and derive their income from the marketplace. In Canada, you only have to pay for your milk once - at the store. This is a homegrown industry built by Canadians, for Canadians, and it is worth nurturing.
Canadian milk matters because it is among the most nutritious, safest, highest quality dairy on the planet.
Milk is an important component of a healthy lifestyle and a nutritious diet. It contains up to 16 essential nutrients, and several studies have shown that they may contribute to reducing the risk of certain diseases or conditions such as: obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis and colorectal cancer. Dairy farmers believe in the power of Canadian dairy products for a healthy future. This means a healthy Canadian economy, healthy Canadian communities, and healthy Canadian citizens. You can find all of milk’s benefits in cheese, yogurt, ice cream, and other dairy products.
For all of these reasons and more, My Canadian Milk!
About My Canadian Milk
The My Canadian Milk movement arose out of a call for public support of the Canadian dairy sector as the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade talks gained momentum in 2015. During this campaign, Canadians from both urban and rural ridings in every province across the country sent letters voicing their concerns about the potential impact of this deal on Canadian dairy to their Members of Parliament, and key Cabinet Ministers (Trade, Agriculture and the Prime Minister). In the end, nearly 35,000 Canadians sent over 216,000 letters to MPs, Ministers, and political party leaders, calling on them to ensure that Canadian dairy would not be adversely affected by the trade talks. Though tensions and uncertainty over the end deal ran high in the final weeks of both the negotiations and the election campaign, ultimately the Canadian government respected the wishes of these 35,000 Canadians, surrendering only a small portion of Canadian dairy market to TPP trading partners while compensating Dairy Farmers $4.3 Billion over 15 years to ensure the industry remains an essential and successful part of the Canadian economy.
The first My Canadian Milk campaign was a huge success – and dairy farmers from across the country were overjoyed at the amount of support they received from their fellow Canadians. Your collective efforts were so successful that the campaign won several communications and advocacy awards in 2016. In Canada, My Canadian Milk won two Achieving Communications Excellence (ACE) awards, presented by the Canadian Public Relations Society of Toronto. It even received international attention, winning U.S based Campaigns and Elections Reed Award for “Best Canadian Website” in digital advocacy.
The new My Canadian Milk website expands on the advocacy that was done on the Trans-Pacific Partnership in 2015 to include many new issues that supporters of Canadian dairy should be aware of. My Canadian Milk is meant to be a portal to share the issues impacting Canadian milk with concerned Canadians; to connect with like-minded advocates at the grassroots level; to harness grassroots activism to ensure continued Canadian food sovereignty; and, of course – to protect our Canadian milk!
About Dairy Farmers of Canada
The Voice of Canadian Dairy.
Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC) is the national policy, lobbying and promotional organization representing the farmers on each of Canada’s 11,280 dairy farms. DFC’s goal is to create stable conditions for the Canadian dairy industry that allow it to thrive and remain a cornerstone of Canada’s economy and rural communities for generations to come. With this in mind, DFC works to maintain and help generate policies that foster the continued viability of Canadian dairy farmers, and promote dairy products and their health benefits.
Dairy farmers fund all of DFC’s operations, including promotional activities.
Canadian dairy products for a healthy future.
A healthy future for dairy farmers - Making sure our industry is viable over the long term.
A healthy future for the Canadian economy - The dairy sector, through substantial contributions, is
a key economic driver, and provides stability and growth for the national economy.
A healthy future for Canadians – Canadians, every day, benefit from the nutritious milk produced by Canada’s dairy farmers. This is something we take great pride in.
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Home | Search | About | Fidelio | Economy | Strategy | Justice | Conferences | Join
The following presentation keynoted a panel commissioned by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., entitled "What Is Real History As Science?," at the November 21-22, 1998 European conference of the Schiller Institute/International Caucus of Labor Committees, held in Bad Schwalbach, Germany [see: this issue for news coverage]. Other panel presentations included "Homer's Odyssey, Seafaring, and the Principle of Colonization" and "Wilhelm von Humboldt's Study of the Kawi Language" [see this issue].
Introducing Mr. LaRouche was Dr. Jonathan Tennenbaum, Scientific Adviser to the Schiller Institute, who has been studying the history, language, and culture of China. Dr. Tennenbaum related a Chinese story, which dates from more than 2,000 years ago:
"There was an artist who painted four beautiful dragons on a big wall. But, people who saw this painting, noticed that there were no eyes on the dragons, which were otherwise very powerful and impressive.
"So, people asked the artist, 'Why don't you paint the eyes on the dragons?' And the artist said, 'Oh, no, no, no, I can't do that. If I would paint the eyes on the dragons, they would fly away.'
"Well, people didn't believe him. And, finally, under a great deal of pressure, the artist agreed to paint the eyes on just one of the dragons. And, as soon as he put the eyes on the dragon, there was suddenly a great storm of lightning and wind, and the dragon that had the eyes on, started to move, and flew up to the heavens. And the dragons that didn't have eyes, stayed on the wall, where they were painted.
"That's the story. Now, how is this used as a metaphor? It's used very commonly in China, to refer to the following situation. If you are writing an article, or giving a speech, there are sometimes certain things which, if they are addedthey might be very smallbut, if they are added, they cause the article or the speech, or the painting, to suddenly become extremely powerful, more powerful than it would be if these elements were not added.
"The Chinese expression for this is 'adding the eyes to the dragon.' And, in accordance with that, I would say, Chinese-style, that our conference, up to now, is really a very powerful dragon. We've had powerful speeches, very important things to say. But I think perhaps in this panel, something very special will be added, that will cause the dragon of our conference to fly up to heaven, and to become even more powerful than it was up to now."
Real History As Science
Why did 1,723 years pass between the discovery, or declaration of discovery of South America by the navigator Maui, and the similar discovery, the similar voyage of exploration, conducted by Columbus?
The argument essentially is this: Sometimes, in the course of history or scientific investigation, one is presented with a very fascinating and very challenging pattern of evidence. But, it's not yet conclusive. It teases you, it tempts you, it draws you into the subject matter. But, you can not finally draw a conclusion which settles the argument. It's something like a dog lurking in your backyardit's just there all the time. You don't know to whom it belongs, you just know it's there. And you wait for its master to come by and claim it one day, or something else to happen, so that you may identify to whom this dog belongs.
Such is the nature of the matter we're dealing with today.
We'll start with the overall map, and we'll refer to this repeatedly [see: Figure 1]. Now, the subject, the apparent subject, which is extremely tempting, and is especially tempting because there is an "eye" in this right away in Jonathan's sense, to begin with, is that a group of mariners under Egyptian direction, from an area then of Egypt, now of Libya, called Cyrenaica, set sail in a flotilla of ships which went down the Nile River and out to the Red Sea through a famous canal, which at that time connected the Nile River to the Red Sea.
These people then sailedthis was in 232 b.c. they sailed to a place known to them, which is in the area today of Indonesia, which we'll refer to again. There, the chief mariner, the navigator of the expedition, a man named Maui, recorded a comment, which is a well-known comment, and recorded also an eclipse, which is a well-known eclipse, and gave the dating for that observation in a report which was painted in a cave, which they went to commonly.
Now, these were very large ships on this occasion, these Egyptian ships. They were not jokes. They were not balsa rafts. They were very serious ships, and I'll come to that in a while.
From thence, from inference we know, the expedition continued its journey from this West Irian location, across the Pacific Ocean, to probably about Panama. (I'll tell you why, later.) It then explored the South American coast, trying to find a way through the Americas, into the Atlantic Ocean, so they could get back to Egypt by way of the Atlantic.
Finally, after completing the exploration of the coast of South America, approximately 231 or 230 b.c.,: the chief navigator of the expedition, Maui, went into a cave area outside of what today is Santiago, Chile, and there made a record of their arrival, of their exploration, and claimed all of South America for Egypt. So you see, there are some Spanish land-titles that aren't too good these days.
The expedition attempted to return, but never returned to Egypt, because of a shipwreckincluding one which occurred, according to record, on Pitcairn Island, which is the island known for the sailors who escaped from the H.M.S. Bounty, the famous "Mutiny on the Bounty." And they left a record of their arrival and shipwreck there on Pitcairn Island. The remainder of the expedition stayed in the Pacific, among people whose language they spoke, people we call today "Polynesians." And they taught the Polynesians the art of transoceanic navigation.
The next time an expedition of this type is known to have occurred, was 1,723 years later, a little bit more than that, when Columbus, in October of 1492, reached the Caribbean in a transatlantic voyage.
Now, Columbus's transatlantic voyage was based on a map, a map prepared for Columbus by a man who had entrusted a copy of it to a friend in Portugal. Columbus then corresponded with the author of the map, Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, and got further advice from him on how to navigate across the Atlantic, to discover the land on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean.
Now, there are several crucial things, to talk about Jonathan's "eyes on the dragon," in this. There are several eyes.
The Collapse of Civilization
First of all, there was no civilization capable of making that kind of science-directed, transoceanic expedition, between 232 b.c. from Egypt, and Columbus' voyage from Europe.
What does that tell you about the history of European civilization between the time of Maui, who was the navigator for this expedition, and the European civilization which finally came out of the mud to be able to make a deliberate transatlantic exploratory voyage?
What we're talking about, is essentially a collapse of civilization, which dates from about the time that the Latins, the Romans, murdered Archimedes, until the Renaissance. Because it was the circles of Nicolaus of Cusa and his friends, including Paolo Toscanelli, who made possible the discovery and use of the knowledge which instructed Columbus on how to navigate to find land on the other side of the Atlantic.
In between that time, all European civilization was inferior, in its scientific and cultural development, to Egyptian civilization of the time of Archimedes and his friend, Eratosthenes. That is the "eyes on the dragon."
That tells you, that the idea about culture and civilization, which is popularized in European and other histories since then, is a gigantic fraud, a deliberate fraud. One of the examples of the fraud is the case several centuries later, five centuries later, when a hoaxster by the name of Claudius Ptolemy, faked evidenceabsolutely faked itusing known evidence from a period of about five hundred years earlier, and faked the evidence to try to show that the Earth was the center of the universe, that the sun orbited the Earth, not the Earth, the sun.
Whereas, five centuries earlier, all civilized science knew, and had measured the fact, that the Earth was a sphere, or a spheroid, and had made measurements pertaining to the distance of the Earth from the moon, and estimatesnot very good ones, but estimates nonethelessof the distance from the Earth to the sun, around which the Earth orbited.
The central figure of this, was the scientist Eratosthenes. Now, just to put this historical point into focus, look at Figure 2, the map that shows the Mediterranean area. What I want to point to, in particular, is the region called Cyrenaica. And, you see the Nile, coming down, approximately, to the place where the canal cuts from the Nile to the Red Sea.
Go back a bit in European history. The people who lived in Cyrenaica, were famous navigators. The reason they were famous navigators, is that they belonged to a group of people who were called at that time, the "Peoples of the Sea." These were people who, from before the Second millennium b.c.,: were accustomed to using sailing ships, which looked very much like what we nowadays call Viking ships: single sail, able to tack into the wind, somewhat like the ships of Henry the Navigator later. And they were all over the ocean. All over the world. They were in the area of the North Sea, long before the Vikings.
Remember, the Vikings were not really a people. They were Saxon bandits who fled from Charlemagne, when Charlemagne invaded this area of Saxony. And this bunch of heathen, who were controlled from Constantinople, revolted. And when Charlemagne defeated them, they fled north into the area around Jutland. There, they became known as Vikings. They were mixed, a lot of different kinds of people, with one common denominatorthey were all juvenile delinquents: robbing, stealing, raping, doing all these kinds of things that the British oligarchy does today.
But, a long time before then, you had an extended civilization, which was Atlantic. And the people of this Atlantic civilization, came down in their ships. And, as the glaciation retreated, they came more and more into the Mediterranean, and they came also down by the river system, which is essentially the system of the Danube, the Rhine-Danube connection, from the north into the Black Sea, and down. And, they became knownsome of them became known later as Greeks, but they were known as "Peoples of the Sea."
In the Second millennium b.c., you find sites, megalithic sites, in which the walls of the city are to the inland, not to the oceanbecause the Peoples of the Sea had to protect themselves against marauders or barbarians from the inland. They were the people of the sea, the sea-raiders.
Now, in this process, a differentiation occurred. This began in the Second millennium or earlier b.c.,: when the Egyptians proceeded to try to civilize these Peoples of the Sea. And the Egyptians picked out a settlement of Peoples of the Sea, in Cyrenaica, which became, on and off thereafter, closely associated with Egypt. And Cyrenaica was, for Egypt, also associated with Ionia, which became the Ionian Greeks, and with the Etruscans, and others.
The Etruscans were the allies of Egypt and the Cyrenaicans, against the Carthaginians; that is, against the Phoenicians in the Western Mediterranean. Whereas the Ionian Greeks, together with Athens, which is one of the cities related to it, were the allies of Egypt against the Phoenicians, against the Canaanites.
So, in this period, Cyrenaica plays a key part as, essentially, the link between Greece, the Etruscans, and Egypt, during the entire period. So, with all the dark ages and fluctuations, and so forth, back and forth, there's this Mediterranean culture.
So, when you're talking about Greek culture, or Etruscan culturewhich we know less about, because the Romans, the Latins, committed genocide against the Etruscans, to try to wipe out and eradicate every evidence of Etruscan culture, just as they tried to pretend that Italian is a language descended from Latin, which it is not. It's a completely separate and superior language to Latin, which is something that the Humboldts understood. They got into trouble at the time when Wilhelm von Humboldt was the ambassador to Rome, over making the obvious philological point, that Italian was a separate language which had cohabited with Latin, and therefore had a lot of cross loan-word relationships, but that the Italian was a separate culture, probably a superior one, to the Latin culture of the Romans.
You had also in there, of course, the Magna Graecia culture, much of which was very closely associated, again, with Ionia, and with Athens, and with other centers. So, the entire history of civilization, of European civilization, emerges in this cockpit, whose points of reference are Egypt, Ionia, Athens, and the Etruscans, and developments in southern ItalySicilywhich came out of this process. That's the center of civilization.
From the beginning of the Homeric legends, or the Homeric epicswhich probably are to a large degree true, as Heinrich Schliemann and others have demonstratedfrom this period, there emerged, earlier than the middle of the First millennium b.c.,: there emerged a great Greek culture, typified by the greatest works of the Ionians, such as Thales and Heraclitus, or Solon of Athens, who is part of the same process. Very closely associated with certain forces in Egypt, and always associated with Cyrenaica.
For example, when Plato formed and developed the Academy at Athens, one of the more important mathematicians was Theaetetus, who was from Cyrenaica. He was the person who first developed the concept of the five Platonic (regular) solids, a very crucial part of the whole picture.
Then, the case of Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes comes much later. He comes into the Third century b.c.: He was born in Cyrenaica. He travelled to Athens, where he was educated by Plato's Academy. He became particularly celebrated as the greatest mathematician of the Academy at that time. He was then invited to Egypt to educate the future Pharaoh. He succeeded very well there, and in the course of time, became the librarian of the Library of Alexandria, and a very powerful, politically powerful individual in the Egyptian history of that period.
He was also the greatest scientific mind of the age. He was a correspondent, an ally of Archimedes, though they had differences on certain things. And he was far greater in the profundity of his crucial discoveries, than Archimedes. But, Archimedes was one of his pals, shall we say.
He was the first to demonstrate rigorously, a method for demonstrating the circumference of the Earth. He was the one who developed and perfected methods for ocean navigation, using the ecliptic as a reference, constant reference by navigators, which shows up in this.
And thus, when the navigator Maui, under Captain Rata, set forth with a flotilla from Egypt, on the instruction of Eratosthenesand Maui left records to this effectto explore the circumference of the Earth, they successfully, with a series of steps, went eastward. Then they came into an unexpected object: the Americas. They couldn't get through it. According to the record, they explored about 4,000 miles of the coast of the Americas, chiefly South America, probably as far north as Baja California. Some records seem to indicate that some of the Arizona and related relics, were copies of records that had been made earlier in some nearby vicinity, which is probably Baja California.
So, this particular part of Mediterranean culture is the cockpit of modern civilization, for reasons I've given otherwise earlier. Then the story becomes even more interesting.
The Great Antiquity of Man
Over a period of time, these records took some deciphering by ethnographers, who later, in about the 1970's, began to discover how to translate these rebuses into actual messages, by discovering what language was being used [see: Figure 3 and Box]. And, in the middle 1970's, various groups of people, centered at Harvard University around a fellow named Barry Fell, in studying these matters, came to the discovery that this language was a language common to the Cyrenaicans, and also common to the Polynesians, with affinities with other languages of that Pacific region, such as the Malay language. And also traces of Dravidian and other kinds of things in there.
So, they recognized that this language, Maori, was the same language which is used by the Cyrenaicans. They had a common language. "Wait a minute!"
Now, let's go back to the Pacific map in Figure 1. What are we saying here? We're saying, as will be addressed later in the course of today, that mankind did not just "plop" on this planet, that God did not stand in Mesopotamia in 4004 b.c., and create the universe. That didn't happen. The universe is very old, and man is very old. The existence of man on this planet, is probably somewhere between a million and two million years, maybe longer.
Now, how do we recognize man? We recently had in Germany, out of a group working out of Göttingen University, a discovery of a site of throwing spears in a deep cave in the mountains, here in Germany, a site dated to about 600,000 b.c., in which the design of throwing spears, the well-balanced design of throwing spears, shows what? It shows something that no animal could do, no animal mind could do.
It shows that you had a very advanced form of human cognition, demonstrated by artifacts from 600,000 b.c. And obviously, this is a pretty far advanced part of man by 600,000 b.c. So, we have to go back somewhat earlier, don't we, to find man. And it's difficult, because the pattern of glaciation on this planet, affecting the Northern Hemisphere, goes back about two million years, on the basis of core samples that have been taken in various parts of the world.
So, we're really in kind of poor shape, at this point, for going much earlier. But man's existence on this planet as man, a genotype with specific cognitive characteristicswhich do not exist in an animal, only with manexisted, fully developed as potential, a million or more years ago.
Well, what do we know of history? The best indications we have of history today, enable us to scratch back to about 10.000 to 12,000 years ago. What happened to man during all the prior time? It was in this time, before "history," that the basic structure of the great language groups emerged.
For example, you have a language, like a Dravidian group, which is associated with the Indian Ocean and Pacific, which is a dominant culture in that region; until the Aryan migrations from the polar region and Central Asia, down into India, when you've got chiefly the modern culture of the subcontinent, based on an interaction between a Vedic Sanskrit language group of the Aryans, and a Dravidian group, in terms of culture.
Look at Southeast Asia, you've got implications of Dravidian types of languages, crossing with Chinese languages from South China. Thai, for example. Thai has a structure which has predominantly Chinese origin. It has also strong Dravidian influences and cultural influences. And, it also has a strong Aryan cultural superimposition, on a basic Chinese structure on the language.
So, you have the Dravidian language group; the China-related language group; and then you have the Malayan-related group, which includes the Polynesians. These cultures. Then, you had the great polar group that we know of, which is the group from which the Aryan so-called group comes. We have another group, which we don't have much on (we have relics of it), which is a transatlantic group, which almost went out of existence, because it degenerated in the form in which the Europeans discovered the indigenous cultures of Central and South America later on. Probably from between 1000 b.c. and a.d. 1000, there was a great collapse of the quality of culture in what had existed in what we now call the Americas, so that most of the so-called indigenous cultures of the Americas, were greatly degenerated cultures, which had come from a much higher level of culture, which had degenerated much earlier.
So then, you look at the history of mankind. You say there are certain groups of languages, which define the dominant cultural strain of humanity, strains which originate during the period of the last 100,000 years or so of the Ice Age, or earlier. These languages are what? These languages are largely transoceanic maritime culture languages. They come from a period when the level of the oceans was between 300 and 400 feet lower than today, when a great amount of the oceanic water was sitting on top of the Northern Hemisphere, in the form of great glaciation. In that period, the sea-levels were much lower, and the coastal areas were much lower [see: Box]. And you had great maritime cultures, including those which inhabited the Arctic region, which was more habitable than Northern Eurasia, during the time of the great glaciation.
Maritime cultures. You have the traces in the spread of foodstuffs from primitive seeds and primitive stocks, which were brought together from many parts of the world, in the same way that the food cultures, like tomatoes and potatoes and so forth, from South America, were brought into Europe. You had an oceanic movement of foodstuffs through these great cultures.
And then, in relatively modern times, in historic times, these great maritime cultures, produce so-called riparian cultures. In other words, man's culture did not come from the inland, from the inland land down the rivers to the oceans. What we know of man's culture, from the standpoint of languages, is that the great language groups came from maritime oceanic cultures, which are the great communicators of ideas and technologies.
These cultures, as they developed in a maritime environment, created the basis for the up-river culture. Of course, our great people from Hamburg would insist that the cultures of the inland of the Elba and Rhine, were developed by the Hansa. But, something like that did occur.
You have, for example, Mesopotamia, which in the Fifth and Fourth millennium b.c., was an area that was beginning to dry out, inhabited by Semites who were very ignorant, very brutish, no culture, no civilization to speak of. And along came some Dravidians, who settle colonies among the Semite populations. One colony was called Sumer, which was founded by Dravidians. It's a Dravidian-speaking culture, or a Dravidian language-speaking culture. This culture, which had the characteristics of Dravidian culture, degenerated in the way in which Dravidian cultures tend to degenerate.
And thus, after the degeneration of Sumer, you had the rise of the Semitic Akkadian culture, based on the legacies of Sumer's culture. You had the development of Ethiopia, which originally was a Dravidian colony, the center of Ethiopia. What we call Yemen today, was also a colony of the Dravidians. What we call the Canaanites, or the Palestinian area today, was originally a Semitic region, colonized by Dravidians, as Herodotus refers to this in his histories, and as the evidence corroborates Herodotus's commentaries.
You had another great influence on the Semites in this period: the Egyptians. The Mosaic religion, for example, comes out of Egypt, not out of Mesopotamia. The characteristics, the food culture, the taboos, all of these things, are characteristically Egyptian in character. They would be anathema, in a sense, to an ancient Mesopotamian culture.
And so, it was the Egyptians who were, in a sense, the authors of European civilization. But, something came out of that, which was not purely Egyptian. The great accomplishments of the Egyptians, were to lay the foundations for the development of Mediterranean civilization. But the great development of Mediterranean civilization, came out of what we call Greek or Hellenistic civilization later.
The Classical Idea
The great tradition of European civilization, comes from people like Thales, Heraclitus, the Homeric epics; from the Great Age of Pericles. You see it emblazoned in stone, in the Athens of Pericles, in the methods of sculpture of Scopas and Praxiteles, in which the triangle four-square conception of art was replaced, the tombstone conception was replaced, by imbalance, where the imbalance created metaphor. The idea of metaphor in stone.
The triangular culture, the Egyptian architecture, was symbolic. The primitive Archaic Greek culture was symbolic. It was not cognitive. Whereas, what we call Classical Greek culture, from which all European civilization comes, and all its contributions to the world come, are what we call Classical culture, the Classical idea. The systematization of the Classical idea we owe largely to Plato and his Academy.
The principle of paradox, the principle of metaphor, the principle of crucial experiment, by which we recognize that any idea which is popular, is probably absurd, on that evidence alone. We therefore find the fallacy in popular belief, by driving popular belief to its extremes, to extreme conditions. And, we're able to demonstrate that popular belief is false, because it omits consideration of something which is a principle, which we've heretofore ignored. And, by crucial-experimental methods, we generate new principles, not only principles of physical science, but principles of art. You can't have one without the other. The ideas of Classical art and Classical physical science, are unified. You separate them, you destroy the mind.
Just think of an act of discovery. Now, there are people who have made an act of discoverywhether as an original discoverer, or simply replicating the original act of discovery as a student, by reworking, step by step, beginning with a paradox, getting the flash of insight which demonstrates the idea, which is the principle to be discovered, and then working through the experimental proof which demonstrates the validity of that discovered principle.
Now, think of the process that you go through mentally, in making such a discovery. You go through a process, which is impassioned. The first thing about scientific discovery, is passion. Logicians will never discover anything, except their own great burial place, which is a good place for them. It's passion, the passion to persist, the passion not to break concentration. The passion to spend days without interruption, fighting with the problem. The passion to maintain concentration.
What is passion? What is discovery? It is concentration, highly energized, impassioned concentration. You will not let the question go. You grab it by the neck, and don't let it go. Passion.
Where do we recognize this passion? We recognize it in great Classical art, as opposed to so-called "popular art," which has no passion in it, only lust, which is very quick, it passes very quickly. But, the persistence: A great discoverer is a person who devotes years or longer, to working through various stages of a great discoverypassion that will not let him go. The artist: passion which will not let him go.
Take the case of the work of J.S. Bach, the great work of passion which would not let him goand then you get to the kind of discoveries which are concentrated in things like the Musical Offering, or sketched out in the principle of contrapuntal inversions, in The Art of the Fugue.
The passion that will not let you go, that commands your life from beginningfrom childhood until death; the passion which characterizes Mozart in studying the work of Bach, in 1782-83, with van Swieten at his library in Vienna, and making a discovery from within Bach, which gave us modern Classical motivic thorough-composition.
Think of Beethoven concentrating on that, and in doing his later works compositions, concentrating on someone from the end of the Sixteenth century, Zarlino, and working on the work of Bach, on the Art of the Fugue by Bach, in preparing to work through the ideas which were expressed in his last works, including his last string quartets.
Passion! And a passion described by Plato, a passion for truth. Do not let yourself be controlled by a false idea. Know that many falsehoods have trapped your mind. And, you must never allow those traps, those beliefs, which you have learned but which you don't know; never let those guide you.
A passion for justice, which is based on the nature of Man as not a beast, but a creative mind. And that all people are sacred, not merely to exist, but they're sacred because they contain a developable potential of discovery, which enriches all mankind. And, therefore, justice requires not merely the sense of justice in the ordinary crude sense for the individual, but justice for the existence of the individual, which means, above all, fostering the development of the intellectual powers and character of that individual.
Justice and truth. Not letting yourself go, until you get it.
Now, this quality is described by Plato, using a Greek word, which was used with the same meaning by the Apostle Paul: agape. This passion, this love for mankind, this passion for truth and justice, which in Plato's Republic distinguishes Socrates from Thrasymachus, the Adolf Hitler of the lot. And from Glaucon, the formalist. It's that kind of quality.
Now, how do you develop that kind of quality? Because you must not only have the insight into the way the universe is organized, but you must see that man is increasing man's power over the universe. So, you have to look at man, not dead nature. Not sticks and stones. You have to look at how man's mind functions. How does man's mind function to control the universe, to improve our power of the universe, by means of which we exist, by means of which we develop.
What is that? This is called Classical art. You don't like something, because it "feels good" to not like it? That's irrationalism. That's Thrasymachus. That's evil. Rock music is evil. If you like rock, you are partaking of evil per se, because you've rejected truth and justice, for passion of a cheap kindmere lust.
And thus, you must have a critical sense about man, a critical sense about the mind, a critical sense about how people work together, or don't work together. It is that passion for truth and justice, which evokes the power to concentrate on a discoverythe power to go higher and deeper than ever before, to go further in the direction of largeness and smallness than ever before. The passion to say, "The universe is there, therefore, we've got to go out and explore it." You can not just sit back and use logic for that. You have to ennoble it with a passion for truth and justice.
So, we had that. And, you had a person who is characteristic, who lived toward the latter half of the Third century b.c., Eratosthenes [see Box, page]. He was a poet, a geometer, a scientist, a nation-builder, a culture-builder. You had in Archimedes, who was perhaps not as brilliant a character, not as profound a character as Eratosthenes, but nonetheless the same thing, where you had these Roman soldiers killing this precious mind in Syracuse, as they tried to kill Etruscan culture, and suppress all other cultures.
And you realize, that the legacy which makes the difference in going from the greatest aspect of Greek and Hellenistic culture, as typified in the heritage of Eratosthenes and Archimedes, and people like that, to the rise of Roman culture and what that represented, was a great crime against humanity, from which civilization only began to recover in the Fifteenth century, in the Renaissance.
And then you look more closely, at the fine details of this process, and you see something more deeply: that Toscanelli had not yet reached the intellectual level of Eratosthenes. Here are some examples.
Figure 4 shows a simple description of the famous, simple experiment of Eratosthenes. It is known, that long before Eratosthenes, the Egyptians did astronomy with the aid of deep-well observations. That is, you dig a very deep welland you could do that in countries where you had to dig deeply to get water. And, if you look up from a deep well, you can see the stars at mid-day. That is, if there's not too much haze in the sky. And that method was commonly used by the Egyptians in earlier periods, the deep-well or similar kinds of observations. Line-of-sight studies.
So, observing from a place near what we call Aswan today, which was then called Syene, Eratosthenes made a measurement of the mid-day position of the sun, and compared it to the same position determined by solar observation at a similar site at Alexandria.
By this study and other studies related to it, Eratosthenes was the first to estimate, with reasonable accuracy, the size of the Earth as a spheroid, within, relatively speaking, a very small margin of error. He also made other estimates, of the distance from Alexandria to Rome, along the arc of a great circle. And by this same method, he calculated the possibility of demonstrating how this would work for transoceanic navigation, going from Egypt to Egypt by way of the Pacific, into the Great Ocean, which is the Atlantic, and back into Egypt.
That was the experiment.
Or take another case, for example, the famous "Sieve of Eratosthenes," which again in the Nineteenth century, became extremely significant for us, as was demonstrated by Georg Cantor in his writings toward the end of the Nineteenth century, in dealing with a problem he called cardinality, which deals with how we make measurements, in terms of processes which are characterized as multiply-connected manifolds of the Gauss-Riemann form [see: Box, XX].
So you see, if you look at the internal work of an Eratosthenes, as the internal work of Plato and other members of the Academy earlier, you see a profundity of mind, a precision of mind visible from a modern standpoint of modern science, which is greater than anything to be seen in the intervening period.
You say, "What happened to this?" Well, very simple. The method used by Eratosthenes and his associates is well-documented. It is the Platonic method, the Platonic method of Classical art forms, the Platonic method of physical science.
What happened to that method? That method went out of use. And, while that method went out of use as a controlling influence in shaping society, society went, for over 1,700 years, into a long period of degeneration of European culture. And it was not until the Renaissance of the middle of the Fifteenth Century, when this specific method was studied and revived, that Europe began the process of rising to and above the level of intellectual culture, which it had had in the time of Eratosthenes.
So, when you look at this exploration of Eratosthenes' student Mauithe "eyes of the dragon," so to speakyou say, "Well, why did 1,723 years pass between the discovery, or declaration of discovery of South America by the navigator Maui, and the similar discovery, the similar voyage of exploration, conducted by Columbus?" Why did 1,720-odd years have to pass?
Because of a great degeneration of culture. And therefore, when we look at European civilization today, and its legacy, that is the first measuring rod you must apply to understand the history of European civilization. You have to account for a crucial fact: that, from the time of the rise of the Romans until the Renaissance, European civilization was in a process of moral and intellectual degeneration. And we have not fully corrected that error yet.
Mr. LaRouche's remarks were drawn from his essay, "Scrapping the Usual Academic Frauds: 'Go With the FlowWhy Scholars Lied about Ulysses' Transatlantic Crossing," which appeared in the Nov. 20, 1998 issue of Executive Intelligence Review (Vol. 25, No. 46). Supplementary material accompanying this article appeared with this EIR feature.
Meet Lyndon LaRouche
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Option 1: Right to Counsel Presentation
Analyze two cases involving right to counsel and document your observations in a 7- to 10-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with detailed speaker notes. Use complete sentences, with correct grammar and punctuation, to fully explain each slide as if you were giving an in-person presentation.
Address the following topics:
· The aspects of right to counsel for the cases
· How the historical development of right to counsel relates to the cases
· When the right to counsel attaches to criminal procedure for the cases
· Whether the defendants in the cases exercised their right to self-representation
· The role of the attorneys in the cases as it applies to right to counsel
Include videos, audio, photos, diagrams, or graphs as appropriate.
Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
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The history of the origin and the growth of the Indian Museum is one of the remarkable events towards the development of heritage and culture of India.
Founded in 1814 at the cradle of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (at the present building of the Asiatic Society , 1. Park Street, Kolkata ), Indian Museum is the earliest and the largest multipurpose Museum not only in the Indian subcontinent but also in the Asia-Pacific region of the world.
With the foundation of Indian Museum in 1814, the Museum movement started rolling in India and through the years from then, got a new fillip and great momentum. Since then, it has so magnificently developed and culminated into the fruitful existence of more than 400 museums in the country.
The movement, which was started in 1814, in fact was the beginning of a significant epoch initiating the socio-cultural and scientific achievements of the country. It is otherwise considered as the beginning of the modernity and the end of mediaeval era.
To appreciate the history of the origin and growth of the Indian Museum we are to travel back to the last quarter of the 18th century when Sir William Jones a profound scholar devoted his life to the service of India, founded the Asiatic Society in 1784 in Kolkata.
The role of the Asiatic Society was to form a learning centre for the development of art and culture pertaining to the socio-cultural activities, entertaining people, disseminating knowledge and preserving the cultural as well as natural heritage of mankind for posterity within the geographical limits of Asia.
Sir William Jones, the founder of the Asiatic Society, however, in his inaugural address did not refer to the foundation of a museum as part of the activities of the society.
In 1796 the members of the Asiatic Society conceived an idea of establishing a Museum at a suitable place for the reception and preservation of the objects what ever it is performed by man or produced by nature.
The idea got shape in the beginning of 1808 when society found itself in a position to occupy its premises erected at the corner of Park Street on a land granted by the Government.
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This page uses content from Wikipedia and is licensed under CC BY-SA.
|Prince of Joinville|
The Prince of Joinville 1852
|Born||14 August 1818
Château de Neuilly, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
|Died||16 June 1900
|Spouse||Princess Francisca of Brazil|
|Issue||Françoise, Duchess of Chartres
Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre
Princess Marie Léopoldine
|Father||Louis Philippe I|
|Mother||Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily|
François-Ferdinand-Philippe-Louis-Marie d'Orléans, prince de Joinville (14 August 1818 – 16 June 1900) was the third son of Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, afterwards king of the French and his wife Marie Amalie of Bourbon-Sicilies. He was an admiral of the French Navy, and a talented artist.
He was born at the Château de Neuilly, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Educated for the navy, he was commissioned lieutenant in 1836. His first conspicuous service was at the Bombardment of San Juan de Ulua, in November 1838, commanding the Créole, when he headed a landing party and took the Mexican general Mariano Arista prisoner with his own hand at Veracruz.
He married on 1 May 1843 in Rio de Janeiro, Princess Francisca of Brazil, Princess de Bragança, sister of Pedro II of Brazil. They had a son Pierre duc de Penthièvre (1845–1919), also brought up to the navy, and who, for a time, attended the United States Naval Academy. The prince de Joinville visited the academy and asked for a frank estimation of his son's character, conduct, and aptitude for naval service. His son never married, but fathered two illegitimate children. The couple also had a daughter, Françoise who married her cousin Robert, Duke of Chartres in 1863 and had issue. Through this union, François d'Orléans is an ancestor of the present day Orléans claimant to the French throne, Prince Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France.
In 1844 he conducted naval operations on the coast of Morocco, bombarding Tangier and occupying Mogador, and was rewarded with the rank of vice-admiral. In the following year he published in the Revue des deux mondes an article on the deficiencies of the French Navy which attracted considerable attention, and by his hostility to the Guizot ministry, as well as by an affectation of ill-will towards the United Kingdom, he gained considerable popularity. The Revolution of 1848 nevertheless swept him away with the other Orléans princes. He hastened to quit Algeria, where he was then serving, and took refuge at Claremont, in Surrey, with the rest of his family.
Being excluded from continuing a career in the Second Empire's navy In 1851, he announced his candidacy for the French presidential election to be held in 1852, hoping to pave the way for an eventual restoration of the monarchy. The attempt to become a second "Prince-President" was aborted by 2 December 1851 coup by which the first Prince-President, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, effected his own ascension to the throne. In 1861, upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, he proceeded to Washington, D.C., and placed the services of his son and two of his nephews at the disposal of the United States government.
Otherwise, he was little heard of until the overthrow of the Second French Empire in 1870, when he re-entered France, only to be promptly expelled by the government of national defence. Returning incognito, he joined the army of general Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines, under the assumed name of "Colonel Lutherod", fought bravely before Orléans, and afterwards, divulging his identity, formally sought permission to serve. Gambetta, however, arrested him and sent him back to England.
In the National Assembly, elected in February 1871, the prince was returned by two départements and elected to sit for the Haute-Marne. By an arrangement with Thiers, however, the prince did not take his seat until the latter had been chosen president of the provisional republic. His deafness prevented him from making any contribution in the Assembly, and he resigned his seat in 1876. In 1886 the provisions of the law against pretenders to the throne deprived him of his rank as vice-admiral, but he continued to live in France, and died in Paris in June 1900.
The prince de Joinville was the author of several essays and pamphlets on naval affairs and other matters of public interest, which were originally published for the most part either unsigned or pseudonymously, and subsequently republished under his own name after the fall of the Empire. They include Essais sur la marine française (1853); Études sur la marine (1859 and 1870); Guerre d'Amérique, campagne du Potomac (1862 and 1872); Encore un mot sur Sadowa (Brussels, 1868); and Vieux souvenirs (1894). Joinville has also some reputation as a painter. He was present at the July Revolution of 1830 when Charles X was replaced by the Orleanist French King Louis-Philippe. In a number of portraits of French national life he depicted several great events in the life of the Bourbon monarchy. As the King's troops marshalled at the Place de la Concorde he depicted them firing on the crowd. As the mob invaded the Palais Royal he painted Charles X, with Louis-Philippe his usurper, standing behind him, and the king waved to the crowds below. In a famous scene, he drew a woman atop some men handing her the Tricolor as they marched on July 31, 1830 Delacroix's image contrasted heavily to the royal motif of Joinville's paintings. But Joinville remained a patriot himself and without contradiction captured the delivery of Napoleon's body on returning from St Helena. In total Joinville painted 35 watercolours.
|Ancestors of François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville|
Francois' son, Pierre (1845-1919), entered the United States Naval Academy on 15 October 1861. He received an honorary appointment as an ensign in the United States Navy on 28 May 1863 and served on the frigate USS John Adams. He was granted a leave of absence from the Navy as of 1 January 1864 and resigned from the Navy on May 30, 1864. He returned to France in June of that year.
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If you think about it, the whole "windows," "folders" and "tabs" method we use to interact with computers is a two-dimensional metaphor for a three-dimensional concept. But what if we got to reach into the screen and move all that stuff around with our hands?
That kind of gesture-based computer interface could be beautiful, if you take the work of MIT grad student Jinha Lee as any indication. He recently presented his 3D Desktop interface at the TED conference in Long Beach, California (a technology we took note about a year ago). The 3D Desktop relies on a transparent LED display and two cameras that track the user's hand gestures and eyes. Lee also showed off a collapsible pen that moves, virtually, deep through a display so that the user can draw real three-dimensional designs.
It will be a very long time before computer interfaces like these become a reality. Before we're invited to reach inside a monitor sitting on a desk, we will be given a chance to control computers with our hands by pointing, flicking, pinching, waving and grabbing in mid-air to accomplish even mundane computing tasks. Two hotly anticipated "gesture-based" devices will be sold to consumers this year.
The first, the $79.99 Leap Motion Controller, will become available in May. A small, distinctly Apple-like aluminum device sits in front of the monitor and uses two cameras and three infrared LEDs to track subtle finger motions in the three-foot space around the computer. Though the concept is similar, the Leap Motion Controller is far more sensitive than Microsoft's Kinect, and its applications go far beyond gaming.
Another new motion-based computer interface is the $149 Thalmic Labs Myo arm band, due later this year. Sensors in the Bluetooth band measure electric impulses in your arm muscles to determine what motions you're making towards your computer.
Though its unlikely that any of these alternative interfaces will supplant the good old mouse and keyboard (or trackpad), these elegant options take up little space and could aid in fitting our computers into our lives and homes in a more seamless and organic way.
(Images: Jinha Lee, as linked above)
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Batik is two-dimensional decorative
art on cloth. This hand-made textile art
uses wax to draw pattern in the beginning.
Fluid of melting wax is painted on the cloth
to cover parts that will resist the dye.
Batik primarily is used as kebaya and sarung
(women and men underskirt). Nowadays its
function varies like used as shirt,
accessories such as woman's handbags, scarfs
even as decorative icons such tablecloths,
paintings and lampshades.
The center of batik crafts sits in Central
Java Tengah in the cities of Solo, Pekalongan
and Yogyakarta, although in other area like
Lasem and Cirebon batik can also be found.
The Indonesian painter who has able
to gain international reputation is realist
Raden Saleh that lived in the 19th century.
And 20th century painter who could reach
the same achievement is Affandi.
Traditional painting flourishes in Klungkung,
Bali in the form of cloth paintings.
Then in the thirty, two European painters
Walter Spies (Germany) and Rudolf Bonnet
(Dutch) came to Bali bringing the influence
of European style and concepts of art.
Since then Balinese Paintings far more widely
developed in theme and style.
Painting above is one of Spies' painting
called Morning in Iseh, which render a beautiful
morning landscape in Iseh. Romantic-decorative
shapes show us the influence of Balinese
traditional art of painting, and the influence
of European art can be seen on the existence
Wayang is a form of traditional Javanese
theatrical performance. Known as world of
shadows, wayang which refers to wayang kulit,
is a theater performed by a dalang/puppeteer
with plays puppets behind a wide white screen
illuminated by an oil lamp. The shadows
of puppets on the screen caused by flickering
create lively atmosphere for the performance.
Puppets played (called wayang,too) are made
from cows or goats skin which is carved
Wayang kulit is performed in the important
ceremonies which mark a stepping stone in
one's life such as wedding or selamatan.
The plays performed are stories from Mahabarata
and Ramayana. Wayang itself keeps so much
philosphy from all aspects of life of Javanese
Other kinds of wayang are wayang golek ;
wayang in three-dimensional shape, wayang
orang which performed by people and wayang
topeng peformed by poeple with masks.
Madura Island lies in the northeast directions
of Java. Due to its hard geographical conditions,
Madura Island has one unique tradition,
Kerapan Sapi. Kerapan Sapi or Bullrace is
a blend of traditional art and sport.
This race is held between two pairs of human-driven
bulls which then will make a kind of drag-race
in a 120 meters race track. During a week
traditional games and fair are held there,
Almost every part of Indonesia has traditional
dancing. The number of dancing types is
known more than 200. Its functions diverse
from performance in the palace, for pay
homage to God, entertainment, ritual ceremonies
to dance for the death in funeral ceremonies.
Gesture of Javanese dancing is generally
slow and calm, emphasizing graceful movement.
In Central Java, dance firstly was a sacred
part of palace life, where dance was only
performed for the king. Javanese Dance can
still be found at performance in the kraton
Whereas in Bali island dance movements tend
to be jerk and faster, stress expressive
nature. Dance is functioning in a wider
sense and touch every pore of society's
life. The most well-known Balinese dancing
is Legong Dance, which usually
performed by Balinese girls (picture above).
Mask is a ethnic art which is previously
used in the ritual as camouflage between
ordinary poeple who face spritual world
(world between heaven and earth).
Its use continues for performance with still
keep the magical and mystical value.
Mask spreads widely in Indonesia. Masks
shown here is example of Javanese mask.
Mask is also used intensively in Bali such
as used in Barong performance.
Java mask is worn in theatrical show called
wayang topeng which performs plays like
Panji stories, Mahabarata and Ramayana epics
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How do you define a phone line and what does it mean to us now with the growing prominence of VoIP phone systems? Indeed, with hosted VoIP just needing a reliable Internet connect to perform, the term ‘phone line' is largely grounded in history and ageing copper wires.
A quick history of the telephone line
Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876 and then patented copper twisted pair cabling in 1881. It is from this point that the basis for the telephone system was born. From its early beginnings, the telephone line was the physical wire used to deliver landline telephone services. You most likely will have noticed utility poles near you, with overhead telephone cables connecting to a PTSN (Public Switched Telephone Network) used for landlines. Not just limited to overhead wiring, lines can run underground and carry digital or analogue signals to an exchange too.
What do you mean by a phone line?
Typically when someone mentions a phone line, they will mean a landline. A physical line that is connected to their home or office and which in turn is connected to a telephone. In this traditional sense, hosted VoIP does not require a phone line or landline, so when migrating to a VoIP service, all talk of a second phone line in conjunction with your business needs can sometimes get a little confusing. Because of this, it can often be helpful to first define exactly what you are looking for and how your VoIP provider or phone system can help. Do you think you need a second phone line for your business? You might not need one at all!
Do you need multiple phone lines for simultaneous calls?
Perhaps you might think that you require a certain amount of phone lines to be able to deal with a certain amount of incoming and outgoing calls? Historically additional phone lines may have been needed to deal with call volumes and ensure inbound callers didn't receive an engaged tone, but this is now a thing of the past. VoIP phone systems can handle unlimited simultaneous calls, although this can vary between VoIP providers. With a hosted VoIP service your callers will never receive an engaged tone when they call you.
Do you need multiple phone lines for different offices?
Are you referring to multiple phone lines instead of multiple phone numbers? A business could be based in different locations, with different offices, and different departments, where different phone lines may have been needed in the past. With hosted VoIP you can have one phone number that routes to multiple different offices or departments with no hassle. Alternatively, if your business does prefer to use multiple phone numbers, it is also possible to route these to one office. It's a completely flexible service. In this case all that would be needed would be multiple phone numbers and all of which does away with the need for multiple phone lines.
Do you need multiple phone lines for employee extensions?
Are you referring to a phone line when your business could just require an additional VoIP phone or user extension? While old landline telecoms required a physical line for each phone or extension, with hosted VoIP, it is possible to have as many extensions and phones as your business needs, all of which can utilise the same phone number. Again, in this scenario there is no need for multiple phone lines, just simply a connection to the Internet and as many phones or extensions as there are employees in the office. Plus with a VoIP service there's no need to worry about engaged tones as calls can be made and received simultaneously.
Do you still think you need a second phone line for your business or are you thinking again? With a VoIP phone system you need not wait for a second line to be installed for your office to start making and receiving phone calls. What are you waiting for? Don't miss out, make sure you join the hosted VoIP revolution today! '
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How Do You Fend Off The Flu?
FLORA LICHTMAN, HOST:
This is SCIENCE FRIDAY, from NPR. I'm Flora Lichtman. The flu came on fast and furious this year. Deaths from flu so far are slightly above epidemic levels, according to the CDC. Besides getting the flu shot, is there anything you can do to avoid the virus? It seems like everybody has their own strategy, right?
Do you hold your breath as you walk past a cougher nearby? An informal poll found that SCIENCE FRIDAY employees are likely to do this. Are you that person that brings a napkin into the train rather than touching the subway pole? Maybe you go the hand sanitizer route. We want to know your rules for flu avoidance and your thoughts on flu etiquette.
What do you think? Do you think it's rude to get up if someone is coughing nearby, or just good judgment? We'll find out if there's a better way than moving your seat to avoid getting the flu, as well. Are new, speedier vaccines in the works? Call and tell us your flu story. Like, did you guilt someone into getting a flu shot this year? Are you secretly wishing your sniffly co-workers would stay home?
Give us a call: 1-800-989-TALK. That's 1-800-989-8255. Or tweet us @scifri. And we'll find out how well these strategies really work, because we have a flu expert in our studio with us to vet your flu avoidance tactics. Dr. Nicole Bouvier is an assistant professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Mount Sinai School of Medicine here in New York. She joins us in our New York studios. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY, and thanks for coming in.
DR. NICOLE BOUVIER: Thanks for having me.
LICHTMAN: Now tell us - introduce us to the flu. Let's do some basic flu biology first. What makes this virus different?
BOUVIER: So, influenza - the disease influenza is actually caused by, in humans, mainly three different strains. There's two strains of what we call influenza A. So there's the H1N1, which caused the pandemic a few years ago. You may remember hearing that. And then there's also H3N2, which is what's circulating right now. And then the third one is influenza B. So any of those three viruses can cause what we know as clinical influenza.
Now, right now, what's circulating in most of North American is the H3N2 virus. And the reason this season is a bit unusual is partly because it's hit a little bit early. So we - usually, we don't see this many people getting the flu this early in the season. And it also - historically, the H3N2 strain has been associated with more what we call morbidity and mortality, basically more illness and more death.
And why that is, we actually don't know. But if you look back at seasons' worth of data from the CDC, years in which H3N2 predominates tends to be the years in which more people get into the hospital and more people die.
LICHTMAN: And what about that early onset this year? First of all, where does it go the rest of the year? And what explains an early presence this year?
BOUVIER: So, flu is actually in humans worldwide. There's also flu in animals. So, you know, we can occasionally get a pandemic from an animal source. But, in general, flu that's adapted to humans is circulating around the globe all year around. So when we're in the summer and not seeing a lot of flu, the Southern Hemisphere is actually in their winter, and they're seeing a lot of flu.
So when we're up here, you know, going to the beach, Australians are having the flu. So it continually circles around from hemisphere to hemisphere. And then, of course, in the tropics, it tends to be either a year-round phenomenon or, you know, there's more than one annual epidemic. So places like Hong Kong will see often two epidemics per year that are separated by months.
So it depends on, really, what climate you're in and what time of the year it is.
LICHTMAN: Well, what climate does flu like?
BOUVIER: So, it seems to not mind the tropics, because it's there. But what we've seen in the lab, at least, is that in temperate climates, it seems to like winter conditions - so, basically, cold and dry. And there's been some work done in animal models in - actually at Mount Sinai, showing that flu transmits between guinea pigs, which is a model that we use to study flu transmission, much better in a cold, dry environment than when you turn up the humidity or turn up the heat.
LICHTMAN: And how - what's its favorite way to travel?
BOUVIER: That's a good question, also, and it's something we don't fully have the answer to. Now, you can imagine many different ways for a respiratory virus like flu to transmit. It can transmit through the air, either because somebody coughs or sneezes a bunch of - you know, sprays on you, or because once the droplet dries out, it can hang in the air for hours and hours and hours, and you can maybe breathe it in later.
You could also imagine that if somebody rubs their nose and either shakes your hand, and then you touch your nose, or if they touch a doorknob that you subsequently touch and then touch your nose, that's a contact transmission. And probably, it transmits by all of these routes, but we actually don't know which one is the most important and which one is most common among humans.
LICHTMAN: Did you just say that it hangs in the air for hours and hours and hours?
BOUVIER: So we don't actually know, all right. That is a known method of transmission for something like measles or tuberculosis. So it's theoretically possible for flu. The thing about flu is that it's actually a quite delicate virus. It doesn't live forever. It's got a structure that, if it dries out, it dies. So it either has to be in some sort of, you know, viscous substance that's going to keep it sort of moist and alive, or if it desiccates, it dies.
So how long flu can survive hanging in the air is actually not really known.
LICHTMAN: Does that mean that if the subway pole feels a little moist, I should avoid that part of it?
BOUVIER: Well, that's actually another interesting question, because, you know, there was some scientific study looking at how long flu lasts on different kinds of surfaces. And under lab conditions, if you put a droplet of flu on a stainless steel surface, it could be cultured - live virus could be cultured from swabs of that spot for up to 72 hours.
BOUVIER: Now, that - take that with a grain of salt, because that was probably a whole lot more virus, and in a different consistency of medium than you would get if somebody rubbed their nose and touched the subway pole. What I can say is that studies that have been done in households, where one person has flu and then gives it to other people in the household, researchers have gone into those houses and swabbed various surfaces that you think would be touched frequently: doorknobs, phones, refrigerator handles, things like that.
And really, the results have not been very good. They can't really culture live flu viruses off of those surfaces. The one surface that seems to have a lot of flu virus, as you might imagine, are children's toys. So, you know, I wouldn't go putting your kids' toys near your nose. But, you know, the subway pole, I would say, is probably not the most likely place to get it, but use some hand sanitizer after you're holding onto it, and you can be extra sure.
LICHTMAN: Well, let's go to the phones. Gabe in Hadley, Massachusetts, welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY.
GABE: Hi. Thank you.
LICHTMAN: Do you have a question?
GABE: My question is: I'm a cashier at a supermarket, and I make contact with lots of people day in and day out. I recall, previously on this program, hearing something about ants and them licking each other if one ant is sick or an ant is dead. And I'd be curious to know, maybe it's surprising that I'm not getting sick more than I am, and if that may be attributed to my exposure to so many people on a daily basis and strengthening of the immune system.
BOUVIER: That could be the case. You know, if you're an otherwise healthy person, you are going to be more resistant to getting the flu than somebody else who has underlying health conditions or is older or, you know, younger, like less than two.
An interesting study that was done a while back was looking at swabbing flu from banknotes in Europe. And actually, you can swab live flu from banknotes. So it's possible you're exposing yourself to a lot of flu viruses by handling money. But because, if you have a healthy immune system, and you're not really inoculating yourself with enough to come down with a, you know, a case of the flu, you may actually be strengthening your immune system without even realizing it.
LICHTMAN: A sort of alter-vaccination. Thanks for calling, Gabe.
GABE: Thank you.
LICHTMAN: Let's go to Gary in Wichita, Kansas.
GARY: Hi. I got the stomach flu on Christmas Day because I was on the naughty list this year. But I'm curious - I've gotten it before where I couldn't even tolerate liquids, even clear liquids. But I'm curious, because I hear so much about this flu, but the symptoms are much different than the stomach flus I've gotten. What are the scientific - what are the differences between the two? And I'll take my answer off the air.
LICHTMAN: Thank you.
BOUVIER: I'm really glad you asked that question, because stomach flu is a bit of a misnomer. Most viruses - well, in fact, all viruses that cause a typical kind of gastroenteritis like you had are not actually influenza viruses. So stomach flu is just a nickname that has nothing to do with influenza viruses.
So influenza viruses specifically are respiratory viruses. They only cause respiratory symptoms, except in children. Sometimes children do have vomiting or diarrhea with a typical respiratory flu. But generally, adults don't have gastrointestinal symptoms. So you had a different virus, not a flu virus.
LICHTMAN: Norovirus is going around this year, right?
BOUVIER: Yeah, that's probably - it sounds like a norovirus, based on what you're describing. It sort of hits hard and fast and doesn't really make you feel bad for a long time. But that's what it sounds like.
LICHTMAN: Is sneezing a symptom of influenza?
BOUVIER: So, not as much as you might think. So, flu tends to be more coughing than sneezing. Common cold viruses, which are different from influenza viruses - they're things like rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses - which are different families and classes of viruses, cause the common cold. And they tend to be associated more with sneezing, which is sort of a nose phenomenon. In fact, rhinovirus comes from the word rhino, which means nose. Flu viruses tend to cause more sort of lower respiratory tract symptoms - things like coughing, sore throat, feeling like you've got, you know, a frog in your throat, that sort of thing. Sneezing - it's not to say it can't happen, but it's not as common with the flu as it would be with the common cold viruses.
LICHTMAN: Let's talk a little bit about the vaccine. It seemed to be a pretty good match this year, I read.
BOUVIER: Yeah. It's a very good match this year. I think of all of the flu isolates from around the country that the CDC has tested, 91 percent of them so far have been a very good match to the current flu vaccine. So it's a well-matched year.
LICHTMAN: How do they decide which viruses or virus fragments to put in a vaccine?
BOUVIER: It is part surveillance and part guessing. So what they tend to do is when they're looking at the Northern Hemisphere formulation, they'll look at what's circulating in the Southern Hemisphere during our summer. So, you know, they will be sampling viruses from Australia, from New Zealand, from South Africa and try to make an educated guess as to which of those strains are most likely to come up here to our hemisphere during the winter. And often, they get it right, like this year, and sometimes, they get it wrong. And that's the kind of season we have when we have a poorly matched vaccine.
LICHTMAN: This year, there was news about a new vaccine that wasn't made with eggs or live virus. It was insect cells. Can you tell us a little bit about it?
BOUVIER: So the traditional flu vaccine is, basically, they take whatever strain they think is the best virus candidate and inoculate it into eggs - which, as you can imagine, you need a lot of hens laying a lot of eggs to make millions of vaccine doses. So this new technology is - relies on an insect virus called a baculovirus. And what you do is you engineer this virus to have the gene for the hemoglutinin protein of flu, and that's the protein that the flu uses to attach to cells that it wants to infect.
And it's the most immunogenic protein of flu, meaning it's the one that provokes the largest immune response. So what they do is they put the gene for the hemoglutinin protein into this insect virus. Then they use the insect virus to infect insect cells. And in the process of making its own proteins, the insect virus will also, as a byproduct, make the flu protein. Then they purify it out, and that becomes your vaccine.
LICHTMAN: Is it easier or faster to produce?
BOUVIER: It is faster because the insect cells, you can keep them in the freezer until you need them. And then you just take them out and you thaw them, and you do what we call expand them. You basically let them grow for a while, until you have a lot of them, then you just put a lot of cells with the insect virus in lots of vats and let - just let it go. So you don't have to worry about having lots of hens hanging around, just waiting to lay your eggs in the case of a pandemic.
LICHTMAN: You're listening to SCIENCE FRIDAY, on NPR. I'm Flora Lichtman talking with Dr. Bouvier about the flu. Let's go back to the phones, because people have some interesting things to say - Amy in Manhattan.
AMY: Well, in addition to all these other things, I try to keep a rule that, you know, my germs on one hand, and my - and other people's germs on the other hand, like the right hand. So I'll shake hands with my right hand, and I try not touch my face with my right hand. But, you know, if I need to scratch my nose or something, I'll use my left. And...
LICHTMAN: What do you think about that strategy?
BOUVIER: It's actually part of what has been studied under the heading of non-pharmaceutical interventions, and that's basically things you can do that are not drugs or vaccines to prevent yourself from getting the flu. And so what they've done is - in studies, you take a group of people who are told to just go about their normal lives and a group of people who are told, you know, wash your hands frequently. Do what we call hand awareness, meaning think about where your hands are and try not to touch your face. Do things like cover your sneezes with your elbow instead of with your hand, and sometimes even wearing facemasks. And of those studies, hand awareness and hand hygiene usually turns out to be one of the most effective ways of not giving yourself the flu. So...
AMY: It seems validated.
BOUVIER: Yes, it has been.
LICHTMAN: Thanks for calling, Amy.
AMY: Thank you.
LICHTMAN: What about the universal flu vaccine, the holy grail of seasonal influenza vaccines? How far are we from that?
BOUVIER: It's a little bit hard to say. I think we're inching closer. So one of the problems with the flu viruses is that, for reasons that are kind of complicated, they're very good at subtly changing themselves year after year so that it doesn't affect how they infect or how they replicate, but it does affect how your immune system recognizes them sort of the second time around. And that's why we need to get annual flu vaccines. So it turns out that there are very few parts of the flu virus - we call them epitopes - which are so crucial, that their function is so important, that they cannot change.
If this part of the protein changes, it's going to result in a dead virus. And, you know, we have identified a couple of those, but it turns out that these epitopes do not stimulate a really good immune response when you get either a regular vaccine or when you get the flu. So what researchers are doing now, including my group at Mount Sinai, are looking at how we can alter these epitopes so we present them to the immune system in a different way, almost forcing the immune system to recognize these constant epitopes, make antibodies against it. And then, if you get infected with the flu, you have the antibodies to this constant region that can't change. So it's hard to say. There's a lot of strategies that are sort of under way, but I think it's possible. It's just we need some more work.
LICHTMAN: In about the minute we have left, do you have other tips for people who want to avoid getting flu? Let's say they've already gotten their flu shot. What should they do?
BOUVIER: OK. I have to say, if you haven't gotten your flu shot, get it, because I'm a doctor and I have to say that.
BOUVIER: But it depends on who you are. If you're someone who has certain comorbidity, certain diseases, if you're pregnant, you must get vaccinated. But other than that, I think the things that have shown to work best are things like hand-washing. And if you don't have access to a sink, you can use an alcohol-based sanitizer. You just have to put enough on so your hands are really wet, and you have to let it dry, and then that'll kill the flu virus on your hands.
You have to be aware of where your hands are. If you sneeze or cough, do it into your - in the crook of your elbow instead of in your hand. Try to avoid sharing utensils with people. If you know someone sick, try not to be in their orbit, because the closer you are to them, the more likely you can get flu from them. And they're mostly just commonsense things. But to various degrees, they have been shown to be effective.
LICHTMAN: Yeah, the hand sanitizer thing is interesting, and we really have like 15 seconds, because a cold, it doesn't work as well on, right?
BOUVIER: It does some of them, but some of them it doesn't. So flu, it does kill.
LICHTMAN: Good to know. Thank you for joining us today.
BOUVIER: Thanks for having me.
LICHTMAN: Dr. Nicole Bouvier is an assistant professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Mount Sinai School of Medicine here in New York. And stay with us, because we have some astronomy news coming up.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
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Pneumocystis Pneumonia and AIDS
Pneumocystis is a fungus that can sometimes cause pneumonia in people who have AIDS.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Pneumonia can make it hard to breathe and to get enough oxygen into the bloodstream. Symptoms often begin suddenly and may be similar to those of an upper respiratory infection, such as influenza or a cold. Common symptoms of pneumonia include:
- Fever of 100°F (38°C) to 106°F (41°C).
- Shaking chills.
- Cough that often produces colored mucus (sputum) from the lungs. Sputum may be rust-colored or green or tinged with blood. Older adults may have only a slight cough and no sputum.
- Rapid, often shallow breathing.
- Chest wall pain, often made worse by coughing or deep breathing.
- Fatigue and feelings of weakness (malaise).
Your doctor may suggest an HIV test if you have not been diagnosed with HIV and Pneumocystis pneumonia is:
- Suspected on a chest X-ray.
- Detected in a test that evaluates sputum (thick fluid produced in the lungs and in the airways leading to the lungs).
If you get PCP, it can be treated. Antibiotics can get rid of the infection. You can also take care of yourself at home:
- Take your antibiotics as directed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics.
- Take all your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you have any problems with your medicine. If you are taking IV medicine at home, follow your doctor's instructions.
- Get plenty of rest and sleep. You may feel weak and tired for a while, but your energy level will improve with time.
- Drink plenty of fluids, enough so that your urine is light yellow or clear like water. Choose water and other caffeine-free clear liquids until you feel better. If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and have to limit fluids, talk with your doctor before you increase the amount of fluids you drink.
- Take care of your cough so you can rest. A cough that brings up mucus from your lungs is common with pneumonia. It is one way your body gets rid of the infection. But if coughing keeps you from resting or causes severe fatigue and chest-wall pain, talk to your doctor. He or she may suggest that you take a medicine to reduce the cough.
- Use a humidifier to increase the moisture in the air. Dry air makes coughing worse. Follow the instructions for cleaning the machine.
- Do not smoke or allow others to smoke around you. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor about stop-smoking programs and medicines. These can increase your chances of quitting for good.
Have your blood tested regularly to check the strength of your immune system and to help your doctor decide if you need to take medicines to prevent this type of pneumonia. If you were diagnosed with HIV but are not being treated for it, start antiretroviral therapy (ART) to help strengthen your immune system and lower the risk of PCP returning.
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Please boost your Plan to download papers
Payment and Gender - Essay Example
That women make less money than men do for similar jobs is a fact in many situations in the United Kingdom. Several studies have shown it to be true and have offered explanations for the trend. Figures concerning the size of the wage gap between men and women range anywhere from approximately 18 to 27 percent…
Recognising the biased nature of the wage situation, several attempts have been made on the part of the UK government and other equal-rights organisations to remove the inequality, but limited progress has been made until now. Rather, the situation persists despite the fact that laws have been passed to discourage this practice1. Theories for the existence and persistence of this problem are many. Some blame the lower level of education or other kind of training possessed by women; others to the willingness of women to accept initial wage offers. Still others attribute the wage gap to problems in the labour market or to the alternate responsibilities of women as mothers or child-carers. Whatever the reason: occupational segregation, sex discrimination, or other; it is evident that even today the labour market is constructed in a way that allows women to be poorly paid for a job that they do as well as the men who work alongside them.
One study describes wage discrimination as stemming from the "crowding [of] women into a limited range of occupations" (Walby and Olsen, 2002, p. 41). This is also known as occupational segregation. Women have made great strides in the working world since their general entrance into the workforce, which occurred only recently. However, they still have much to do in order to be considered on the same level as men. ...
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Rising sea levels, violent storms, melting glaciers, droughts and floods – all caused by global warming – will spell misery for millions of people, as they lose their homes, food and drinking water.
The world’s poorest people, and rural communities in particular, will be affected the most, especially those living in vulnerable ecosystems, such as low-lying islands or arid areas. However, there is an answer – using what nature has already provided to help guard against these threats. IUCN urges States here at Poznan to make sure nature-based solutions to climate change are considered as a matter of urgency.
“If we save nature we not only help reduce carbon emissions, we also help vulnerable people,” says Julia Marton-Lefèvre, IUCN Director General. “We depend on healthy ecosystems for our very existence. Without them, we would die. It’s time to wake up and make sure we give people and nature the respect they deserve.”
IUCN hopes to see the roadblocks to a meaningful agreement on fighting climate change cast aside, especially given the recent US election outcome. Climate change is already affecting people and nature. There is an urgent need to reach agreement on an international climate change framework by 2009, in preparation for the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol in 2012.
At the last UN summit in Bali, the negotiations reached a deadlock, crystallizing the debate on the issue of equity between developed and developing countries. Success in Poznan is key to reaching the agreement the world needs in Copenhagen next year.
- Protecting forests to combat climate change. Forests can help store carbon and lead to a reduction in greenhouse gases, helping to cool our planet. They are also important for conserving species and providing livelihoods for natural resource dependent local communities.
- Equity between the North and South. Developed countries must recognize the damage they have done to the global environment through greenhouse gas emissions. They must support developing countries to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
- Nature is our best ally in the face of climate change. Healthy environments provide means for people to make a living , store carbon and other greenhouse gases, and can reduce the impacts of climate change-related natural hazards, such as increased flooding, higher temperatures and rising sea levels.
EVENTS AND MATERIALS FOR MEDIA:
- Monday, Dec 8, 19:30: Media drinks reception
- Monday, Dec 8, 10:00: Press Conference on gender
- Wednesday, Dec 10, 10:00: Press Conference on corals and climate change.
- Thursday, Dec 11, time TBC: IUCN Photo opportunity
- Friday, Dec 12: Closing Press Statement.
- All media material available at www.iucn.org/unfccc
Julia Marton-Lefèvre, IUCN Director General, Stewart Maginnis, IUCN Forest Programme, Neville Ash, IUCN Ecosystem Management Programme, Ninni Ikkala, IUCN Climate Change Officer.
IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges by supporting scientific research; managing field projects all over the world; and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN, international conventions and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. www.iucn.org
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Breastfeeding protects babies
- Early breast milk is liquid gold – Known as liquid gold, colostrum (coh-LOSS-trum) is the thick yellow first breast milk that you make during pregnancy and just after birth. This milk is very rich in nutrients and antibodies to protect your baby. Although your baby only gets a small amount of colostrum at each feeding, it matches the amount his or her tiny stomach can hold. (Visit How to know your baby is getting enough milk to see just how small your newborn’s tummy is!)
Did you know?
While formula-feeding raises health risks in babies, it can also save lives. Very rarely, babies are born unable to tolerate milk of any kind. These babies must have soy formula. Formula may also be needed if the mother has certain health conditions and she does not have access to donor breast milk. To learn more about rare breastfeeding restrictions in the mother, visit the Breastfeeding a baby with health problems section. To learn more about donor milk banks, visit the Breastfeeding and special situations section.For health professionals
- Breastfeeding and the Risk of Postneonatal Death in the United States (American Academy of Pediatrics)
- Breastfeeding and Health Outcomes (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality)
- A Summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Evidence Report on Breastfeeding in Developed Countries
- Your breast milk changes as your baby grows – Colostrum changes into what is called mature milk. By the third to fifth day after birth, this mature breast milk has just the right amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein to help your baby continue to grow. It is a thinner type of milk than colostrum, but it provides all of the nutrients and antibodies your baby needs.
- Breast milk is easier to digest – For most babies — especially premature babies — breast milk is easier to digest than formula. The proteins in formula are made from cow’s milk and it takes time for babies’ stomachs to adjust to digesting them.
- Breast milk fights disease – The cells, hormones, and antibodies in breast milk protect babies from illness. This protection is unique; formula cannot match the chemical makeup of human breast milk. In fact, among formula-fed babies, ear infections and diarrhea are more common. Formula-fed babies also have higher risks of:
- Necrotizing (nek-roh-TEYE-zing) enterocolitis (en-TUR-oh-coh-lyt-iss), a disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract in preterm infants.
- Lower respiratory infections
- Type 2 diabetes
- Life can be easier when you breastfeed – Breastfeeding may take a little more effort than formula feeding at first. But it can make life easier once you and your baby settle into a good routine. Plus, when you breastfeed, there are no bottles and nipples to sterilize. You do not have to buy, measure, and mix formula. And there are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night! You can satisfy your baby’s hunger right away when breastfeeding.
- Breastfeeding can save money – Formula and feeding supplies can cost well over $1,500 each year, depending on how much your baby eats. Breastfed babies are also sick less often, which can lower health care costs.
- Breastfeeding can feel great – Physical contact is important to newborns. It can help them feel more secure, warm, and comforted. Mothers can benefit from this closeness, as well. Breastfeeding requires a mother to take some quiet relaxed time to bond. The skin-to-skin contact can boost the mother’s oxytocin (OKS-ee-TOH-suhn) levels. Oxytocin is a hormone that helps milk flow and can calm the mother.
- Breastfeeding can be good for the mother’s health, too – Breastfeeding is linked to a lower risk of these health problems in women:
- Mothers miss less work – Breastfeeding mothers miss fewer days from work because their infants are sick less often.
The nation benefits overall when mothers breastfeed. Recent research shows that if 90 percent of families breastfed exclusively for 6 months, nearly 1,000 deaths among infants could be prevented. The United States would also save $13 billion per year — medical care costs are lower for fully breastfed infants than never-breastfed infants. Breastfed infants typically need fewer sick care visits, prescriptions, and hospitalizations.
Breastfeeding also contributes to a more productive workforce since mothers miss less work to care for sick infants. Employer medical costs are also lower.
Breastfeeding is also better for the environment. There is less trash and plastic waste compared to that produced by formula cans and bottle supplies.
When an emergency occurs, breastfeeding can save lives:
- Breastfeeding protects babies from the risks of a contaminated water supply.
- Breastfeeding can help protect against respiratory illnesses and diarrhea. These diseases can be fatal in populations displaced by disaster.
- Breast milk is the right temperature for babies and helps to prevent hypothermia, when the body temperature drops too low.
- Breast milk is readily available without needing other supplies.
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By Nina Kendall
Looking for a new way to engage your students in research? Are you considering implementing National History Day(NHD) in your school or classroom next year? Are you looking for advice on how to get started? Here are some basic tips on getting started on NHD in Georgia
Get to Know the Projects
There are 5 different types of projects that are part of National History Day. Project categories include websites, performances, exhibits, documentaries, and papers. National History Day has a detailed rule book with detailed descriptions each type of project. LaGrange College runs an extensive support program for National History Day in the State of Georgia. Every project except for a paper can be completed by a group. You can certainly allow students to choose any type of project, but you can advise students on what is possible with school equipment and seek advice from others on producing various projects. Perhaps you have a very supportive drama or technology teacher in your building.
Get to Know the Theme
The 2015 theme is Leadership and Legacy. National History Day presents an essay every year to explore theme. It is a useful tool to help introduce students to working with a theme. This may be the first time you and your students have chosen to complete research based on a theme.
Be Prepared with Sample Topics
When you introduce the project, you are going to want have sample topics to share. National History Day creates a list of sample topics every year. Topics can focus on any part of history. This year you will also find some lists of topics based on the history of individual states. You can also see suggestions and discussions of possible topics at the NHD at LaGrange College facebook page. You do not have to use a topic from a list provided by National History Day or any other organization. However, these lists of topics can be sources of inspiration.
Know where to find Help
National History Day in conjunction with several museums hosted google hangouts about each type of project that you can watch. Each state has an affiliate coordinator that supports NHD and conduct contests within your state. These organizations can offer you advice on how to get started, connect you with your regional competition, and possibly host a workshop you or your students can attend. The Georgia Humanities Council, an NHD affiliate in Georgia. Laura McCarty runs the National History Day program. Dr. Kevin Shirley at LaGrange College runs the National History Day Mentoring Program. This year a new Research Round-Up in October will offer more support.
Find Out about NHD Contests
If you plan to compete, you need to know about your local competition which is hosted in the spring of each year. The state competition is hosted annually at Mercer University. Regional competition sponsors include:
· Clayton State University and the National Archives-Atlanta
· Coastal Georgia Historical Society
· Fort Valley State University
· Georgia Regents University, Summerville Campus
· Georgia College
· Georgia Southern University
· Georgia Southwestern State University
· Kennesaw State University
· Thomas County Middle School
· Troup Historical Society and LaGrange College
· The University of Georgia
Here are some basic questions to ask about your local competition.
· Where is the local competition?
· When is the local competition?
· When is the registrations deadline?
· Is there a registration fee? If so, what is the fee?
· Are there any specific contest requirements asked of each school? (ie… limit on number of projects, paperwork, photo release forms.)
This information will help you in your planning for a successful year.
Good Luck and Happy History Day!
Bonus: Topics List with Georgia Connections (#NHD2015)
· Southern Christian Leadership Conference
· James Oglethorpe
· Andrew Young
· Alonzo Herndon and the Atlanta Life Insurance Company
· Richard B. Russell Jr.
· Jimmy Carter and the Carter Center
· Joseph Lowery
· John Hope
· Sequoyah and the Syllabary
· Albany Freedom Singers
· Xavier Roberts-Cabbage Patch Kids
· William B. Hartsfield and the City to “busy to hate”
· Cason and Virgina Callaway
· Asa Candler and Coca-Cola
· Martin Luther King Jr.
· Hosea Williams and Feed the Hungry
· Morris Rich and Rich’s Department Store
· Truett Cathy and Chick-fil-A
· General Lucius D. Clay and the Berlin Airlift
· Henry Wirz and Andersonville Prison
· Juliette Gordon Low and the Girl Scouts
· Henry Grady and the New South
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Except for an initial period of political disorder, independent Chile's first century of political life was dominated by the aristocratic Liberal and Conservative parties. Segments of the two parties split, shifted, entered into new alliances, regrouped, and took on new names. Since electoral law permitted the registration of parties with relatively small popular bases, coalitions were usually formed to elect presidents and control the Congress. Many cabinets had a fleeting existence. After 1860, the Radicals emerged from the Liberal party, and over the next six decades, they increased their following with the rise of the middle class. In the meantime, the Liberals became conservative, and moved close to that party. Although the Conservatives and Liberals disagreed over the status of the Roman Catholic Church and over the matter of relative congressional and presidential powers, they were united in opposing the Radicals.
Designation of Chilean parties as being of the right, center, or left has been a function of shifting national political climates. Parties and party alliances have tended to appear and disappear over time. During the 1950s and 1960s, there were fewer, but much larger parties. Before the 1973 military coup there were five major parties in Chile: the Christian Democratic Party, founded in 1957, the Socialist Party, founded in 1931, the Communist Party, founded in 1921 (and outlawed during 1948–58), the National Party, formed in 1966 by members of the Liberal and Conservative parties, and the old Radical Party, which saw its strength greatly diminished after 1964. The ruling Allende coalition of Popular Unity consisted of Socialists, Communists, and several smaller leftist parties. The most radical political group, the Revolutionary Movement of the Left, was not a coalition member.
In September 1973, all the Allende coalition parties were abolished. The other parties were initially suspended and then banned in March 1977.
The reemergence of political parties in the aftermath of Pinochet's ouster was dramatic. In 1990, to ensure that Pinochet's preferred presidential candidate would not take office, several center-left parties came together as the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertación) and backed a single candidate. Today, the coalition includes four major parties: the Christian Democrats (PDC), the Party for Democracy (PPD), the Radical Party (PR), and the Socialist Party (PS). The Concertación has won three consecutive presidential elections, four consecutive parliamentary elections and three consecutive municipal elections, becoming the most successful and lasting political coalition in Chile's history. The opposition from the right comes from the Independent Democratic Union (UDI), and the National Renewal (RN), which, bolstered by the influence of most Senate appointees (including 4 former military generals) have held sway in the Senate.
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Peripheral Vision by Zabet Patterson is one of the books that I recently bought to learn more about the origins of computer animation and more specifically, computer art. This book focuses on the collaboration between artists and engineers at Bell Labs, and how they used the SC4020 peripheral device to pioneer computer art in the 1960s and 1970s.
For a book about art and history, I found it a bit lacking in imagery so I’ve looked up many of the people and objects that are described and added some images and videos throughout my notes.
Bell Labs was home to some of the most significant breakthroughs in science and engineering from the the 1920s to the 1980s. In the 1960s, some of the most interesting works at the intersection of art, science and technology were created with the Stromberg-Carlson 4020 at its Murray Hill campus.
The SC4020, also known as the Stromberg-Carlson Microfilm Recorder, was a peripheral device for use with mainframe computers such as the IBM 7090 or 7094. It was based upon the Charactron, a CRT screen, originally developed in the 1950s for the US Department of Defense for a computerized air defense system called SAGE.
The Charactron had a cathode ray tube with shaped-beam technology and could display vectors and characters, and had a high refresh rate to allow air force specialist to track airplanes in real time.
In 1959, Stromberg-Carlson built the SC4020, a computer-controlled microfilm printer and plotter, that consisted of the Charactron screen and an automatic operated camera enclosed in a light-tight compartment. It accepted instructions from the mainframe computer via magnetic tapes.
This was not a cheap machine. It cost approximately $325,000 and the IBM 7094 to which it was frequently attached cost $3.5 million dollars. Running the SC4020 cost approximately $500 per minute of output.
Collaboration betweens artists and engineers was spurred through an initiative called Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.). Artists that were invited to the Bell Labs campus were able to access equipment that was far more expensive than anything they could afforded by themselves.
In 1963, Dr. Edward E. Zajac produced one of the first computer generated films at Bell Labs called Simulation of a Two-Gyro Gravity-Gradient Attitude Control System.
Zajac was interested in visualizing the motion and orientation of an orbiting communication satellite. Sudden and dramatic changes in viewpoint could be achieved easily with computer animation, because the essence of computer film lies in numerical input rather than optical registrations of a physical camera.
Previously, the computer would print out numbers of the satellite orientation at successive instants in time and an animator would elaborately compute perspective drawings by hand.
A single basic program can generate far more than a single film, it makes possible a whole family of films. This program can be stored as a subroutine and called up as necessary as part of a film.
Zajac’s film was made possible, in part, by the creation of such a subroutine by Dr. Frank W. Sinden. Sinden used this to create an educational film called Force, Mass and Motion that illustrates Newton’s basic laws.
Most sequences in this film were made by a single programme of around sixty instructions, together with a dozen or so subprogrammes of five or ten instructions each. The subprogrammes would be responsible for drawing circles, drawing arrows, specifying the law of attraction and controlling the camera.
These programs were written in Fortan (Formula Translation), an imperative programming language created by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications and an early high-level computer programming language.
In 1965, the Howard Wise Gallery in New York held the first exhibition of digital art in the United States titled Computer-Generated Pictures and showcased work by scientists Dr. A. Michael Noll and Dr. Béla Julesz. Art critics did not know what to make of it and not a single work was sold.
Noll unexpectedly decided to investigate computer art, after a computer-generated data graph had gone haywire because of a programming error and the result resembled a modern abstract painting.
Noll was interested in restricting the chaotic effects of purely random number distribution with a sort of pseudo-randomness that was calculated to generate a pleasing appearance. The tension between control and disarray carries through a number of Noll’s works.
Some of his early works can be found on his website.
Béla Julesz used the digital computer and microfilm printer for his work in perceptual science. The general understanding of stereopsis, the visual perception of a three-dimensional world, was that it could only occur after monocular recognition. Julesz proved that stereopsis can and does occur in the complete absence of monocular form using random-dot stereograms.
The random-dot stereograms were created with the computer that generated sets of random patterns that consisted of various characters from the Charactron screen, for producing different brightness levels.
It is one of the earliest, if not the first, example of ASCII art.
The original picture was scanned into the computer and divided into approximately 5000 points. For each point, the brightness level was read and a small square pattern that consisted of the SC4020 characters to replicate a level grayscale was chosen. Nude had 8 possible brightness levels, and for each level one of two random patterns would be selected.
The Poemfields animations were made using the SC4020, an IBM 7094 mainframe and Knowlton’s TARPS language (Two-D Alphanumeric Raster Picture System). TARPS was based on the computer animation programming language BEFLIX (Bell Flicks) that Knowlton created in 1963.
The series was named in reference to the Charactron screen, which VanDerBeek viewed as a mosaic field that orchestrated letters and characters. The Charactron could not produce delicate curving lines, but grids, gradients and blocks could be created using specific letters. The numbers and letters were overlaid with hand-painted blocks of color.
Lillian Schwartz made some of the most important computer art of the 1970s at Bell Labs with Kenneth Knowlton. She was taught how to use the computer and although she found the process of waiting for 2 or 3 days between the tedious keyboard work and final output frustrating, she recognized the potential of a non-real time apparatus that afforded for both error and the wonder of surprise.
She used this “blindness” to her advantage and created generative films with effects that were unpredictable for the viewer, similar to the process of the creation itself. Her first computer-animated film was Pixillation (1970) were she combined computer animation with film animation, processing and coloration.
Other films that she created with the SC4020 were UFO’s (1971), ENIGMA (1972) and GOOGOLPLEX (1972), which can be viewed on her website.
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|Question: did we really put men on the moon? Answer: Yes, yes we did.|
Ever since we first put a man on the moon, some people have spent a lot of time trying to claim that we didn’t.
Likely first initiated by Bill Kaysing, a NASA librarian who wrote the book ‘We Never Went to the Moon’, the moon landing hoax movement is still prevalent to this day; as late as 2001 Fox TV (a wonderful, reliable and totally unbiased source of news, information and opinion) was broadcasting documentaries entitled Conspiracy Theory: Did We Really Land on the Moon?
Verification of these landings that are conclusive enough to satisfy most people has been notoriously difficult; in 2009 there was “tantalizing evidence the flags from Apollo 17 was still standing, but the images were just barely too fuzzy to know for sure”. A frustrating experience for everyone involved but fear not, because just three years later we might finally have some verification.
Just a few days ago the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera captured the pictures shown below:
Turns out the landing site of Apollo 16 is still very much still there; even the footprints and the flag.
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THEY WALK IN THE NIGHT
They strolled arm in arm, happily, unhurried,
Snow and winter.
They were made for each other, folks would
Behind them, cabin trailed, of wood sturdy
For she was all that.
A being of forest and trees, made to withstand
She seemed sad though, in a season of wonderland,
What could it be that she lacked?
Surely not hearth, fire, nor ice, nor stocking
Ceteris paribus; lurking, stalking, that
Unseen by those, too busy with metrical cares,
Soul of the poet.
THEY WALK IN THE NIGHT © gillena cox 2016
Poetry and Flash Fiction with Magaly:
Snow Birthed Tales
Using Jenny Leslie’s photo as inspiration, to craft a new poem or story, while keeping in mind the following guidelines:
If you choose Poetry- please write 13 lines or fewer
- use one (or all) of these words: snow, cabin, ice
courtesy Imaginary Garden Jenny Leslie's image
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GIS and map scale
Learn why scale matters in GIS – and what could trip you up.
When looking at a paper map, map scale is important. This is the relationship between the dimensions on the paper to the real distance on the ground.
If a building is 13 metres long in the real world and a map depicts this length as 13 mm, the scale is 1:1000. Multiply the distance on the map by the scale factor to get the building’s real-world dimensions.
In the world of GIS and computerised mapping, things are more complicated. A description of scale can lose its meaning – the scale of the image on screen can depends on your monitor’s size.
Scale of capture
GIS software lets you to zoom in on your map data, so you can’t say it has an exact scale. Even so, all topographic data has a scale, whether the source was from a paper map or an aerial photo.
You need to understand the source scale of your data. This is because it will only look right if viewed within a certain range of magnification. And combining two or more datasets only works if they use the same scale of capture.
Detailed mapping, which depicts the outline of walls and fences, is known as large-scale data. The positional accuracy of features shown on this type of mapping is high. But if you zoom out, the view becomes cluttered because the map is so detailed.
The maps most of us recognise have been simplified. A cartographer creates readable maps by selecting information from a larger-scale source. Features are combined, smoothed out or omitted altogether. Otherwise, if a road atlas tried to show every building in the country, it would be unreadable.
To make space for map symbols, some features might be moved from their exact geographical position. And to make roads and railways stand out, maps show them much wider than in the real-world. The science of small-scale map production is known as generalisation.
Be careful with scale
Many small-scale GIS data products originate from generalised map sources. They’re useful for simple, overview maps but don’t make sense if you zoom in too far. And displaying them with large-scale mapping magnifies the effects of generalisation. So while you can view data at any scale in a GIS, use each product within its suggested scale range for best results.
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The term ‘antioxidant’ seems to be creating a lot of buzz these days. We all know that antioxidants are good for our health but most of us do not know what exactly they are, and what their significance is.
What Are Antioxidants And Why Are They Necessary For Us?
When our body cells use oxygen, they naturally produce unstable molecules called ‘free radicals’. Exposure to UV light, cigarette smoke, use of certain drugs and environmental pollutants also increases the body’s free radical burden. In excess, these free radicals can cause serious damage to our cells. It might be disturbing for you to know that they interfere with the cell processes, and can lead to various health problems like cardiovascular disorders, inflammatory diseases, cataract and even cancer.
As the name suggests, antioxidants are substances which reverse the oxidation process in our body and hence protect our cells from the harmful effects of free radicals. Antioxidants are called free radical scavengers that either reduce the formation of free radicals, or react with and neutralize them. Their benefits are not limited to this – antioxidants even repair the damage already done by free radicals.
Our body makes some of the antioxidants on its own. These are known as endogenous antioxidants. However, our body relies primarily on external or exogenous sources for its antioxidant requirements.
Different Types Of Antioxidants
Natural antioxidants can be classified in to the following three types:
- Antioxidant minerals– Antioxidant minerals are the cofactors of antioxidant enzymes. These include selenium, copper, iron, zinc and manganese
- Antioxidant vitamins– Required for most metabolic processes, they include vitamin A, C, E and B
- Phytochemicals– These comprise of chemical compounds called flavonoids and carotenoids. Generally, flavonoids give fruits and vegetables their blue, purple or deep red colour while carotenoids give yellow, orange, red and dark green colours.
- Antioxidants and cancer- Considerable research suggests that antioxidants may help prevent the cellular damage caused by free radicals that is associated with cancer. However, more research is required in this area.
- Antioxidants and aging- Free radicals destroy the DNA, and DNA destruction is thought to be one of the processes that trigger aging. Antioxidants put a stop to such damage, and hence prevent specific age-related diseases. Moreover, they can speed up cell division and cell substitution processes, and slow down the overall effects of aging.
- Antioxidants and cardiovascular diseases- According to the American Heart Association, antioxidants can lower the risk of heart diseases in a variety of ways by inhibiting the aggregation and adhesion of platelets in the blood, by interfering with the oxidation of bad cholesterol and by lowering the overall blood cholesterol.
- Antioxidants and eye disorders- Numerous studies have shown that antioxidant enzymes may protect our eyes from the harmful blue light of the sun. Research also suggests that antioxidant-rich food sources may help protect against macular degeneration – a principal cause of age-related blindness.
- Antioxidants and immunity- The free radicals thwart our immune system in many ways. They harm our immune cells and interfere with the communication between them. A diet which ensures a balanced intake of antioxidants enables the proper functioning of the immune system and boosts immunity.
Best Food Sources Of Antioxidants
Antioxidants are found in loads in fruits and vegetables. Other foods such as nuts, herbs, grains, and some meat, poultry and fish are also rich in antioxidants.
- Beta-carotene- It is found in many orange coloured fruits and vegetables and in some green leafy vegetables as well. Foods rich in beta-carotene are:
- Sweet potatoes
- Lycopene- The powerful antioxidant lycopene is found in many foods including:
- Pink grapefruit
- Blood oranges
- Vitamins– Rich sources of antioxidant vitamins are:
|Vitamin A||Carrots, sweet potatoes, milk, egg yolks, liver, mozzarella cheese|
|Vitamin C||Citrus fruits, cereals, beef, poultry, fish, alfalfa|
|Vitamin E||Mangoes, nuts, broccoli, dandelion and oils like wheat germ, safflower, soyabean and corn|
- Minerals- The most well-known mineral with antioxidant activities is selenium. The top sources of selenium are as:
- Chia seeds
- Mustard seeds
- Lima beans
- Brazil nuts
- Flavonoids- Flavonoids are a remarkable group of phytonutrients that play different roles in the upkeep of human health. They are present in high concentrations in the following:
- Green tea
- Brussel sprouts
- Bell peppers
- Citrus fruits
- Red wine
The Bottom Line:
Research continues to show that food sources rich in antioxidants are potentially active in disease risk reduction, and are highly beneficial to the overall human health. So, be sure to include a wide array of antioxidant foods in your daily diet, and remember organic and fresh foods are always the best!
- Healthy Heart: Antioxidants- By Gabriel Chavez
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Explore the mystery of life along San Diego’s coastline during tidepooling excursions beginning in November with Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego. Late fall through early spring is an excellent time to explore tide pools, as low daytime tides reveal wider beaches and pools teeming with native marine life such as hermit crabs, sea hares, and sea anemones.
Aquarium naturalists will show participants how to tread lightly through these fragile ecosystems and help them discover the wonderful world of tide pools. Ages 2 and older. Ages 2-13 must be accompanied by a paid adult. Directions to meeting place will be provided at time of RSVP.
Members: $12, Public: $15
RSVP REQUIRED: 858-534-7336 or online
Nov. 3, 2-4 p.m., False Point
Nov. 16: 1:30-3:30 p.m., Dike Rock
Nov. 30: 12:30-2:30 p.m., False Point
Dec. 1: 1-3 p.m., Dike Rock
Dec. 29: 12-2 p.m., False Point
Dec. 31: 1:30-3:30 p.m., Dike Rock
Jan. 12: 1-3 p.m., False Point
Feb. 1: 3-5 p.m., Dike Rock
March 1: 2-4 p.m., False Point
March 2: 3-5 p.m., Dike Rock
About Birch Aquarium at Scripps
Birch Aquarium at Scripps is the public exploration center for the world-renowned Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego. Perched on a bluff overlooking the Pacific Ocean, the aquarium features more than 60 habitats of fish and invertebrates from the cold waters of the Pacific Northwest to the tropical waters of Mexico and beyond. An interactive museum showcases research discoveries by Scripps scientists on climate, earth and ocean science and features five dozen interactive elements. Accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Birch Aquarium has an annual attendance of more than 436,000, including 40,000 school children.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego, is one of the oldest, largest, and most important centers for global science research and education in the world. Now in its second century of discovery, the scientific scope of the institution has grown to include biological, physical, chemical, geological, geophysical, and atmospheric studies of the earth as a system. Hundreds of research programs covering a wide range of scientific areas are under way today on every continent and in every ocean. The institution has a staff of more than 1,400 and annual expenditures of approximately $195 million from federal, state, and private sources. Scripps operates oceanographic research vessels recognized worldwide for their outstanding capabilities. Equipped with innovative instruments for ocean exploration, these ships constitute mobile laboratories and observatories that serve students and researchers from institutions throughout the world. Birch Aquarium at Scripps serves as the interpretive center of the institution and showcases Scripps research and a diverse array of marine life through exhibits and programming for more than 430,000 visitors each year. Learn more at scripps.ucsd.edu and follow us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
About UC San Diego
At the University of California San Diego, we constantly push boundaries and challenge expectations. Established in 1960, UC San Diego has been shaped by exceptional scholars who aren’t afraid to take risks and redefine conventional wisdom. Today, as one of the top 15 research universities in the world, we are driving innovation and change to advance society, propel economic growth, and make our world a better place. Learn more at www.ucsd.edu.
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Closely related to the African violet, gloxinias produce trumpet-shaped flowers in a variety of colours. They bloom indoors in late winter and early spring, with the blooms nestled in velvety, green foliage. These plants require proper care to thrive and bloom again, as gloxinia are not evergreen houseplants. After blooming ends, the foliage goes dormant for several months while the plant rests. New growth resumes after two to three months and the plant flowers again the following season.
Fill the gloxinia pot's drip tray with 1 inch of gravel. Add water to the tray until the moisture level sits just beneath the top of the gravel. Set the gloxinia pot on top of the gravel. The water in the tray provides humidity for the plant.
Set the pot in an area that receives bright, indirect sunlight throughout the day. Choose a location with a 75-degree daytime temperatures, and a nighttime temperature that doesn't drop below 65.
Water gloxinia when the soil surface starts to feel dry. Water at the base of the plant until the excess moisture begins to drip from the bottom of the pot. Empty the excess water from the drip tray so the water level remains just beneath the top of the gravel layer.
Fertilise gloxinias at each watering with a soluble 15-15-15 fertiliser. Apply the fertiliser at the rate recommended on the package label.
Reduce watering once flowering is finished, allowing the foliage to yellow and die back naturally. Stop watering once the foliage has died back completely.
Place the dormant gloxinia in a cool, dark room for eight to 10 weeks, then resume watering. Move the pot back to the brightly lit area and resume normal care once new growth begins to show.
Gloxinia are both disease- and pest-resistant.
Tips and warnings
- Gloxinia are both disease- and pest-resistant.
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From paintings and monuments inspired by mathematics of nature, to complicated and beautiful shapes created from simple math equations
The tight connection between Art and Mathematics is fascinating ; they have had a long historical relationship dating back to 2,560 BC. From artists and architects inspired by mathematics in creating their paintings and monuments, to mathematicians developing mathematical models which result in amazing complex patterns and designs.
“The universe is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures. Artists who strive and seek to study nature must therefore first fully understand mathematics. On the other hand, mathematicians have sought to interpret and analyze art through the lens of geometry and rationality. ” – Galileo Galilei
Going back in history, evidence of mathematics influence has been seen as far back as 2,560 BC; in monuments such as the Great Pyramids and the Coliseum. Also, painters and philosophers observed geometric shapes and patterns in nature and made use of mathematics in their work; incorporation of realistic shadows, angle of lights, reflections, and perspectives. Piero della Francesca (c.1415-1492), an early Renaissance artist, was also a mathematician and authored many books on perspective and geometry. Graphic artist M.C. Escher (1898—1972) was known for his mathematically inspired work; he used polygons or shapes such as squares, and triangles to create his art.
In conjunction with the artists’ use of mathematics in art, mathematicians have developed mathematical functions that can result in fascinating and complex patterns and shapes.
One example is Fractal art. Fractals represent objects with self-similarity; each shape is made of smaller copies of itself. Fractals are seen in nature in many instances such as trees, roots of trees, the human heart, lungs, kidney, vegetables, mountains, sand dunes, granite patterns, and many more. Have you ever looked down from the window on a plane and noticed the pattern of rivers? This is an example of fractals in nature; small rivers combine to form the larger river. Cauliflower is another interesting example of Fractals seen in nature. If you look at the shape of a cauliflower, then cut it into pieces, each small piece looks like the larger piece but it’s smaller.
Photo by Azi Sharif
Fractals in the world of mathematics are beautiful complex images that can be produced by iterating simple equations. One of the most well known examples of Fractals is the Mandelbrot set invented by Benoit Mandelbrot. It shows how iteration of a simple equation can result in amazing shapes with such complications, harmony and beauty.
And more fascinating images created by Math!
Wolfram Demonstration Projects, Flower Fractals
Wolfram Demonstration Projects, Generating Patterns Similar to Peruvian Textiles
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Are human beings unique? Is there something special about us that makes us different from animals? Of course, every species of animal has special or unique features. Humans make music, and birds sing. Humans create art, and spiders spin webs. Humans use tools, and so can crows. But after a while, it becomes more and more difficult to make these comparisons.
For example, only a human can walk into a bar and tell a joke. The “walks into a bar” joke is a common English joke form, and we may or may not find the above joke funny. But this joke itself holds the secrets of human uniqueness. First, syntactical language is unique to humans. We use syntax to order words and phrases into simple and complex sentences, and syntax helps us say “who does what to whom.” Thus, we can understand that “The dog bit the man” is different from “The man bit the dog.” Some animals seem to use rudimentary syntax in their communication systems. But humans use a complexity of syntax that far surpasses that of any animal.
Moreover, this human joke speaks of the past, present, and future. Animals, when they communicate, tend to only communicate minimally about the present, the here, and the now. But humans can time travel with language. We call this “displacement,” one of Charles Hockett’s so-called “design features” of language. Displacement is the ability to communicate about the past, future, hypothetical, and unreal. Bees can tell other bees the location of nectar that is removed from “the here,” and language-trained Bonobo chimpanzees can communicate about “unpresent” places, but humans are the great “displacers.” Unlike animals, we “displace” with language, speaking of the past, future, hypothetical, and unreal.
Human authors have created with morphemes and syntax the fantasy worlds of Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings. Science fiction writers have made with words and grammar the future worlds of Star Trek and Star Wars. And Lewis Carroll gave us the literary nonsense of Alice in Wonderland:
`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
These phrases are nonsensical, but not grammatically so. We can still see the design feature of complex grammar, with nonsense adjectives, verbs, and nouns. But the point is this. Humans use design features of language that do not exist (or only minimally exist) in animal communication.
What is more, we use a grammatical structure that produces the discrete combinatorial system of language. The only other discrete combinatorial system in the natural world is DNA. What does a discrete combinatorial linguistic system give us? It gives us the ability to use a finite number of discrete elements (a limited number of words and grammatical rules) to produce an infinite number of combinations. Of course, if you try, you’ll run out of time, but theoretically, you could pass the “novel combination” baton to another person to get closer to infinity.
However, this is more than ability to chatter and babel all day long. It gives us the power store knowledge in minds, books, and other forms of media. With language we can transfer this this knowledge from brain to brain, from book to brain, and from other media into other minds. And we can use this information in our heads to create tools, music, art, drama, machines, and all kinds of cultural artifacts.
In this way, linguistic design features do indeed make humans unique. We use the design feature of displacement to talk about ideas that are unpresent and abstract. We use the design feature of complex syntax or “creativity” to produce a continuous stream of novel and meaningful utterances. And we use the design feature of linguistically-based “cultural transmission” to understand, enjoy, and create all the ancient and modern artifacts of culture.
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“When am I ever going to have to use math in real life?"
Odds are that you’ve heard this question at least once while your child was doing his or her math homework. You may even have said the exact same thing years ago before you became an adult and realized that you use math all the time. Remember that, although you can assure your would-be mathematician that math knowledge comes in handy every day, in these kinds of situations, kids usually need to see it for themselves.
Since experiential, hands-on learning is one of the most effective ways children come to understand the world around them, we’ve compiled three resources that offer engaging everyday activities that will allow your child to see real-life math at work.
- PBS: Simple Tips for Summer Math Learning: It may not be summer anymore, but these activities never go out of season. This site doles out creative ways to turn road trips (distance and time), shopping (addition, percentages, comparison, price vs. quantity, making change), and chores such as laundry and cooking (measurements, fractions, following directions) into mathematical learning opportunities. One of our favorite suggestions is creating a learning experience around your child’s interests. For example PBS suggests:
- If a child loves to be outside and observe nature, the child could do a scavenger hunt where they have to find a specific number of leaves, rocks, sticks, etc. With an activity like this, the child is actively engaged in a real experience that is based on his specific interests.
- Kindermusik: 3 Ways Kids Unknowingly Learn Math Through Music: In our blog “Catholic Songs to Learn By,” we discussed how lyrics and melodies are excellent teaching tools. This site explains how playing, listening, and moving to music can help a child learn geometry, patterns, and numbers. Are you wondering how geometry comes into play? Kindermusik explains:
- Movement combined with words and labels like “in and out,” “up and down,” or “around and through” are helping build the spatial awareness and spatial-temporal reasoning skills that are fundamental to geometry, as well as a child’s future potential career as an engineer, a scientist, a math teacher, or even an athlete.
- Bright Hub Education: Using Football to Teach Math: Ideas for Elementary to High School: Is sports more your child’s passion? Great news: As we discussed in a previous blog, playing sports enhances learning, and now we can assure you that talking about sports does as well. This site shows how to bring addition, percentages, equations, and probability into play for an engaging lesson. It explains:
- Sports and math are a natural connection. You can't have a game without numbers. Statistics are the result of every contest. Sports are an easy way to turn abstract math into something measurable and tangible.
What are some of the other benefits of learning in a real-life context, be it math or any other subject?
The National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics states that it “help[s] us to make sense of the world around us by making links between feelings and learning … [allowing] us to transfer learning experienced outside to the classroom and vice versa.” This leads to:
- higher levels of motivation
- almost limitless resources
- an opportunity to see math as cross-curricular
- greater curiosity leading to more effective exploration
- creative ideas driving investigations
- meaningful application of problem solving strategies and thinking skills
- a heightened sense of purpose and relevance
- the all-important bridge between theory and reality
- greater independence and an improved attitude to learning
- greater enjoyment and achievement
- a realization that our environment offers opportunities for learning and enjoyment
What are some of the ways you help your child learn math in the real world? Let us know on our social media pages.
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A computer has beaten a human at shogi, otherwise known as Japanese chess, for the first time. No big deal, you might think. After all, computers have been beating humans at western chess for years, and when IBM’s Deep Blue beat Gary Kasparov in 1997, it was greeted in some quarters as if computers were about to overthrow humanity.
That hasn’t happened yet, but after all, western chess is a relatively simple game, with only about 10123 possible games existing that can be played out. Shogi is a bit more complex, though, offering about 10224 possible games.
The Mainichi Daily News reports that top women’s shogi player Ichiyo Shimizu took part in a match staged at the University of Tokyo, playing against a computer called Akara 2010. Akara is apparently a Buddhist term meaning 10224, the newspaper reports, and the system beat Shimizu in six hours, over the course of 86 moves.
Japan’s national broadcaster, NHK, reported that Akara “aggressively pursued Shimizu from the beginning”. It’s the first time a computer has beaten a professional human player.
The Japan Shogi Association, incidentally, seems to have a deep fear of computers beating humans. In 2005, it introduced a ban on professional members playing computers without permission, and Shimizu’s defeat was the first since a simpler computer system was beaten by a (male) champion, Akira Watanabe, in 2007.
Perhaps the association doesn’t mind so much if a woman is beaten: NHK reports that the JSA will conduct an in-depth analysis of the match before it decides whether to allow the software to challenge a higher-ranking male professional player. Meanwhile, humans will have to face up to more flexible computers, capable of playing more than just one kind of game.
And IBM has now developed Watson, a computer designed to beat humans at the game showJeopardy. Watson, says IBM, is “designed to rival the human mind’s ability to understand the actual meaning behind words, distinguish between relevant and irrelevant content, and ultimately, demonstrate confidence to deliver precise final answers”. IBM say they have improved artificial intelligence enough that Watson will be able to challenge Jeopardy champions, and they’ll put their boast to the test soon, says The New York Times.
I’ll leave you with these wise and telling words from the defeated Shimizu: “It made no eccentric moves, and from partway through it felt like I was playing against a human,” Shimizu told the Mainichi Daily News. “I hope humans and computers will become stronger in the future through friendly competition.”
Via New Scientist
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It's a popular opinion that youngest children are often less resourceful and more bratty than their older siblings. Parents tend to treat their youngest children like babies for years, say the haters, which can shape them into less capable, more entitled adults.
Though the science of youngest-child-syndrome is very much up for debate, new research from Jordy Kaufman, a senior research fellow at Swinburne University of Technology in Australia, might help explain why some parents baby their youngest children long past babyhood.
In a survey of 747 mothers, 70 percent recalled that when returning from the hospital with a newborn, their former youngest child seemed noticeably larger than they remembered.
But rather than suddenly overestimating the size of their older children, Kaufman believes the mothers may have been suffering from the "baby illusion," where they underestimate the size of their newborns. Asking 77 mothers to estimate the height of one of their children between two and six years old, he found the moms consistently guessed low for their youngest child, or only child, by an average of three inches. Meanwhile, they guessed their oldest child's height pretty accurately.
Kaufman says the baby illusion may have developed as an adaptive mechanism to protect the most vulnerable offspring. "A perception of baby-like features, such as cuteness or smaller size, helps parents prioritize care for the child who most needs it," says Joy Jernigan at Today.
This may play into a mother's desire to baby her youngest for years, while treating her oldest children like "big kids," even if they're only two or three. "Our research potentially explains why the 'baby of the family' never outgrows that label. To the parents, the baby of the family may always be 'the baby'," Kaufman told the BBC.
All this seems to fit nicely into the "birth order theory," a kind of controversial idea that says the sequence of births impacts how smart, outgoing, and successful people become as adults. Though researchers point out that this is a nearly impossible theory to test — how does one control for variables like socioeconomic status, sex, parental birth order, and other environmental circumstances, for example — hundreds of studies have identified certain characteristics that only oldest, middle, and youngest children tend to share with their kind.
Here's how Susan Krauss Whitbourne, a Professor of Psychology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, describes the profile of the youngest-borns in Psychology Today:
The youngest child may feel less capable and experienced, and perhaps is a bit pampered by parents and even older sibs. As a result, the youngest may develop social skills that will get other people to do things for them, thus contributing to their image as charming and popular. [Psychology Today]
Burn. Older children, who may suddenly look big to their moms when a new baby comes home, may not grow up as charming and popular as the little ones. But, according to the birth order theory, they tend to come out on top in other ways. A 2010 study that compiled data from 200 birth order trials found that first-borns tended to be higher achievers, more motivated, and more successful in academic and intellectual pursuits.
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How We Present
Insulating skin on high-rises has fueled fires before London
by Justin Pritchard
The Associated Press Translate This Article
18 June 2017
On 18 June 2017 The Associated Press reported:
For the last decade, engineers specializing in fire safety have worried about the hidden danger posed by the kind of insulated metallic skin that transported flames up a high-rise apartment building in London, killing dozens. Panels of the armor-like 'cladding' have become a popular facade on tall buildings worldwide, both for their sleek look and energy-saving virtues. They also have helped fuel spectacular infernos in the Middle East, Europe, Asia, and the United States.
Global Good News service views this news as the failure of modern science and health systems.
Such 'flops' highlight the need for more intelligent, evolutionary, Natural Law based, life-supporting systems.
To read the entire article click here
Global Good News comment:
Maharishi's Vedic Approach can solve the problems reflected in the above article and in all areas of life: agriculture, business, culture, education, government, and world peace. For more information please visit:
Every day Global Good News documents the rise of a better quality of life dawning in the world and highlights the need for introducing Natural Law based—Total
Knowledge based—programmes to bring the support of Nature to every individual, raise the quality of life of every society, and create a lasting state of world peace.
Translation software is not perfect; however if you would like to try it, you can translate this page using:
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Nasal polyps are benign growths or tumors that grow from the membranes of the sinuses or nose. It is theorized that polyps are caused by infection. It appears that under the polyp is infected bone. It is unclear whether the polyp stems from an original infection in the bone
or the polyp infects the underlying bone. I believe that the infection starts in the membrane and spreads to the bone, causing a vicious cycle between the bone and the overlying tissue. The inflammation caused by the infection in the mucus and the bone causes the tissues of the nasal membranes to swell and welt. This swelling is called polypoid change. As the inflammation and swelling worsens, a polyp forms. When there are many polyps, the tissue looks like a bunch of grapes.
The only way to truly know that you have nasal polyps is from an examination of the membranes. However, most physicians are not able to tell the difference between polyps and swollen turbinates. It is best to go to an otolaryngologist, who will not only examine you directly but may order a computed tomography (CT) scan.
Now that you recognize and understand your symptoms, you should realize that you are not alone. Many people suffer from CAID, most of whom never seek proper medical treatment. Othe
I believe that children develop CAID symptoms just the same as adults, but they often go undetected by pediatricians, who are not adequately trained in this condition. Most parents
The symptoms of GERD include heartburn, indigestion, reflux, and belching. If you experience these symptoms along with any of the sinusinfection symptoms just described, it is impo
Meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscess are rare complications of sinus infection. However, they can be life threatening and need to be treated immediately. Each of these infec
Sinus problems can prevent you from sleeping well, which can lead to fatigue. Combined with an overall feeling of sickness, fatigue can actually lead to depression. Many major cond
Stress can certainly result from dealing with many of the symptoms caused by sinus disease, allergies, and asthma. For example, constant throat clearing is stressful for both suffe
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|Crowds surrounding the Reflecting Pool, during the 1963 March on Washington. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)|
|Martin Luther King, Jr.|
“The UFCW is proud to stand with our brothers and sisters from across the country to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Fifty years ago on August 28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his inspirational “I Have a Dream” speech to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Organized largely by A. Philip Randolph and black labor to promote freedom, economic equality and jobs, the March on Washington was a defining moment for the civil rights movement—spurring the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
“In spite of the advances we have made since the March on Washington 50 years ago—including the election of our first African American president—the dream of freedom, economic equality and jobs has not been realized. The Great Recession has widened the gap between the rich and poor, and African American and Latino communities, in particular, have been hit the hardest by the economic downturn. These and other communities have also been the targets of voter suppression, and the recent Supreme Court decision to strike down key parts of the Voting Rights Act will undermine voting rights in future elections.
“The need to mobilize for freedom, jobs and equality has never been stronger, and the UFCW is honored to continue the work of the 1963 activists by fighting for social and economic justice in the workplace and in our communities.”
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Source: The Wall Street Journal
AMBERG, Germany—The next front in Germany’s effort to keep up with the digital revolution lies in a factory in this sleepy industrial town.
At stake isn’t what the Siemens AG plant produces—in this case, automated machines to be used in other industrial factories—but how its 1,000 manufacturing units communicate through the Web.
As a result, most units in this 100,000-plus square-foot factory are able to fetch and assemble components without further human input.
The Amberg plant is an early-stage example of a concerted effort by the German government, companies, universities and research institutions to develop fully automated, Internet-based “smart” factories.
Such factories would make products fully customizable while on the shop floor: An incomplete product on the assembly line would tell “the machine itself what services it needs” and the final product would immediately be put together, said Wolfgang Wahlster, a co-chairman of Industrie 4.0, as the collective project is known.
The initiative seeks to help German industrial manufacturing—the backbone of Europe’s largest economy—keep its competitive edge against the labor-cost advantages of developing countries and a resurgence in U.S. manufacturing. Read the rest of this entry »
Source: Foreign Affairs
The Revolution in DNA Science — And What To Do About It
The revolution in genetic engineering that will make it possible for humans to actively manage our evolutionary process for the first time in our species’ history is already under way. In laboratories and clinics around the world, gene therapies are being successfully deployed to treat a range of diseases, including certain types of immune deficiency, retinal amaurosis, leukemia, myeloma, hemophilia, and Parkinson’s. This miraculous progress is only the beginning. The same already existing technologies that will soon eliminate many diseases that have victimized humans for thousands of years will almost certainly be used eventually to make our species smarter, stronger, and more robust.
The prospect of genetic engineering will be exciting to some, frightening to others, and challenging for all. If not adequately addressed, it will also likely lead to major conflict both within societies and globally. But although the science of human genetic engineering is charging forward at an exponential rate, the global policy framework for ensuring this scientific progress does not lead to destabilizing conflict barely exists at all. The time has come for a meaningful dialogue on the national security implications of the human genetic revolution that can lay the conceptual foundation for a future global policy structure seeking to prevent dangerous future conflict and abuse.
The rate of recent progress in human genetics has been astounding. It was only 61 short years ago that the DNA helix was uncovered and a mere 50 years later, in 2003, when the human genome was fully sequenced. The cost of sequencing a full human genome was roughly $100 million in 2001 and is under $10,000 today. If even a fraction of this rate of decrease is maintained, as is highly likely, the cost will approach negligibility in under a decade, ushering in a new era of personalized medicine where many treatments will be customized based on each person’s genetic predisposition. Processes like these will only widen and deepen in the future, just at an exponentially accelerated pace. Read the rest of this entry »
Source: The Economist
Which MBA?, 2014
The Chicago boys, and girls, come top again in our business-school ranking
For the fourth time in five years, the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business tops The Economist’s ranking of full-time MBA programmes. Even as banking jobs have become scarcer, Chicago, famed for its prowess in finance, has maintained a strong record of placing students in work. Last year 94% of graduates were employed within three months of leaving.
Fifteen of the top 20 schools are American. However, HEC Paris, the top European school, has climbed four places to fourth, mostly because of the impressive salaries its graduates get. The University of Queensland is the top-ranked school outside America and Europe.
This is the 12th time we have published the ranking. Each year we ask students why they decided to take an MBA. Our ranking weights data according to what they say is important. The four categories covered are: opening new career opportunities (35%); personal development/educational experience (35%); increasing salary (20%); and the potential to network (10%). The figures we collate are a mixture of hard data and subjective marks given by the students.
Source: Project Syndicate
Nathan Eagle is the CEO of Jana, a World Economic Forum Technology Pioneer.
BOSTON – Nearly everyone has a digital footprint – the trail of so-called “passive data” that is produced when you engage in any online interaction, such as with branded content on social media, or perform any digital transaction, like purchasing something with a credit card. A few seconds ago, you may have generated passive data by clicking on a link to read this article.
Passive data, as the name suggests, are not generated consciously; they are by-products of our everyday technological existence. As a result, this information – and its intrinsic monetary value – often goes unnoticed by Internet users.
But the potential of passive data is not lost on companies. They recognize that such information, like a raw material, can be mined and used in many different ways. For example, by analyzing users’ browser history, firms can predict what kinds of advertisements they might respond to or what kinds of products they are likely to purchase. Even health-care organizations are getting in on the action, using a community’s purchasing patterns to predict, say, an influenza outbreak.
Indeed, an entire industry of businesses – which operate rather euphemistically as “data-management platforms” – now captures individual users’ passive data and extracts hundreds of billions of dollars from it. According to the Data-Driven Marketing Institute, the data-mining industry generated $156 billion in revenue in 2012 – roughly $60 for each of the world’s 2.5 billion Internet users. Read the rest of this entry »
Source: Technology Review
One of the characteristics of our increasingly information-driven lives is the huge amounts of data being generated about everything from sporting activities and Twitter comments to genetic patterns and disease predictions. These information firehoses are generally known as “big data,” and with them come the grand challenge of making sense of the material they produce.
That’s no small task. The Twitter stream alone produces some 500 million tweets a day. This has to be filtered, analyzed for interesting trends, and then displayed in a way that humans can make sense of quickly.
It is this last task of data display that Zachary Weber and Vijay Gadepally have taken on at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts. They say that combining big data with 3-D printing can dramatically improve the way people consume and understand data on a massive scale.
They make their argument using the example of a 3-D printed model of the MIT campus, which they created using a laser ranging device to measure the buildings. They used this data to build a 3-D model of the campus which they printed out in translucent plastic using standard 3-D printing techniques.
One advantage of the translucent plastic is that it can be illuminated from beneath with different colors. Indeed, the team used a projector connected to a laptop computer to beam an image on the model from below. The image above shows the campus colored according to the height of the buildings.
But that’s only the beginning of what they say is possible. To demonstrate, Weber and Gadepally filtered a portion of the Twitter stream to pick out tweets that were geolocated at the MIT campus. They can then use their model to show what kind of content is being generated in different locations on the campus and allow users to cut and dice the data using an interactive screen. “Other demonstrations may include animating twitter traffic volume as a function of time and space to provide insight into campus patterns or life,” they say.
Read the rest of this entry »
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The Ten Warning Signs of Dyslexia
With expert help from a specialist tutor we here at uni-ball bring you the ten warning signs that your child might be dyslexic and how you can help manage if they are.
Is your child dyslexic? The ten warning signs of dyslexia . . .
• A child that is initially slow at learning to read
• An inconsistency with spelling. Children may practise spellings correctly one day and then get them wrong the next
• Confusion of letters when reading, particularly “b, d, p and q” or “n, h and m”
• Messy handwriting, (despite lots of practise)
• Leaving words out of sentences
• Severely dyslexic children may have trouble spotting they have missed out words when they are asked to look back at their work
• Vision disturbances, your child may report seeing letters and numbers moving around on the page
• They may rub their eyes when reading or say that the glasses they wear “don’t work”
• Dyslexic children may appear brighter in conversation than they do on paper. When discussing a topic they will be able to tell you the answers, but they might struggle to put this down on paper
• Writing numbers and letters backwards.
What you should do if you think your child is dyslexic
Don’t panic immediately . . .
Dyslexia tutor Penny Hale from Kin Learning told us that dyslexia is hard to diagnose and sometimes problems with writing and reading could be down to lack or practise, or your child not understanding something properly.
She told us: “Regardless of the child’s age, try to hear them read on a nightly basis, if they appear to be struggling.”
Speak to their teacher
Penny says: “If after practising reading and spelling regularly you still think that your child may be dyslexic, then go to their teacher.”
“Due to class sizes many teachers can fail to spot dyslexia on their own but, once the issue has been highlighted, they will be able to look out for warning signs.”
Penny adds: “If a teacher feels that a child is dyslexic, then they can refer a child for an assessment through the school”.
If your child is dyslexic we would like to hear from you, what were the warning signs that your child had a problem? Tweet us at @uniball_uk, hopefully this will help other parents in a similar situation.
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Kali is regarded as one of the fiercest deities in Hinduism. The word Kali arises from the Sanskrit word “Kaal”, which means time. This is also why Goddess Kali is sometimes referred as the Goddess of Death. In actuality, though, Kali is the slayer of the ego in a person.A study of the Goddess reveals that she only killed evil demons, who caused much turbulence in the world. Kali is not in any way associated with Yama, the Hindu God of Death. Interestingly, Goddess Kali is also considered mother by her devotees – and is one of the few Goddesses who are celibate, who renounced the whole world.
Goddess Kali is depicted placing one foot on Lord Shiva, who is pure formless awareness Sat-Chit-Ananda. Here, Kali represents “form” eternally supported by pure awareness.
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Many texts and articles discussing the matter of teaching reading on the secondary level recommend the establishment of reading programs which involve all members of the high school staff. Frequently, authors of such works on originating and developing reading programs will go into great detail about the ways in which committees may be given areas of concern, methods of self-evaluation, and each step to be achieved. Each stage of progress will be named and described with fine elaboration.
VanderMeulen, K. (1972). Reading in the Secondary Schools. Reading Horizons, 13 (1). Retrieved from http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons/vol13/iss1/10
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Scientists Capture First Direct Proof of Hofstadter Butterfly Effect
A team of researchers from several universities – including UCF –has observed a rare quantum physics effect that produces a repeating butterfly-shaped energy spectrum in a magnetic field, confirming the longstanding prediction of the quantum fractal energy structure called Hofstadter’s butterfly.
This discovery by the team paves the way for engineering new types of extraordinary nanoscale materials that can be used to develop smaller, lighter and faster electronics, including sensors, cell phones, tablets and laptops.
First predicted by American physicist Douglas Hofstadter in 1976, the butterfly pattern emerges when electrons are confined to a two-dimensional plane and subjected to both a periodic potential energy and a strong magnetic field. The Hofstadter butterfly is a fractal pattern—meaning that it contains shapes that repeat on smaller and smaller size scales. Fractals are common in systems such as fluid mechanics, but rare in the quantum mechanical world. The Hofstadter butterfly is one of the first quantum fractals theoretically discovered in physics but, until now, there has been no direct experimental proof of this spectrum.
Columbia University led the study and also involved scientists from the City University of New York, Tohoku University and the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan. Columbia prepared the sample and the UCF team measured the regular recurrence of the high-fidelity periodic pattern, engineered by inducing nanoscale ripples on graphene, a carbon material. The measured recurrence served as the essential proof that the measured spectrum was indeed the Hofstadter butterfly. The image that captured the evidence was taken in UCF Assistant Professor Masa Ishigami’s laboratory.
The study is published in the advance online publication of Nature .
Jyoti Katoch, Ishigami’s graduate student, used a non-contact atomic force high-resolution microscope to image the ripples, which have the height of only 0.2 angstroms (twenty trillionth of a meter), to confirm that the observed Hofstadter butterfly spectrum indeed matched the theoretical prediction.
“The arrangement of individual atoms, even just one atom can drastically alter properties of nanoscale materials. That is the basis for nanotechnology,” Ishigami said. “Atomic structures must be resolved to understand the properties of nanoscale materials. What we do here at UCF is to explain why nanoscale materials behave so different by resolving their atomic structures. Only when we understand the origin of the extraordinary properties of nanoscale materials, we can propel nanoscience and technology forward. What Jyoti has done here is to image how graphene is rippled to explain the observed Hofstadter spectrum.”
UCF’s laboratory utilizes a novel, the state-of-the-art microscopy technique to simultaneously determine the atomic structure and electronic properties of nanoscale materials such as graphene.
Katoch has been working with Ishigami since 2008, when Ishigami joined UCF. Katoch helped build the laboratory and developed the atomic-resolution capability critical to capturing the picture proof for this study.
Ishigami has a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California at Berkeley and a bachelor’s degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has won multiple awards, including the Intelligence Community postdoctoral fellowship and the Hertz graduate fellowship, and has published more than 30 papers in journals including Science.
The College of Sciences, the Nanoscience technology center, and the office of research and commercialization (through a Presidential Initiative to fund major research equipment) supported the purchase and development of the atomic resolution microscope in the Ishigami lab. This research effort was supported by the National Science Foundation under its Faculty Early Career Development Program.
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Java is a programming language that was developed initially by Sun Corporations and is being used by thousands of websites across the world. Today, java is an open source project, which means that can be altered by every individually that has some knowledge. It is used as a platform for large governmental, corporate and portal websites with serious infrastructures and load balancing mechanisms.
Java logo the simple websites are based on just plain HTML scripts which determine how the page looks like. However, the HTML has only the basic features and can be used to only create static websites which look the same way. However, there are various other technologies which either allow different scripts to execute via server-client way i.e. creating a page dynamically at the server based on previous conditions or data and sending it to the client, and even client side scripts, which do some processing at the client end and change the pages/data based on the user’s actions.
Many such solutions are available, which include Perl, ASP.net, Java tools and many more. These tools can be used either independently or in some sense with interoperability between the different technologies to design the website as per the requirements. A lot of these services come with their own incorporations of things like Database Handling, built-in APIs for communication with mail protocols and such other features.
The most popularly used cross-platform solution is Java. The biggest asset of Java is that it has no portability issues and the same underlying code works seamlessly on both Windows and Linux Servers. Java comprises of not only a huge number of proprietary computer software products that together provide a system for developing application software but also various tools and features that allow interoperability among the various systems.
The most important aspect of Java is the fact that can be used to create programs that run in almost every platform that is available today. From handheld devices and mobile phones to high end servers, Java is a universal framework for developing software solutions. If your website is based on Java, then you absolutely need a reliable and affordable Java hosting provider.
For the purpose of website designing, Java has typically two older and most prominently used features called the “Java Applet” and the “Java Scripts”. While the applets are small codes which are applications which run at the server, the Java scripts are client side applications which can be used for validation of forms or such other usage.
However, the inherent benefit of using Java for creating the websites is that the platform of the web server doesn’t matter and also a lot of times most of the programmers have had some experience in Java. As a result, they can, without learning a completely new technology like ASP.net or scripting languages like CGI or PHP start working on Java and design their web pages. The other benefit of using Java approach is that by using an init or a start on the applet, the developers can load the applet as a normal Java code. This will enable them to run the applet in their Java Development Environment and hence ease the process of debugging.
However, for the Java applications, i.e. applet to work, the user machine needs to have the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed for the browser. Unless the JVM is installed, the page doesn’t load and there are also some pages which need newer versions of JVM installed and do not have backward compatibility which, may lead to some of the traffic to go away from the page. This may pose a concern as a website owner.
In Java-based hosting one should looks at web hosting services designed specifically for JSPs, since Java server pages (JSPs) work best with these. It is always important to find out what other features and support is present even when looking for a JSP-based hosting scheme since not just the hosting fees and the features, but also the level of support offered by different Web hosts are different.
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Venous skin ulcers are caused by bad blood circulation from the leg, while arterial skin ulcers are caused by artery disease, according to WebMD. Neuropathic skin ulcers are caused by diabetic nerve damage, leading people to have little to nonexistent sensation in their feet.Continue Reading
Several risk factors increase a person's chances of getting venous skin ulcers, explains WebMD. These include standing for long periods of time at work, obesity, smoking, not getting enough physical exercise and deep vein thrombosis. Treatment entails activities that prevent blood from collecting in the legs. Compression stockings, walking every day and lifting legs above the heart are common remedies. Dead tissue may also be excised from the ulcer, and compression stockings should be worn after the ulcer heals to ensure new ulcers do not form. Medicine may be needed after a few months if an ulcer does not heal properly or if an infection occurs.
Skin grafting and vein surgery are options of last resort, states WebMD. Arterial skin ulcers cause severe pain and are typically found on the toes and feet. Neuropathic skin ulcers appear on the feet, notes Cleveland Clinic. They occur because the loss of feeling in the feet and changes in the glands that make sweat allow cracks, calluses and infections to set in and escape notice.Learn more about Health
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An anonymous reader writes: "Scientists at the Nanyang Technological University have developed a solar cell that not only converts sunlight into electricity but also emits light as electricity passes through it. Tuning the composition of the solar cell enables it to emit different wavelengths of light (abstract), and because it is only about 1 micrometer thick, the material is semi-translucent and therefore could potentially be used in windows. The solar cell is comprised of the semiconducting mineral perovskite, which has been studied as a replacement for silicon in solar panels since 2009. Perovskite solar cells are not yet as efficient at energy conversion as silicon solar cells, but gains in this area of development coupled with cheaper manufacturing costs (10-20 cents per watt projected as opposed to 75 cents per watt with silicon solar panels and 50 cents per watt with fossil fuels) make perovskite a popular subject matter in the solar cell industry."
DEAL: For $25 - Add A Second Phone Number To Your Smartphone for life! Use promo code SLASHDOT25. Also, Slashdot's now on IFTTT. Check it out! Check out the new SourceForge HTML5 Internet speed test! ×
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There are many myths and legends about medieval times, one of the most tumultuous periods in Western history. It includes the period known as the ‘Dark Ages’, but also includes many events which have shaped civilization ever since. As far removed as our lives are from the Middle Ages, it can be difficult to sort out fact from fiction. Much like the children’s game of “telephone”, over time stories get altered, and details muddled or lost entirely. Sometimes, history gets rewritten entirely to suit those in power, further obscuring the truth.
Fortunately, there are many experts who have spent their lives uncovering the past, and finding forgotten details which help to shed light on the past. As one of the most important times in European history, a great deal of effort has gone into trying to tease apart myths from reality. Here at Medieval Times, we have dug through the information that these diligent researchers have compiled to bring you an outstanding resource for learning the real history of the Middle Ages. From the menu on the left, you can find resources about many facets of life in the Middle Ages, along with many key historical events.
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Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory thinking and behaviour. Symptoms usually develop slowly and get worse over time becoming severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Being a caregiver to an Alzheimer's patient requires communication skills and thorough language functions including speaking, reading, writing, and listening. To be a good caregiver you have to show a lot of love and care towards your Alzheimer's patient. You must understand the problems and challenges facing them and try to help solve them.
If they get into a problem never argue instead agree keep a friendly relationship. Never shame them when they are talking about their insecurities. Instead, trying to lighten the mood and talk about more positive topic. Keep a positive energy when interacting with your patient. Do not say I told you because that will upset them instead. Repeat or regroup your words. If you need them to do something never use force instead reinforce
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The Big Science Behind a Tiny Home
Visualize your favorite room in your house. Now picture your entire house packed into the size of that room where your whole family lives – don’t forget the dog.
This is a choice and a reality for a growing number of people around the world choosing to live in a tiny house. The tiny house movement today is one where people are downsizing the space they live in to a fraction of the average American home. Most tiny house dwellers do so for environmental reasons or financial reasons and in some regions entire tiny house communities are built providing affordable housing for homeless or low-income families.
For one couple, the decision was based on a mission to inspire and educate other communities to consider innovative, alternative housing solutions. Alexis Stephens and Christian Parsons built a tiny house on wheels to take on a cross-country Tiny House Expedition. They will document the stories and the people behind them at each of the communities where they stopover.
Their 130 square foot tiny house is designed to think big and build small. Built using Outperformance Home ingredients from Dow for optimal insulation and air sealing, the Tiny House Expedition is well-equipped to travel wherever their mission takes them in climates from Florida to Alaska, knowing they’re protected from nature’s elements. Incorporating STYROFOAM™ Brand Insulation, FROTH-PAK™ Foam Insulation, and GREAT STUFF™ Insulating Foam Sealants into the home helps Alexis and Christian save on heating and cooling costs, block air infiltration, and increase effective insulating performance.
View the infographic to see how Dow’s leading insulating and air sealing solutions were used to make this Tiny Home an Outperformance Home and follow the #TinyX journey along the way.
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It’s a sticky question. Exactly how should Canada commemorate the 200th anniversary of a war in which our predecessors repelled an invasion by the United States – now this country’s closest ally and most valued trading partner?
The bicentennial of the War of 1812 is fast approaching. It’s a major formative event in Canada’s history – but like all wars, was wrenching and destructive. Both the White House and early Parliament buildings in Upper Canada were torched during the conflict.
For the Harper government in Ottawa, the approach to this anniversary is nuanced: energetically embracing military exploits and valour during the conflict – standing fast against invaders, for instance – while taking extra care to avoid inciting anti-American sentiment.
The Conservatives are launching a major drive to commemorate the conflict in 2012 and beyond – in keeping with Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s penchant for making heroism in Canada’s military history a more important feature of the country’s national identity. The Tories even made an ambitious 1812 observance part of their winning 2011 election platform.
Ottawa’s messaging, though, is carefully crafted to steer Canadians away from chauvinistic jingoism or triumphalism at having repelled the Americans in the long-ago war.
“This is not meant to be antagonistic. This is not in any way meant to upset or put a sour taste in anybody’s mouth,” federal Heritage Minister James Moore said of 1812 commemorations.
“This is meant to remind Canadians of the importance of the War of 1812 in the development of Canada.”
While it will celebrate historical icons such as Isaac Brock and Laura Secord, the government is preparing to play up the relative lack of conflict with the United States since. In more than one news release on remembering the war, the Tories also mention “two centuries of peaceful co-existence with the United States” that followed.
Canadian military historian Jack Granatstein predicts anti-American sentiment will nevertheless be stirred up – through no fault of the Harper government.
“I think this is going to turn into an anti-American festival, no matter what the government does.”
The Conservatives have promised to erect a new War of 1812 monument in the National Capital region. They’re going to designate October, 2012, as a “month of commemoration” of the heroes and key battles of the war.
They’re planning to sponsor hundreds of events and re-enactments across the country and honour military regiments that “perpetuate the identities of War of 1812 militia units.”
Ottawa has already spent millions of dollars restoring sites linked to the war.
Mr. Harper has taken a close interest in the 1812 commemoration plans, Mr. Moore said.
“The Prime Minister is personally very involved in this because he recognizes that, unlike a lot of other countries where you sort of have a singular watershed moment – or a Gettysburg address – we have not as many of these moments which are pan-Canadian in consequence in terms of the development of the country.”
Mr. Granatstein forecasts that the sparks will fly across the border as 2012 approaches. He expects Americans to claim during their observances that they won the war – and Canadians to reminisce about “how we … fought off the evil Americans.”
The historian considers the War of 1812 to have ended in a draw and says that Canadians have exaggerated the role their predecessors played in taking up arms to fend off U.S. invaders.
Much of the work was done by British troops, he said, but over time “the role of the British was swept aside and the role of the locals was given predominance.”
What’s important though, is that the U.S. invasion ultimately failed, shattering Thomas Jefferson’s 1812 prediction that the “acquisition of Canada this year … will be a mere matter of marching.”
Mr. Moore said the main thrust of 1812 celebration efforts are really “an internal message to Canadians” about the beginnings of this country. “This was the fight for Canada.”
The Heritage Minister said he’s spoken to U.S. embassy officials but heard “not a hint of any kind of discomfort with” Canada’s 1812 commemoration plans.
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CINCINNATI—A pair of shades during the summer months isn’t the only precaution needed to keep your peepers safe, says a UC expert.
Paul Brannan, MD, an ophthalmologist who specializes in eye reconstructive surgery, says between Memorial Day and Labor Day he’s flooded with patients who have severely damaged their eyes.
“It’s like clockwork, and usually, alcohol is involved,” he said.
National Eye Safety Awareness week is June 27 through July 5, and although protecting your eyes from ultraviolet (UV) rays is important, sun damage isn’t the most common eye injury during the summer, Brannan said.
“Firework and paintball injuries are at the top of the list,” Brannan said. “Often, people will go to inspect a firework that hasn’t gone off, and it ends up detonating in their face.” June is also National Fireworks Safety Month.
He added that many people choose not to wear goggles during paintball games, which can also lead to eye injuries.
“Getting hit in the face with a paintball will often blow the eyeball right out of the socket,” he said.
Brannan suggests always wearing some sort of eye protection when participating in any physical outdoor sport, such as paintball or riding four-wheelers.
He added that even if a lit firework seems to be a dud, never assume that it is.
“Never pick up a firework that was once lit and put it to your face,” he said. “That’s a mistake many people make. Never assume that it won’t reignite, and leave it alone until you’re sure that it’s out.”
Brannan added that even though the sun doesn’t cause the most common eye injuries during the summer, UV protection should always be considered.
“It’s very easy to burn your corneas if you’re out in the sun for a long period of time,” he said. “It’s a superficial burn that’s gone in about a week, but it can be very uncomfortable.
“It’s important for people to use their common sense and think twice before engaging in any activities that may injure their eyes. Their sight may depend on it.”
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What is anxiety?
Anxiety is a fear response we experience without the presence of imminent danger or threat. All of us experience some passing feelings of anxiety that are normal. For example, it is normal to feel some anxiety before a job interview or an important exam. When the anxiety become chronic or pervasive, or disproportionate to the stressor it becomes an anxiety disorder.
Is there anything I can do to help myself if I experience frequent anxiety?
The good news is that there are several strategies you can use on your own to help yourself:
- Develop a routine to unwind before you go to sleep.
- Learn relaxation strategies and regularly practice them.
- Learn to meditate and practice regularly.
- Develop a stress management plan.
- Try to get a good night’s sleep; about 7-8 hours every night.
- Reduce the amount of caffeine, alcohol and nicotine you consume.
- Maintain a balanced diet that is low in processed foods & refined sugars and eat plenty of fresh fruits & vegetables. Develop an exercise regimen 3-5 times a week and stick to it.
- Make room for friends and fun in your life.
- Get a medical check-up to rule out any physical causes that may trigger or worsen anxiety.
How do I know when it’s time to seek professional help?
Consider seeking professional help if you have trouble controlling your worry and trying things on your own doesn’t seem to have much effect. If your anxiety significantly interferes with your work, family, or social life and if you have experienced anxiety on most days during a six-month period it is also a good idea to seek help.
What are the different types of anxiety problems?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
You have long-standing worry and anxiety that stays with you on a regular basis for six month or longer. Your worries may be regarding health, money, children, or job stresses. You have a difficult time turning off the worry switch even when you need some rest. Other symptoms you may have include: feeling restless or keyed up, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. Research shows that about 5% of people struggle with GAD during their life.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
If you have obsessive compulsive disorder, you have recurrent thoughts or images (obsessions). Examples of obsessions are: being contaminated with germs or disease, or fears of behaving inappropriately. The obsessions may lead to performing a ritual (compulsion) to relieve the anxious feeling the obsession brings on. Some examples of rituals are: hand-washing, checking, retracing steps, counting and hoarding. The obsessions or compulsions are difficult to stop and they interfere with an important area of your life such as school, work, or relationships. You may know that these obsessions or compulsions are unreasonable or excessive but feel unable to stop or control them. About 2.5% of people will experience OCD during their life.
Social Anxiety Disorder/Social Phobia
If you have social anxiety you may be extremely uncomfortable in social situations and try to avoid them. You may feel intense anxiety about being judged by others and live in fear of doing or saying something shameful or embarrassing. When you do participate socially, it may feel as though there is a spotlight shining on you, and all your mistakes will be visible. Because these situations are so difficult for you, you may not be able to do the things that you would like such as dating, and certain social, school or work activities. Between 3-13% of people struggle with social anxiety during their life.
If you have panic disorder, you experience unexpected repeated panic attacks. During a panic attack you may experience some of these symptoms: sweating, rapid heart beat or heart palpitations, feeling dizzy, choking sensation, chest pressure or pain, trembling or shaking, feelings of unreality, fear of losing control or going crazy, fear of dying, numbness sensation, chills or hot flashes. You may worry about having additional attacks, or worry about there being something physically wrong with you. As a result, you may have stopped some of the activities that you used to enjoy or have become afraid to leave the house out of fear of having another attack (this is called agoraphobia). About 1-3% of people experience panic disorder during their life.
You have a strong fear of a specific situation or objects. The degree of fear is disproportionate to the situation and often leads to avoidance. Some examples of phobias are: heights, elevators, bridges, using public transportation, driving, going to the dentist/doctor and fear of a specific animal/insect.
What do I do if I suspect I have an anxiety disorder?
If you suspect you have an anxiety disorder, you can consult with a licensed psychologist in order to be properly diagnosed and treated. Many people with anxiety disorders show a positive response when treated with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Are you ready to start living a life free from anxiety and panic?
If you answered yes, here’s what to do:
- Call me today at (847) 529-8600 for a free 10-minute phone consultation
- If you’re ready to book an appointment, click the Schedule Appointment button below to access my online appointment scheduler. I will then call you within 24 hours to discuss your needs.
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One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
1A severe abscess or multiple boil in the skin, typically infected with staphylococcus bacteria.
boil, blister, sore, abscess, pustule, pimple, spot, wart, papule, wen, whitlow, cankerView synonyms
- ‘While leaf paste is used externally against boils and carbuncles, the extract is considered a good remedy for recurring earache.’
- ‘Nor did Dr Guillotin die on The National Razor; he died in 1814 of a rather less theatrical carbuncle on his shoulder.’
- ‘Those monstrous carbuncles on his once-handsome face testify to what may well have been a deliberate poisoning.’
- ‘Usually the staphylococcal bacteria are not concentrated enough to do any harm, but sometimes they pass deeper into the skin to cause boils, abscesses, styes and carbuncles.’
- ‘Furuncles and carbuncles occur as a follicular infection progresses deeper and extends out from the follicle.’
- ‘However, one of the Everton lads has a carbuncle on his neck the size of a duck's egg.’
- ‘You see every carbuncle, every missing tooth, every stitch of ragged clothing.’
- ‘Finally, it can be used for sores, carbuncles and skin ulcerations.’
- ‘It can be made into a salve or the tincture can be painted on boils, felons, carbuncles, abscesses, inflamed acne, cellulitis and other local inflammations.’
- ‘The ripe fruit was used to provide external relief from carbuncles and painful boils and used internally to treat stomach ulcers.’
- ‘They began shortly after I had finished the concerto with an atrocious carbuncle resulting from an insect sting.’
- ‘Common skin infections include cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles and carbuncles.’
- ‘This is particularly true of inflammatory conditions such as boils and carbuncles - painful, pus-filled bumps that form under your skin when bacteria infect one or more of your hair follicles.’
- ‘He added that people suffering from cutaneous anthrax would develop carbuncles on their skin within 10 days after first contact.’
- ‘It relieves menstrual pains, promotes menstruation, treats rheumatic aches and pains, and ripens carbuncles, sores and abscesses.’
- ‘They can also be made into an anti-inflammatory poultice and topically applied for boils and carbuncles.’
- ‘It stimulates the immune system, restores liver function weakened by alcohol abuse, helps repair damage from gallstones and helps skin disorders such as psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis, boils and carbuncles.’
- ‘Furuncles are deep, tender nodules on hair-bearing areas that develop from the coalescence of several infected follicles, just as carbuncles are a collection of several furuncles.’
2A bright red gem, in particular a garnet cut en cabochon.
- ‘In this world the most glorious of all possessions one could hope to have was that of the carbuncle.’
- ‘But the buckle on her belt was the shape of a circle of thorns surrounding a bright red carbuncle, like the tattoo on the nape of her neck.’
- ‘Behind the guard was another, but he seemed to be more of a mage, with flowing red robes and an oaken staff with a brilliant carbuncle sapphire in its top.’
- ‘Stones of deep red color like glowing carbuncles are let into gilded woodwork, and Limoges enamels ornament the walls.’
Middle English (in carbuncle (sense 2)): from Old French charbuncle, from Latin carbunculus ‘small coal’, from carbo ‘coal, charcoal’.
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV.
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Several folders kept in the Royal Society of Chemistry contain letters addressed to Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe from academics, including the one I showed you previously (see “A letter written 105 years ago”). The eminent Sir Roscoe actually graduated from UCL and joined his Alma Mater as Lecture Assistant. He then spent most of his life at Owens College, Manchester where he taught Prof Watson Smith. At the age of 51, Sir Roscoe received a knighthood. In his early 60s, he returned to London and was Vice-Chancellor of the University of London for six years.
As one of the most notable English chemists, he wrote quite a few popular textbooks. Chemistry in the Science Primer Series, first published in 1872, were widely adopted and translated into nine languages. It covered topics such as air, water, earth, metal and non-metal elements, including phosphorus. At that time, non-phossy-jaw-causing safety matches made from red phosphorus had been invented in Sweden but were not yet introduced to England. In his book, Sir Roscoe explained the mechanism of safety matches. The old matches contained inflammable white or yellow phosphorus and burned themselves whereas the new matches carried no phosphorus and safe red phosphorus was coated on the matchbox.
Both Sir Roscoe and Prof Smith promoted red phosphorus matches as they were safe from a chemical point of view. With that, they in effect also helped combat this dreadful disease. Fifteen years after Chemistry (Science Primers) was published, the Salvation Army opened the first red phosphorus match factory in England in 1891 and Prof Smith’s recommendation was found in the advertisement (see “Another link with UCL in history”). In 1906, the use of white or yellow phosphorus in matches was prohibited by the International Berne Convention and this saved match workers from the painful jaw necrosis.
I think this case demonstrated beautifully cross-disciplinary efforts in the face of such a complicated problem. In Victorian times, different disciplines worked independently towards phossy jaw and the match industry in different ways but they had still been successful. In the 21st Century, we work much more closely: my project collaborates with experts in genetics, statistics and dentistry from different countries. So, can we solve BONJ quicker than our predecessors? Fingers crossed!
- Roscoe, Henry E. 1872. Chemistry. A. Miller.
- Anon. International Labour Legislation. Taylor & Francis.
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About Rear Admiral John D. Sloat, 1st Military Governor of California
John Drake Sloat (July 6, 1781 – November 28, 1867) was a commodore in the United States Navy who, in 1846, claimed California for the United States.
He was born at the family home of Sloat House in Sloatsburg, New York, of Dutch ancestry, and was orphaned at an early age, his father, Captain John Sloat, having been mistakenly shot and killed by one of his own sentries two months before he was born, and his mother dying a few years later. Sloat was brought up by his maternal grandparents.
Appointed midshipman in the Navy in 1800, he was sailing master of the frigate United States under Commodore Stephen Decatur during the War of 1812, and was promoted to lieutenant for conspicuous gallantry in the capture of the frigate HMS Macedonian. Sloat then commanded the schooner Grampus during which he fought the Action of 2 March 1825 against the pirate ship of Roberto Cofresí. He later served on the ships Franklin and Washington, and from 1828 commanded the sloop St. Louis with the rank of master commandant, to which he had been promoted in 1826. He was promoted to captain in 1837, and from 1840 to 1844 was in charge of the Portsmouth Navy Yard.
In 1844 Sloat was appointed to command the Pacific Squadron, and in 1845, as tensions with Mexico grew, he was instructed to land in Alta California and claim it for the United States if war broke out. Receiving a report of fighting on the Texas border while off Mazatlán, he raced north (the British were reportedly interested in California too), engaged in a skirmish called the Battle of Monterey, raised the flag over the Customs House at Monterey on July 7, 1846, and issued a proclamation announcing that California was now part of the United States. He was a Military Governor of California for only seven days, before handing over the office to Robert F. Stockton.
Later, his poor health forced Sloat to take commands ashore, where he commanded the Norfolk Navy Yard 1847-51, directed the construction of the Stevens Battery in 1855, and helped plan the Mare Island Navy Yard. After his retirement in 1866 he was promoted to Rear Admiral. Sloat was a Freemason, and belonged to St. Nicholas lodge No. 321 in New York City. He died in New Brighton, New York, and was buried in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery.
Two destroyers have been named USS Sloat in his honor as well as a WWII Liberty ship, the SS John Drake Sloat. A major street, Sloat Boulevard, and Commodore Sloat elementary school, both in San Francisco, are named after him. Local streets in Monterey, California, Sacramento, California, and the Carthay Circle neighborhood of Los Angeles also bear his name. There is a large monument erected in his honor on the Presidio of Monterey U.S. Army post. An elementary school in Sacramento is also named for him.
However, Commodore Sloat's claim to Sloat Boulevard in San Francisco may be slipping away. In August 2012, the California Legislature passed S.C.R. 93, which would designate the Sloat Blvd. segment of State Route 35 as the "John Burton Highway," named for the incumbent chairman of the California Democratic Party who was a former state and federal legislator in San Francisco. This might have the effect of subordinating the city and county's Sloat Blvd. name because State Route 35 coincides with Sloat Blvd. for most of Sloat Blvd.'s length. The "Burton Highway" amendment to S.C.R. 93 was added late in the legislative process and the resolution was rushed through the Legislature in the final days of the 2012 session.
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In the 1930s, over 400 families lived within the boundaries of what is now Shenandoah National Park. Some families moved out on their own and others moved into homes in the resettlement communities set up by Rural Resettlement Administration. These homes, in several areas near the park, could be bought with no down payment and a low-interest mortgage. Several older individuals were allowed to live out their lives in their home within the park.
The park was named after the Shenandoah River which flows through the Shenandoah Valley located just west of the park. Many versions exist as to what the word "Shenandoah" means, including: "daughter of the stars," "silver water," "river through the spruces," "river of high mountains," "great meadow." and "big flat place." It could also be named for the fallen chief Sherando or for a tribe called the Senedoes who lived in the valley until 1730.
There are two visitor centers in the park, Dickey Ridge Visitor Center at mile 4.7, and Harry F. Byrd, Sr. Visitor Center at milepost 51. To live-view the marvelous scenery, go to the park service's webcam here.
The highest point on the Skyline Drive is 3,680 feet at mile 41.7, at the northern entrance to Skyland Resort. The highest point in the park, accessible by a moderate hike, is the summit of Hawksbill mountain at 4,050 feet. The top of Stony Man mountain, a fairly easy hike, is 4,010 feet.
The maximum speed limit throughout the park is 35 miles per hour. Speed limits are reduced in developed areas such as campgrounds and picnic grounds.
The park purposely leaves the roadsides unmowed so wildflowers put on a show all year long. In early spring you can see trillium peeking through the grass. June's display of azaleas is spectacular, and cardinal flower, black-eyed susans, and goldenrod keep the color coming right into fall. Deer, black bear, wild turkey, and a host of other woodland animals call Shenandoah home and regularly cross Skyline Drive in their daily travels. Watch carefully for these animals may dart across your path without warning.
Several hundred black bears live in Shenandoah National Park. When visiting the park, you may spot a bear virtually anywhere while hiking, camping, on a nature walk, or simply walking between your car and a lodge or restaurant. The opportunity to see a bear in the wild is the highlight of many park trips, a highlight I did not get to witness and enjoy.
Fall color change generally seems to be most brilliant around the 2nd to 3rd weeks of October, though this does vary. Over the last several years, many park trees were still showing off their fall foliage well into November. The color change does not happen all at once, as trees at the higher elevations change first, and then the change moves slowly down the mountain.
Most people need at least 3 to 4 hours to simply drive through, but give yourself more time if you avail yourself of any of the hiking trails or stop at some of the 75 overlooks that offer stunning views of the Shenandoah Valley to the west or the rolling Piedmont to the east.
The Civilian Conservation Corps was a part of President Franklin Roosevelt's New-Deal program, and from 1933 to 1942, thousands of young men lived and worked in CCC camps in and adjacent to the park. They built rock walls, trails, fire roads, log structures, scenic overlooks, and more, and also planted hundreds of thousands of trees and shrubs and are responsible for much of what visitors to Shenandoah see today. In fact, even though it’s native to these mountains, much of the beautiful mountain laurel you see blooming along Skyline Drive in June was planted by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. My photos were taken in March so I'm sorry, but no flora shots.
110 miles of the famed Appalachian Trail pass through the park, and Skyline Drive actually crosses the trail over 30 times as they both meander through the park. It is said that through-hikers are more likely to spot wildlife on this trail section within Shenandoah than anywhere else along the approximately 2200 mile trail. Below is a photo of one of those crossings where I managed to get a photo of the trail and an AT marker post. Shenandoah offers over 400 miles of hiking trails in addition to the Appalachian Trail, ranging from short, easy walks to long, rugged rock scrambles.
There are a number of waterfalls in the park, though none are visible from Skyline Drive. The shortest hike to a waterfall is 1.4 miles roundtrip to Dark Hollow Falls near milepost 51. It's a very popular hike that is steep and rocky in places. Hogcamp Branch, the source of the waterfall in Dark Hollow, parallels the trail the entire way. The waterfall itself is a series of frothing cascades, glistening in the sunlight which filters through the trees. It is well worth the roundtrip trek of 1.4 miles, as long as you can take the return climb.
Wildflowers comprise 862 species, or greater than half of the 1406 vascular plant species found in Shenandoah National park. Almost 20% of these species are in the aster family. The next most abundant wildflower plant families are the pea, lily, mint, and mustard families. The rich diversity of wildflowers in the park is particularly evident in spring at the lower elevations. Later in the season, the banks of Skyline Drive and the Big Meadows area are great places to see summer and fall wildflowers. More info on the park's wildflowers an be found here. Here's a photo of the Bloodroot.
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Send the link below via email or IMCopy
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Topic Sentences and Controlling Ideas
Transcript of Topic Sentences and Controlling Ideas
helps readers follow the path from one paragraph to the next the steps from one paragraph to the next are easy to follow When you are clear in your controlling idea Each break is a transition from one idea to the next. in dialogue, breaks indicate shifts between speakers. Topic sentences can appear anywhere in a paragraph Topic sentence: a general statement supported by the detail in the rest of the paragraph. They need to be specific enough to be memorable, because they help readers remember the writer's main points. General statement:
Students need self-discipline to succeed in college. More specific topic sentence:
Students need self-discipline to concentrate on their studies, avoid distractions, and manage their time. Not all paragraphs have a nice topic sentence that you can underline, let alone parallel construction! If the details are unnecessary or don't relate, get rid of them or start a new paragraph. A paragraph must have unity and purpose, topic sentence or not. All ideas in a paragraph should relate to a clear point that readers will be able to understand easily. Remember Following this advice puts you on the path to a well-structured essay Thesis
Statement Look at your notes and consider new ideas you may have added. Paragraphs should organize main points and demonstrate transitions. What ideas are most important? What are the main ideas? Revising
Paragraphs AKA the most important topic sentence because it rules the whole essay! Paragraph breaks show where one person stops talking and another begins. Dialogue:
The tired teacher explained, "dialogue in writing repeats what people have said word-for-word using quotations." Working on the smaller parts (i.e., sentence & paragraph) can help to create essays with larger impact by controlling the smaller steps Transitions - The language that shows the connection or relationship between your ideas. This makes them easier to follow and creates a flow through your essay. Parallel Construction - "The Rule of Three" For topic sentences, listing three specifics will help you track the like details that belong in the paragraph. Tossing out details that don't work give you space for those that do. Not everything we write will be Shakespeare. Don't fear the delete key... a building block;
each presents a single main idea. They allow readers to absorb ideas by creating a pause. "Oh," said the student, "so I have to use quotation marks and stuff?" The teacher let out an exasperated "yes....you have to use quotation marks and stuff. Any more questions?" "Um, no, I don't think so." "Okay, just make sure if you use dialogue in your essays, it adds value." "Wait...hold up. What? What's 'value' mean?" "I meant, you are adding dialogue to get a feel for your characters--bring them to life if you will--or highlight a conversation that is best related out of a character's mouth to your readers' minds directly. It is better to let characters speak than to keep telling the gist of what happened." "Oh, okay, so like, you can add the funniest parts of a story or write it like someone says it to get an idea of who someone is, right?" "Bingo." In a thesis statement (in a 5 paragraph essay for example), listing three details in parallel will help track what each body paragraph will discuss. However, all paragraphs should have a controlling idea or main point that covers what the paragraph is about.
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What is a hangover? Meaning, Causes, without drinking & Help
Most people have had a hangover but if they were to define what it really is… it would be quite challenging. Read on to learn what a hangover is or meaning according to biology or science, history, causes and why you are likely get it without drinking plus what can help.
What is a Hangover? Definition, Meaning & Prevalence.
How does science (biology) define a hangover
A hangover is a constellation of unpleasant physical and mental symptoms that follow a bout of heavy alcohol drinking. Hangovers begin within several hours after the cessation of alcohol intake. At this point the person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is falling. When the BAC is zero, the symptoms of hangover peak and may be incessant for 24 hours after. A set of symptoms ranging from mild to severe are observed with the milder occurring before the BAC levels to zero.
Hangover and Mild Alcohol Withdrawal
In Science, different terms may be used to define closely resembling events. It is important as a scientist to differentiate between hangover and mild alcohol withdrawal initialized as ‘AW’. The misconstrue is that hangover and mild alcohol withdrawal are one and the same thing. The reality is that they may only have and overlap of symptoms. The difference is that a hangover is experienced even after a single bout of drinking while a mild alcohol withdrawal occurs after multiple bouts. To be more specific, AW comes after there is addiction to the alcohol. At this point, there is a forceful need and urge to drink even if the end results are undesirable and harmful.
Another difference between the two is that while a hangover lasts only hours while AW last days. Hallucinations and seizures are only seen in AW.
How do users from online platforms like yahoo answers define it?
Online platforms describe hangover as;
‘A state or feeling of discomfort, dyscoordination and disorientation experiences the ‘morning after’ very heavy drinking with groggy, tipsy and dried out feeling’.
These words have been collected from different comments and mustered to come up with the definition of a hangover. The definition is right though in better understood and more specific terms.
Some more definitions from online platforms;
‘It’s when you drink too much in one day and the next day your head hurts’
‘A hangover is when you drink too much alcohol and in the morning you are sick and tired, and your vision is blurry’.
‘Basically you have drunk too much alcohol the previous night/same day and you get headaches can often throw up and you feel bloody foul!!!!’
From the quoted definitions, you feel the closer connection between how you would define hangover and what it really is. The beauty of hearsay.
In the simplest terms possible, a hangover is….
An array of symptoms of discomfort, pain and loss of coordination hours after you have had a couple of drinks of alcohol.
Prevalence of hangover
In general, the higher the amount of alcohol and duration of alcohol intake, the longer the hangover and so are the severity of its symptoms. This shows that some people experience a hangover even with few drinks that may be severe while some who take many drinks in a single spree, report experience a hangover monthly. In one such study, including subjects in a number of 1, 041 drinkers, and 50% who drank two or more drinks per day reported quite the expected contrary. That they experienced a hangover last in the previous year and less frequently than subjects who took way less (Smith and Barnes 1983); (Pristach et al. 1983)
How long does a hangover stay? It may last from 1-4 days. Find details in this article: How long do Hangovers last? 2-3 & 4 Day Hangover Symptoms & Causes
Why do the Call it a Hangover? History of Hangover
The term hangover was originally a 19th century expression describing unfinished business—something left over (hung over )from a meeting—or ‘survival.’ In 1904, the meaning “after-effect of drinking too much” first surfaced, according to Wikipedia. If you give it a deeper thought, it is actually a form of unfinished business. As some individuals on yahoo forum put it, will put it, its hung over from what you did the night before: because your head is hanging over the toilet, or your bed, or your whatever
“My first return of sense or recollection was upon waking in a strange, dismal-looking room, my head aching horridly, pains of a violent nature in every limb, and deadly sickness at the stomach. From the latter I was in some degree relieved by a very copious vomiting. Getting out of bed, I looked out of the only window in the room, but saw nothing but the backs of old houses, from which various miserable emblems of poverty were displayed . . . . At that moment I do not believe in the world there existed a more wretched creature than myself. I passed some moments in a state little short of despair . . . .” —William Hickey (Spenser 1913)
These words were written in 1768 by William Hickey and touches on the description of a hangover with symptomatology.
What Causes a Hangover? Why do you get a Hangover from Alcohol & Wine Drinking
The occurrence of a hangover may be attributed to various causes. These may be:
Effect of alcohol on the body organs and the brain
These effects include:
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Alcohol acts as a diuretic promoting excessive urination. This, it does, by inhibiting the antidiuretic hormone. This hormone is released from the pituitary gland in the mid-brain and is released for its reabsorption stimulation. Reabsorption of water and other electrolytes preserves water and prevents dehydration.
During the drinking spree when the BAC is at its peak, frequent urination will occur but with decrease in BAC, the hormone increases to its normal. 20% w/v alcohol causes elimination of 600 to 1000 mL of water in a few hours. (Eisenhofer et al. 1985).
Low blood sugar
According to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1994, alcohol alters the metabolic state of the liver. The liver is physiologically responsible for the regulation of blood sugar. Since alcohol leads to a fatty liver, glucose synthesis is inhibited.
Hypoglycemia in most occasions follows drinking heavily without having observed proper diet in the past few hours or days. Hypoglycemia itself causes symptoms resembling that of diabetics.
Circadian rhythm disturbance
Alcohol has dual effects on the brain function. It has both sedating and stimulatory effects depending on the extent of drinking. During the first few hours of drinking, it is stimulatory, due to the triggered release of dopamine which is a ‘happy hormone’.
However, with continued drinking, it causes stimulation of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) which is a central nervous system neuro-inhibitor. This causes sedation.
Sleep patter is disrupted when the dopamine neurons fire again after sedation. Hormones balance themselves out to an equilibrium. There is normally rebound excitation when the BAC falls. Insomnia kicks in. alcohol also interferes with the regulation of cortisol the stress hormone that interferes with the circadian rhythm. (Gauvin et al. 1997)
The elimination of alcohol from organs
Neurotransmitters such as glutamate (excitatory) and Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) which is sedating, regulate the neuronal responses to alcohol. In chronic alcohol exposure, the GABA is reduced so as to counter the sedating effects of alcohol. This means that the sympathetic neurons are firing and is also coordinating the response to stress.
This system is responsible for the fight and flight seen in danger with increase in blood pressure and heart rate. When the alcohol is removed from the organs, it leaves the sympathetic neurons in a firing state. This also contributes to the symptoms of hangover when the BAC is reduced.
Metabolites of alcohol
Alcohol undergoes metabolism in the liver to reduce it to its less toxic metabolites. Alcohol is first metabolized to an intermediate product, acetaldehyde then to acetate. The enzymes responsible are alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases.
Acetaldehyde is chemically active and responsible for the toxic effects of alcohol. It binds to proteins and other important biological compounds and disrupts the normal cellular function. Acetaldehyde accumulates faster than it is being converted to acetate since the aldehyde enzyme is slower. Genetic variances of this enzyme also results in very rapid accumulation. This metabolite is responsible for the persistence of a hangover period.
Congeners in the beverage
Congeners are biologically active compounds that contribute profoundly to the taste and smell characteristics of the alcohol. They also give the beverage its characteristic color. They are products of fermentation and aging contributes to its increased presence in beverages such as wine. White wine has less congeners while red wine has high quantities of congeners.
This explains why red wines are associated with higher prevalence of hangovers hours later. Whiskey and brandy also contain congeners. Methanol, is a congener. It contributes to the overall hangover effect of the beverage by competing with the enzymes that metabolize alcohol. This causes a build-up of alcohol in the blood. (Chapman 1970; Pawan 1973)
Alcohol-related behaviors and personal traits
The Mac-Andrew Scale measures the hangover symptoms and its severity in people with personality risk for alcoholism. People with anger and positive family history have decreased sensitivity to the intoxicating effects of alcohol. They find solace in alcoholism and consume more consequentially causing severe hangovers. (Schuckit and Smith 1996).
Although current evidence suggests that more than one factor most likely contributes to the overall hangover state, the following sections address each of the postulated causes in turn.
What causes a Hangover Feeling without drinking
You may have experienced a hangover feeling without drinking. How does this happen? What causes this creepy feeling? Here are some causes.
Gut Fermentation Syndrome
This is an auto-fermentation disease that involves fermentation of food in the gut into alcohol. This occurs in the presence of fungi such as candida. Candidiasis can occur in the intestines due to an imbalance of the normal gut flora, dysbiosis.
Dysbiosis occurs as a result of a course of prolonged antimicrobial treatment or an autoimmune disease. The autoimmune disease may destroy the wall of the intestines and prevent absorption of food increasing its stay in the gut.
Stressors that disturb the brain-gut axis also result in dysbiosis. The brain gut axis is a cross-talk between the brain and the gut during stress that results in the gut discomfort in tense and stressful moments. This syndrome produces alcohol in high quantities higher than the legal driving limit. (CNN)
During the recovery stage of surgical anesthesia, patients may feel weak, fatigued, blurred vision and coordination problems. These event is also referred to as a hangover effect. Patients at this stage are fortunately monitored for proper surgical outcomes.
Consuming too much sugary foods also causes a hangover. The sugar provides a culture on which candida thrives and in turn churns out acetaldehyde during fermentation. Acetaldehyde results in effects similar to alcohol consumed and is what is branded as ‘Sugar Rush’
Well, you’ve just learnt about the causes of a hangover even when you are not drunk. What are the signs and symptoms? Common signs and symptoms include;
- Headache–Find details of a hangover headache and how to get rid of it
- Sweats and Chills
Find details here Mild and severe Signs of a Hangover
What helps a Hangover?
There are quite a number of things that help a hangover. Below are some. Follow the link for details
Take some medication such as blow fish, alka sletzer, berocca etc. Find out more on how they work and their effects
Consider home remedies, and other fixes to cure a hangover fast;
- Milk Thistle
- Green Tea
- Ginger Ale
- Raw Garlic
- Turmeric (Ukon No Chikara ) Hangover Cure
- Red Ginseng
- Sprite, Coke & Coffee
Sources and References
- SMITH, C.M., AND BARNES, G.M. Signs and symptoms of hangover: Prevalence and relationship to alcohol use in a general adult population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 11(3/4):249–269, 1983.
- PRISTACH, C.A.; SMITH, C.M.; AND WHITNEY, R.B. Alcohol withdrawal syndromes: Prediction from detailed medical and drinking histories. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 11(2):177–199, 1983
- EISENHOFER, G.; LAMBIE, D.G.; WHITESIDE, E.A.; AND JOHNSON, R.H. Vasopressin concentrations during alcohol withdrawal. British Journal of Addiction 80(2):195–199, 1985.
- GAUVIN, D.V.; CHENG, E.Y.; AND HOLLOWAY, F.A. Biobehavioral correlates. In: Galanter, M., ed. Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Volume 11.
- CHAPMAN, L.F. Experimental induction of hangover. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 5(Suppl. 5):67–86, 1970.
- SCHUCKIT, M.A., AND SMITH, T.L. An 8-year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry 53(3): 202–210, 1996
- http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/19/health/gut-fermentation-syndrome/
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A UK-based aerospace consortium is developing plans to send a robotic spacecraft to the Moon by 2024. The goal of Lunar Mission One is to survey the south pole of the Moon to determine if it is suitable for a human base sometime in the future.
The project organizers hope to raise £500 million (around $800 million) for the moon landing project by accepting donations from the public.
In an interesting twist, donors would have photos, text and their DNA included in a time capsule which will eventually be buried under the lunar surface for long-term safekeeping.
The audacious moon landing plan has been endorsed by a number of famous scientists and scientific organizations, including Professor Brian Cox, the Astronomer Royal Lord Rees and Prof Monica Grady of the Open University.
Statement from project head
Project leader David Irons explains how the project will work. “Anyone in the world will be able to get involved for as little as just a few pounds. Lunar Mission One will make a huge contribution to our understanding of the origins of our planet and the Moon.”
“The project’s long-term legacy will be a new way of funding space exploration,” he said in an interview with BBC News earlier this week.
Moon landing project to be crowdfunded
The Moon Mission team hope to raise £600,000 (approx. $960,000) by using the international crowd funding service Kickstarter over the next four weeks to fund the initial phase of the project.
If all goes as planned, funds will be continually received through contributions from the public for the next four years. With their contributions, donors can purchase digital storage space on the lander for personal text messages, pictures, music and videos. You can even take a shot at genetic immortality of sorts by sending up a strand of hair containing your DNA, which experts say could survive for one billion years buried under the surface of the moon.
Sending a short message will only cost a few pounds, a compressed digital photo will be a few tens of pounds while a short compressed video will cost you close to £200. The cost to send a hair sample is only £50.
The proposed Moon lander will also contain a digital archive of human history and science to serve as a legacy likely to survive even if our species becomes extinct on Earth.
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Tackling Dickens's Style: A Tale of Two Cities Book One Analysis (Day 2 of 2)
Lesson 3 of 11
Objective: SWBAT analyze Dickens's choices in regards to symbolic language and text structure by working in small groups to determine key ideas and connections from book one of A Tale of Two Cities.
We are a exactly two weeks from finals today, so my teaching partner and I want to start class with a brief reminder about grades, make up work, and the importance of being caught up.
I have been in touch with quite a few students and their parents who are in a precarious state. This time of year, it never hurts to remind them often about how important it is to finish the semester strong and earn the credit they've been striving to earn.
My greatest challenge is staying on top of the grading so they have a really accurate view of where they are coming into these last two weeks. I'm definitely going to need a vacation soon =)
After realizing that the students were more lost than I thought they would be with yesterday's lesson, I will spend some time asking them to share out their interpretations of the 12 words we discussed yesterday. I will take notes on the board based on their verbal responses.
These key words/symbols/ideas are all essential breadcrumbs for later plot points in the novel.
- Cask of Wine
- Golden Hair
- The Dover Mail
- "Recalled to Life"
- "An Honest Tradesman"
- The "Wild Woman"
- The Shoemaker
- St. Antoine
- 105 North Tower
- Tellson's Bank
It is important that my students are alert to these phrases so that the phrases will jump out when the students come across them again later in the novel. I will also ask them to take notes of anything that they might have missed so that they are able to join their discussion groups with textual evidence and ideas (CCSS.ELA-Literacy.SL.9-10.1a).
Mind Map Synthesis Activity
Once we have a common sense of the big ideas from book one of Tale, I will ask the students to take their thinking to the next level and synthesize all of these ideas together. To do this, we will use my favorite mind map, put together by a colleague of mine many years ago. There is nothing I've used from published curriculum that seems to challenge or push them quite as much as this.
Because it is the first time we've ever used this tool in 10th grade, I will let the students work with their Faulkner squares to tackle the task. The 12 terms that we've been discussing will go in the circles and the students will be required to explain how each circle connects to the others it touches on the lines in between. The large circle in the center will be for their summative statement about the most significant idea or concept from book one. Here are two samples of student work to give you a sense of what they came up with: StudentMindMap1.png; StudentMindMap2.png.
The new standards require so much higher level thinking, it is important sometimes to provide scaffolded activities like this that push the students to think beyond identification and summary. Since they've already done the analysis of Dickens's language/symbolic word choice (CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.9-10.5), I'm hoping that this activity will help them to speak more specifically about how all the parts of his narrative and the overlap between setting and characters lend to the message/meaning he is trying to create in the story (CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.9-10.5). This is just a preliminary assessment of this standard, which we will continue to visit for the remainder of our time with this novel.
I will purposely leave SSR to the end of class so they can use their reading time to read the next few chapters of Tale. Many of my students are still reading their choice novels, but for those who need the extra time to complete Tale have been grateful for this class time to read the class novel instead.
I had an interesting conversation with a few other Master Teachers on a webinar last night about whether or not to use reading guides. Tim Pappageorge, a 9th grade teacher from Illinois, commented that Dickens is specifically difficult to get in to because of the complexity of his structure and his purposefully vague descriptions at the beginning of his novels. He said that reason alone makes it important to give students some help through reading structure or guides.
I tend to avoid reading guides because they feel like busy work to me. I don't want to distract my students from reading and learning how to be autonomous in that process, but I feel like this teacher's points were sound. As such, I tried to strike a middle ground by creating a reading guide that is pretty general but which directs them towards the essential information from the two chapters they are reading this weekend. I also communicated my thinking to my class and asked them what they prefer. Most of the students said they like the extra guidance, so I said we would try it for the next few reading sections and see if that provides enough support to become more independent later on.
To further put my head/heart at ease, I structured the reading guide around leveled questions. By moving beyond the level one comprehension of the text, which could be learned by reading SparkNotes, I decided to include level two questions that will ask (force? =) students to be more inferential in their thinking. I'm hoping those level two questions will also lend to better conversation when we come back to talk about the text.
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The Camino de Santiago (Saint James’ Way), origins of the tradition and its worldwide fame
- June 7th, 2010
- Posted in Spanish Traditions
Although in the modern day the Camino de Santiago is quite fashionable and enjoys high popularity, even among those who aren’t in the least religious, at first it was necessary to overcome the ostracism and abandonment it had suffered in the era that followed its beginnings, which were marked by splendour and devotion.
The dawn of this custom is rather uncertain, but it seems to have been at about the year 800 CE when a rumour went around that the Apostle James was buried somewhere in Galicia, where he’d once spent some time envangelising. The Apostle’s alleged tomb was discovered by a local bishop and a hermit – who said that he’d seen a star over the cemetery. Following the visit of Asturian King Alphonse II, considered the first pilgrim in history, word spread and the tradition of the pilgrimage was conceived.
Soon Christians from around Europe began to travel to this place, which they dubbed Campus Stellae (“Star Land” in Latin). This eventually morphed into the modern name, Compostela. Many years later, in the 10th century, as European isolation was on the wane the number of pilgrims increased significantly and Iberian monarchs ordered the construction of bridges and paths to encourage them. During the 12th century, the Camino de Santiago experienced a surge and it seemed that it would soon be consecrated as the definitive act of faith. In the 14th and 15th centuries, however, with the many miseries and wars faced by Europe and attention now monopolised by the south of the Iberian Peninsula due to the Reconquest, the tradition of the Camino de Santiago began to diminish and seem more and more obsolete.
Want to read more articles about Spanish culture? Then follow this link and visit the special section of the blog!
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How many types of spy devices have you heard about? We all know that with right tools and skills, hackers can turn your webcam into spy a device and see everything you do in front of it. Therefore, that’s the reason why many users put a tape over their webcams, to protect themselves from spying, including Mark Zuckerberg and James Comey.
But how about other types of computer equipment and accessories, like a headphone?
Nowadays, it looks like everything can be turned into spy devices. We aren’t safe at all when having many digital devices in the home, or at the office.
How To Turn Your Headphone Into A Microphone?
According to the result of a researcher from the BGU (Ben Gurion University), it’s possible to hijack your analog headphone and then turn it into a microphone to record sounds around. You might not know that only needs to plug an analog headphone into the audio-in jack, and then it can be turned into a microphone.
Look at the video below to see the process:
In case you didn’t know, an analog headphone converts the electromagnetic signals into vibrations. By that, somehow we can reverse those signals, it will work like a microphone instead of a headphone.
That’s also how a microphone work, to convert audible vibrations into electromagnetic signals. If you want to try out, just plug a pair of headphones (the one that doesn’t have the built-in microphone) into the audio-in jack, and then start to record sounds.
In this test, the research team uses a pair of Sennheiser headphones. The result is that it can record sounds around of you, up to 20-feet in high-quality.
How To Protect Yourself From This Type Of Attacks?
According to what researchers said, this security hole isn’t easy to fix with a software update. The point is that it’s not a bug, but a feature of the Realtek audio chip.
So to resolve this issue 100%, the only way to do is to redesign the chip, produce and implement them in the future mainboards.
For users who are using digital headphones, this type of hacks doesn’t work.
As for analog headphones, if you are paranoid enough, remove your headphone out of your computer when idle. That’s the best way to stay safe.
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Send the link below via email or IMCopy
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Copy of The Odyssey Introduction
Transcript of Copy of The Odyssey Introduction
Helen chooses Menelaus (King of Sparta). So Helen and Menelaus are happily
married until.... The Greek gods are having a party. Everyone is invited, except Eris, the goddess of discord (fighting and bickering). Eris decides to ruin the party; she secretly throws a golden apple with the words "to the fairest" into the feast. Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite each think that the apple should go to herself. Zeus is supposed to choose the winner, but knows that he can't because all the women would be mad at him if he didn't choose them including his wife Hera. So he decided to let the son of the King of Troy, Paris, choose. Hera promises to make Paris the king of Asia, Athena promises to make him the wisest and most skilled warrior, and Aphrodite promises him Helen as his wife. Who does Paris pick as the winner? Paris visits Sparta anyways, and one night, he and Helen run away together. Her husband Menelaus wakes up to find her gone and calls all the Greek kings to honor the agreement to fight for his marriage. 1,000 ships are launched to destroy Troy and bring Helen home. This is the beginning of the Trojan War!
DRAMATIC! TROY vs. SPARTA: Troy has the best archers and very high walls. The Greeks cannot find a way to get in and it is looking like victory is hopeless. Then, Odysseus has a brilliant idea. Odysseus plans to hide the Spartan army in a wooden horse, left as a surrendering gift to the Trojans. When the horse is brought into the city, the army will sneak out at night and take the city. By sneaking into Troy in the Trojan horse, the Spartans won the war. And that is where The Odyssey will start. Now, after ten years of fighting, Odysseus (King of Ithaca) is planning go home to Ithaca to see his family. You may already know elements of this story, through movies you've seen or the myths you've studied. The Odyssey is the tale of a hero's long and perilous journey home. However, it is also the story of son in need of his father... and the story of a faithful wife waiting for her husband's return. However, Odysseus is not
your typical epic hero. a larger-than-life central character in an epic poem, who displays the qualities and values of a society through his actions He is faced with difficult choices, post-war disillusionment, and disrespect from his homeland. He also exhibits some not-so-heroic behavior along the way. He also appears to be going through a mid-life crisis of sorts, searching for inner peace. Let's see where this epic journey takes Odysseus... What does the word epic mean?
Write at least 2 examples. HELEN! But remember that she is married to Menelaus! MYTHOLOGY A story that uses the
to explain the natural world
or to explain human nature. We are about to read a myth.
It is an Epic Poem
about an Epic Hero. NOT THIS DUDE PARIS
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What Am I Looking For?
What does the insect look like?
The Asian citrus psyllid adult is tiny - the size of an aphid. The wings are brown along the edge, with a clear area. The psyllid feeds with its rear end tilted up at a 45o angle, making the insect appear almost thorn-like on leaves and stems. The tilted body and wing pattern is unique to this pest.
Juveniles (nymphs) produce white, waxy tubules and are always found on new leaf growth or young stems. The waxy tubules are unique to this pest.
The eggs of the Asian citrus psyllid are yellow and are found on the newest leaf growth, nestled among unfolded leaves. They are very tiny and hard to see without a hand lens.
What does the disease look like?
The first symptom in a Huanglongbing-infected tree, and the most important one to watch for is yellowed leaves. However, citrus trees often have yellow leaves because of nutritional deficiencies so its important to know the difference. Nutrient deficiency causes a similar pattern of yellowing on both sides of the leaf. HLB causes blotchy yellow mottling and is not the same on both sides of the leaf (see this link for more photos of yellow citrus leaves).
Later symptoms of HLB-infected trees include lopsided, small fruit, bitter juice and excessive fruit drop. Eventually the tree will stop producing fruit and die.
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From high class beginnings to the myths of inked up criminals, tattoo historian Dr Matt Lodder plots out a history of British body art.
From high class beginnings to the myths of inked up criminals, as a new exhibition opens in Cornwall, tattoo historian Dr Matt Lodder plots out a history of British body art.
A tattooist once said to art historian Matt Lodder that while it’s all well and good to be an art historian, researching paintings and the history of sculptures, to understand the history of a nation you need to understand the history of its tattoos. What we mark on us is what resonates; the images, words and symbols that a generation forever stamps onto its skin.
In a new exhibition at The National Maritime Museum in Cornwall Matt Lodder does exactly that. “I’m an academic and art historian, and have been working on tattooing history for quite along time,” Matt tells me. “One of the things that has always frustrated me is that tattooing is constantly portrayed as a new ‘thing’, as if there was some kind of mythical beforehand when tattoos were just for criminals or sailors.”
In his research Matt has collected examples of that cliché from every decade from the 1870s onwards; it turns out tattoos have long been an important part of British culture and history. Our generation isn’t responsible making them the new big thing. Think back a little longer though, and no doubt you’d point to criminal gangs as the starting point for all think ink, but Matt says this too is simply wrong.
“The relationship between tattooing and criminality comes largely from Italian and French criminologists,” Matt explains. “It’s linked into broader intellectual movements of scientific racism and eugenics.” The idea that you can tell something about the character of an individual from their bodies was all the rage in the 19th century, and Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist, even inspired Austrian cultural commentator Adolf Loos in 1908 to assert:
“People with tattoos who are not in prison are either latent criminals or degenerate aristocrats. If a tattooed man dies at liberty, he has simply died some years before he has been able to commit a murder.”
It’s a falsity that Matt has been keen to dispel. “Sure, lots of tattooed people were in prison, but no comparable evidence was produced from the wider population,” he says. If you’re a historian looking for evidence of tattoos in history, you’ll look on official records. Normal people just don’t have their bodies recorded in the same way as criminals.” This link is just an artefact of the historical record, not an artefact of history itself.
But if tattoos aren’t a modern fad, and didn’t spawn from the British criminal underworld, then where does our rich heritage of inking come from?
“What we wanted to do with the exhibition was to lay out a chronology in order to show there’s no before and after, there’s growth, development and change,” Matt continues. “There was no time when tattoos were for just one type of person.” Tattoos are the longest sustained trend in history, according to Matt, and this is how it all began.
“We start with 17th century and antiquarian ideas of Britain’s past. In the 17th century colonial exporters start bringing back tattooed ‘natives’ from the East Indies and the Americas. In fact, they were put on public display as early as the 1500s.
“But it was in the 17th century that we see this better documented. A captive was literally exhibited in a pub, as a human curiosity. British antiquarians compared these tattoos with those the Roman’s had written about on accent Britons. These scholars would write about people needn’t worry about ‘savages’, as our own ancestors were just the same, like there was an embedded history. But the modern tattoo trade in Britain – with tattoos as commodities – began in the late 17th century with pilgrims.
“Wealthy people – mostly men – would travel to Bethlehem, Jerusalem and Nazareth and get tattoos when they were there. Often very extensively, like footballers today, with lots of crosses and religious iconography. Essentially designs were carved into wooded blocks, and then printed onto the skin by dipping the block into ink. Then tattooists would use a single needle and puncture by hand with blank ink into the skin. It’s a slow process, but similar to the hand poke artists today.
“There’s lots of theological debate about whether tattooing is prohibited in religion, but even in Islamic cultures there’s an embedded tattoo culture. It’s Christianity that forms the basis of the western tattoo tradition.
The Captain Cook Myth
“Next we move into the 18th century (1700s). The standard story was that Captain Cook in the 1790s discovered tattooing in Tahiti and New Zealand and bought it back to the UK, as if it was an imported practice. But we’ve found images of a tattooed lady from 1740s, a criminal from the 1730s. Even before Cook set sail there are tattoos in Britain. We do tell the story of Cook’s voyages, it marks the moment – if not a rise in popularity – of at least when it enters the historical record because from then the navy kept track of tattoos.
“On your enlistment records the navy would have a column in the record book which lists what sort of designs you had, where on the body, sometimes the tattoo would be drawn or sketched. There’s even a painting in the House of Lords – The Death of Nelson – featuring all these tattooed men sacrificing their lives for the nation. It puts tattooed men at the centre of British life and history.
The inked up 19th century
“In 1868 Japan is opened up to the west, until then it had been closed to western trade for centuries. Now a new government was taking over, and the west was flooded with all things Japanese. From ceramics to prints, and textiles to tattooing. Wealthy travellers would go to Japan, and the same shops that would sell tourist isouveriners would now have in house tattooists. The wealthy clientele would head back too Europe or America with tattoos, and their friends would want them too.
“In 1871 there was a famous case in the tabloids all across Victorian London about Roger Tichborne – an aristocrat lost at sea – turned up alive many years later.
“His siblings were suspicious as he appeared to have put on lots of weight, and seemingly had selective amnesia. The thing is, he stood to inherit the family fortune, so the siblings took him to court. It turned out that this aristocrat, Tichborne, had been tattooed, but this imposter didn’t have one. It turned out he was in fact a butcher’s son from Wapping.
“The first tattoo artist opened up a space in a Turkish baths in the late 1880s in Jermyn Street, London, then the height of the fashionable West End. It means that from then it was possible to make a living. Where does the professional industry begin? At the upper class of British society.
“Sutherland MacDonald was the first professional tattoo artist in Britain, and developed the first tattoo machine. He became the patent holder of an electric tattoo machine. And the thing is, with electrification comes speedier tattooing; if you can work with electricity it’s much quicker.
“One of the potential drivers for the tattoo’s fall from grace may well have been this opening up to people with less means. From then on in tattoos were part of British society at every level.”
Tattoo: British Tattoo Art Revealed is open at the National Maritime Museum in Cornwall until 7 January 2018.
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The Junior School Program at Ebenezer International School comprises of Std I to Std V. These are the foundation years of education, where various skills, preferences and abilities are developed. The School follows an integrated curriculum of the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations.
We recognize that children at this level have their own unique abilities, interests, aspirations and expectations. Therefore, our curriculum in these classes are structured to encourage and motivate them to become self-confident, self-reliant and self-disciplined, and thus help them achieve full potential. Our teachers use multiple learning styles to help students retain information and strengthen understanding.
A variety of strategies and methods are used to ensure that all students have equal opportunities to learn.
This form of teaching is similar to speaking – on a specific subject. This method also involves demonstrating with the help of teaching aids such as charts, models, flash cards, etc. Experimentation to demonstrate is used in a Science class.
Demonstrations are given to provide an opportunity in learning through exploration and activity. Children can learn from a number of informal methods like activities, projects, presentations and hands-on experiences, apart from formal learning; Teachers encourage the students to participate in the demonstrations.
Students are encouraged to work in groups. Collaborating allows students to talk to each other and listen to all view points of discussion or assignment. It helps the students to think in an unbiased way. This lesson plan helps to assess the student’s ability of working as a team, leadership skills, or presenting with roles.
Use of the Interactive Board, Internet (multi media):
Teachers adopt new technology in teaching using Interactive board and multimedia. This method of teaching enables the students to have a concrete understanding of the topic as they are able to see actual photographs or view the videos of the specific unit for study. Students have access to the computer and the internet facility to complete their assignments.
Simple project assignments are given to the students after a particular topic has been taught. This enables the students to “Learn by Doing”. This project is planned for individual students or for groups of three to five students.
Field trips are organized for the students to visit places, gardens, museums or study sites on the school campus to make learning an unforgettable experience.
Periodic assessments are conducted and students are graded based on their performances. School follows a system of continuous evaluation and regularly provides parents with an assessment of their child’s academic progress, based on a comprehensive system of reviews, reports and parent-teacher meetings.
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Tips for identifying trees
A tree is broadly defined as a woody perennial plant, typically having a single stem or trunk and bearing lateral branches at some distance from the ground.
Use our Tree Identification Manual
In order to assist in the identification and selection of appropriate tree species throughout the Randwick City area, Council has a Street Tree Identification Manual which details all species of trees and shrubs nominated in its Street Tree Masterplan. This manual provides a detailed description of the tree or shrub, its overall dimensions at maturity, whether it is native or exotic, evergreen or deciduous and the topographical precincts throughout the City where it is most suited.
It also provides photographs of the tree, its fruit, flowers, leaves and bark and gives a brief description of all these components.
The manual is also a very practical and useful resource for assisting in the selection of appropriate tree species for planting on private property.
The manual has been divided into six volumes and they can be accessed by clicking on the following links:
Volume 1 Tree Species A-B (pdf 14.16MB)
Volume 2 Tree Species C-D (pdf 14.51MB)
Volume 3 Tree Species E-F (pdf 14.63MB)
Volume 4 Tree Species G-L (pdf 14.91MB)
Volume 5 Tree Species M-R (pdf 12.91MB)
Volume 6 Tree Species S-Z (pdf 9.89MB)
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Have you ever spent a night tossing and turning? So tired but unable to fall asleep? Then the next day, you feel about as alert as a well-caffeinated zombie. When suffering from lack of sleep, there are many things that happen to the human body. None of these do anyone any favors.
All of this occurs because, while you are sleeping, your body is repairing itself from day to day wear and tear. The less you sleep the less time it has to repair itself, which can result in the issues listed below.
Impaired Brain Activity
Also known as brain fog, lack of sleep can literally make you feel like you’re walking through a fog. This makes it more difficult to concentrate, more difficult to remember things, and just to survive a day of work. Learning new things becomes almost impossible, and making any decisions also becomes much more difficult. Creativity is another thing that drastically decreases in the brain fog.
Poor Mental Health
Generally speaking, as the amount of sleep decreases, the crankiness in people increases. A lack of sleep has been shown to greatly affect mental health. When suffering from sleep deprivation, there is an increased risk of mental illness. This can include manic depressive episodes, increased paranoia, impulsive behavior, and even suicidal thoughts. It can also cause drastic mood changes, which are no fun for anyone.
A large cause of traffic accidents, micro sleep is no laughing matter. Micro sleep occurs during severe deprivation, when you nod off to sleep for short periods of time but don’t realize that you’re doing it. As you can see, this is incredibly dangerous for day to day activities, especially driving or operating machinery.
Decreased Immune System
This leads back to the body repairing itself over-night during sleep. When you are sleep deprived, your body doesn’t have a chance to build up the cells it needs to fight off infection. This often results in it taking a long time to recover from an illness, and can lead to chronic illnesses. For example, when sleep deprived, your body produces more insulin after eating. This promotes fat storage and can lead to an increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes.
Weight gains link to sleep deprivation works on two different levels. First of all, when you haven’t been sleeping properly you are more prone to accidents. This can be counterproductive to almost any type of exercise, as the potential for injury is greatly increased. That and you feel so exhausted that going for a run or a workout is the last thing that anyone wants to do.
Second, sleep deprivation causes stress levels to rise (who wouldn’t be stressed with all of the decreased mental function), which causes an increase in cortisol. This a stress hormone. It also causes a decrease in the hormone leptin, which is what tells your brain that you are full. These two hormone levels combined results in overeating. As if that isn’t enough, there’s an increase in a biochemical called ghrelin. This is an appetite stimulant. Between these three it’s beginning to come clear as to why getting adequate sleep is so important.
A lack of sleep can also have detrimental effects on your respiratory system. When you are sleep deprived, as you already have a decreased ability to fight off illness, you become more likely to contract some sort of respiratory illness. If you already suffer from some sort of lung disease, this will also likely make it worse. Finally, as previously mentioned, once you contract one of these illnesses when you are sleep deprived they can take forever to get rid of. No amount of chicken soup can cure that cold.
Risk of Heart Problems
A major organ that gets repaired while you sleep is the heart, as well as all the vessels it pumps blood to. If you become chronically sleep deprived, the body doesn’t have a chance to heal itself. When the body doesn’t have a chance to heal itself, chronic illnesses begin to occur. Heart disease is one of these illnesses, as well as the increased risk for having a stroke. Also, as previously discussed, since stress and cortisol levels are shooting upwards, your blood pressure goes up with it. This puts increased stress on your heart and blood vessels. This is a vicious cycle that needs to be broken.
Lack of Libido
When you are exhausted and can’t sleep, a roll around the sheets is the last thing on your mind. Sleep deprivation has been found to decrease testosterone levels in men, and just make everyone tired, irritable, and stressed out. None of these are even a little bit conducive for a healthy sex life.
Accelerated Aging of the Skin
After multiple long nights of tossing and turning while trying and failing to fall asleep, one has a tendency to wake up with puffy eyes, dark bags, pale and lifeless skin, and plenty of fine lines. This is thanks to the increase in cortisol, which breaks down the collagen in skin. Collagen helps give skin its elasticity, so when this is gone, wrinkles begin to arrive.
Also, while cortisol levels are shooting up, human growth hormones are plummeting. Human growth hormones are responsible for increase of muscle mass, thickening skin, and strengthening bones. When you don’t sleep, not only is your skin not being repaired, it’s also being broken down. It really doesn’t stand a chance.
So go to bed!
Now that you know why sleep is such a vital thing, go to bed! Got to bed early enough that you can get a good night sleep, and if you have other psychological or medical problems that are preventing you from sleeping, make sure you get help. It’s one of the most important things you can do.
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Darkfield Digital Image Gallery
Acanthocephala (Spiny-Headed Worm)
Members of the phylum Acanthocephala are entirely endoparasitic, but when compared to other invertebrate parasites such as the roundworms (phylum Nematoda) and tapeworms (phylum Platyhelminthes, class Cestoda), they are relatively rare. However, acanthocephalans have succeeded by infiltrating niches within every vertebrate class.
View a high magnification image of the spiny-headed worm.
The spiny-headed worms received their common name in 1771, as a literal translation of the Greek roots for Acanthocephala (acantho = spiny, cephala = head), based on the characteristic eversible spiky proboscis at the anterior end. As an attachment organ, the spiny proboscis is outfitted with a hydraulic system for eversion, in the form of specialized fluid-filled glands, known as lemnisci, and spikes that function as anchoring hooks. To pull the proboscis back into an internal sheath, there are four associated retractor muscles. The proboscis also acts as the means of locomotion for these internal parasites. The bodies of the acanthocephalans are long, flattened, and vary in length from 1.5 millimeters to 1 meter, but do not include a digestive tract. Instead of a mouth, anus, and digestive tube, nutrients are taken in via pores and by diffusion, while the excretory system is tied to the sexual reproductive system. A thin cuticle of mucopolysaccharides and a noncellular cuticle cover the body walls of these endoparasites, protecting them from the digestive juices and immune systems of the hosts.
Economic impacts associated with spiny-headed worms result from severe discomfort and illness in parasitized domestic livestock. Instead of growing and reproducing in a profitable fashion, pigs and other farm animals expend energy trying to fend off the parasitic infection, feed less, and lose nutrients to the spiny-headed worms and damaged gut linings. Spiny-headed worms are dual-host parasites and there are three classes known. The members of the class Arachiacanthocephala are endoparasites typically found in the intestines of birds and mammals. The larvae of this parasitic class are found in terrestrial insects and the mature adults can reach lengths of 80 centimeters in their vertebrate hosts. Fish act as the main hosts for the adults of spiny-headed worms in the class Eocanthocephala, with crustaceans and aquatic insects acting as intermediate hosts. The most diverse of the acanthocephalans is the class Palaeacanthocephala, which parasitizes almost all vertebrate families, including humans.
Cynthia D. Kelly, Thomas J. Fellers and Michael W. Davidson - National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32310.
Questions or comments? Send us an email.
© 1995-2017 by Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University. All Rights Reserved. No images, graphics, software, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners.
This website is maintained by our
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Here are some of the literary conventions of Shakespearean theatre, portrayed in Othello. One convention of the times is the "tragic hero'. Another convention is Shakespeare's idea of man's relation to the world. In Othello, it is portrayed by Othello's destiny, bound by inordinate passions. A third convention of Shakespearean theatre is that of a drama of character, overcome by weakness of the soul, which Othello was.
Good luck with your studies, best wishes from Julie.
Jan 21st, 2015
Studypool's Notebank makes it easy to buy and sell old notes, study guides, reviews, etc.
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Cloverbuds & Explorers:
To participate in Foods Revue, you will prepare and bring your favorite nutritious snack, dishes, silverware to serve the snack, recipe on an 8 ½” x 11” card and a placemat or tablecloth; a centerpiece is optional. Older youth in the foods project will have a foods-related activity for explorers and Cloverbuds to participate in when waiting to be judged.
Food Preservation & Breads Project Members:
To participate in Foods Revue, you will select a favorite food to prepare (it must be a yeast bread if in the bread project and a preserved food if in the food preservation project). You would then plan a table covering, centerpiece and service for the menu planned. The recipe and menu would each be on an 8 ½” x 11” card. Participants would only bring one serving of their favorite food, which must prepared (no prepackaged foods or mixes).
To participate in Food Activity, foods, food preservation and breads members choose an activity from their project material or prepare a foods related experiment or comparison that answers a question they may have. They then do the activity and set up a display (similar to a science experiment display), which would include an 8 ½” x 11” card with the steps in the activity, an 8 ½ “ x 11” card with four or more pre-determined questions, and examples to display.
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Pakistan will be celebrating Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May. However, the emotion and the theme of the celebration is the same as the World's Mothers' Day, held the second Sunday in May. The day is celebrated in accordance with the celebration of Mother's Day in the USA. The concept of the celebration of Mothering Sunday was also in Pakistan.
In the middle Ages there was a tradition of sending children as full-time employees or apprentices with the rich families. These children were given a day off in a year's visit to their home church and the cathedral. They would pray to Mary and go to their mothers. These children would pick up some flowers on their way to their mothers and would present them as gifts.
This house was listed on the last Sunday of the month of Lent in the Christian calendar. After the industrial revolution in England, the working conditions changed.. The neighboring countries also changed smelled the scent of difference and working conditions, too. Thus the celebration of Mothering Sunday died away with the passage of time.
The project began in the nineteenth century that the ideas of honoring mothers appear in the United States. The codes of the wise and moral on the basis of Pakistani society honor not only the idea but also embraced. Mother's Day today in Pakistan with great passion and enthusiasm is celebrated. Pakistani children to their mothers on Mother's Day make special gifts for them. The custom of motherhood presents mother Day flowers and baking almond cakes are still living in Pakistan. Pakistani children share their mother one day address the issue of Mothering Sunday, where children were given the day off. Pakistani mothers cook for their children, take them to relax, make special gifts for her, buy gifts and flowers for her and do everything possible to make it something special and honored.
Flowers are the most important gift of Mother's Day. Carnations are considered the Mothers Day flowers in Pakistan. Giftxperts present the best gifts to their mothers living as gifts of Mother's Day in Pakistan. Children honor their dead mothers, with arrangements of flowers for Mothers Day in Pakistan, consisting of white carnations.
However, over time, local florists have also tried to build a relationship with pink flowers mother too. They also come with floral arrangements composed of tulips and chrysanthemums. In short, trying to bring more flowers for Mothers Day in Pakistan to maintain a just demand and supply graph. Online florists and local delivery to the mothers day flower in Pakistan and sending flowers to the mother day to Pakistan, where and when wanted.
About the Author:
Working in a Flowers and gifts delivery website company which has the network at all over the cities of Pakistan... Especially for send gifts to Pakistan from UK, Mothers day gifts to Pakistan.
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Think of this book as an owner’s manual for your brain.
It gives readers power to prevent and take action against minor or serious illnesses, which can be largely traced to imbalances in the brain.
There are 4 major neurotransmitters in the brain: Dopamine, Acetylcholine, GABA, and Seratonin. The exact balance and production of these neurotransmitter levels varies from person to person.
According to Braverman, every person has one dominant neurotransmitter, which indicates your “Braverman Nature.” The book contains thorough information about using knowledge of your nature and any presenting symptoms to make tweaks that will improve your health.
In addition to learning about your dominant nature, you want to learn of and address any neurotransmitter deficiencies that may be present in your brain.
These deficiencies can be of any of the four neurotransmitters. Deficiency in your dominant nature is fairly common but your dominant nature is not synonymous with having a deficiency.
To assess BOTH your Braverman Nature and any deficiencies, there is a “Braverman Nature Assessment” in “The Edge Effect.” It’s a paper assessment of T/F questions, which I trust as a reliable measure.
Additional copies of the assessment can be printed here: Nature PDF
Although it’s just one data point, my results from this paper test for my deficiencies matched perfectly with results from a saliva panel I had done!
Print out the test & take it in one sitting while you will not be interrupted.
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1. Conflicting hardware
Conflicting hardware usually happens because more than one components in the cover wants to use the same resource at the same time.
A lot of the time this can be fixed by making sure you have the latest drives for each device download and installed from the components manufactures website.
If you want to see if you have a hardware conflict or if a component is running properly you can always go into device driver manager and if you have a red “X” next to any of the components on the list you could have a conflict, bad or no driver installed on that device.
2. More memory needed
Memory should not be confused with storage. Storage is where you store you pictures and programs on your computer (your hard drive itself). Whereas memory is temporary and in layman’s terms hold your data up on the screen while you are using it.
A lot of your operating system files and programs are stored in your memory while you are using them or they are running in the background.
If you don’t have enough memory you cant run as many things at the same time. When a program executes and starts running it is loaded into your memory and if there is not enough memory programs have to swap in and out slowing your computer dramatically.
3. Hardware is failing
Like I said at the start of this article. Like me, the older it gets the slower it gets.
Components start to fail due to old age, heat and time degradation. It is unavoidable and can sometimes happens straight off the assembly line but usually after a couple of years of operation.
Its hard to determine which components are failing and can sometimes be a matter of process of elimination.
4. Too many programs running the background
The more programs you install on your computer, the more your computer will want to start them up when your computer boots.
A lot of these programs you might not even use or only want to run when you actually need them. A program like Microsoft Office for example which includes Word, doe not need to be running in the background all the time, only when you actually want to read or write a word document.
The more programs you unnecessarily run in the background the slower it makes your computer.
Stopping programs (not immediately needed) during the startup can reduce resources need for the hard drive and memory and can generally make your all round use of the computer much faster and better.
5. Viruses and Malware
More than any other problem effecting the speed and use of computers is computer viruses and infections.
Computer viruses can do anything to your computer from slowing it down dramatically, spying on you, advertising to you or stop you using it altogether.
By placing excessive use on your computer to reducing your use of its application, computer viruses can slow your computer down to the point it becomes unusable.
Antivirus software is not enough anymore and if you think you might have a virus on your computer you should definitely invest in a malware remove tool as well.
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Hymnology: A Collection of Source Readingsby David W. Music
Pub. Date: 08/08/1996
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
The source readings in Hymnology are primary documents illustrating the philosophy and practice of congregational singing during various historical periods of the Christian church. They are drawn from a wide variety of sources including letters, diaries, periodicals, hymnal and tunebook prefaces, theological treatises, certain controversial books and pamphlets, and deliberations of church councils. The material ranges in date from the beginning of the second century to the 1960s. All the major streams of Christian song are covered, including early Greek and Latin hymnody, pre-Reformation vernacular hymnody, the Lutheran chorale, Reformed psalmody, and English and American hymnody from the sixteenth to the twentieth century. The book is suitable for use as a text or supplementary text for courses in hymnology, a professional reference work for ministers and church musicians, and a book for laymen interested in the history of church music.
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Hand pain, numbness and tingling is a common symptom of both carpal tunnel syndrome and cervical spine issues. It can be hard to tell the difference between the two problems. Sometimes a careful exam and assessment is required by a hand and/or spine specialist. This article will discuss the cause, symptoms and treatment of each diagnosis. It will also review some ways to tell the difference between them.
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed. The median nerve travels through the wrist. It controls feeling and sensation in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and part of the ring finger. Compression of this nerve can cause numbness, tingling, pain and sometimes weakness in these areas (purple shaded area in picture). The pinky and remaining part of the ring finger are usually spared. Pain can occasionally occur in the forearm and even up into the shoulder. Some patients may complain of clumsiness. Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome are usually worse at night or with repetitive activity with that hand and wrist.
Cervical radiculopathy occurs when a cervical nerve in the spine is compressed. The cervical nerves travel through the spine. There are eight cervical nerves. Each cervical nerve controls sensation and motor activity in different areas of the face, neck, arms, and hands. Compression of one of these nerves can cause radiating pain, numbness or weakness in the area that nerve controls. Neck pain is not always present. Patients often complain of electric, shooting pain down their arm(s). They may also feel numbness or tingling in specific parts of their arm(s) or hand(s). Weakness can also occur anywhere from shoulder to fingers. As you can see from the figure to the right, multiple cervical nerves (C6: lime green, C7: orange, and C8:brown) can all cause these symptoms in the hand when compressed. Cervical radiculopathy can be due to a disc herniation or degeneration of the spine.
It is very important to figure out which is the cause of a patient’s hand pain/numbness/tingling. To do this, a physical exam is performed to assess the median nerve (to look for carpal tunnel syndrome) and the cervical nerves (to look for cervical radiculopathy). Sometimes it is obvious which condition the patient has. In these cases, the diagnosis can be made clinically. Other times, it is hard to tell the difference with just a history and physical exam alone. If this is the case, a test called an electromyogram (EMG) can be very helpful in making the correct diagnosis. An EMG helps to identify the location of the compressed nerve causing the symptoms in the hand. If the EMG indicates an issue with the median nerve, no further testing is required. If the EMG indicates an issue with a cervical nerve, a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is usually performed next. The MRI helps to assess the extent of compression. It also helps to evaluate exactly where in the spine the problem is occurring. This information can be important for determining the best treatment or surgery options.
The treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome and cervical radiculopathy follow a similar course but it is important to make sure you are treating the correct condition. Conservative treatment is tried first for both diagnoses. For carpal tunnel syndrome, a night splint that keeps your wrist still while sleeping can be helpful to reduce symptoms. NSAIDS (i.e. Ibuprofen, Naprosyn) or steroid injections can be used to reduce inflammation around the nerve. If these do not improve a patient’s symptoms, surgical intervention may be required. For cervical radiculopathy, steroids taken by mouth, physical therapy, NSAIDS or steroid injections can be used to reduce inflammation around the nerve. If appropriate conservative treatment options do not improve a patient’s symptoms for either of these diagnoses, surgical intervention may be required.
If you are experiencing any of the above symptoms, call Three Rivers Orthopedics at 412-782-3990. Our team of orthopedic surgeons would be happy to help you alleviate your pain.
By Bethany Wink PA-C
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- A dance originating in the mid-1700s with four dancers forming a square, rather much like the modern square dance.
- A choreographed dressage ride, commonly performed to music, with a minimum of four horses.
- (card games) A Spanish trick-taking card game from the 1700s.
- Quadrille ruled graph paper, quad paper.
- The music for this dance.
- (intransitive) To dance the quadrille.
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Monday 10th September 2012
Communication barriers are deterring deaf and hard of hearing people from accessing cancer testing. They feel isolated, confused and unnecessarily fearful, according to the charity BID Services.
Sarah Treadwell-Baker, Macmillan BID Deaf Cancer Care Coordinator, says, ‘We need doctors throughout the country to become aware of the issues facing deaf people.’
Deaf-friendly information and the provision of sign language-trained interpreters can put people with hearing impairment at ease, and help them to understand their situation when they are referred, diagnosed or treated for cancer. But these specialised services are not always immediately available.
Because of these barriers, Macmillan is funding and supporting a new initiative by BID called the Deaf Cancer Care Programme. The programme aims to increase deaf awareness among medical professionals, particularly cancer specialists, by offering them training and guidance on how to use British Sign Language interpreters. The programme will also give specialist information, support and advice to deaf people affected by cancer.
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Many schools have begun to encourage students to bring their mobile phone or tablet to school so that they can use it during class to access instructional resources, participate in online discussions and interact with curricular materials. It's called "BYOT - Bring Your Own Technology" and a recent study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project found that 73% of Advanced Placement and National Writing Project teachers have students use the technology in class to complete assignments. Dan Domenech of the American Association of School Administrators reports that about 25% of schools now allow phones. George Fornero, a Chicago area superintendent described his districts rationale. "The kids taught us a lesson. They're still going to bring their phones anyway, so let's allow them to use them in a constructive way." More detail about these initiatives is available from a recent USA Today article.
I'd enjoy learning from you about whether your school welcomes student use of phones and tablets on campus.
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Contact: Sarah Eve Roberts
Are we living in an island universe?
Space Scoop: Astronomy News for Kids
This space photograph shows the Triangulum Galaxy, a nearby spiral galaxy that is sometimes known as Messier 33.
Many of you will recognise the object in this space photograph as a galaxy: a collection of billions of bright, shining stars, and cosmic gas and dust.
In this day and age, almost everyone has seen a photograph of a galaxy, making it hard to believe that less than 100 years ago most of the world's top astronomers didn't believe they existed!
One of the most important events in astronomy was The Great Debate between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis in 1920. Before then, the existence of galaxies was uncertain. Most people believe that galaxies were simply 'spiral nebulae' within our Galaxy.
This was the argument that Shapley was supporting during The Great Debate. He also calculated that the Milky Way was 300,000 light years across, which is three times larger than its true size as we know it today. Yet he said the Milky Way was the whole Universe!
Opposing him was Curtis, who believed that the spiral nebulae were actually separate galaxies or "island universes" as they were sometimes known. And that the Universe is much, much bigger than everyone believed.
Today we know that Curtis was correct about the spiral nebulae being separate galaxies. The Milky Way is just one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in the known Universe! In today's picture you can see one of our closest neighbour galaxies, the Triangulum Galaxy.
But the Great Debate wasn't as black-and-white as it might sound, Curtis did get some things wrong, like the size of our Galaxy. Curtis guessed it was 30,000 light years across instead of 100,000 light years. Whereas Shapley got some things right. He correctly argued that the Sun lies near the edge of our Galaxy, whereas Curtis placed us right at the centre.
Cool Fact: The Triangulum Galaxy is the third-largest member of the 'Local Group', which is a group of galaxies bound together by gravity. As well as the Triangulum Galaxy, the Local Group group also includes our Galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy and about 50 other smaller galaxies!
This Space Scoop is based on a Press Release from ESO.
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Partitioning enhances the performance, manageability, and availability of a wide variety of applications and helps reduce the total cost of ownership for storing large amounts of data. Partitioning allows tables, indexes, and index-organized tables to be subdivided into smaller pieces, enabling these database objects to be managed and accessed at a finer level of granularity. Oracle provides a rich variety of partitioning strategies and extensions to address every business requirement. Moreover, since it is entirely transparent, partitioning can be applied to almost any application without the need for potentially expensive and time consuming application changes.
This chapter contains the following topics:
Partitioning allows a table, index, or index-organized table to be subdivided into smaller pieces, where each piece of such a database object is called a partition. Each partition has its own name, and may optionally have its own storage characteristics.
From the perspective of a database administrator, a partitioned object has multiple pieces that can be managed either collectively or individually. This gives the administrator considerable flexibility in managing partitioned objects. However, from the perspective of the application, a partitioned table is identical to a non-partitioned table; no modifications are necessary when accessing a partitioned table using SQL queries and DML statements.
Figure 2-1 offers a graphical view of how partitioned tables differ from non-partitioned tables.
Note:All partitions of a partitioned object must reside in tablespaces of a single block size.
See Also:Oracle Database Concepts for more information about multiple block sizes
Each row in a partitioned table is unambiguously assigned to a single partition. The partitioning key is comprised of one or more columns that determine the partition where each row will be stored. Oracle automatically directs insert, update, and delete operations to the appropriate partition through the use of the partitioning key.
Any table can be partitioned into a million separate partitions except those tables containing columns with
RAW datatypes. You can, however, use tables containing columns with
Note:To reduce disk usage and memory usage (specifically, the buffer cache), you can store tables and partitions of a partitioned table in a compressed format inside the database. This often leads to a better scaleup for read-only operations. Table compression can also speed up query execution. There is, however, a slight cost in CPU overhead.
See Also:Oracle Database Concepts for more information about table compression
Here are some suggestions for when to partition a table:
Tables greater than 2 GB should always be considered as candidates for partitioning.
Tables containing historical data, in which new data is added into the newest partition. A typical example is a historical table where only the current month's data is updatable and the other 11 months are read only.
When the contents of a table need to be distributed across different types of storage devices.
Here are some suggestions for when to consider partitioning an index:
Avoid rebuilding the entire index when data is removed.
Perform maintenance on parts of the data without invalidating the entire index.
Reduce the impact of index skew caused by an index on a column with a monotonically increasing value.
Partitioned index-organized tables are very useful for providing improved performance, manageability, and availability for index-organized tables.
For partitioning an index-organized table:
Partition columns must be a subset of the primary key columns
Secondary indexes can be partitioned (both locally and globally)
OVERFLOW data segments are always equi-partitioned with the table partitions
See Also:Oracle Database Concepts for more information about index-organized tables
System partitioning enables application-controlled partitioning without having the database controlling the data placement. The database simply provides the ability to break down a table into partitions without knowing what the individual partitions are going to be used for. All aspects of partitioning have to be controlled by the application. For example, an insertion into a system partitioned table without the explicit specification of a partition will fail.
System partitioning provides the well-known benefits of partitioning (scalability, availability, and manageability), but the partitioning and actual data placement are controlled by the application.
See Also:Oracle Database Data Cartridge Developer's Guide for more information about system partitioning
Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) is concerned with managing data during its lifetime. Partitioning plays a key role in ILM because it enables groups of data (that is, partitions) to be distributed across different types of storage devices and managed individually.
See Also:Chapter 5, "Using Partitioning for Information Lifecycle Management" for more information about Information Lifecycle Management
Unstructured data (such as images and documents) which is stored in a LOB column in the database can also be partitioned. When a table is partitioned, all the columns will reside in the tablespace for that partition, with the exception of LOB columns, which can be stored in their own tablespace.
This technique is very useful when a table is comprised of large LOBs because they can be stored separately from the main data. This can be beneficial if the main data is being frequently updated but the LOB data isn't. For example, an employee record may contain a photo which is unlikely to change frequently. However, the employee personnel details (such as address, department, manager, and so on) could change. This approach also means that cheaper storage can be used for storing the LOB data and more expensive, faster storage used for the employee record.
Partitioning can provide tremendous benefit to a wide variety of applications by improving performance, manageability, and availability. It is not unusual for partitioning to improve the performance of certain queries or maintenance operations by an order of magnitude. Moreover, partitioning can greatly simplify common administration tasks.
Partitioning also enables database designers and administrators to tackle some of the toughest problems posed by cutting-edge applications. Partitioning is a key tool for building multi-terabyte systems or systems with extremely high availability requirements.
By limiting the amount of data to be examined or operated on, and by providing data distribution for parallel execution, partitioning provides a number of performance benefits. These features include:
Partition pruning is the simplest and also the most substantial means to improve performance using partitioning. Partition pruning can often improve query performance by several orders of magnitude. For example, suppose an application contains an
Orders table containing a historical record of orders, and that this table has been partitioned by week. A query requesting orders for a single week would only access a single partition of the
Orders table. If the
Orders table had 2 years of historical data, then this query would access one partition instead of 104 partitions. This query could potentially execute 100 times faster simply because of partition pruning.
Partition pruning works with all of Oracle's other performance features. Oracle will utilize partition pruning in conjunction with any indexing technique, join technique, or parallel access method.
Partitioning can also improve the performance of multi-table joins by using a technique known as partition-wise joins. Partition-wise joins can be applied when two tables are being joined together and both tables are partitioned on the join key, or when a reference partitioned table is joined with its parent table. Partition-wise joins break a large join into smaller joins that occur between each of the partitions, completing the overall join in less time. This offers significant performance benefits both for serial and parallel execution.
Partitioning allows tables and indexes to be partitioned into smaller, more manageable units, providing database administrators with the ability to pursue a "divide and conquer" approach to data management. With partitioning, maintenance operations can be focused on particular portions of tables. For example, a database administrator could back up a single partition of a table, rather than backing up the entire table. For maintenance operations across an entire database object, it is possible to perform these operations on a per-partition basis, thus dividing the maintenance process into more manageable chunks.
A typical usage of partitioning for manageability is to support a "rolling window" load process in a data warehouse. Suppose that a DBA loads new data into a table on a weekly basis. That table could be partitioned so that each partition contains one week of data. The load process is simply the addition of a new partition using a partition exchange load. Adding a single partition is much more efficient than modifying the entire table, since the DBA does not need to modify any other partitions.
Partitioned database objects provide partition independence. This characteristic of partition independence can be an important part of a high-availability strategy. For example, if one partition of a partitioned table is unavailable, then all of the other partitions of the table remain online and available. The application can continue to execute queries and transactions against the available partitions for the table, and these database operations will run successfully, provided they do not need to access the unavailable partition.
The database administrator can specify that each partition be stored in a separate tablespace; the most common scenario is having these tablespaces stored on different storage tiers. Storing different partitions in different tablespaces allows the database administrator to do backup and recovery operations on each individual partition, independent of the other partitions in the table. Thus allowing the active parts of the database to be made available sooner so access to the system can continue, while the inactive data is still being restored. Moreover, partitioning can reduce scheduled downtime. The performance gains provided by partitioning may enable database administrators to complete maintenance operations on large database objects in relatively small batch windows.
Oracle Partitioning offers three fundamental data distribution methods as basic partitioning strategies that control how data is placed into individual partitions:
Using these data distribution methods, a table can either be partitioned as a single list or as a composite partitioned table:
Each partitioning strategy has different advantages and design considerations. Thus, each strategy is more appropriate for a particular situation.
A table is defined by specifying one of the following data distribution methodologies, using one or more columns as the partitioning key:
For example, consider a table with a column of type
NUMBER as the partitioning key and two partitions
less_than_one_thousand partition contains rows where the following condition is true:
500 <= partitioning key < 1000
Figure 2-2 offers a graphical view of the basic partitioning strategies for a single-level partitioned table.
Range partitioning maps data to partitions based on ranges of values of the partitioning key that you establish for each partition. It is the most common type of partitioning and is often used with dates. For a table with a date column as the partitioning key, the
January-2005 partition would contain rows with partitioning key values from 01-Jan-2005 to 31-Jan-2005.
Each partition has a
THAN clause, which specifies a non-inclusive upper bound for the partitions. Any values of the partitioning key equal to or higher than this literal are added to the next higher partition. All partitions, except the first, have an implicit lower bound specified by the
THAN clause of the previous partition.
MAXVALUE literal can be defined for the highest partition.
MAXVALUE represents a virtual infinite value that sorts higher than any other possible value for the partitioning key, including the NULL value.
Hash partitioning maps data to partitions based on a hashing algorithm that Oracle applies to the partitioning key that you identify. The hashing algorithm evenly distributes rows among partitions, giving partitions approximately the same size.
Hash partitioning is the ideal method for distributing data evenly across devices. Hash partitioning is also an easy-to-use alternative to range partitioning, especially when the data to be partitioned is not historical or has no obvious partitioning key.
Note:You cannot change the hashing algorithms used by partitioning.
List partitioning enables you to explicitly control how rows map to partitions by specifying a list of discrete values for the partitioning key in the description for each partition. The advantage of list partitioning is that you can group and organize unordered and unrelated sets of data in a natural way. For a table with a region column as the partitioning key, the
North America partition might contain values
DEFAULT partition enables you to avoid specifying all possible values for a list-partitioned table by using a default partition, so that all rows that do not map to any other partition do not generate an error.
Composite partitioning is a combination of the basic data distribution methods; a table is partitioned by one data distribution method and then each partition is further subdivided into subpartitions using a second data distribution method. All subpartitions for a given partition together represent a logical subset of the data.
Composite partitioning supports historical operations, such as adding new range partitions, but also provides higher degrees of potential partition pruning and finer granularity of data placement through subpartitioning. Figure 2-3 offers a graphical view of range-hash and range-list composite partitioning, as an example.
Composite range-hash partitioning partitions data using the range method, and within each partition, subpartitions it using the hash method. Composite range-hash partitioning provides the improved manageability of range partitioning and the data placement, striping, and parallelism advantages of hash partitioning.
Composite range-list partitioning partitions data using the range method, and within each partition, subpartitions it using the list method. Composite range-list partitioning provides the manageability of range partitioning and the explicit control of list partitioning for the subpartitions.
In addition to the basic partitioning strategies, Oracle Database provides partitioning extensions:
These extensions significantly enhance the manageability of partitioned tables:
Interval partitioning is an extension of range partitioning which instructs the database to automatically create partitions of a specified interval when data inserted into the table exceeds all of the existing range partitions. You must specify at least one range partition. The range partitioning key value determines the high value of the range partitions, which is called the transition point, and the database creates interval partitions for data beyond that transition point. The lower boundary of every interval partition is the non-inclusive upper boundary of the previous range or interval partition.
For example, if you create an interval partitioned table with monthly intervals and the transition point at January 1, 2007, then the lower boundary for the January 2007 interval is January 1, 2007. The lower boundary for the July 2007 interval is July 1, 2007, regardless of whether the June 2007 partition was already created.
When using interval partitioning, consider the following restrictions:
You can only specify one partitioning key column, and it must be of
Interval partitioning is not supported for index-organized tables.
You cannot create a domain index on an interval-partitioned table.
You can create single-level interval partitioned tables as well as the following composite partitioned tables:
The Partition Advisor is part of the SQL Access Advisor. The Partition Advisor can recommend a partitioning strategy for a table based on a supplied workload of SQL statements which can be supplied by the SQL Cache, a SQL Tuning set, or be defined by the user.
These extensions extend the flexibility in defining partitioning keys:
Reference partitioning allows the partitioning of two tables related to one another by referential constraints. The partitioning key is resolved through an existing parent-child relationship, enforced by enabled and active primary key and foreign key constraints.
The benefit of this extension is that tables with a parent-child relationship can be logically equi-partitioned by inheriting the partitioning key from the parent table without duplicating the key columns. The logical dependency will also automatically cascade partition maintenance operations, thus making application development easier and less error-prone.
An example of reference partitioning is the
OrderItems tables related to each other by a referential constraint
Orders table is range partitioned on
OrderDate. Reference partitioning on
OrderItems leads to creation of the following partitioned table, which is equi-partitioned with respect to the
Orders table, as shown in Figure 2-4 and Figure 2-5.
All basic partitioning strategies are available for reference Partitioning. Interval partitioning cannot be used with reference partitioning.
In previous releases of the Oracle Database, a table could only be partitioned if the partitioning key physically existed in the table. In Oracle Database 11g, virtual columns remove that restriction and allow the partitioning key to be defined by an expression, using one or more existing columns of a table. The expression is stored as metadata only.
Oracle Partitioning has been enhanced to allow a partitioning strategy to be defined on virtual columns. For example, a 10 digit account ID can include account branch information as the leading 3 digits. With the extension of virtual column based Partitioning, an
ACCOUNTS table containing an
ACCOUNT_ID column can be extended with a virtual (derived) column
ACCOUNT_BRANCH that is derived from the first three digits of the
ACCOUNT_ID column, which becomes the partitioning key for this table.
Virtual column-based Partitioning is supported with all basic partitioning strategies, including interval and interval-* composite partitioning.
Just like partitioned tables, partitioned indexes improve manageability, availability, performance, and scalability. They can either be partitioned independently (global indexes) or automatically linked to a table's partitioning method (local indexes). In general, you should use global indexes for OLTP applications and local indexes for data warehousing or DSS applications. Also, whenever possible, you should try to use local indexes because they are easier to manage. When deciding what kind of partitioned index to use, you should consider the following guidelines in order:
If the table partitioning column is a subset of the index keys, use a local index. If this is the case, you are finished. If this is not the case, continue to guideline 2.
If the index is unique and does not include the partitioning key columns, then use a global index. If this is the case, then you are finished. Otherwise, continue to guideline 3.
If your priority is manageability, use a local index. If this is the case, you are finished. If this is not the case, continue to guideline 4.
If the application is an OLTP one and users need quick response times, use a global index. If the application is a DSS one and users are more interested in throughput, use a local index.
See Also:Chapter 6, "Using Partitioning in a Data Warehouse Environment" and Chapter 7, "Using Partitioning in an Online Transaction Processing Environment" for more information about partitioned indexes and how to decide which type to use
Local partitioned indexes are easier to manage than other types of partitioned indexes. They also offer greater availability and are common in DSS environments. The reason for this is equipartitioning: each partition of a local index is associated with exactly one partition of the table. This enables Oracle to automatically keep the index partitions in sync with the table partitions, and makes each table-index pair independent. Any actions that make one partition's data invalid or unavailable only affect a single partition.
Local partitioned indexes support more availability when there are partition or subpartition maintenance operations on the table. A type of index called a local nonprefixed index is very useful for historical databases. In this type of index, the partitioning is not on the left prefix of the index columns.
See Also:Chapter 4 for more information about prefixed indexes
You cannot explicitly add a partition to a local index. Instead, new partitions are added to local indexes only when you add a partition to the underlying table. Likewise, you cannot explicitly drop a partition from a local index. Instead, local index partitions are dropped only when you drop a partition from the underlying table.
A local index can be unique. However, in order for a local index to be unique, the partitioning key of the table must be part of the index's key columns.
Figure 2-6 offers a graphical view of local partitioned indexes.
Oracle offers two types of global partitioned indexes: range partitioned and hash partitioned.
Global range partitioned indexes are flexible in that the degree of partitioning and the partitioning key are independent from the table's partitioning method.
The highest partition of a global index must have a partition bound, all of whose values are
MAXVALUE. This ensures that all rows in the underlying table can be represented in the index. Global prefixed indexes can be unique or nonunique.
You cannot add a partition to a global index because the highest partition always has a partition bound of
MAXVALUE. If you wish to add a new highest partition, use the
PARTITION statement. If a global index partition is empty, you can explicitly drop it by issuing the
PARTITION statement. If a global index partition contains data, dropping the partition causes the next highest partition to be marked unusable. You cannot drop the highest partition in a global index.
Global hash partitioned indexes improve performance by spreading out contention when the index is monotonically growing. In other words, most of the index insertions occur only on the right edge of an index.
By default, the following operations on partitions on a heap-organized table mark all global indexes as unusable:
ADD (HASH) COALESCE (HASH) DROP EXCHANGE MERGE MOVE SPLIT TRUNCATE
These indexes can be maintained by appending the clause
UPDATE INDEXES to the SQL statements for the operation. The two advantages to maintaining global indexes:
The index remains available and online throughout the operation. Hence no other applications are affected by this operation.
The index doesn't have to be rebuilt after the operation.
Note:This feature is supported only for heap-organized tables.
Figure 2-7 offers a graphical view of global partitioned indexes.
Global non-partitioned indexes behave just like a non-partitioned index.
Figure 2-8 offers a graphical view of global non-partitioned indexes.
You can create bitmap indexes on partitioned tables, with the restriction that the bitmap indexes must be local to the partitioned table. They cannot be global indexes.
Global indexes can be unique. Local indexes can only be unique if the partitioning key is a part of the index key.
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Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.
27 Related JoVE Articles!
Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter
Institutions: Yale University, Virginia Tech, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
The quantity and quality of detritus entering the soil determines the rate of decomposition by microbial communities as well as recycle rates of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) sequestration1,2
. Plant litter comprises the majority of detritus3
, and so it is assumed that decomposition is only marginally influenced by biomass inputs from animals such as herbivores and carnivores4,5
. However, carnivores may influence microbial decomposition of plant litter via a chain of interactions in which predation risk alters the physiology of their herbivore prey that in turn alters soil microbial functioning when the herbivore carcasses are decomposed6
. A physiological stress response by herbivores to the risk of predation can change the C:N elemental composition of herbivore biomass7,8,9
because stress from predation risk increases herbivore basal energy demands that in nutrient-limited systems forces herbivores to shift their consumption from N-rich resources to support growth and reproduction to C-rich carbohydrate resources to support heightened metabolism6
. Herbivores have limited ability to store excess nutrients, so stressed herbivores excrete N as they increase carbohydrate-C consumption7
. Ultimately, prey stressed by predation risk increase their body C:N ratio7,10
, making them poorer quality resources for the soil microbial pool likely due to lower availability of labile N for microbial enzyme production6
. Thus, decomposition of carcasses of stressed herbivores has a priming effect on the functioning of microbial communities that decreases subsequent ability to of microbes to decompose plant litter6,10,11
We present the methodology to evaluate linkages between predation risk and litter decomposition by soil microbes. We describe how to: induce stress in herbivores from predation risk; measure those stress responses, and measure the consequences on microbial decomposition. We use insights from a model grassland ecosystem comprising the hunting spider predator (Pisuarina mira
), a dominant grasshopper herbivore (Melanoplus femurrubrum
),and a variety of grass and forb plants9
Environmental Sciences, Issue 73, Microbiology, Plant Biology, Entomology, Organisms, Investigative Techniques, Biological Phenomena, Chemical Phenomena, Metabolic Phenomena, Microbiological Phenomena, Earth Resources and Remote Sensing, Life Sciences (General), Litter Decomposition, Ecological Stoichiometry, Physiological Stress and Ecosystem Function, Predation Risk, Soil Respiration, Carbon Sequestration, Soil Science, respiration, spider, grasshoper, model system
Determination of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Reactive Oxygen Species in Live Rat Cortical Neurons
Institutions: Loyola University Chicago.
Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) is critical for maintaining the physiological function of the respiratory chain to generate ATP. A significant loss of ΔΨm renders cells depleted of energy with subsequent death. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules, but their accumulation in pathological conditions leads to oxidative stress. The two major sources of ROS in cells are environmental toxins and the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathophysiology of many diseases; therefore, the ability to determine ΔΨm and ROS can provide important clues about the physiological status of the cell and the function of the mitochondria.
Several fluorescent probes (Rhodamine 123, TMRM, TMRE, JC-1) can be used to determine Δψm in a variety of cell types, and many fluorescence indicators (Dihydroethidium, Dihydrorhodamine 123, H2
DCF-DA) can be used to determine ROS. Nearly all of the available fluorescence probes used to assess ΔΨm or ROS are single-wavelength indicators, which increase or decrease their fluorescence intensity proportional to a stimulus that increases or decreases the levels of ΔΨm or ROS. Thus, it is imperative to measure the fluorescence intensity of these probes at the baseline level and after the application of a specific stimulus. This allows one to determine the percentage of change in fluorescence intensity between the baseline level and a stimulus. This change in fluorescence intensity reflects the change in relative levels of ΔΨm or ROS. In this video, we demonstrate how to apply the fluorescence indicator, TMRM, in rat cortical neurons to determine the percentage change in TMRM fluorescence intensity between the baseline level and after applying FCCP, a mitochondrial uncoupler. The lower levels of TMRM fluorescence resulting from FCCP treatment reflect the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. We also show how to apply the fluorescence probe H2
DCF-DA to assess the level of ROS in cortical neurons, first at baseline and then after application of H2
. This protocol (with minor modifications) can be also used to determine changes in ∆Ψm and ROS in different cell types and in neurons isolated from other brain regions.
Neuroscience, Issue 51, Mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species, neuroscience, cortical neurons
A Faster, High Resolution, mtPA-GFP-based Mitochondrial Fusion Assay Acquiring Kinetic Data of Multiple Cells in Parallel Using Confocal Microscopy
Institutions: Tufts School of Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Boston University Medical Center.
Mitochondrial fusion plays an essential role in mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, bioenergetics, autophagy and quality control. Fusion is quantified in living cells by photo-conversion of matrix targeted photoactivatable GFP (mtPAGFP) in a subset of mitochondria. The rate at which the photoconverted molecules equilibrate across the entire mitochondrial population is used as a measure of fusion activity. Thus far measurements were performed using a single cell time lapse approach, quantifying the equilibration in one cell over an hour. Here, we scale up and automate a previously published live cell method based on using mtPAGFP and a low concentration of TMRE (15 nm). This method involves photoactivating a small portion of the mitochondrial network, collecting highly resolved stacks of confocal sections every 15 min for 1 hour, and quantifying the change in signal intensity. Depending on several factors such as ease of finding PAGFP expressing cells, and the signal of the photoactivated regions, it is possible to collect around 10 cells within the 15 min intervals. This provides a significant improvement in the time efficiency of this assay while maintaining the highly resolved subcellular quantification as well as the kinetic parameters necessary to capture the detail of mitochondrial behavior in its native cytoarchitectural environment.
Mitochondrial dynamics play a role in many cellular processes including respiration, calcium regulation, and apoptosis1,2,3,13
. The structure of the mitochondrial network affects the function of mitochondria, and the way they interact with the rest of the cell. Undergoing constant division and fusion, mitochondrial networks attain various shapes ranging from highly fused networks, to being more fragmented. Interestingly, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Charcot Marie Tooth 2A, and dominant optic atrophy have been correlated with altered mitochondrial morphology, namely fragmented networks4,10,13
. Often times, upon fragmentation, mitochondria become depolarized, and upon accumulation this leads to impaired cell function18
. Mitochondrial fission has been shown to signal a cell to progress toward apoptosis. It can also provide a mechanism by which to separate depolarized and inactive mitochondria to keep the bulk of the network robust14
. Fusion of mitochondria, on the other hand, leads to sharing of matrix proteins, solutes, mtDNA and the electrochemical gradient, and also seems to prevent progression to apoptosis9
. How fission and fusion of mitochondria affects cell homeostasis and ultimately the functioning of the organism needs further understanding, and therefore the continuous development and optimization of how to gather information on these phenomena is necessary.
Existing mitochondrial fusion assays have revealed various insights into mitochondrial physiology, each having its own advantages. The hybrid PEG fusion assay7
, mixes two populations of differently labeled cells (mtRFP and mtYFP), and analyzes the amount of mixing and colocalization of fluorophores in fused, multinucleated, cells. Although this method has yielded valuable information, not all cell types can fuse, and the conditions under which fusion is stimulated involves the use of toxic drugs that likely affect the normal fusion process. More recently, a cell free technique has been devised, using isolated mitochondria to observe fusion events based on a luciferase assay1,5
. Two human cell lines are targeted with either the amino or a carboxy terminal part of Renilla luciferase along with a leucine zipper to ensure dimerization upon mixing. Mitochondria are isolated from each cell line, and fused. The fusion reaction can occur without the cytosol under physiological conditions in the presence of energy, appropriate temperature and inner mitochondrial membrane potential. Interestingly, the cytosol was found to modulate the extent of fusion, demonstrating that cell signaling regulates the fusion process 4,5
. This assay will be very useful for high throughput screening to identify components of the fusion machinery and also pharmacological compounds that may affect mitochondrial dynamics. However, more detailed whole cell mitochondrial assays will be needed to complement this in vitro assay to observe these events within a cellular environment.
A technique for monitoring whole-cell mitochondrial dynamics has been in use for some time and is based on a mitochondrially-targeted photoactivatable GFP (mtPAGFP)6,11
. Upon expression of the mtPAGFP, a small portion of the mitochondrial network is photoactivated (10-20%), and the spread of the signal to the rest of the mitochondrial network is recorded every 15 minutes for 1 hour using time lapse confocal imaging. Each fusion event leads to a dilution of signal intensity, enabling quantification of the fusion rate. Although fusion and fission are continuously occurring in cells, this technique only monitors fusion as fission does not lead to a dilution of the PAGFP signal6
. Co-labeling with low levels of TMRE (7-15 nM in INS1 cells) allows quantification of the membrane potential of mitochondria. When mitochondria are hyperpolarized they uptake more TMRE, and when they depolarize they lose the TMRE dye. Mitochondria that depolarize no longer have a sufficient membrane potential and tend not to fuse as efficiently if at all. Therefore, active fusing mitochondria can be tracked with these low levels of TMRE9,15
. Accumulation of depolarized mitochondria that lack a TMRE signal may be a sign of phototoxicity or cell death. Higher concentrations of TMRE render mitochondria very sensitive to laser light, and therefore great care must be taken to avoid overlabeling with TMRE. If the effect of depolarization of mitochondria is the topic of interest, a technique using slightly higher levels of TMRE and more intense laser light can be used to depolarize mitochondria in a controlled fashion (Mitra and Lippincott-Schwartz, 2010). To ensure that toxicity due to TMRE is not an issue, we suggest exposing loaded cells (3-15 nM TMRE) to the imaging parameters that will be used in the assay (perhaps 7 stacks of 6 optical sections in a row), and assessing cell health after 2 hours. If the mitochondria appear too fragmented and cells are dying, other mitochondrial markers, such as dsRED or Mitotracker red could be used instead of TMRE.
The mtPAGFP method has revealed details about mitochondrial network behavior that could not be visualized using other methods. For example, we now know that mitochondrial fusion can be full or transient, where matrix content can mix without changing the overall network morphology. Additionally, we know that the probability of fusion is independent of contact duration and organelle dimension, is influenced by organelle motility, membrane potential and history of previous fusion activity8,15,16,17
In this manuscript, we describe a methodology for scaling up the previously published protocol using mtPAGFP and 15nM TMRE8
in order to examine multiple cells at a time and improve the time efficiency of data collection without sacrificing the subcellular resolution. This has been made possible by the use of an automated microscope stage, and programmable image acquisition software. Zen software from Zeiss allows the user to mark and track several designated cells expressing mtPAGFP. Each of these cells can be photoactivated in a particular region of interest, and stacks of confocal slices can be monitored for mtPAGFP signal as well as TMRE at specified intervals. Other confocal systems could be used to perform this protocol provided there is an automated stage that is programmable, an incubator with CO2
, and a means by which to photoactivate the PAGFP; either a multiphoton laser, or a 405 nm diode laser.
Molecular Biology, Issue 65, Genetics, Cellular Biology, Physics, confocal microscopy, mitochondria, fusion, TMRE, mtPAGFP, INS1, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial network
An Experimental and Bioinformatics Protocol for RNA-seq Analyses of Photoperiodic Diapause in the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus
Institutions: Georgetown University, The Ohio State University.
Photoperiodic diapause is an important adaptation that allows individuals to escape harsh seasonal environments via a series of physiological changes, most notably developmental arrest and reduced metabolism. Global gene expression profiling via RNA-Seq can provide important insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of photoperiodic diapause. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus
, is an outstanding organism for studying the transcriptional bases of diapause due to its ease of rearing, easily induced diapause, and the genomic resources available. This manuscript presents a general experimental workflow for identifying diapause-induced transcriptional differences in A. albopictus.
Rearing techniques, conditions necessary to induce diapause and non-diapause development, methods to estimate percent diapause in a population, and RNA extraction and integrity assessment for mosquitoes are documented. A workflow to process RNA-Seq data from Illumina sequencers culminates in a list of differentially expressed genes. The representative results demonstrate that this protocol can be used to effectively identify genes differentially regulated at the transcriptional level in A. albopictus
due to photoperiodic differences. With modest adjustments, this workflow can be readily adapted to study the transcriptional bases of diapause or other important life history traits in other mosquitoes.
Genetics, Issue 93, Aedes albopictus Asian tiger mosquito, photoperiodic diapause, RNA-Seq de novo transcriptome assembly, mosquito husbandry
RNA-seq Analysis of Transcriptomes in Thrombin-treated and Control Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Institutions: Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City.
The characterization of gene expression in cells via measurement of mRNA levels is a useful tool in determining how the transcriptional machinery of the cell is affected by external signals (e.g.
drug treatment), or how cells differ between a healthy state and a diseased state. With the advent and continuous refinement of next-generation DNA sequencing technology, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) has become an increasingly popular method of transcriptome analysis to catalog all species of transcripts, to determine the transcriptional structure of all expressed genes and to quantify the changing expression levels of the total set of transcripts in a given cell, tissue or organism1,2
. RNA-seq is gradually replacing DNA microarrays as a preferred method for transcriptome analysis because it has the advantages of profiling a complete transcriptome, providing a digital type datum (copy number of any transcript) and not relying on any known genomic sequence3
Here, we present a complete and detailed protocol to apply RNA-seq to profile transcriptomes in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells with or without thrombin treatment. This protocol is based on our recent published study entitled "RNA-seq Reveals Novel Transcriptome of Genes and Their Isoforms in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells Treated with Thrombin,"4
in which we successfully performed the first complete transcriptome analysis of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells treated with thrombin using RNA-seq. It yielded unprecedented resources for further experimentation to gain insights into molecular mechanisms underlying thrombin-mediated endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions, cancer, diabetes, and coronary heart disease, and provides potential new leads for therapeutic targets to those diseases.
The descriptive text of this protocol is divided into four parts. The first part describes the treatment of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells with thrombin and RNA isolation, quality analysis and quantification. The second part describes library construction and sequencing. The third part describes the data analysis. The fourth part describes an RT-PCR validation assay. Representative results of several key steps are displayed. Useful tips or precautions to boost success in key steps are provided in the Discussion section. Although this protocol uses human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells treated with thrombin, it can be generalized to profile transcriptomes in both mammalian and non-mammalian cells and in tissues treated with different stimuli or inhibitors, or to compare transcriptomes in cells or tissues between a healthy state and a disease state.
Genetics, Issue 72, Molecular Biology, Immunology, Medicine, Genomics, Proteins, RNA-seq, Next Generation DNA Sequencing, Transcriptome, Transcription, Thrombin, Endothelial cells, high-throughput, DNA, genomic DNA, RT-PCR, PCR
Identification of Key Factors Regulating Self-renewal and Differentiation in EML Hematopoietic Precursor Cells by RNA-sequencing Analysis
Institutions: The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are used clinically for transplantation treatment to rebuild a patient's hematopoietic system in many diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. Elucidating the mechanisms controlling HSCs self-renewal and differentiation is important for application of HSCs for research and clinical uses. However, it is not possible to obtain large quantity of HSCs due to their inability to proliferate in vitro
. To overcome this hurdle, we used a mouse bone marrow derived cell line, the EML (Erythroid, Myeloid, and Lymphocytic) cell line, as a model system for this study.
RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) has been increasingly used to replace microarray for gene expression studies. We report here a detailed method of using RNA-Seq technology to investigate the potential key factors in regulation of EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. The protocol provided in this paper is divided into three parts. The first part explains how to culture EML cells and separate Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The second part of the protocol offers detailed procedures for total RNA preparation and the subsequent library construction for high-throughput sequencing. The last part describes the method for RNA-Seq data analysis and explains how to use the data to identify differentially expressed transcription factors between Lin-CD34+ and Lin-CD34- cells. The most significantly differentially expressed transcription factors were identified to be the potential key regulators controlling EML cell self-renewal and differentiation. In the discussion section of this paper, we highlight the key steps for successful performance of this experiment.
In summary, this paper offers a method of using RNA-Seq technology to identify potential regulators of self-renewal and differentiation in EML cells. The key factors identified are subjected to downstream functional analysis in vitro
and in vivo
Genetics, Issue 93, EML Cells, Self-renewal, Differentiation, Hematopoietic precursor cell, RNA-Sequencing, Data analysis
Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice
Institutions: University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine.
Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro
using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro
. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo
. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo
tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro
and in vivo
and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.
Neuroscience, Issue 90, astrocytoma, cortical astrocytes, genetically engineered mice, glioblastoma, neural stem cells, orthotopic allograft
Analysis of Nephron Composition and Function in the Adult Zebrafish Kidney
Institutions: University of Notre Dame.
The zebrafish model has emerged as a relevant system to study kidney development, regeneration and disease. Both the embryonic and adult zebrafish kidneys are composed of functional units known as nephrons, which are highly conserved with other vertebrates, including mammals. Research in zebrafish has recently demonstrated that two distinctive phenomena transpire after adult nephrons incur damage: first, there is robust regeneration within existing nephrons that replaces the destroyed tubule epithelial cells; second, entirely new nephrons are produced from renal progenitors in a process known as neonephrogenesis. In contrast, humans and other mammals seem to have only a limited ability for nephron epithelial regeneration. To date, the mechanisms responsible for these kidney regeneration phenomena remain poorly understood. Since adult zebrafish kidneys undergo both nephron epithelial regeneration and neonephrogenesis, they provide an outstanding experimental paradigm to study these events. Further, there is a wide range of genetic and pharmacological tools available in the zebrafish model that can be used to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate renal regeneration. One essential aspect of such research is the evaluation of nephron structure and function. This protocol describes a set of labeling techniques that can be used to gauge renal composition and test nephron functionality in the adult zebrafish kidney. Thus, these methods are widely applicable to the future phenotypic characterization of adult zebrafish kidney injury paradigms, which include but are not limited to, nephrotoxicant exposure regimes or genetic methods of targeted cell death such as the nitroreductase mediated cell ablation technique. Further, these methods could be used to study genetic perturbations in adult kidney formation and could also be applied to assess renal status during chronic disease modeling.
Cellular Biology, Issue 90,
zebrafish; kidney; nephron; nephrology; renal; regeneration; proximal tubule; distal tubule; segment; mesonephros; physiology; acute kidney injury (AKI)
Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds
Institutions: University of Zürich.
In flowering plants, the embryo develops within a nourishing tissue - the endosperm - surrounded by the maternal seed integuments (or seed coat). As a consequence, the isolation of plant embryos at early stages (1 cell to globular stage) is technically challenging due to their relative inaccessibility. Efficient manual dissection at early stages is strongly impaired by the small size of young Arabidopsis
seeds and the adhesiveness of the embryo to the surrounding tissues. Here, we describe a method that allows the efficient isolation of young Arabidopsis
embryos, yielding up to 40 embryos in 1 hr to 4 hr, depending on the downstream application. Embryos are released into isolation buffer by slightly crushing 250-750 seeds with a plastic pestle in an Eppendorf tube. A glass microcapillary attached to either a standard laboratory pipette (via a rubber tube) or a hydraulically controlled microinjector is used to collect embryos from droplets placed on a multi-well slide on an inverted light microscope. The technical skills required are simple and easily transferable, and the basic setup does not require costly equipment. Collected embryos are suitable for a variety of downstream applications such as RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, DNA methylation analyses, fluorescence in situ
hybridization (FISH), immunostaining, and reporter gene assays.
Plant Biology, Issue 76, Cellular Biology, Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Embryology, Embryo isolation, Arabidopsis thaliana, RNA amplification, transcriptomics, DNA methylation profiling, FISH, reporter assays
Ablation of a Single Cell From Eight-cell Embryos of the Amphipod Crustacean Parhyale hawaiensis
Institutions: Harvard University.
The amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis
is a small crustacean found in intertidal marine habitats worldwide. Over the past decade, Parhyale
has emerged as a promising model organism for laboratory studies of development, providing a useful outgroup comparison to the well studied arthropod model organism Drosophila melanogaster
. In contrast to the syncytial cleavages of Drosophila
, the early cleavages of Parhyale
are holoblastic. Fate mapping using tracer dyes injected into early blastomeres have shown that all three germ layers and the germ line are established by the eight-cell stage. At this stage, three blastomeres are fated to give rise to the ectoderm, three are fated to give rise to the mesoderm, and the remaining two blastomeres are the precursors of the endoderm and germ line respectively. However, blastomere ablation experiments have shown that Parhyale
embryos also possess significant regulatory capabilities, such that the fates of blastomeres ablated at the eight-cell stage can be taken over by the descendants of some of the remaining blastomeres. Blastomere ablation has previously been described by one of two methods: injection and subsequent activation of phototoxic dyes or manual ablation. However, photoablation kills blastomeres but does not remove the dead cell body from the embryo. Complete physical removal of specific blastomeres may therefore be a preferred method of ablation for some applications. Here we present a protocol for manual removal of single blastomeres from the eight-cell stage of Parhyale
embryos, illustrating the instruments and manual procedures necessary for complete removal of the cell body while keeping the remaining blastomeres alive and intact. This protocol can be applied to any Parhyale
cell at the eight-cell stage, or to blastomeres of other early cleavage stages. In addition, in principle this protocol could be applicable to early cleavage stage embryos of other holoblastically cleaving marine invertebrates.
Developmental Biology, Issue 85, Amphipod, experimental embryology, micromere, germ line, ablation, developmental potential, vasa
Transgenic Rodent Assay for Quantifying Male Germ Cell Mutant Frequency
Institutions: Environmental Health Centre.
mutations arise mostly in the male germline and may contribute to adverse health outcomes in subsequent generations. Traditional methods for assessing the induction of germ cell mutations require the use of large numbers of animals, making them impractical. As such, germ cell mutagenicity is rarely assessed during chemical testing and risk assessment. Herein, we describe an in vivo
male germ cell mutation assay using a transgenic rodent model that is based on a recently approved Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline. This method uses an in vitro
positive selection assay to measure in vivo
mutations induced in a transgenic λgt10 vector bearing a reporter gene directly in the germ cells of exposed males. We further describe how the detection of mutations in the transgene recovered from germ cells can be used to characterize the stage-specific sensitivity of the various spermatogenic cell types to mutagen exposure by controlling three experimental parameters: the duration of exposure (administration time), the time between exposure and sample collection (sampling time), and the cell population collected for analysis. Because a large number of germ cells can be assayed from a single male, this method has superior sensitivity compared with traditional methods, requires fewer animals and therefore much less time and resources.
Genetics, Issue 90, sperm, spermatogonia, male germ cells, spermatogenesis, de novo mutation, OECD TG 488, transgenic rodent mutation assay, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, genetic toxicology
Bioenergetic Profile Experiment using C2C12 Myoblast Cells
Institutions: Novato, CA, University of Alabama at Birmingham - UAB, North Billerica, MA.
The ability to measure cellular metabolism and understand mitochondrial dysfunction, has enabled scientists worldwide to advance their research in understanding the role of mitochondrial function in obesity, diabetes, aging, cancer, cardiovascular function and safety toxicity.
Cellular metabolism is the process of substrate uptake, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine, and subsequent energy conversion through a series of enzymatically controlled oxidation and reduction reactions. These intracellular biochemical reactions result in the production of ATP, the release of heat and chemical byproducts, such as lactate and CO2
into the extracellular environment.
Valuable insight into the physiological state of cells, and the alteration of the state of those cells, can be gained through measuring the rate of oxygen consumed by the cells, an indicator of mitochondrial respiration - the Oxygen Consumption Rate - or OCR. Cells also generate ATP through glycolysis, i.e.: the conversion of glucose to lactate, independent of oxygen. In cultured wells, lactate is the primary source of protons. Measuring the lactic acid produced indirectly via protons released into the extracellular medium surrounding the cells, which causes acidification of the medium provides the Extra-Cellular Acidification Rate - or ECAR.
In this experiment, C2C12 myoblast cells are seeded at a given density in Seahorse cell culture plates. The basal oxygen consumption (OCR) and extracellular acidification (ECAR) rates are measured to establish baseline rates. The cells are then metabolically perturbed by three additions of different compounds (in succession) that shift the bioenergetic profile of the cell.
This assay is derived from a classic experiment to assess mitochondria and serves as a framework with which to build more complex experiments aimed at understanding both physiologic and pathophysiologic function of mitochondria and to predict the ability of cells to respond to stress and/or insults.
Cellular Biology, Issue 46, Mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular, bioenergetics, metabolism, cancer, obesity, diabetes, aging, neurodegeneration
Metabolic Profile Analysis of Zebrafish Embryos
Institutions: School of Medicine, Deakin University.
A growing goal in the field of metabolism is to determine the impact of genetics on different aspects of mitochondrial function. Understanding these relationships will help to understand the underlying etiology for a range of diseases linked with mitochondrial dysfunction, such as diabetes and obesity. Recent advances in instrumentation, has enabled the monitoring of distinct parameters of mitochondrial function in cell lines or tissue explants. Here we present a method for a rapid and sensitive analysis of mitochondrial function parameters in vivo
during zebrafish embryonic development using the Seahorse bioscience XF 24 extracellular flux analyser. This protocol utilizes the Islet Capture microplates where a single embryo is placed in each well, allowing measurement of bioenergetics, including: (i) basal respiration; (ii) basal mitochondrial respiration (iii) mitochondrial respiration due to ATP turnover; (iv) mitochondrial uncoupled respiration or proton leak and (iv) maximum respiration. Using this approach embryonic zebrafish respiration parameters can be compared between wild type and genetically altered embryos (mutant, gene over-expression or gene knockdown) or those manipulated pharmacologically. It is anticipated that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with new tools to analyse the genetic basis of metabolic disorders in vivo
in this relevant vertebrate animal model.
Developmental Biology, Issue 71, Genetics, Biochemistry, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Physiology, Embryology, Metabolism, Metabolomics, metabolic profile, respiration, mitochondria, ATP, development, Oil Red O staining, zebrafish, Danio rerio, animal model
Protein WISDOM: A Workbench for In silico De novo Design of BioMolecules
Institutions: Princeton University.
The aim of de novo
protein design is to find the amino acid sequences that will fold into a desired 3-dimensional structure with improvements in specific properties, such as binding affinity, agonist or antagonist behavior, or stability, relative to the native sequence. Protein design lies at the center of current advances drug design and discovery. Not only does protein design provide predictions for potentially useful drug targets, but it also enhances our understanding of the protein folding process and protein-protein interactions. Experimental methods such as directed evolution have shown success in protein design. However, such methods are restricted by the limited sequence space that can be searched tractably. In contrast, computational design strategies allow for the screening of a much larger set of sequences covering a wide variety of properties and functionality. We have developed a range of computational de novo
protein design methods capable of tackling several important areas of protein design. These include the design of monomeric proteins for increased stability and complexes for increased binding affinity.
To disseminate these methods for broader use we present Protein WISDOM (https://www.proteinwisdom.org), a tool that provides automated methods for a variety of protein design problems. Structural templates are submitted to initialize the design process. The first stage of design is an optimization sequence selection stage that aims at improving stability through minimization of potential energy in the sequence space. Selected sequences are then run through a fold specificity stage and a binding affinity stage. A rank-ordered list of the sequences for each step of the process, along with relevant designed structures, provides the user with a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the design. Here we provide the details of each design method, as well as several notable experimental successes attained through the use of the methods.
Genetics, Issue 77, Molecular Biology, Bioengineering, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computational Biology, Genomics, Proteomics, Protein, Protein Binding, Computational Biology, Drug Design, optimization (mathematics), Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins, De novo protein and peptide design, Drug design, In silico sequence selection, Optimization, Fold specificity, Binding affinity, sequencing
Genetic Manipulation in Δku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii
Institutions: The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth.
Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene function and phenotype(s). The development of mutant strains with targeted gene deletions, targeted mutations, complemented gene function, and/or tagged genes provides powerful strategies to address gene function, particularly if these genetic manipulations can be efficiently targeted to the gene locus of interest using integration mediated by double cross over homologous recombination.
Due to very high rates of nonhomologous recombination, functional genomic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii
has been previously limited by the absence of efficient methods for targeting gene deletions and gene replacements to specific genetic loci. Recently, we abolished the major pathway of nonhomologous recombination in type I and type II strains of T. gondii
by deleting the gene encoding the KU80 protein1,2
. The Δku80
strains behave normally during tachyzoite (acute) and bradyzoite (chronic) stages in vitro
and in vivo
and exhibit essentially a 100% frequency of homologous recombination. The Δku80
strains make functional genomic studies feasible on the single gene as well as on the genome scale1-4
Here, we report methods for using type I and type II Δku80Δhxgprt
strains to advance gene targeting approaches in T. gondii
. We outline efficient methods for generating gene deletions, gene replacements, and tagged genes by targeted insertion or deletion of the hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HXGPRT
) selectable marker. The described gene targeting protocol can be used in a variety of ways in Δku80
strains to advance functional analysis of the parasite genome and to develop single strains that carry multiple targeted genetic manipulations. The application of this genetic method and subsequent phenotypic assays will reveal fundamental and unique aspects of the biology of T. gondii
and related significant human pathogens that cause malaria (Plasmodium
sp.) and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium
Infectious Diseases, Issue 77, Genetics, Microbiology, Infection, Medicine, Immunology, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Bioengineering, Genomics, Parasitology, Pathology, Apicomplexa, Coccidia, Toxoplasma, Genetic Techniques, Gene Targeting, Eukaryota, Toxoplasma gondii, genetic manipulation, gene targeting, gene deletion, gene replacement, gene tagging, homologous recombination, DNA, sequencing
Unraveling the Unseen Players in the Ocean - A Field Guide to Water Chemistry and Marine Microbiology
Institutions: San Diego State University, University of California San Diego.
Here we introduce a series of thoroughly tested and well standardized research protocols adapted for use in remote marine environments. The sampling protocols include the assessment of resources available to the microbial community (dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic matter, inorganic nutrients), and a comprehensive description of the viral and bacterial communities (via direct viral and microbial counts, enumeration of autofluorescent microbes, and construction of viral and microbial metagenomes). We use a combination of methods, which represent a dispersed field of scientific disciplines comprising already established protocols and some of the most recent techniques developed. Especially metagenomic sequencing techniques used for viral and bacterial community characterization, have been established only in recent years, and are thus still subjected to constant improvement. This has led to a variety of sampling and sample processing procedures currently in use. The set of methods presented here provides an up to date approach to collect and process environmental samples. Parameters addressed with these protocols yield the minimum on information essential to characterize and understand the underlying mechanisms of viral and microbial community dynamics. It gives easy to follow guidelines to conduct comprehensive surveys and discusses critical steps and potential caveats pertinent to each technique.
Environmental Sciences, Issue 93, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic matter, nutrients, DAPI, SYBR, microbial metagenomics, viral metagenomics, marine environment
Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
Institutions: Max Planck Institute of Biophysics.
Electron cryo-tomography is a powerful tool in structural biology, capable of visualizing the three-dimensional structure of biological samples, such as cells, organelles, membrane vesicles, or viruses at molecular detail. To achieve this, the aqueous sample is rapidly vitrified in liquid ethane, which preserves it in a close-to-native, frozen-hydrated state. In the electron microscope, tilt series are recorded at liquid nitrogen temperature, from which 3D tomograms are reconstructed. The signal-to-noise ratio of the tomographic volume is inherently low. Recognizable, recurring features are enhanced by subtomogram averaging, by which individual subvolumes are cut out, aligned and averaged to reduce noise. In this way, 3D maps with a resolution of 2 nm or better can be obtained. A fit of available high-resolution structures to the 3D volume then produces atomic models of protein complexes in their native environment. Here we show how we use electron cryo-tomography to study the in situ
organization of large membrane protein complexes in mitochondria. We find that ATP synthases are organized in rows of dimers along highly curved apices of the inner membrane cristae, whereas complex I is randomly distributed in the membrane regions on either side of the rows. By subtomogram averaging we obtained a structure of the mitochondrial ATP synthase dimer within the cristae membrane.
Structural Biology, Issue 91, electron microscopy, electron cryo-tomography, mitochondria, ultrastructure, membrane structure, membrane protein complexes, ATP synthase, energy conversion, bioenergetics
Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Institutions: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
has been an excellent model system for examining mechanisms and consequences of genome instability. Information gained from this yeast model is relevant to many organisms, including humans, since DNA repair and DNA damage response factors are well conserved across diverse species. However, S. cerevisiae
has not yet been used to fully address whether the rate of accumulating mutations changes with increasing replicative (mitotic) age due to technical constraints. For instance, measurements of yeast replicative lifespan through micromanipulation involve very small populations of cells, which prohibit detection of rare mutations. Genetic methods to enrich for mother cells in populations by inducing death of daughter cells have been developed, but population sizes are still limited by the frequency with which random mutations that compromise the selection systems occur. The current protocol takes advantage of magnetic sorting of surface-labeled yeast mother cells to obtain large enough populations of aging mother cells to quantify rare mutations through phenotypic selections. Mutation rates, measured through fluctuation tests, and mutation frequencies are first established for young cells and used to predict the frequency of mutations in mother cells of various replicative ages. Mutation frequencies are then determined for sorted mother cells, and the age of the mother cells is determined using flow cytometry by staining with a fluorescent reagent that detects bud scars formed on their cell surfaces during cell division. Comparison of predicted mutation frequencies based on the number of cell divisions to the frequencies experimentally observed for mother cells of a given replicative age can then identify whether there are age-related changes in the rate of accumulating mutations. Variations of this basic protocol provide the means to investigate the influence of alterations in specific gene functions or specific environmental conditions on mutation accumulation to address mechanisms underlying genome instability during replicative aging.
Microbiology, Issue 92, Aging, mutations, genome instability, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fluctuation test, magnetic sorting, mother cell, replicative aging
Aseptic Laboratory Techniques: Plating Methods
Institutions: University of California, Los Angeles .
Microorganisms are present on all inanimate surfaces creating ubiquitous sources of possible contamination in the laboratory. Experimental success relies on the ability of a scientist to sterilize work surfaces and equipment as well as prevent contact of sterile instruments and solutions with non-sterile surfaces. Here we present the steps for several plating methods routinely used in the laboratory to isolate, propagate, or enumerate microorganisms such as bacteria and phage. All five methods incorporate aseptic technique, or procedures that maintain the sterility of experimental materials. Procedures described include (1) streak-plating bacterial cultures to isolate single colonies, (2) pour-plating and (3) spread-plating to enumerate viable bacterial colonies, (4) soft agar overlays to isolate phage and enumerate plaques, and (5) replica-plating to transfer cells from one plate to another in an identical spatial pattern. These procedures can be performed at the laboratory bench, provided they involve non-pathogenic strains of microorganisms (Biosafety Level 1, BSL-1). If working with BSL-2 organisms, then these manipulations must take place in a biosafety cabinet. Consult the most current edition of the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories
(BMBL) as well as Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS) for Infectious Substances to determine the biohazard classification as well as the safety precautions and containment facilities required for the microorganism in question. Bacterial strains and phage stocks can be obtained from research investigators, companies, and collections maintained by particular organizations such as the American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC). It is recommended that non-pathogenic strains be used when learning the various plating methods. By following the procedures described in this protocol, students should be able to:
● Perform plating procedures without contaminating media.
● Isolate single bacterial colonies by the streak-plating method.
● Use pour-plating and spread-plating methods to determine the concentration of bacteria.
● Perform soft agar overlays when working with phage.
● Transfer bacterial cells from one plate to another using the replica-plating procedure.
● Given an experimental task, select the appropriate plating method.
Basic Protocols, Issue 63, Streak plates, pour plates, soft agar overlays, spread plates, replica plates, bacteria, colonies, phage, plaques, dilutions
Ratiometric Biosensors that Measure Mitochondrial Redox State and ATP in Living Yeast Cells
Institutions: Columbia University, Columbia University.
Mitochondria have roles in many cellular processes, from energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis to control of cellular lifespan and programmed cell death. These processes affect and are affected by the redox status of and ATP production by mitochondria. Here, we describe the use of two ratiometric, genetically encoded biosensors that can detect mitochondrial redox state and ATP levels at subcellular resolution in living yeast cells. Mitochondrial redox state is measured using redox-sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein (roGFP) that is targeted to the mitochondrial matrix. Mito-roGFP contains cysteines at positions 147 and 204 of GFP, which undergo reversible and environment-dependent oxidation and reduction, which in turn alter the excitation spectrum of the protein. MitGO-ATeam is a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe in which the ε subunit of the Fo
-ATP synthase is sandwiched between FRET donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins. Binding of ATP to the ε subunit results in conformation changes in the protein that bring the FRET donor and acceptor in close proximity and allow for fluorescence resonance energy transfer from the donor to acceptor.
Bioengineering, Issue 77, Microbiology, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, life sciences, roGFP, redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein, GO-ATeam, ATP, FRET, ROS, mitochondria, biosensors, GFP, ImageJ, microscopy, confocal microscopy, cell, imaging
Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos
Institutions: University of Torino, Vesalius Research Center, VIB.
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes oxidation of molecules (lipid, DNA, protein) and leads to cell death. Oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes, retinopathies, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Thus, it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms. Here, we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo
system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo
oxidative stress. Taking advantage of fluorescent ROS probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines, we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo
: i) a “whole embryo ROS-detection method” for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii) a “single-cell ROS detection method” for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods. This protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause-effect relationships of ROS in animal models of oxidative stress-related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer.
Developmental Biology, Issue 89, Danio rerio, zebrafish embryos, endothelial cells, redox state analysis, oxidative stress detection, in vivo ROS measurements, FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorter), molecular probes
Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer
Institutions: Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour.
Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis
luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.
Cellular Biology, Issue 87, Protein-protein interactions, Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Live cell, Transfection, Luciferase, Yellow Fluorescent Protein, Mutations
A Noninvasive Hair Sampling Technique to Obtain High Quality DNA from Elusive Small Mammals
Institutions: University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus.
Noninvasive genetic sampling approaches are becoming increasingly important to study wildlife populations. A number of studies have reported using noninvasive sampling techniques to investigate population genetics and demography of wild populations1
. This approach has proven to be especially useful when dealing with rare or elusive species2
. While a number of these methods have been developed to sample hair, feces and other biological material from carnivores and medium-sized mammals, they have largely remained untested in elusive small mammals. In this video, we present a novel, inexpensive and noninvasive hair snare targeted at an elusive small mammal, the American pika (Ochotona princeps
). We describe the general set-up of the hair snare, which consists of strips of packing tape arranged in a web-like fashion and placed along travelling routes in the pikas’ habitat. We illustrate the efficiency of the snare at collecting a large quantity of hair that can then be collected and brought back to the lab. We then demonstrate the use of the DNA IQ system (Promega) to isolate DNA and showcase the utility of this method to amplify commonly used molecular markers including nuclear microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), mitochondrial sequences (800bp) as well as a molecular sexing marker. Overall, we demonstrate the utility of this novel noninvasive hair snare as a sampling technique for wildlife population biologists. We anticipate that this approach will be applicable to a variety of small mammals, opening up areas of investigation within natural populations, while minimizing impact to study organisms.
Genetics, Issue 49, Conservation genetics, noninvasive genetic sampling, Hair snares, Microsatellites, AFLPs, American pika, Ochotona princeps
Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
Institutions: Joint Unit Hospices de Lyon-bioMérieux, BioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon 1 University, BioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon.
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer in clinical use, but it lacks specificity and sensitivity, particularly in low dosage values1
. ‘How to use PSA' remains a current issue, either for diagnosis as a gray zone corresponding to a concentration in serum of 2.5-10 ng/ml which does not allow a clear differentiation to be made between cancer and noncancer2
or for patient follow-up as analysis of post-operative PSA kinetic parameters can pose considerable challenges for their practical application3,4
. Alternatively, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as key molecules in human cancer, with the potential to serve as novel markers of disease, e.g.
PCA3 in prostate cancer5,6
and to reveal uncharacterized aspects of tumor biology. Moreover, data from the ENCODE project published in 2012 showed that different RNA types cover about 62% of the genome. It also appears that the amount of transcriptional regulatory motifs is at least 4.5x higher than the one corresponding to protein-coding exons. Thus, long terminal repeats (LTRs) of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) constitute a wide range of putative/candidate transcriptional regulatory sequences, as it is their primary function in infectious retroviruses. HERVs, which are spread throughout the human genome, originate from ancestral and independent infections within the germ line, followed by copy-paste propagation processes and leading to multicopy families occupying 8% of the human genome (note that exons span 2% of our genome). Some HERV loci still express proteins that have been associated with several pathologies including cancer7-10
. We have designed a high-density microarray, in Affymetrix format, aiming to optimally characterize individual HERV loci expression, in order to better understand whether they can be active, if they drive ncRNA transcription or modulate coding gene expression. This tool has been applied in the prostate cancer field (Figure 1
Medicine, Issue 81, Cancer Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Prostate, Retroviridae, Biomarkers, Pharmacological, Tumor Markers, Biological, Prostatectomy, Microarray Analysis, Gene Expression, Diagnosis, Human Endogenous Retroviruses, HERV, microarray, Transcriptome, prostate cancer, Affymetrix
Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm
Institutions: University of Washington, Iowa State University, North Carolina A&T University, Iowa Geological and Water Survey.
Finding the cost-efficient (i.e.
, lowest-cost) ways of targeting conservation practice investments for the achievement of specific water quality goals across the landscape is of primary importance in watershed management. Traditional economics methods of finding the lowest-cost solution in the watershed context (e.g.
) assume that off-site impacts can be accurately described as a proportion of on-site pollution generated. Such approaches are unlikely to be representative of the actual pollution process in a watershed, where the impacts of polluting sources are often determined by complex biophysical processes. The use of modern physically-based, spatially distributed hydrologic simulation models allows for a greater degree of realism in terms of process representation but requires a development of a simulation-optimization framework where the model becomes an integral part of optimization.
Evolutionary algorithms appear to be a particularly useful optimization tool, able to deal with the combinatorial nature of a watershed simulation-optimization problem and allowing the use of the full water quality model. Evolutionary algorithms treat a particular spatial allocation of conservation practices in a watershed as a candidate solution and utilize sets (populations) of candidate solutions iteratively applying stochastic operators of selection, recombination, and mutation to find improvements with respect to the optimization objectives. The optimization objectives in this case are to minimize nonpoint-source pollution in the watershed, simultaneously minimizing the cost of conservation practices. A recent and expanding set of research is attempting to use similar methods and integrates water quality models with broadly defined evolutionary optimization methods3,4,9,10,13-15,17-19,22,23,25
. In this application, we demonstrate a program which follows Rabotyagov et al.'s approach and integrates a modern and commonly used SWAT water quality model7
with a multiobjective evolutionary algorithm SPEA226
, and user-specified set of conservation practices and their costs to search for the complete tradeoff frontiers between costs of conservation practices and user-specified water quality objectives. The frontiers quantify the tradeoffs faced by the watershed managers by presenting the full range of costs associated with various water quality improvement goals. The program allows for a selection of watershed configurations achieving specified water quality improvement goals and a production of maps of optimized placement of conservation practices.
Environmental Sciences, Issue 70, Plant Biology, Civil Engineering, Forest Sciences, Water quality, multiobjective optimization, evolutionary algorithms, cost efficiency, agriculture, development
A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia
Institutions: Universite de Montreal, Universite de Montreal, Universite de Montreal.
There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo
mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, the de novo
mutation rate in humans is relatively high, so new mutations are generated at a high frequency in the population. However, de novo
mutations have not been reported in most common diseases. Mutations in genes leading to severe diseases where there is a strong negative selection against the phenotype, such as lethality in embryonic stages or reduced reproductive fitness, will not be transmitted to multiple family members, and therefore will not be detected by linkage gene mapping or association studies. The observation of very high concordance in monozygotic twins and very low concordance in dizygotic twins also strongly supports the hypothesis that a significant fraction of cases may result from new mutations. Such is the case for diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. Second, despite reduced reproductive fitness1
and extremely variable environmental factors, the incidence of some diseases is maintained worldwide at a relatively high and constant rate. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia, with an incidence of approximately 1% worldwide. Mutational load can be thought of as a balance between selection for or against a deleterious mutation and its production by de novo
mutation. Lower rates of reproduction constitute a negative selection factor that should reduce the number of mutant alleles in the population, ultimately leading to decreased disease prevalence. These selective pressures tend to be of different intensity in different environments. Nonetheless, these severe mental disorders have been maintained at a constant relatively high prevalence in the worldwide population across a wide range of cultures and countries despite a strong negative selection against them2
. This is not what one would predict in diseases with reduced reproductive fitness, unless there was a high new mutation rate. Finally, the effects of paternal age: there is a significantly increased risk of the disease with increasing paternal age, which could result from the age related increase in paternal de novo
mutations. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia3
. The male-to-female ratio of mutation rate is estimated at about 4–6:1, presumably due to a higher number of germ-cell divisions with age in males. Therefore, one would predict that de novo
mutations would more frequently come from males, particularly older males4
. A high rate of new mutations may in part explain why genetic studies have so far failed to identify many genes predisposing to complexes diseases genes, such as autism and schizophrenia, and why diseases have been identified for a mere 3% of genes in the human genome. Identification for de novo
mutations as a cause of a disease requires a targeted molecular approach, which includes studying parents and affected subjects. The process for determining if the genetic basis of a disease may result in part from de novo
mutations and the molecular approach to establish this link will be illustrated, using autism and schizophrenia as examples.
Medicine, Issue 52, de novo mutation, complex diseases, schizophrenia, autism, rare variations, DNA sequencing
Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping
Institutions: Washington University in St. Louis.
Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.
Cellular Biology, Issue 11, Springer Protocols, Pyrosequencing, genotype, polymorphism, SNP, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, PCR
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The tsunami of March 11 broke docks and damaged boats in Santa Cruz Harbor. Most earthquake-generated tsunamis in this part of California will cause similar levels of damage. Photo courtesy Sequoia Hughes of Flickr under Creative Commons license.
Last week the Bay Area got a tiny taste of Japan’s seismic disaster when tsunami waves stirred our waters, a giant agitating the San Francisco Bay and coast with a flick of its pinky. The waves we saw overwhelming the east coast of Honshu were attenuated to small surges here at the opposite side of the Pacific Ocean.
In central California, we will always have good warning of these big seismic tsunamis because they are not created nearby. Our tectonic setting is not conducive to Japan or Sumatra-style tsunamis. But I said seismic tsunamis, the ones that earthquakes cause. There are two other kinds that mean you should always practice tsunami awareness when you’re at the beach. And National Tsunami Awareness Week, scheduled by purest coincidence for next week, is a good occasion to train yourself and your family.
Standard tsunami awareness is pretty simple, simple enough to put on a sign that says, “In case of earthquake, go to high ground or inland.”
Photo courtesy Bruce Manchon, all rights reserved
That refers to an earthquake that you feel, not one you hear about on the radio. I can be a little more specific. Don’t worry about small earthquakes, namely the short, sharp shocks we feel often around here. Worry about a long-lasting earthquake, one with slow rhythms. If one of those happens while you’re at the beach, look—you want to leave anyway, because a large earthquake like that may mean trouble at home. If the sea starts acting strange, do what the sign says, period. Otherwise, follow your usual earthquake protocol: Get away without dawdling, drive warily with your radio on, remember your family plan, use your phone no more than absolutely necessary.
The tsunamis that arrive from distant quakes, or teletsunamis, come with several hours of warning. The nearest earthquake faults that could send a damaging tsunami our way—subduction zones—are off northernmost California, part of the Cascadia seismic zone that stretches up the Oregon and Washington coast into Canada. A tsunami arising from a magnitude-8 or larger event up there would arrive here at least a couple hours later. Tsunamis from major earthquakes in Alaska, far eastern Russia, Japan and the Philippines will give us much longer warning times. There are enough people on a typical beach, with phones and text devices and radios, that you should be able to count on sufficient warning even for a Cascadia event. In addition, local emergency responders will be out in person to warn beachgoers. (If you’re on the beach alone, be more alert.)
If you hear about an approaching tsunami, I must advise you: don’t be irresponsible and rush to the beach. We’re all intrigued by geological phenomena, and every red-blooded geologist has “witness a tsunami” on his or her geological bucket list. But remember the person taking pictures at Crescent City (a town also ravaged by a tsunami from the 1964 Alaska earthquake) who was washed out to sea. Think about the surfers who wandered around Santa Cruz Harbor, risking themselves and worrying others, as the waters rushed in and out.
However, if you choose to ignore my advice, then you should do as I wish I could have done, and proceed in a responsible manner to a safe place high above the water, obeying authorities, not congesting emergency escape routes, prepared for the worst. UC Santa Cruz geologist Christie Rowe did that and recorded the tsunami’s arrival. She adds, “I would advise people not to panic, to check the West Coast Tsunami Warning Center website and select a vantage point well above the predicted wave height.”
But not every tsunami is a seismic tsunami. Two other kinds of tsunamis, not monitored by dedicated networks, have a chance of happening somewhere in the world during the average lifetime: landslide and impact tsunamis. A landslide tsunami, caused by large mass movements into or beneath the sea, is quite plausible along our steep coasts and rugged offshore seafloors. Be wary of one even after a relatively small local quake. An impact tsunami, caused by an object from space crashing into the ocean, has no upper size limit and no preferred location. The odds are small but every beach in the world, ours included, faces the risk. So be like a sailor and always keep your weather eye out.
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(Latin, from juvenis). A youth; common in Shakespeare, thus—
“The juvenal the prince your master, whose chin is not yet fledged.” —2 Henry IV., i. 2.
The English Juvenal. John Oldham (1653-1683). The Juvenal of Painters. William Hogarth (1697-1764).
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
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A pharmacist is trained in the science of pharmacy to prepare and dispense medicinal drugs, whereas a chemist is trained in the science of chemistry to research and experiment with chemical substances. The terms are sometimes confused in British English, which uses "a shop where you can buy medicines" as a secondary definition of "chemist."Continue Reading
The job duties of a pharmacist working in a retail pharmacy or a hospital include advising patients about medicines, such as how often to take them and side effects they may cause. A pharmacist also makes sure drugs are stored securely and dispensed according to the law. Pharmacists working for a pharmaceutical manufacturer supervise the production of medicines and help assess their effectiveness.
Many chemists work for private companies to develop or improve a product, such as a water-resistant fabric, fast-growing soybeans or even pharmaceutical drugs. Other chemists are researchers interested in theories and models. They usually work for universities and other research organizations. Types of chemists include forensic chemists, who work with law enforcement to analyze evidence; environmental chemists, who often work for government agencies to analyze chemicals in the environment; and nuclear chemists, who study the effects of radiation and other properties of nuclear matter.Learn more about Career Aspirations
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Subject: Folding a Tubular Tire
From: Jobst Brandt
Date: August 8, 1996
Although there are many arcane folds that people devise, it boils down to pragmatism. Most spares are used tubulars because those who use them typically ride together, and for a new rider someone offers a spare that gets returned or not at some later time. Therefore, we are talking about a previously glued tubular, and the point is to prevent the whole tire from getting goo all over the tread and sidewalls, so you flatten the tire against itself lengthwise with the sticky base tape stuck to the sticky base tape. Now you have about a 40 inch long flat tire that when folded in half twice makes the typical wad that riders carry under their saddles, secured by a footstrap.
Footstraps being nearly extinct, I don't know what people use today, but whatever it is, it must be tight and secure. If it isn't, the tire will jiggle enough to abrade the sidewalls to become a pre-packaged blowout, to be installed when you get a flat on the road. Don't do it. Most spare bags sold today are not good places to put a tubular tire because they will allow the tire to vibrate too much.
It's bad news to ride alone with one spare anyway, so you ought to ride with other tubular riders when you go any significant distance from appropriate tire service. It's not like carrying a tube and patch kit that can go until you run out of patches (you can cut patches in half too). The advantage of using tubulars is so marginal that the little weight saved is best applied to track and criterium racing where its minuscule reduction in rotational inertia can at least be argued to have some significance.
More Articles by Jobst Brandt
Next: Mounting Tubular Tires
Previous: Making a Tubular Tire
|Articles by Sheldon Brown and others|
Last Updated: by John Allen
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End Of Story
Wednesday, December 28, 2011
Parable of the Pipe-line
By Burke Hedges
Once upon a time long, long ago, two ambitious young cousins named Pablo and Bruno lived side by side in a small Italian village. The young men were best buddies, and big dreamers. They would talk endlessly about how someday, someway, they would become the richest men in the village. They were both bright and hard working. All they needed was an opportunity.
One day that opportunity arrived. The village decided to hire two men to carry water from a nearby river to a cistern in the town square. The job went to Pablo and Bruno. Each man grabbed two buckets and headed to the river. By the end of the day, they had filled the town cistern to the brim. The village elder paid them one penny for each bucket of water. "This is our dream come true! shouted Bruno. "I can't believe our good fortune." But Pablo wasn't so sure.
His back ached and his hands were blistered from carrying the heavy buckets. He dreaded getting up and going to work the next morning. He vowed to think of a better way to get the water from the river to the village. "Bruno, I have a plan," Pablo said, ‘’ instead of lugging buckets back and forth for pennies a day, let's build a pipeline from the village to the river."
Bruno stopped dead in his tracks."A pipeline!” Whoever heard of such a thing?" Bruno shouted. "We've got a great job, Pablo. I can carry 100 buckets a day. At a penny a bucket that's a dollar a day! I'm rich!. By the end of the week, I can buy a new pair of shoes. By the end of the month a cow. By the end of six months I can buy a new hut. We have the best job in town. We have weekends off and two weeks paid vacation every year. We're set for life! Get out of here with your pipeline."
But Pablo was not easily discouraged. He patiently explained the pipeline plan to his best friend. Pablo would work part of the day carrying buckets, and part of the day and weekends building his pipeline. He knew it would be hard work digging a ditch in the rocky soil. Because he was paid by the bucket he knew his income would drop. He also knew it might take a year or two before his pipeline would pay off. But Pablo believed in his dream and he went to work.
Bruno and the rest of the villagers began mocking Pablo, calling him "Pablo the Pipeline Man." Bruno, who was earning almost twice the money as Pablo, flaunted his new purchases. He bought a donkey outfitted with a new leather saddle, which he kept parked outside his new two-story hut. He bought flashy clothes and fancy meals at the inn. The villagers called him Mr. Bruno, and they cheered when he bought rounds at the tavern and laughed loudly at his jokes.
While Bruno lay in his hammock on evenings and weekends, Pablo kept digging his pipeline. The first few months Pablo didn't have much to show for his efforts. The work was hard, even harder than Bruno's because Pablo was working evenings and weekends too. But Pablo kept reminding himself that tomorrow's dreams are built on today's sacrifices. Day by day he dug, inch by inch. Inches turned into one foot, then ten feet, then 20, then 100. "Short-term pain equals long-term gain," he reminded himself as he stumbled into his hut after another exhausting day's work. "In time my reward will exceed my efforts," he thought. "Keep your eyes on the prize," he kept thinking as he drifted off to sleep with the sounds of laughter from the village tavern in the background.
Days turned into months. One day Pablo realized his pipeline was half-way finished, which meant he only had to walk half as far to fill his buckets! Pablo used the extra time to work on his pipeline. During his rest breaks, Pablo watched his old friend Bruno lug buckets. Bruno's shoulders were more stooped than ever. He was hunched in pain, his steps slowed by the daily grind. Bruno was angry and sullen, resenting the fact that he was doomed to carry buckets, day in, day out, for the rest of his life. He began to spend less time in his hammock and more time in the tavern. When the tavern's patrons saw Bruno coming they'd whisper, "Here comes Bruno the Bucket Man", and they giggle when the town drunk mimicked Bruno's stooped posture and shuffling gait. Bruno didn't buy rounds or tell jokes anymore, preferring to sit alone in a dark corner surrounded by empty bottles.
Finally Pablo's big day arrived, his pipeline was complete! The villagers crowded around as the water gushed from the pipeline into the village cistern! Now that the village had a steady supply of fresh water, people from around the countryside moved into the village and the village prospered. Once the pipeline was complete, Pablo didn't have to carry buckets anymore. The water flowed whether he worked or not. It flowed while he ate. It flowed while he slept. It flowed on weekends while he played. The more the water flowed into the village, the more money flowed into Pablo's pockets! Pablo the Pipeline Man became known as Pablo the Miracle Maker. But Pablo understood what he did wasn't a miracle. It was merely the first stage of a big, big dream. You see, Pablo had bigger plans. Pablo planned on building pipelines all over the world! The pipeline drove "Bruno the Bucket Man" out of business, and it pained Pablo to see his old friend begging for drinks at the tavern. So, Pablo arranged a meeting with his old friend.
"Bruno, I've come here to ask you for your help." Bruno straightened his stooped shoulders, and
his dark eyes narrowed to a squint. "Don't mock me," Bruno hissed. "I haven't come here to gloat," said Pablo. "I've come here to offer you a great business opportunity. It took me more than two years before my first pipeline was complete. But I've learned a lot during those two years. I know what tools to use now, and where to dig. I know where to lay the pipe. I kept notes as I went along so now I have a system that will allow me to build another pipeline in less time, then another, then another. I could build a pipeline a year by myself, but what I plan on doing is teach you how to build a pipeline, and then have you teach others and have them teach others. "Just think, we could make a small percentage of every gallon of water that goes through those pipelines."
Bruno finally saw the big picture. They shook hands and hugged like old friends. Years passed. Their world pipelines were pumping millions of dollars into their bank accounts. Sometimes on their trips through the countryside, Pablo and Bruno would pass villagers from other villages carrying buckets. The friends would pull over and tell them their story and offer to help them build a pipeline. But sadly, most bucket carriers would hastily dismiss the notion."I don't have the time." "My friend told me he knew a friend who's uncle's best friend tried to build a pipeline and failed." "Only the ones who get in early make money on a pipeline." "I've carried buckets my whole life, I’ll stick to what I know." "I know people who lost money in a pipeline scam."
Both men resigned themselves to the fact they lived in a world with a bucket-carrying mentality and only a very small percentage of people would ever see the vision.
End Of Story
WE LIVE IN A BUCKET-CARRYING WORLD, who are you? A bucket-carrier or a pipeline builder? Do you get paid only when you show up for work like Bruno the Bucket Carrier? Or do you do the work once and get paid over and over again like Pablo the Pipeline Builder?
If you're like most people, you're working the bucket-carrying plan. It's the time-for-money- trap. The problem with bucket carrying is that the money stops when the bucket-carrying stops. Which means the concept of a "secure job" or "dream job" is an illusion. The inherent danger of carrying buckets is that the income is temporary instead of ongoing. If Bruno woke up one morning with a stiff back and couldn't get out of bed, how much money would he earn that day? ZERO! No Work-No Money! The same goes for any bucket-carrying job. Once bucket-carriers stop to carry buckets for any reason, they won't continue to get a paycheck.
There's no such thing as a secure bucket-carrying job no matter how great it seems. The problem with the time-for-money trap is that if you can no longer trade-the-time, you no longer get the money! Most people mistake bucket-carrying for pipeline building. We observe 99% of the people in the world are carrying buckets, so we assume bucket carrying is the way to get what we want in life. We grow up surrounded by bucket-carriers, so we figure that's the way-of-the-world. It reminds me of a bumper sticker I saw recently: 100,000 lemmings can't be wrong! People think the same way about bucket-carriers. 100 million bucket-carriers can't be wrong. Well yes they can! Let’s face it. There are a lot more bucket-carriers in this world than pipeline builders.
Because bucket-carrying is the model that our parents followed and the one that they taught us to follow. The bucket-carrying model tells you here's what you do to get ahead: Go to school and learn how to carry buckets. Work really hard. Earn the right to carry bigger buckets. (get promoted) Resign from "Bucket Company A" to work for "Bucket Company B" which lets you carry even bigger buckets. Work longer hours so you can carry more buckets. Put the kids through bucket-carrying college. Try to get promoted from carrying metal buckets to carrying plastic buckets to carrying digital buckets and dream of the day you can retire from bucket carrying after 30-40years.
It's Your Turn To Choose
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In this focused review we present and discuss two basic questions related to the early development of episodic memory in children: (1) “What is an episode?”, and (2) “How do preverbal children recall a specific episode of a recurring event?” First, a brief introduction to episodic memory is outlined. We argue in favor of employing a definition of episodic memory allowing us to investigate the development of episodic memory by purely behavioral measures. Second, research related to each of the two questions are presented and discussed, at first separately, and subsequently together. We argue and attempt to demonstrate, that pursuing answers to both questions is of crucial importance – both conceptually and methodologically - if we are ever to understand the early development of episodic memory.
Nordic Psychology (online), 2013, Vol 62, Issue 2, p. 189-207
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PART III: LEGENDS
by Anthony Forwood (2011)
19: Ancient Indian Texts
Probably the most well known ancient texts to come from India are the Vedas, which are said to have originally been composed by the gods themselves. These texts are filled with tales of the Hindu gods that bare a close similarity to those of the earlier Sumerians as well as the later Greeks. In all three, a pantheon of twelve gods are attributed to twelve planetary bodies. The similarities reveal that the Greek tales were later versions of the earlier texts from Sumer and from the Indus Valley.
The original Aryan race, although its origins are little known about, are described in ancient Indian texts as being ‘noble men’ who came from the northwest (the Caucasus region) and brought with them the Vedas, at around 1,500 BC. However, whether or not they are the original bringers of civilization to the Indus region is disputable, and there is evidence that the Indian people have lived in that area for more than fifty thousand years.
Another much older race that existed in ancient India were known as the Nagas. They were a white-skinned people who, according to the Ramayana, were the first to arrive in India, between 70,000 BC and 30,000 BC. They came from the east, some suggesting the lost continent of Lemuria, and after having spent some time in Burma, finally settled on the Deccan Plateau in northern India. Interestingly, they are also referred to as the Maya in the Indian texts. They were experts at navigation as well as architecture, sailing all the seas and building great cities and palaces. The Ramayana states that the Nagas established the Rama empire in India, and introduced their religion to Babylon and Egypt. These Nagas are also reported to have been able to fly, and possessed paranormal abilities. Their underground world is also said to be filled with great treasures, reminiscent of later myths regarding dragons and their treasures.
Many ancient texts from India speak of a past civilization that once existed on Earth, and reveal the advanced technologies that the people of this ancient civilization had. Not the least of these were flying machines, the descriptions of which sound very much like the flying saucers of modern-day legend. In fact, these ancient texts don’t just provide descriptions of these machines, but actual design specifications and operating instructions have been discovered as well. It’s very hard to conceive why such meticulous descriptive details would have been written and preserved if these had just been fanciful stories.
These flying machines were known as vimanas or vailixi, and are discussed at length in such ancient Indian texts as the Vedas, the Ramayana, the Samara Sutradhara (Samarangana Sutradhara), the Vaimanika Sastra (Vimanica Shastra), the Dronaparva (a chapter of the epic Mahabharata), the Samar, the Mahavira of Bhavabhuti (compiled in the eighth century from older texts), the Bhagavata Purana, and others.
The Vimanica Shastra, or ‘textbook of space travel’, is traditionally believed to have been written at about 3,000 BC by a man named Maharishi Baradhvaja, although western Indologists claim he lived during the more recent date of 700 BC. Whatever the case, this text describes vimanas as being self-powered, and able to travel equally well on land, in water, or in the air. Not only that, but it states that they were able to travel to other planets, to become invisible, to have the ability to overhear conversations in enemy craft, as well as to see inside and to know the course of other craft, and even to be able to render unconscious the pilots of other craft.
In the Samara Sutradhara, vimanas are described as operating on mercurial energy. It describes the ability of these craft to vertically ascend or descend, move backwards and forwards, and that the velocity increases with distance. It also states that with these machines, heavenly beings can visit the Earth.
In the Ramayana, a vimana is described that had two decks and many chambers with windows. It is said to make a tremendous noise as it ascends into the clouds and flies over the ocean like an arrow shot from a bow.
In the Dronaparva, vimanas are described as spherical in form, able to hover motionless in the air, and to fly in swarms.
The Bhagavata Purana is one of the oldest holy texts of Vedic India, and within it is described an aircraft that was built for King Salva. It’s written that the craft could appear as though it were a number of craft when in the sky, and at other times it was rendered invisible. It is described to be on the ground one moment, and in the sky the next, which is similar to the sudden and rapid movements that modern day UFOs are described as being capable of.
In this same text is described a sacrificial celebration that was attended by the demigod rulers of various planets, as well as other sages, patriarchs, and personalities from other worlds. During the celebration, the city’s domed palaces are described as being lit up “even as the domes of the beautiful aircraft which hover above the city”.
Virtually all of the attributes described in these ancient texts sound remarkably similar to those described in modern-day UFO reports.
In the Purana texts, the origin of spiritual knowledge of India is ascribed to the teachings of visitors from other planets. This supports and runs parallel to what’s written in the Sumerian texts, and, like the Sumerian texts, it explains human civilization’s sudden explosion from a hunter-gatherer state sometime between 8,000 and 5,000 BC. In the Sumerian texts, the reader will remember, the gods were called the ‘Anunnaki’, which literally translates to “those who came from heaven to Earth”, and were similarly described as traveling about the planet and in the heavens in flying craft, which the Sumerians called ‘mu’ or ‘shem’.
These craft described in the Indian texts were said to be the vehicles of the gods and demigods that came from the heavenly planets, and only a few Earthlings were ever given possession of one. This indicates that the time in question in the Indian texts may be the same early period of human civilization that’s described in the earlier Sumerian texts.
Many of these ancient Indian texts also describe a terrible war between the gods that took place thousands of years ago, which left devastation not at all unlike that of our own modern nuclear weapons. In fact, signs of this ancient devastation can still be found in the area where this war was said to have taken place. Evidence includes extremely high radiation readings at many ancient sites, as well as bricks and stones that have been unnaturally fused together by an intense heat, globs of glass that are the remains of melted pottery, and the skeletal remains of people who apparently died so suddenly that their remains were found positioned in the various activities they must have been engaged in at the moment of their sudden death. These descriptions are paralleled in the Sumerian texts as well.
Descriptions of weapons within the Indian texts include projectiles that were described as being brighter than a thousand suns when they exploded, and which made hair and fingernails fall out of those people who were lucky enough to not have been reduced to nothing more than ash. Foodstuffs became contaminated by these weapons, and within only hours, the feathers of birds turned white. It was written that the only escape for a person was to immerse oneself in water and to wash any belongings in order to decontaminate them. The similarities to modern nuclear weapons are very apparent and cannot be ignored.
The time that this war is said to have taken place matches the records or legends from other civilizations around the world. When taken together, the similarities between these separate stories give convincing and irrefutable support to the actual existence of a lost civilization such as Atlantis. They also support the idea that Earth has been visited by at least one extraterrestrial race in the long distant past.
The Purana texts, which are some of the oldest of the Indian legends, describe a time when there were great floods that destroyed coastal habitations, forcing the people to move inland. They were said to be guided by ‘rishis’ or sages, who were known to possess great knowledge. There have been found the remains of ancient civilizations under the waters off the coast of India, indicating that this coastal area was heavily inhabited before the glaciers of the last ice age melted and caused the ocean’s waters to rise up and engulf it. This supports claims that have been made that the Vedas were not brought to India by an Aryan race, which is simply a distortion of the truth imposed by later conquerors from the west (the British), who wished to maintain their modern understanding of human history while relegating the more ancient history of these people to mythical stature. The main argument against the extreme age of the Vedas (as these texts themselves state they are) is the fact that these texts claim civilization in India is far older than contemporary science and history would allow.
One of the most amazing things about the ancient Indian texts that relates to the discussion of this book is their understanding of cosmic cycles. According to the ancient Hindus, Brahma, the creator-god, creates and destroys the world with each cycle of breath. One day in the life of this god is equivalent to a ‘Kulpa’, which is divided into four smaller parts or cycles known as ‘Yugas’. These are:
· Satya Yuga – Age of Wisdom
· Treta Yuga – Age of Ritual
· Dvapara Yuga – Age of Doubt
· Kali Yuga – Age of Conflict
We are currently five or six thousand years into the last of these ages, the Kali Yuga, which began around 3102 BC, which is remarkable in that it is only twelve years earlier than the beginning of the Mayan calendar in 3114 BC (more on this in the next chapter). The Indian texts tell us that n past Yugas, beings were more than human and of godly stature, but have since receded into the shadows to watch over mortal men during the Kali Yuga. These beings do not age or even experience time as we do, nor do they suffer disease or death. These beings are said to have retreated to a subterranean place here on Earth – the city of Shambhala in ancient legends.
How long is a Yuga? This is described in certain commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita as being measured by divisions of the life span of the Divine Mother, which is equivalent to the duration of the entire cosmos (in Indian cosmology, this equates to eternity). The Divine Mother lives innumerable lives (thus eternity continues forever), and each is measured as one thousand life spans of Lord Shiva. In turn, one life span of Lord Shiva is one thousand life spans of Lord Vishnu, and one life span of Lord Vishnu is one thousand life spans of Brahma, the Creator. A single life span of Brahma is measured as one hundred years of Brahma, which are broken down further into twelve months of thirty days each. One day in the life of Brahma is equal to a Kulpa, and one Kulpa is made up of fourteen ‘Manus’. One Manu is equal to seventy-one ‘Chaturyugis’, and one Chaturyugi comprises the four Yugas listed above. Each of these Yugas are measured in terms of the first of them, the Satya-Yuga, with the Treta-Yuga being three-quarters of the Satya-Yuga, the Dvapara-Yuga being one-half the Satya-Yuga, and the Kali-Yuga being one quarter the Satya-Yuga. The Kali-Yuga is 432,000 years of Earth time. To make this easier to understand, I have listed the four Yugas again, as well as the complete Chaturyugi cycle, Manu cycle, and Kulpa cycle, with their corresponding lengths in Earth years:
· Satya Yuga – 1,728,000 years
· Treta Yuga – 1,296,000 years
· Dvapara Yuga – 864,000 years
· Kali Yuga – 432,000 years
· Chaturyugi – 4,320,000 years (one full cycle)
· Manu (71 Chaturyugi) – 306,720,000 years
· Kulpa (14 Manus) – 4,294,080,000 years
As can be seen, the periods comprising these Vedic cycles are longer than could possibly fit with our contemporary understanding of human history, yet it can be seen that the length of a Kulpa is very close to our modern scientist’s best theories as to the age of the universe (4.3 billion years). Is this just a lucky coincidence, or could the ancient Indian sages have known more than we give them credit for? Of course, the length of these periodic cycles that the ancient Indians describe in their texts extend even beyond the length of our human existence, and the texts claim that they refer to ages when material beings were not in existence. This means that these texts were derived from some higher intelligence. The texts themselves tell of an age when what we would refer to as gods were living on Earth. These gods, as we’ve seen, had what appear to be advanced technologies, and they were familiar with traveling to other planets and solar systems in the galaxy. Although the fact that they appear to have been material beings themselves, they were still more than human, and may have received their knowledge of these periodic cycles from beings that were still more godly and less material in form.
According to these ancient Indian texts, the Kali-Yuga is the most debased and materialistic of the Yugas, and when it ends and a new cycle starts with the beginning of a new Satya-Yuga, all will be rejuvenated into a higher spiritual form. The Puranas describe many things that will mark this age, which are exactly what we see taking place in our society, including the familiar acts of lying, cheating, stealing, coveting, murdering, warring, polluting, etc. Greed, hostilities, exploitation, and materialistic pursuits mark this age.
The Hindu religion incorporates the concept of reincarnation, which in turn involves the concept of karma, and together these regulate our ascension to a higher plane of existence or, alternatively, dissension to a lower plane, depending on our actions on this plane. The Hindu gods were themselves reincarnated many times, having lived through these great ages and acquiring the knowledge that they have imparted within these texts. Should we doubt what these texts say, and instead accept what we’re told by lesser beings who cling tightly to their self-importance and to the interpretations they devise as explanations for the evidence of mankind’s history and origins? I personally believe that these ancient texts have much more truth to them than do our recent theories.
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A retractile testicle is a testicle that may move back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. When the retractile testicle is residing in the groin, it might be easily guided by hand into its proper position in the scrotum — the bag of skin hanging behind the penis — during a physical exam.
For most boys, the problem of a retractile testicle goes away sometime before or during puberty. The testicle moves to its correct location in the scrotum and stays there permanently.
In fewer than 5 percent of cases, the retractile testicle remains in the groin and is no longer movable. When this happens, the condition is called an ascending testicle or an acquired undescended testicle.
Sept. 16, 2015
- Keys C, et al. Retractile testes: A review of the current literature. Journal of Pediatric Urology. 2012;8:2.
- Kliegman RM, et al., eds. Disorders and anomalies of the scrotal content. In: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2015. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 2, 2015.
- Cooper CS, et al. Undescended testes (cryptorchidism) in children: Clinical features and evaluation. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 2, 2015.
- Agarwal PK, et al. Retractile testis—Is it really a normal variant? Journal of Urology. 2006;175:1496.
- Gearhart JP, et al., eds. Cryptorchidism. In: Pediatric Urology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Aug. 2, 2015.
- Hack WW, et al. Acquired undescended testis: Putting the pieces together. International Journal of Andrology. 2012;35:41.
- Stec AA, et al. Incidence of testicular ascent in boys with retractile testes. Journal of Urology. 2007;178:1722.
- Cooper CS, et al. Undescended testes (cryptorchidism) in children: Overview of management. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 2, 2015.
- Kolon TF, et al. Evaluation and treatment of cryptorchidism: AUA guideline. Journal of Urology. 2014;192:337.
- Granberg CF (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Sept. 2, 2015.
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Humans need an atmosphere which has at least 10 per cent oxygen to survive, but naked mole rats have evolved to live in stuffy underground burrows in the African desert which can be 15 miles long, and have little air.
They are virtually cold-blooded and the only mammal with a social structure similar to that of ants and termites. They don't get tumors, they're immune to chronic pain and the irritating components of chili peppers. Naked mole rats achieve their feat by turning to a molecular trick used by plants: They stop metabolizing glucose and start metabolizing a different sugar, fructose.
Naked mole rats are wrinkly, hairless, poop-eating, delightful creatures that live in large colonies of up to 280 animals.
When oxygen levels fall to a life-threatening level, the subterranean animal simply slows down its heart rate and switches to another metabolism system.
He also wonders whether extreme divers, who survive for relatively long periods of time without taking in any oxygen, may have unwittingly taught their bodies how to switch from using glucose to fructose in the metabolic process. The naked mole-rats could survive on fructose when oxygen was at levels that would have been fatal for humans: we would have died in a matter of minutes while the animals survived for a minimum of 5 hours under those impossible conditions. After five hours at five percent oxygen, the team made a decision to take the subjects out of their test chamber because nothing was happening. "And we put them in and fifteen minutes later they looked fine, after an hour they looked fine, and after five hours of exposure to five percent O2 they still looked fine", he continued.
Mole rats can survive for just under 20 minutes with no oxygen supply.
There is some benefit to humans in all of this.
But the researchers' findings in the naked mole rat could lead to breakthroughs in surviving heart attacks and strokes.
"They live in really challenging conditions", says Chris Faulkes of Queen Mary, University of London, who studies mole rats, but wasn't involved in the research.
"If we could activate the fructose pathway in a heart attack victim, that would extend the amount of time we have to get that victim to a medical facility where they can get resuscitated and spare the brain damage that frequently comes along with a heart attack", Park said.
The lack of GLUT5 and KHK in other organs - the brain and the heart, for instance - means the energy bound in fructose is unavailable to them, causing them to fail in low-oxygen environments.
In 0% oxygen, both the mice and mole rats quickly lost consciousness. Another interesting question is how the naked mole-rats use fructose without experiencing any of the negative effects of fructose such as obesity.
National Geographic said that usually, when there is a buildup of fructose in an organism, the body tissues will be damaged.
Thomas Park, a neuroscientist at the University of IL in Chicago, and Gary Lewin, a physiologist at the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in Berlin, placed naked mole rats and mice in a chamber with only five percent oxygen. They have a variety of quirks which separate them from other mammals.
Unlike all other known mammals, when the brain cells of naked mole rats are deprived of oxygen they do not run out of energy and die. "The most misunderstood thing is that they're ugly". They now hope to harness lessons learned from this rodent to design future therapies for people to prevent calamitous damage during heart attacks or strokes when oxygenated blood can not reach the brain.
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However, also from the Times, "California reports that it has reduced energy consumption in new houses and commercial buildings by 75 percent over the three decades that codes have been in effect there." (A New Enforcer in Buildings, the Energy Inspector ).
So, if we age in our existing homes, how much damage are we doing to the environment? People who have just paid off their 30-year mortgage on a house built in the late 70s (or worse, the 50s or 60s) are using, on the basis of the California claim, 4 times the energy they would in a new building. Assume they have two or three times the space they really need, as well, and the inefficiency numbers go higher. Of course, if they were to downsize and sell the house—to a young family, say, who might need the extra space, the building's energy inefficiency would not change.
Back on the plus side, the embedded energy in our existing buildings (the energy it took to harvest, manufacture, transport, and construct them) gives preserving them an advantage over abandonment or demolition (using more energy) and replacement with new construction (embedding more energy again).
So how can we weigh all of the capital and operating numbers to minimize carbon emissions while accomplishing other goals (aging in place, preservation of older architecture)? With all of the news of foreclosures and virtual ghost towns of housing developments, the Times also reports "Construction starts on single-family homes... increased 14 percent for the biggest rise since December 2004" (Housing Starts Rise an Unexpected 3.6%), is there a comparable surge in renovation coming out of the stimulus funding?
One approach at the grassroots level is reduction of household carbon footprint. First we can take actions that make older houses more energy efficient in their infrastructure (insulation, windows and doors, plugging leaks) and systems (methods of heating/cooling, lighting, hot water, appliances). These actions will not get us to the energy efficiency of new construction, but when embedded energy is considered, they can cut the difference down to pretty reasonable numbers.
Then we can take additional lifestyle actions that further reduce our footprints to the extent that the percentage differences between good new construction and upgraded existing buildings involve much lower absolute emission numbers. These include home energy practices (the way we use heating/cooling, lighting, hot water, appliances [including electronics]) and lifestyle practices (how we travel, eat, recycle, buy or collect energy).
All this can seem a pretty daunting individual agenda, which brings me to the final point of this post. The Newton Eco-Team Project, of which I am an organizer, is part of a multi-community initiative in Massachusetts to reduce the household carbon footprint by 25%. It combines global warming education, saving money through reduced energy consumption, and building community through working together and sharing ideas. Altogether home improvement. Our website, which will offer resources identified and/or developed by all of the communities involved, is just now being created, at www.NewtonEcoTeams.org. It should be live by next week.
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“A long, long time ago, I can still remember how that music used to make me smile…”
I recall with fondness how as a child I used walk through the school corridors and hear the cacophony of sounds that filtered through the cracks of the music room door as a patient music educator waited for everyone to find the “A” note.
In some schools, the music rooms are silent. There are no choral groups. The situation of music education in the public school systems is in really bad shape — not just in America, but all over the world. In some school districts, there is one music specialist that serves 10 schools. Blame the budgets, blame standardized testing, blame society, blame changing values.
It is hard to predict the implication of our imminent loss of primary music and art education. What we do know about music education is the depth and breadth of its positive effects. What we don’t know is the impact on our future without it.
Samuel Hope, the director of the National Association of Schools and Music, says there are five ways to communicate and organize thought and knowledge. Letters and words (language), numbers and symbols (mathematics), still images (art, architecture and design), moving images (dance and film) and abstract sound (music). Sadly, schools tend to only place emphasis on the first two.
Maureen Cavanaugh in her piece, “The State Of Music Education In Schools,” reminds us that music is actually recognized as one of the core subjects by the National Board of Education by the federal government, but it isn’t tested.
We can test letters and numbers, so those things get tested to death. And the push, of course, is to get the scores up in the tested areas, so kids get pulled out of everything else.
For most young people, music is simply a consumable good, like toothpaste. In all this, musicians and music majors aside, most students barely know who Beethoven is. Beethoven? “He composed music” is the general consensus.
James Catterall, in his article, “The Consequences of Curtailing Music Education,” says there is much research to demonstrate the positive effects of music. The “Mozart Effect” demonstrates the positive effects of music on academic success. There are strong links between sustained involvement in instrumental music across middle and high school with high level math proficiency in grade 12, particularly for students from families with the lowest incomes.
According to a College Entrance Examination Board study, students of the arts continue to outperform their non-arts peers on the SAT. Reports from 2008-12 show that students enrolled in fine arts courses score 11 to 12% higher than students not enrolled in any fine arts courses.
Study after study about education reveals the importance of art and music classes. And yet budget after budget, states keep cutting back the arts. When test scores go down in math and reading, the emphasis is put on those basic subjects to the detriment of other “elective” courses. And now, with standardized testing combined with budget cuts, art and music classes are in the highest of high-risk categories.
When you look behind the test scores, the lessons learned in studying music, learning to play an instrument, playing in a band and learning to read music all provide a richness to a child’s education that will last a lifetime. Music programs impact student motivation — students tend feel a sense of accomplishment when they become proficient with a musical instrument or as part of an ensemble. Both contribute to thinking skills that show up on cognitive measures.
So if we still ask our students to read and interpret Shakespeare, shouldn’t we be teaching the same for Mozart? Classic literature and classic music, whether instrumental or choral, go hand in hand and are what helps distinguish human beings from the rest of the animal world.
Today, most children learn nothing about serious music in school. There are pockets where music education remains vibrant, but this is mostly a result of values and the budgets of the citizens of those areas.
NAMM, the National Association of Music Merchants, is a not-for-profit association that promotes the pleasures and benefits of making music. The Foundation announced the 2015 Best Communities for Music Education (www.nammfoundation.org/2015-best-communities-music-education-districts), which acknowledges schools and districts across the U.S. for their commitment to and support of music education in schools. Despite budget cuts that hinder adequate support of music education, these school districts demonstrate an unwavering commitment to providing music education.
Meaning and Impact
The musician in any music teacher tends to dismiss any and all non-music outcomes as a rationale for teaching music. Most music teachers believe it is inherently what children need in order to grow up in this world.
What would the loss of music impact?
Whether math scores or overall intelligence would fall without musical education is debatable, it is clear that children would miss the experiences that it brings. The loss of music. The loss of learning how to participate in guided music. The loss of learning how music is made and making music. And the loss of learning about music’s role in our history as sentient human beings.
Cutting music from the curriculum will likely impact more children from low-income families. Since the private market can sustain those who can afford it, the schools have remained the only proven and effective system to cultivate musical skills for all children who wish to take advantage of the experience.
Music today and tomorrow
Removing music from the schools will not totally delete music from students’ lives. Engineering feats have made it possible to carry around volumes of Lennon and McCartney, Gershwin, and Yo Yo Ma in the same pocket. But at the end of the day, listening to music is not the same as knowing music.
David Gelernter in his article, “Music Education Needs to Be a Click Away,” fears for a society that knows nothing about Beethoven or any classical composer. He believes it is cultural bankruptcy. Or more like collapse and incompetence.
“Why should we know anything about Beethoven?” asked one of his college students. Gelernter replied: “You must know Beethoven’s music because no one has ever said anything deeper about what it means to be human, to look life and death in the eye, to know beauty at its purest and most intense.”
Gelernter says that we have the raw materials necessary to keep classical music in the loop.
He wants to turn digital services into tools to educate children by using existing services to teach music at the simplest level and build a musical marketplace in the cybersphere. He feels that it is plausible to create music-learning packages of 10-minute programs for first-graders listen to over and over. The goal would be to give every child a chance to attune his mind to seriously beautiful music.
Classical works could be bundled and linked to an assignment, such as “Go home and listen to this five times.” The music could stop occasionally to ask simple questions: Is the key here major or minor? Did we just hear a cadence? What instruments do you hear?
Assignments like these would leave second-graders better informed about their cultural inheritance than the average Yale student manages to be.
Within cyberspheric entities like the Internet and Soundcloud are vast public works. With money, ideas and will, these tools could be used for serious music teaching or learning. Just like the Pink Yangtze River dolphin that has vanished, we have to envision what a world without music looks like. It’s coming, but we can do something about it.
The time is now to reclaim that which makes us human. And to stop the spiral into the dark ages of days past when the music died.
Laurie Futterman ARNP is a former Heart Transplant Coordinator at Jackson Memorial Medical Center. She now chairs the science department and teaches gifted middle school science at David Lawrence Jr. K-8 Center. She has three children and lives in North Miami.
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Some of the major institutions of environment studies in India are given below :
Among the large number of institutions that deal with environmental protection and conservation, a few well-known organization include government organizations are listed below :
1. The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), Mumbai:
It was founded on 15 September, 1883, is one of the largest non-governmental organizations in India engaged in conservation and biodiversity research.
It supports many research efforts through grants, and publishes a popular magazine called the Hornbill and also an internationally well-known the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Its other publications include Salim Ali’s Handbook on Birds, JC Daniel Book of Indian reptiles. SH Prater’s book of Indian mammals and PV Bole’s book of Indian trees.
Many prominent naturalists, including the ornithologists Salim Ali and S. Dillon Ripley have been associated with it. The BNHS has over the years helped the government to frame wildlife-related laws and has taken up battles such as the ‘save the silent valley’s campaign’.
2. World Wide fund for nature-India (WWF-1), New Delhi:
The WWF-1 was initiated in 1969 in Mumbai, after which the head quarters were shifted to Delhi with several states. Divisional and Project offices spread across India. In the early years it focused attention on wildlife education and awareness. It runs several programs, including the nature clubs of India program for school children and works as a think-tank and lobby force for environmental and development issues.
3. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), New Delhi:
Is a public interest research and advocacy organization based in New Delhi? CSE researches into, lobbies for and communicates the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable. It has published a major document on the State of India’s Environment, the first of its kind to be produced as a citizen’s report on the environment.
It also publishes a popular magazine; ‘Down to Earth’ which is a science and environment fortnightly. It is involved in the publication of material in the form of books posters, video films and also conducts workshops and seminars on biodiversity-related issues.
4. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), New Delhi:
Is a public interest research and advocacy organization based in New Delhi. CSE researches into, lobbies for and communicates the urgency of development that is both sustainable and equitable. It has published a major document on the State of India’s Environment, the first of its kind to be produced as a citizen’s report on the environment.
It also publishes a popular magazine; i ‘Down to Earth’ which is a science and environment fortnightly. It is involved in the publication of material in the form of books posters, video films and also conducts workshops and seminars on biodiversity-related issues. The) Centre’s efforts are built around five broad programmes: Communication for Awareness, Research and Advocacy, Education and Training, Knowledge Portal and Pollution Monitoring.
C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre, Madras: the CPR-EEC was set up in 1988 (PR-EEC) is a Centre of Excellence of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, established jointly by the Ministry and the C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation.
It conducts a variety of programs to increase awareness and knowledge of public i.e., school children, local communities, woman as main key target groups about the various aspects of environment. Its programs include components on wildlife and biodiversity issues.
CPR-EEC also publishes large number of text books for school children and video-on wheels for rural public. The C. P. R. Environmental Education Centre received the Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar for the year 1996.
5. The Centre for Environment Education (CEE):
The Centre for Environment Education (CEE) in India was established in August 1984 as a Centre of Excellence supported by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The organisation works towards developing programmes and materials to increase awareness about the environment and sustainable development.
The head office is located in Ahmedabad. The Centre has 41 offices including regional cells and several field offices, across India. It has international offices in Australia, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. CEE’s primary objective is to improve public awareness and understanding of the environment with a view to promoting the conservation and sustainable use of nature and natural resources, leading to a better environment and a better quality of life.
To this end, it undertakes demonstration projects in education, communication and development that endorse attitudes, strategies and technologies which are environmentally sustainable. CEE is committed to ensuring that due recognition is given to the role of education in the promotion of sustainable development.
6. Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Institute of Environment Education and Research, Pune:
Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Institute of Environment Education & Research, Pune was established in 1993. This is part of the Bharati Vidyapeeth deemed University. Its major focus is to spread the message of the need for pro-environmental action in society at large through a dual strategy of formal and non-formal integrated activities.
BVIEER is a one of a kind institution that caters to the need of Environment Education at all levels (PhD, M.Sc. and Diploma). The distinctive characteristics of BVIEER are its wide mandate of teaching and research. It implements a large outreach program that has covered over 435 schools in which it trains teachers and conduct fortnightly environment education programs. Biodiversity conservation is a major focus of its research initiatives.
7. The Salim Ali Center for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON):
It is an autonomous organization with headquarters at Coimbattore. It is a national centre for information, education and research in ornithology and natural history in India. This institution was Dr. Salim Ali’s dream, which became a reality only after his demise and was named in honor of Salim Ali, the leading pioneer of ornithology in India. Its mission is “To help conserve India’s biodiversity and its sustainable use through research, education and peoples’ participation, with birds at the centre stage”.
8. Wild life Institute of India (WII), Dehradhun:
Is an autonomous institution of MoEF, GOI, established in 1982? It is an internationally acclaimed institution, which offers training program, academic courses and advisory in wildlife research and management. The Institute is actively engaged in research across the country on biodiversity related issues.
Its most significant publication has been ‘Planning wild life and protected area network for India (Rodgers and Pan-war, 1988). It has environment impact assessment cell. It trains personnel in eco-development, wildlife biology, habitat management and nature interpretation.
9. Zoological Survey of India (ZSI):
Is a premier organisation in zoological research and studies? The activities of the ZSI are coordinated by the Conservation and Survey Division in the MoEF, GOI. This is the only taxonomic organization in the country involved in the study of all kinds of animals from Protozoa to Mammalia, occurring in all possible habitats from deepest depth of the ocean to the peaks of Himalaya.
It was established on 1st July, 1916 to promote survey, exploration and research leading to the advancement in our knowledge of the various aspects of the exceptionally rich animal life. It has over the years collected type specimens on the basis of which our animal’s life has been studied over the years. Today, it has over a million specimens. This makes it one of the largest collections in Asia. It is currently operated from 16 regional centers.
10. The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust (MCBT):
MCBT, the first crocodile conservation breeding in Asia, was founded in 1976 to conserve Indian crocodilians and establish program for the conservation and propagation of other species of endangered reptiles. Over years, over 1500 crocodiles and several hundred eggs have been supplied to various state forest, departments for restocking programmes in the wild, and for setting up breeding facilities in other state in India and neighboring countries.
It is the one which started the first sea turtle surveys and conservation program in India, including a sea turtle hatchery. It is involved in environmental education programs for the villages and schools that include nature camps, training workshop for teachers and youth.
11. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team (ANET):
A division of the MCBT was constituted in 1992. A base was set up by Harry Andrews in south Andaman for herpetological and other ecological studies in these islands. The Crocodile bank is the site of the irula Snake catchers’ cooperative society, which is an adivasi self-help project and supplies all of India’s snake and scorpion venom needed for the production of anti-venom and for medical use. MCBT personal also initiated the Irula Tribual Women’s welfare society, which is primarily a society for reforestation of wastelands and income generation projects for irula women.
12. Uttarkhand Seva Nidhi (USKN), Almora:
It is a public charitable trust founded in 1967. This organization was appointed as a nodal agency in 1987 by the Department of Education, Ministry of Human Resources Development, and Government of India to undertake locale-specific environmental education programmes both in rural schools and villages in the hill districts of Uttar Pradesh, now Uttaranchal.
Subsequently, a research and resource centre, the Uttarakhand Environmental Education Centre (UEEC), was set up in 1993, also with support from the Department of Education. As activities continued to increase, a separate organisation, the Uttarakhand Seva Nidhi Paryavaran Shiksha Sansthan (USNPSS), a registered society, was set up in 1999 to handle all the environmental activities of the Nidhi.
As Uttaranchal is a fragile ecological zone where, human activities can cause extensive land degradation if not carried out in an environmentally-sound manner. The organization conducts education, training and on the spot problem solving programmes with the aim of helping people to understand their surroundings from a broad ecological point of view and encourage them to organise themselves to deal with environmental problems that affect their daily lives, and to provide training in technical know-how and practical skills. Its main target is sustainable resource use at the village level through training school children. Its environment education program covers about 500 schools.
This NGO, initially Delhi-based, is now working from pune and is active in several other parts of India. Kalpavriksh worked on a variety of fronts: education and awareness; investigation and research; direct action and lobbying, and litigation with regard to environment and development issues.
Its activities include talks and audio-visuals in schools and colleges, nature walks and outstation camp, organizing student participation in ongoing campaigns including street demonstrations, pushing form consumer awareness regarding organic food, press statements, handling green alerts, and meeting with city administrators.
Kalpavriksh was among those responsible for developing India’s National Biodiversity Strategy and action plan in 2003. The Botanical Survey of India (BSI): is an institution set up by the Government of India in 1887 to survey the plant resources of the Indian empire.
The Botanical Survey was formally instituted on 13 February, 1890 under the direction of Sir George King, who had been superintendent of Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta since 1871. King became the first ex-officio Director of BSI.
Presently, it has nine regional centres. It carries out surveys of plant resources in different regions. It monitors botanical resources by analyzing their occurrence, distribution, ecology, economic utility, conservation, environment impact, etc.
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The term scholarly communication has traditionally referred to the cycle of creation and dissemination of research and published works in academia. The library acquires books and journals to support faculty research. Faculty use these materials to produce increasingly sophisticated drafts, conference papers, pre-prints, peer-reviewed journal articles, and books. The library acquires those new materials to complete the cycle and stimulate new work.
Today, the crisis in scholarly communication refers to the breakdown of that cycle. College faculty members create new work, then give it away free to publishers who resell it back to the college at sometimes exorbitant prices that libraries cannot sustain. Arguably, the old model is collapsing and new models must emerge.
One important strategy focuses on improving authors' retention of their rights when they publish. This allows authors to control subsequent distribution of their work (including for teaching, research, discussion, and local archiving) and may help reduce publishers' monopoly over certain kinds of information.
Other strategies include the following:
- Professional choices. Authors, reviewers, editors, and professional organizations can decline to provide material for "offending" publishers, or choose to publish in open access journals or more reasonably priced journals.
- Serials pricing. Libraries increasingly turn to consortial arrangements or choose between print and electronic access to mitigate rising costs of journals.
- Alternative publishing models. Some libraries and colleges are hosting new publishing venues (often digital), including institutional repositories.
- Open access. Publications are made available for free, usually on the Internet, with funding coming from sources other than subscriptions, such as scholarly organization or institutional sponsorship, memberships, etc.
Content in this page was used or adapted with permission from one or more institutions. Please see acknowledgements.
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David Berlinsky is editing a newish online magazine Inference that articles in which I have mentioned in several previous posts. The latest issue is full of fun for linguists as there are four articles of immediate relevance. Here’s the link for the issue. Let me say a word or two about the pieces.
The first is an essay by Chomsky that goes over familiar ground regarding the distinctive nature of human linguistic capacity. He observes that this observation has a Cartesian pedigree and that language was recognized as distinctive (all and only humans have it) and wondrous (it was free and capable of expressing unboundedly many thoughts) and demanding of some kind of explanation (it really didn’t fit in well with what was understood to be the causal structure of the physical world) as early as it was noticed.
As Chomsky notes, Cartesians had relatively little of substance to say about the underpinnings of this wondrous capacity, mainly because the 17th century lacked the mathematical tools for the project. They had no way of describing how it was possible to “make infinite use of finite means” as von Humboldt put it (2). This changed in the 20th century with Church, Godel, Post and Turing laying the foundations of computation theory. This work “demonstrated how a finite object like the brain could generate an infinite variety of expressions.” And as a result, “[i]t became possible, for the first time, to address part of” the problem that the Cartesians identified (2).
Note the ‘part of’ hedge. As Chomsky emphasizes, the problem the Cartesians identified has two parts. The first, and for them the most important feature, is the distinction between “inclined” vs “impelled” behavior (3). Machines are impelled to act, never “inclined.” Humans, being free agents, are most often “inclined” (though they can be “compelled” as well). Use of language is the poster child for inclined behavior. Cartesians had no good understanding of the mechanics of inclination. As Chomsky observes, more than 300 years later, neither do we. As he puts it, language’s “free creative use remains a mystery,” as does free action in general (e.g. raising one’s hand) (3).
The second part, one that computation theory has given us a modest handle on, is the unbounded nature of the thoughts we can express. This feature very much impressed Galileo and Arnauld & Lancelot and von Humboldt, and it should impress you too! The “infinite variety” of meaningfully distinct expressions characteristic of human language “surpasse[s] all stupendous inventions” (1). Chomsky has redubbed this feature of language “the Basic Property” (BP). BP refers to a property of the human brain, “the language faculty,” and its capacity to “construct a digitally infinite array of structured expressions” each of which “is semantically interpreted as expressing a thought, and each can be externalized by some sensory modality such as speech” (2). BP is what GG has been investigating for the last 60 years or so. Quite a lot has been discovered about it (and yes, there is still lots that we don’t know!).
Chomsky emphasizes something that is worth reemphasizing: these facts about language are not news. That humans have linguistic creativity in the two senses above should not really be a matter of dispute. That humans do language like no other animal does should also be uncontroversial. How we do this is a very tough question, only a small part (very small part) of which we have managed to illuminate. It is sad that much debate still circulates around the whether question rather than the how. It is wasted time.
An important theme in Chomsky’s essay turns on how the world looks when we have no idea what’s up. Here is a quote that I believe all good scientifically inclined GGers should have tattooed to themselves (preferably in some discrete place) (3):
When understanding is thin, we expect to see extreme variety and complexity.
Absolutely! Variety and complexity are hallmarks of ignorance. And this is why progress and simplicity go hand in hand. And this is why I have clasped to my heart Dresher’s apposite dictum: There should be only two kinds of papers in linguistics: (i) papers that show that two things that look completely different are roughly the same and (ii) papers that show that two things that are roughly the same are in fact identical. These are the papers that highlight our progressively deeper understanding. Complication is often necessary, but it is progressive just in case it paves the way for greater simplicity.
The unification and simplicity is, thus, a leading indicator of scientific insight. Within linguistics it has a second function. It allows one to start addressing the issue of how FL might have evolved. Here’s Chomsky:
In the analysis of the Basic Property, we are bound to seek the simplest computational procedure consistent with the data of language. Simplicity is implicit in the basic goals of scientific inquiry. It has long been recognized that only simple theories can attain a rich explanatory depth. “Nature never doth that by many things, which may be done by a few,” Galileo remarked, and this maxim has guided the sciences since their modern origins. It is the task of the scientist to demonstrate this, from the motion of the planets, to an eagle’s flight, to the inner workings of a cell, to the growth of language in the mind of a child. Linguistics seeks the simplest theory for an additional reason: it must face the problem of evolvability. Not a great deal is known about the evolution of modern humans. The few facts that are well established, and others that have recently been coming to light, are rather suggestive. They conform to the conclusion that the language faculty is very simple; it may, perhaps, even be computationally optimal, precisely what is suggested on methodological grounds.
Unless FL is simpler than we have considered it to be up till now (e.g. far simpler than say GBish models make it out to be) then there is little chance that we will be able to explain its etiology. So there are both general methodological grounds for wanting simple theories of FL and linguistic internal reasons for hoping that much of the apparent complexity of FL is just apparent.
Chomsky’s piece proceeds by rehearsing in short form the basic minimalist trope concerning evolvability. First, that we know little about it and that we will likely not know very much about it ever. Second, that FL is a true species property as the Cartesians surmised. Third, that FL has not evolved much since humans separated. Fourth, that FL is a pretty recent biological innovation. The third and fourth points are taken to imply that the Basic Property aspect of FL must be pretty simple in the sense that what we see today pretty well reflects the original evo innovation and so its properties are physically simple in that they have not been shaped by the forces of selection. In other words, what we see in BP is pretty much undistorted by the shaping effects of evolution and so largely reflect the physical constraints that allowed it to emerge.
All of this is by now pretty standard stuff, but Chomsky tells it well here. He goes on to do what any such story requires. He tries to illustrate how a simple system of the kind he envisions will have those features that GG has discovered to be characteristic of FL (e.g. structure dependence, unboundedly many discrete structures capable of supporting semantic interpretation etc.). This second step is what makes MP really interesting. We have a pretty good idea what kinds of things FL concerns itself with. That’s what 60 years of GG research has provided. MP’s goal is to show how to derive these properties from simpler starting points, the simpler the better. The target of explanation (the explanadum) are the “laws” of GB. MP theories are interesting to the degree that they can derive these “laws” from simpler more principled starting points. And, that, Chomsky argues, is what what makes Merge based accounts interesting, they derive features that we have every reason to believe characterize FL.
Two other papers in the issue address these minimalist themes. The first is a review of the recent Berwick & Chomsky (B&C) book Why only us. The second is a review of a book on the origins of symbolic artifacts. Cederic Boeckx (CB) reviews B&C. Ian Tatersall (IT) reviews the second. The reviews are in interesting conflict.
The Boeckx review is quite negative, the heart of the criticism being that asking ‘why only humans have language’ is the wrong question. What makes it wrong? Well, frankly, I am not sure. But I think that the CB review thinks that asking it endorses a form of “exceptional nativism” (7) that fails to recognize “the mosaic character of language,” which, if I get the point, implies eschewing “descent with modification” models of evolution (the gold standard according to CB) in favor of “top-down, all-or-nothing” perspectives that reject comparative cognition models (or any animal models), dismiss cultural transmission as playing any role in explaining “linguistic complexity” and generally take a jaundiced view of any evolutionary accounts of language (7-8). I actually am skeptical regarding any of this.
Before addressing these points, however, it is interesting that IT appears to take the position that CB finds wrong-headed. He thinks that human symbolic capacities are biologically quite distinctive (indeed “unique”) and very much in need of some explanation. Moreover, in contrast to CB, IT thinks it pretty clear that this “symbolic activity” is of “rather recent origin” and that, “as far as can be told, it was only our lineage that achieved symbolic intelligence with all of its (unintended) consequences” (1). If we read “symbolic” here to mean “linguistic” (which I think is a fair reading), it appears that IT is asking for exactly the kind of inquiry that CB thinks misconceived.
That said, let’s return to CB’s worries. The review makes several worthwhile points. IMO, the two most useful are the observation that there is more to language evolution than the emergence of the Basic Property (i.e. Merge and discretely infinite hierarchically structured objects) and that there may be more time available for selection to work its magic than is presupposed. Let’s consider these points in turn.
I think that many would be happy to agree that though BP is a distinctive property of human language it may not be the only distinctive linguistic property. CB is right to observe that if there are others (sometimes grouped together as FLW vs FLN) then these need to be biologically fixed and that, to date, MP has had little to say about these. One might go further; to date it is not clear that we have identified many properties of FLW at all. Are there any?
One plausible candidate involves those faculties recruited for externalization. It is reasonable to think that once FLN was fixed in the species, that linking its products to the AP interface required some (possibly extensive) distinctive biological retrofitting. Indeed, one might imagine that all of phonology is such a biological kludge and that human phonology has no close biological analogues outside of humans. If this is so, then the question of how much time this retrofitting required and how fast the mechanisms of evolution (e.g. selection) operate is an important one. Indeed, if there was special retrofitting for FLW linguistic properties then these must have all taken place before the time that humans went their separate ways for precisely the reasons that Chomsky likes to (rightly) emphasize: not only can any human acquire the recursive properties of any G, s/he can also acquire the FLW properties of any G (e.g. any phonology, morphology, metrical system etc.). If acquiring any of these requires a special distinctive biology, then this must have been fixed before we went our separate ways or we would expect, contrary to apparent fact, that e.g. some “accents” would be inaccessible to some kids. CB is quite right that it behooves us to start identifying distinctive linguistic properties beyond the Basic Property and asking how they might have become fixed. And CB is also right that this is a domain in which comparative cognition/biology would be very useful (and has already been started (see note 2). It is less clear that any of this applies to explaining the evolution of the Basic Property itself.
If this is right, it is hard for me to understand CB’s criticism of B&C’s identification of hierarchical recursion as a very central distinctive feature of FL and asking how it could have emerged. CB seems to accept this point at times (“such a property unquestionably exists” (3)) but thinks that B&C are too obsessed with it. But this seems to me an odd criticism. Why? Because B&C’s way into the ling-evo issues is exactly the right way to study the evolution of any trait: First identify the trait of interest. Second, explain how it could have emerged. B&C identify the trait (viz. hierarchical recursion) and explain that it arose via the one time (non-gradual) emergence of a recursive operation like Merge. The problem with lots of evo of lang work is that it fails to take the first step of identifying the trait at issue. But absent this any further evolutionary speculation is idle. If one concedes that a basic feature of FL is the Basic Property, then obsessing about how it could have emerged is exactly the right way to proceed.
Furthermore, and here I think that CB’s discussion is off the mark, it seems pretty clear that this property is not going to be all that amenable to any thing but a “top-down, all-or-nothing” account. What I mean is that recursion is not something that takes place in steps, a point that Dawkins made succinctly in support of Chomsky’s proposal (see here). As he notes, there is no such thing as “half recursion” and so there will be no very interesting “descent with modification” account of this property. Something special happened in humans. Among other things this led to hierarchical recursion. And this thing, whatever it was, likely came in one fell swoop. This might not be all there is to say about language, but this is one big thing about it and I don’t see why CB is resistant to this point. Or, put another way, even if CB is right about many other features of language being distinctive and amenable to more conventional evo analysis, it does not gainsay the fact that the Basic Property is not one of these.
There is actually a more exorbitant possibility that perhaps CB is reacting to. As the review notes (7): “Language is special, but not all that special; all creatures have special abilities.” I don’t want to over-read this, but one way of taking it is that different “abilities” supervene on common capacities. This amounts to a warning not to confuse apparent expressions of capacities for fundamental differences in capacities. This is a version of the standard continuity thesis (that Lenneberg, among others, argued is very misleading (i.e. false) wrt language). On this view, there is nothing much different in the capacities of the “language ready” brain from the “language capable” brain. They are the same thing. In effect, we need add nothing to an ape brain to get ours, though some reorganization might be required (i.e no new circuits). I personally don’t think this is so. Why? For the traditional reasons that Chomsky and IT note, namely that nothing else looks like it does language like we do, even remotely. And though I doubt that hierarchical recursion is the whole story (and have even suggested that something other than Merge is the secret sauce that got things going), I do think that it is a big part of it and that downplaying its distinctiveness is not useful.
Let me put this another way. All can agree that evolution involves descent with modification. The question is how big a role to attribute to descent and how much to modification (as well as how much modification is permitted). The MP idea can be seen as saying that much of FL is there before Merge got added. Merge is the “modification” all else the “descent.” There will fe features of FL continuous with what came before and some not continuous. No mystery about the outline of such an analysis, though the details can be very hard to develop. At any rate, it is hard for me to see what would go wrong if one assumed that Merge (like the third color neuron involved in trichromatic vision (thx Bill for this)) is a novel circuit and that FL does what it does by combining the powers of this new operation with those cognitive/computational powers inherited from our ancestors. That would be descent with modification. And, so far as I can tell, that is what a standard MP story like that in B&C aims to deliver. Why CB doesn’t like (or doesn’t appear to like) this kind of story escapes me.
Observe that how one falls on the distinctiveness of BC issue relates to what one thinks of the short time span observation (i.e. language is of recent vintage so there is little time for natural selection or descent with modification to work its magic). The view Chomsky (and Berwick and Dawkins and Tatersall) favor is that there is something qualitatively different between language capable brains and ones that are not. This does not mean that they don’t also greatly overlap. It just means that they are not capacity congruent. But if there is a qualitative difference (e.g. a novel kind of circuit) then the emphasis will be on the modifications, not the descent in accounting for the distinctiveness. B&C is happy enough with the idea that FL properties are largely shared with our ancestors. But there is something different, and that difference is a big deal. And we have a pretty good idea about (some of) the fine structure of that difference and that is what Minimalist linguistics should aim to explain. Indeed, I have argued and would continue to argue that the name of the Minimalist game is to explain these very properties in a simple way. But I’ve said that already here, so I won’t belabor the point (though I encourage you to do so).
A few more random remarks and I am done. The IT piece provides a quick overview of how distinctive human symbolic (linguistic?) capacities are. In IT’s view, very. In IT’s view, the difference also emerged very recently, and understanding that is critical to understanding modern humans. And he is not alone. The reviewee Genevieve von Petziger appears to take a similar view, dating the start of the modern human mind to about 80kya (2). All this fits in with the dates that Chomsky generally assumes. It is nice to see that (some) people expert in this area find these datings and the idea that the capacity of interest is unique to us credible. Of course, to the degree that this dating is credible and to the degree that this is not a long time for evolution to exercise its powers the harder the evolutionary problem becomes. And, of course, that’s what makes the problem interesting. At any rate, what the IT review makes clear is that the way Chomsky has framed the problem is not without reasonable expert support. Whether this view is correct, is, of course, an empirical matter (and hence beyond my domain to competently judge).
Ok, let me mention two more intellectual confections of interest and we are done. I will be short.
The first is a review of Wolfe’s book by David Lobina and Mark Brenchley. It is really good and I cannot recommend it highly enough. I urge you in particular to read the discussion on recursion as self-reference vs self-embedding and the very enlightening discussion of how Post’s original formalism (might have) led to some confusion on these issues. I particularly liked the discussion of how Merge de-confuses them, in effect by dumping the string based conception of recursion that Post’s formalism used (and which invited a view of recursion as self-embedding) and implementing the recursive idea more cleanly in a Merge like system in which linguistic structures are directly embedded in one another without transiting through strings at all. This cleanly distinguishes the (misleading) idea that the recursion lies with embedding clauses within clauses from the more fundamental idea that recursion requires some kind of inductive self-reference. Like I said, the discussion is terrific and very useful.
And now for desert: read David Adger’s fun review of Arrival. I confess that I did not really like the movie that much, but after reading David’s review, I intend to re-see it with a more open mind.
That’s it. Take a look at the issue of Inference. It’s nice to see serious linguistic issues intelligently discussed in a non-specialist’s venue. It can be done and done well. We need more of it.
Chomsky also mentions that how lexical items have very distinctive properties and that we understand very little about them. This ahs become a standard trope in his essays, and a welcome one. It seems that lexical items are unlike animal signs in that the latter are really “referential” in ways that the former are not. The how and whys behind this, however, is completely opaque.
There is another possibility: once FLN is in place there is only one way to retrofit all the components of FLW. If so, then there is no selection going on here and so the fact that all those endowed with FLNs share common FLWs would not require a common ancestor for the FLWs. Though I know nothing about these things, this option strikes me as far-fetched. If it is, then the logic that Chomsky has deployed for arguing that FLN was in place before humans went their separate ways would hold for FLW as well.
CB makes a claim that is often mooted in discussions about biology. It is Dobzhansky’s dictum that nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. I think that this is overstated. Lots of biology “makes sense” without worrying about origin. We can understand how hearts work or eyes see or vocal tracts produce sounds without knowing anything at all about how they emerged. This is not to diss the inquiry: we all want to know how things came to be what they are. But the idea that natural selection is the only thing that makes sense of what we see is often overblown, especially so when Dobzhansky quotes are marshaled. For some interesting discussion of this see this.
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This product is aligned to the common core standards for first grade. It was designed with first graders in mind. However, it could be easily used to challenge your kindergarteners or to review with your second graders!
It contains three differentiated sets of equations to meet the needs of your diverse learners! It also includes recording sheets.
This product can be used two ways: as a true/false solve and sort, or with the use of a pan balance and manipulatives for a more hands on experience. You can decide! Each level of equations contain 8 true/balanced equations and 8 false/unbalanced equations.
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Tomorrow is the first of our grade-level team meetings to look at student writing. During the first couple of weeks of school, the teachers collected a baseline writing sample from each student. There was no prompt. Students in grades K-8 were given time to do their “best writing.” We will gather tomorrow to carefully look through the writing samples.
We will use the “Protocol for Analyzing Student Work” from Diane Sweeney’s book, Student-Centered Coaching: A Guide for K-8 Coaches and Principals.
The protocol is as follows:
1. The facilitator frames the purpose for the conversation and introduces the student work that will be used.
As facilitator, I will not need to introduce the student work. However, I will frame the purpose for our conversation, which is to develop 1-2 specific instructional goals for the next few weeks of writing workshop.
2. In pairs, the group examines the data/student work with the following questions in mind: “What can we learn from the student work? What evidence can we tease out that indicates successes or breakdowns in student learning?”
Immediately prior to this step, teachers will individually do a quick sort of their students’ work, separating it into high, medium, and low piles. Then, I will present the two guiding questions, which will also be written on a small chart.
3. Each of the pairs shares in a whip-around, and they are as specific as possible. During this process, the facilitator charts the information that is shared.
I will create a Google Doc to chart the information. I will record their findings on a T-Chart within the Google Doc, with one side labeled “Noticings” and the other side labeled “Evidence.”
4. The whole group discusses the implications for the teaching and learning based on what was noticed in the student work. Participants share in a whip-around, and at the end of the round the facilitator synthesizes new thinking.
I will record the implications on the same Google Doc while they share. This way, the teachers can refer back to the Google Doc as needed after returning to their classrooms. Also, we can return to the Google Doc at our next grade-level meeting.
5. Individually, each group member reflects in writing to name their next steps for instruction. The whole group shares their next steps, and the facilitator takes notes for follow-up.
The teachers will record their next steps using pen and paper. I believe there is something about handwriting a note which helps cement it in memory. They will also get to keep their own papers. I will encourage them to share their next steps with our principal by the end of the week.
I will post the Google Doc here by Thursday as an example.
Update: Click here to see the notes from our meeting.
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Many things have been said about the Zika Virus popularly called the ZikaV. But what is it about the ZikaV, and you and your Baby? Let us discuss it.
As a Public Health Practitioner, I have never heard about the Zika virus before its upsurge. Recently, I have had to look at some of my occupational literature for information on the Zika Virus. I have tried to do some research on the Zika Virus. I have also sought the usage of my book which is most times referred to, by persons in my discipline, as the “Public Health Bible of Communicable Diseases”.
The book of which I speak is the Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, Eighteenth Edition, 2004. (An official report of the American Public Health Association). In this book, I have only seen, that the ZikaV was only mentioned. In other words, there was not much about the virus in the book. I say all of that to say this. The fact that the Zika Virus was mentioned then, it means that it was previously known about and before now.
I have also learnt that this disease showed its presence since 1947. Since then, it has kept a low profile until recently it is rising to prominence. Therefore, everyone must arm self with information and work to maintain the environment in a satisfactory condition. This effort is important in order that the Zika Virus and other diseases may be reduced or eradicated.
How is the Zika Virus Transmitted?
The Zika virus Infection or the Zika Fever is a communicable disease which is spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is this same mosquito that causes Chikungunya, Dengue Fever, and also Yellow Fever. This one type of mosquito is capable of causing more than one disease. In other words, I must refer to the Aedes aegypti as a versatile or common enemy to man. I am not finished yet, because, the World Health Organisation (WHO) posits that it can also be transmitted sexually.
The Organisation also stated that it can be detected in blood, semen, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid (that fluid which is contained in the amniotic sac. That is the sac in which the developing fetus stays in the mother’s womb). Therefore, a
pregnant woman can transmit the virus to her unborn child. The virus is also found in the fluid of the brain and spinal cord.
When an Aedes aegypti mosquito bites someone with the Zika Virus, the mosquito then becomes a carrier of the virus and infects anyone else it bites. The Zika Virus carries an incubation period of 3 to 12 days. In other words, after you are bitten by the Zika V infected Aedes aegypti mosquito, it takes three to twelve days to show or have any sign or symptom of the disease.
Of course there is also the likelihood of being an asymptomatic (being infected, but does not show any sign nor symptom of the disease) case.
What are the Signs and Symptoms of Zika Virus?
Some common symptoms of the virus are: Mild to severe fever, redness of the eye, joint pain, headache, muscle pain, swelling in the lower limb, rash and weakness. These signs and symptoms may last for a period of 4 to 7 days. The infant, the elderly person and the pregnant woman are at risks for experiencing the disease more severely. If you have diseases such as Hypertension, Heart Disease, or other chronic diseases, you may also suffer from severe symptoms of the Zika Virus.
If you have any of the signs and symptoms of the Zika virus go to the doctor. Do remember that not all pain killers and fever medications are recommended to use for the Zika virus.
If a pregnant woman is infected by the Zika Virus her newborn baby is likely to be born affected by the virus. This is likely to result in a brain and nerve related illness. The baby is also likely to have a small head referred to as being micro-
cephaly. The Zika Virus may also cause death.
Women in childbearing age and if pregnant should do everything to protect self from the Zika virus. Remember that it is highly recommended that pregnancy be delayed until the chance of contracting the virus is at its minimal.
How Can the Aedes Aegypti Be Controlled?
The Aedes aegypti may be accurately referred to as a domesticated insect. Why is this so? The mosquito finds its habitat in homes and near homes. One particular lecturer while I was at public health school, (much to my disgust) would always
say that the Aedes mosquito is closely related to the housewife. This sounds funny but maybe seventy percent true. His notion for this was that much of the harbourage for the habitat of the mosquito is created by the housewife.
We will look at the means of control of the Aedes mosquito and then you will decide if this is true. Please leave your comment on the website.
- Keep places free of overgrown vegetation
- Rid areas of wood stump that is hollow and may allow water to settle in it. This is prime harbourage for mosquito to breed.
- Check inside and outside the house for mosquito breeding areas. These areas are most times found in chill trays of the refrigerators, catchment or water from air conditioning units, and tyres in and around homes
- If you have flowers in flower pots in and around the house and if water is in them, change the water every two days. Use dirt in the pots instead of water.
- Mosquitoes may also breed in drains, especially those drains that the surfaces are not smooth finish and these do not facilitate proper drainage.
- In areas where there are no regular removal of refuse, bore holes in tins in order that they cannot accommodate water
- Rid your areas of unnecessary waste material around the home such as old motor cars (junks) and rubbish.
- Fill out holes made by crabs and rats. A programme to remove rats from premises is quite in order. Mosquitoes breed in rat and crab holes.
- Cover drums tightly to prevent mosquitoes from going into them and breed.
- Use mosquito nets when sleeping.
- Use mosquito repellant that contains deet
- Do not encourage mosquitoes to attack you, wear light coloured clothing. Dark colored clothing attracts mosquitoes to you
- Cover your body as much as possible
Remember, the Aedes aegypti can affect you and your baby. Your baby is depending on you to defend him/her from this infection. Protect yourself, protect your child. It is important to make every effort to eradicate it.
The safest way to do this is to keep the environment clean. Stop the Aedes aegypti from breeding and eradicate this nuisance. Let us put away the Zika Virus and the other diseases that this mosquito spreads. We can make ourselves and our babies free of these diseases.
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By Cheryl Wixson
For a variety of health, social and environmental reasons, I’ve been tweaking a number of my recipes to get the sugar out.
Table sugar, or sucrose, is obtained by refining the juice from sugar beets or sugar cane. Today, about 80 percent of the white table sugar consumed in the United States is manufactured from genetically engineered (GE) sugar beets – and GE crops tend to increase the use of pesticides, concentrate the seed business in the hands of few and threaten to contaminate non-GE crops.
From a health standpoint, 1 teaspoon of sugar has 4 grams of carbohydrates and 20 calories – and little to nothing in terms of vitamins, minerals and other healthful ingredients.
As a nutritionist, I know that the preference for sweets is inborn. Unfortunately, food manufacturers recognize this also, and American’s consumption of sugar has risen dramatically. In 1890, the average person consumed 6 teaspoons of sugar daily; by 1996, 32 teaspoons! This equals 130 pounds of sugar per year! For a fascinating infographic about sugar consumption, see www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2012/08/30/how-much-sugar-are-americans-eating-infographic/.
In the last decade, scientists and food manufacturers have been debating what constitutes sugar and how to measure it in the diet. Added sugars are defined as sugars added to a food for any purpose, such as to add sweetness or bulk or to aid in browning of baked goods. Naturally occurring sugars are sugars that are not added to a food but are present as its original constituents, such as the sugars of fruit or milk. Carbohydrate sweeteners are ingredients composed of carbohydrates that contain sugars used for sweetening food products, including glucose, fructose, corn syrup, concentrated grape juice or apple juice, and other sweet carbohydrates.
A simple strategy to magnify the sweetness of food without boosting calories is to serve food warm, as heat enhances the sweet taste. Also, in cooking and baking, add such sweet spices as cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice or cloves to magnify sweetness. A pinch of salt enhances all the flavors, including sweetness. Enjoy real, fresh fruit and fruit juices, or those prepared without any added sugar, and be sure to read manufactured food labels carefully.
For those of us who strive to enjoy a more seasonal, local and organic diet, honey and maple syrup are the sweeteners of choice, and refined white table sugar is not a typical pantry item. When contemporary recipes for baked goods call for white sugar, I often try reducing the sugar in the recipe by one-third or one-half. Sometimes I can substitute part of the sugar and decrease the liquid, and in some recipes, I can eliminate the white sugar entirely, using honey or maple syrup.
For me cooking without sugar is a creative opportunity to use wonderful Maine-grown ingredients to enhance the flavors of nutritious foods. Enjoy!
Peanut Butter Chocolate Chip Bars
I developed this recipe one night as I waited for the polls to close and for the election results. The honey gives Peanut Butter Chocolate Chip Bars a nice golden color, and you'll never miss the sugar!
2 Tbsp. butter at room temperature
4 Tbsp. creamy or chunky, organic peanut butter
1 c. honey
1 tsp. vanilla
1 1/2 c. all-purpose flour
1/2 c. whole-wheat flour
2 tsp. baking powder
1/2 c. chocolate chips
1/4 c. chopped peanuts
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Grease a 9- x 13-inch pan.
In the bowl of your electric mixer, cream together the butter, peanut butter and honey. Beat in the vanilla. Add the flour, baking powder and chocolate chips.
Spoon the batter into the pan, spreading to the edges. Sprinkle the top of the bars with 1/4 cup chopped peanuts.
Bake for 15 to 20 minutes. Shorter baking times will produce a chewy bar; longer baking makes more of a cake. Cut into 24 pieces.
Nutritional analysis per serving: 131 calories, 2.4 g protein, 22 g carbohydrates, 4 g fat (0 g trans fat), 41 mg sodium, 1 g fiber
Lemon-Maple Pumpkin Snack Cake
This cake is delicious plain or dusted with powdered sugar. For a high-end restaurant presentation, top with Greek yogurt or whipped cream and dots of lemon curd. A scoop of lemon sherbet would also be tasty.
1/2 c. butter at room temperature
1 c. Maine maple syrup
1 c. cooked pumpkin puree
2 c. whole-wheat pastry flour (or 1 c. cake flour and 1 c. whole-wheat flour)
1/2 tsp. baking soda
1 tsp. baking powder
2 tsp. ground ginger
1/2 tsp. ground nutmeg
1/2 c. sunflower seeds (or nuts, walnuts, etc.)
1/2 c. dried cranberries (raisins, currants, cherries)
2 Tbsp. candied lemon peel
Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. Grease a 9- by 13-inch pan.
In the bowl of your electric mixer, cream the butter and maple syrup. Beat in the pumpkin puree. Beat in the eggs. Add the dry ingredients and beat just to combine. Stir in the sunflower seeds, dried fruit and candied lemon peel.
Spoon the batter into the prepared pan and bake until a toothpick comes out clean, about 20 minutes. Let cool on a rack. Cut into pieces and serve.
Makes 16 servings.
Nutritional analysis per serving: 184 calories, 3 g protein, 26 g carbohydrates, 8 g fat (0 g trans fat), 97 mg sodium, 2 g fiber. Nutritional bonuses: vitamin A and manganese
Cheryl Wixson, P.E., is MOFGA’s agricultural engineer and food safety specialist. Contact her at email@example.com or 207-852-0899.
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President Barack Obama at 50th Anniversary of “Bloody Sunday” – Selma, Alabama March 7, 2015
Strengthening Anti-Discrimination Laws
The first piece of legislation President Obama signed into law was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act, which empowers women to recover wages lost to discrimination by extending the time period in which an employee can file a claim. The President continues to advocate for passage of the Paycheck Fairness Act, common sense legislation that would give women additional tools to fight pay discrimination. And President Obama convened a National Equal Pay Task Force to ensure that existing equal pay laws are fully enforced. The Task Force has helped women recover millions in lost wages, built collaborative training programs that educate employees about their rights and inform employers of their obligations, and facilitated an unprecedented level of inter-agency coordination to improve enforcement of equal pay laws.
The President signed into law the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, which extends the coverage of Federal hate crimes law to include attacks based on the victim’s actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.
The Department of Justice (DOJ) is vigorously enforcing laws to combat discrimination in schools, housing, and the workplace. President Obama requested two years of double-digit budget increases to the DOJ’s Civil Rights Division, which was previously hamstrung by drastic budget cuts. DOJ also has reached three multi-million dollar settlements, including the largest rental discrimination and fair lending settlements in its history.
President Obama also continues to support the Employment Non-Discrimination Act and believes that our anti-discrimination employment laws should be expanded to include sexual orientation and gender identity.
President Obama pushed for the repeal of “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” in his first State of the Union address, and followed through on that commitment when he signed the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act of 2010 into law. Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell ended for good on September 20, 2011, allowing gay men and women to serve openly in the U.S. military.
The President and Attorney General announced in February 2011 that the Department of Justice would no longer defend Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) against equal protection constitutional challenges brought by same-sex couples married under state law. President Obama also has expressed his support for the Respect for Marriage Act, legislation that would repeal DOMA and uphold the principle that the federal government should not deny gay and lesbian couples the same rights and legal protections as other couples. On May 9, 2012, President Obama alsoexpressed his support for same-sex marriage. In an interview with ABC News, the President said he believes it’s important to “treat others the way you would want to be treated.”
Following a Presidential Memorandum issued by the President, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) now requires all hospitals receiving Medicare or Medicaid funds – just about every hospital in America – to respect the right of all patients to choose who may visit them during a hospital stay, including a visitor who is a a same-sex domestic partner. The President also directed HHS to ensure that medical decision-making rights of LGBT patients are respected.
President Obama signed a memorandum expanding federal benefits for the same-sex partners of Foreign Service and executive branch government employees.
The President signed the Claims Resolution Act of 2010 providing funding and statutory authorities for the settlement agreements reached in the Cobell lawsuit, brought by Native Americans; the Pigford II lawsuit, brought by African American farmers; and four separate water rights suits, brought by Native American tribes.
Reforming Criminal Justice
The President is leading the fight to build a fairer and more equitable criminal justice system. On August 3, 2010, President Obama signed the Fair Sentencing Act, which reduces the disparity in the amounts of powder cocaine and crack cocaine required to trigger certain penalties in the federal system, including imposition of mandatory minimum sentences. For years, this arbitrary discrepancy had an unfair and a disproportionate impact on racial minorities.
The President continues to support funding for drug courts, which give first-time, non-violent offenders a chance to serve their sentence, if appropriate, in drug rehabilitation programs that have proven to work better than prison terms in changing behavior.
President Obama has worked to reduce recidivism and improve strategies that allow formerly incarcerated individuals to rejoin society successfully. The Administration convened a Cabinet-level Federal Interagency Reentry Council that brought together twenty federal agencies with the goal of removing barriers to successful reentry. The Council’s ongoing work has already resulted in improvements in employment and job retention strategies, substance abuse treatment, housing stability, and mental health counseling for those returning from prison or jail.
It Gets Better
President Obama and Vice President Biden are encouraging LGBT youth who are being bullied or harassed because of their actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.
FROM THE PRESS OFFICE
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If you want a picture of God’s faithfulness, that’s it. Yep, Charlton Heston with arms spread. Ok, not exactly, but close. God rescuing the Israelites from slavery through plagues and the parting of the Red Sea is, by far, the most referenced example of God’s faithfulness to humanity in Scripture. If you find something better, take it up with Charlton.
- The dramatic story of God rescuing the Israelites through the parted Red Sea is the event most referenced to remind people of God’s enduring faithfulness throughout Scripture.
- 17-18 – God directed them away from the Philistines, an enemy of Israel to avoid fear and danger. He knows how to protect us before we know we need protecting.
- 21-22 – Pillar of cloud and pillar of fire represent God’s provision through the impossible.
- 11-12 – The Israelites had seen God’s power through the plagues and provision through the pillars and yet they’re terrified when they see the Egyptians approaching.
- 14 – we could all stand to hear this over and over
- 22 – Once again, God provides a way through the impossible – Red Sea parting
- 15:1 – people often sang songs to God based on what He had done for them
- 23-27 – Jesus often answered a question with a question
- 28-32 – obedience parable – who actually loves God? Those who’ve messed up but are seeking to be more and more faithful or the person who continually talks about their faith but doesn’t live it?
- 33-46 – the Israelites and religious leaders rejected multiple prophets trying to get them to straighten up and then they rejected Jesus
- 2-3 – Would I feel comfortable asking God to test my heart, mind, and faithfulness?
- Avoid these things at all cost
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The LINEBUSYMODE_ bit-flag constants describe different busy signals that the
switch or network may generate. These busy signals typically indicate that a
different resource that is required to make a call is currently in use.
The busy signal indicates that the called party's station is busy. This is
usually signaled with a normal
The busy signal indicates that a trunk or circuit is busy. This is usually
signaled with a fast
The busy signal's specific mode is currently unknown but may become known
The busy signal's specific mode is unavailable and will not become known.
The high-order 16 bits can be assigned for device-specific extensions. The
low-order 16 bits are reserved.
Note that busy signals may be sent as inband tones or out-of-band messages.
TAPI makes no assumption about the specific signaling mechanism.
- Software for developers
Software for Android Developers
- More information resources
Unix Manual Pages
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The Internet – Catalyst to Connectivity. It has made connecting with other humans, places and things faster than man in the physical world could have never dreamt of. And yet it’s here, a creation that man made but man fails to understand, and a world that rests beyond the physical realms and yet affects it with every breadth.
Success has different definitions depending on one’s environment, occupation and even age. While topping in class is success for a 10 year old, buying his dream car is success for the same lad two decades later. However, business bibles around the world arguably agree that success is directly proportional to the amount one is able to give back to society against what society has offered him/her to help them climb the ladder.
Humanity is based on the very foundation of human beings successfully shading off their selfish instincts to do good for others. Humans go through extraordinary measures to provide the underprivileged with the basic amenities of life. And sometimes, an idea changes the world for the better.
This is a small anecdote from my life – a life that I wish to spend in spreading knowledge about what I know best, hoping that maybe tomorrow, one of those souls will be the next Steve Jobs or Bill Gates.
Something that I picked up from my father, I have always worked on various anthropological projects involving the upliftment of lives of children. However, it struck me that while Governments around the world were doing their best to enhance the literacy rate, the web was the next thing forward. Web literacy simply means the ability to use the internet to expose oneself to the biggest virtual platform of interaction, education, business and promotion. Only 8% of the Indian population has access to full time internet today. This also means that 92% of the population has negligible or zero access to the Web. I realised that this statistic needed some fixing, and I knew better than to waste another minute.
Digital literacy can be safely designed as the ability to functionally utilise various technological devices such as laptops, smartphones, tablets, etc. which usually require a certain amount of technical knowledge to be operated. The 21st century witnessed a boom in digital technology to the extent that a typical human cannot go through an entire day without utilising at least one of these devices. Thus, if one lives in this century, whether a toddler or a grandpa – he/she must have the basic knowledge to be able to interact with other human beings or get better job opportunities. Thankfully, the Web is an easy subject to learn and developers have strived hard to make the web as easy to use as possible. Nevertheless, there still remain a section of the society for whom the web is still a luxury – and making it a right is the challenge.
I, along with their fellow Mozillians, sat through hours of brainstorming sessions trying to pin point the exact direction to spearhead their project in. Being born to Bengali parents with Calcuttan origin, I shouted out to fellow Calcuttans in the Mozilla community studying in Chennai. The idea – holding web literacy workshops in various schools and orphanages in West Bengal where, though education has seeped in, exposure to the web world is scanty.
One talk led to another and the idea became a concept. Ms Geeta, Founder, Hope Fondation, Kolkata was contacted for the possibility of a web literacy session with the children that Hope Foundation takes care of. Headquartered in Kolkata, the Hope Foundation is dedicated to promoting the protection of street and slum children in Kolkata and the most underprivileged in India. HOPE works to effect immediate and lasting change in their lives.
By extending support to children and their communities via 60 on-ground projects, HOPE provides sustainable holistic solutions to protection and development. By providing healthcare, counselling and education, they ensure children in their care enter adulthood equipped with the tools and support they need to live healthy and happy lives. I wanted to extend my help towards digitally educating these slum children of Kolkata. Later, several more organisations were brought under this initiative.
Thus, in the heat of the Chennai sun, the entire plan of the second instalment of Hello Web – Web literacy campaign was chalked out.
The plan: to not just teach, but to enable the children to evolve around the presence of the Web. As part of this project, selected schools and orphanages would be installed with internet connectivity for a period of six months, thus ensuring exposure of children even after the workshops are over.
No one said it was going to be easy. Being the leader of this project didn’t give me the leeway to bunk academics. Juggling academics, parties and this project often left me with sleepy eyes and a happy face!
Once the plan was approved, Anirban Saha, Founder, Kolkata Bloggers, was contacted. He promised full support from the blogger community in the city towards this project. Next, local business giants were contacted to sponsor the project. Ruksana Kapadia, Mio Amore, extended her whole hearted support towards the cause. Sourcekart Founder, Mr Rahul Jhunjhunwala also extends his support as the merchandise partner of the project.
A total of sixteen volunteers, while included Mozillians and non-Mozillians committed to the project from Kolkata.
June 17 2016: Volunteers gathered at the Oxford Book House, Park Street to discuss the proceedings, content and sequence of the events. I personally feel that meetings are important for two important reasons – one, delegation of work must be sorted out before the event turns chaotic, two, people should really feel like a part of a project, even if their contribution is small. I walked the volunteers on how to use simple terms while addressing kids and use a language that the kids are familiar with.
June 18 2016: The first day of the project. Workshops were held in six different places – Ashar Alo Girls’ Home (Kalikapur), Kasba Girls’ Home (Kasba), Girls 2B Foundation (Tollygunge), Ashirvad Boys’ Home (Tollygunge), Punorjibon Reahbilitation Home for Boys (Tollygunge) and Bekind Boys’ Home (Kasba).
Catering partners Mio Amore provided cake slices and other snacks from their wide range of bakery products to the children and volunteers attending the events. Merchandise partners Sourcekart provided the volunteers with T-shirts customised for the event. About 200+ children belonging to the age group of 7-16 years of age attended the event.
The sessions started with the basics of computer – comparing the human brain with the CPU of the computer. It soon progressed to the internet, its reach, the Google search engine. Questions were thrown at the volunteers by the curious tiny minds and the crowd often broke into laughter. This was followed by quiz sessions and goodies were distributed amongst the children. Feedback was taken from the children for the first day to ensure a better second day.
The Mozilla Hello Web initiative seeks to enhance and improve the knowledge of technology-driven commodities, especially the effective usage of the internet to better understand the power of modern tools. […Read More]
June 20 2016: After a preparation break on 19th June, the crew was back on 20th June to hold the second event in the city of joy at Hope Computer Training Centre (Panditiya Place)! I took sessions personally this time. Being the Bong boy who has been struggling with broken Tamil for the last couple of years, I achieved what I thought was impossible – teaching HTML in Hindi! I exposed the kids to the concept of X-ray goggles by Mozilla, How to design their first Web page, Google drive and how it works. Anirban Saha was present to grace the occasion and even participated in one of the sessions. The project would have been far from success had he not been present for his constant support and motivation.
Reya Ahmed :
“To learn, we have to think beyond. So, what lies beyond the disproportionate spread of education in India? Networks. Going online.”[..Read More]
“More of such programs should be carried out at platforms like these and help more and more young minds use the internet for making their lives easier, better and get their works done faster.”[…Read More]
On the 20th and 21st of June, and the Nabadisha Home (Rashbehari Avenue) on the 22nd of June.Sessions were held on the topics like Internet Privacy, How be secure on the Internet and many more. The dream was materializing and every night, I returned home sweaty and teary eyed out of happiness.
Shreyas N. Kutty, the Regional Coordinator for Mozilla Clubs and the lead of Mozilla Learning Network’s (MLN) India Task Force said of the Hello Web campaign, “The idea is to provide a basic understanding of what the web is, how it works, how to stay safe on the web, etc. It is an opportunity to educate people about the importance of Web Literacy in a fun and participatory way. The larger goal is to set up Mozilla Clubs in these setups where learners can come together once in a while and learn about the web.”
Well I can call, The Kolkata chapter was a success. Now, it was time to head towards Siliguri.
The Times of India, “Only when every youngster has access to the web and has the knowledge of its utilities, can we be proud of a truly Digital India, as has been envisioned.[..Read More]”
June 27 2016: A workshop was held at Deshbandhu Hindi High School,Siliguri with students in the age group of 12-16 years. Students were given an overview of the WhatsApp end-to-end encryption concept. End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a system of communication where only the communicating users can read the messages on any digital platform. It prevents potential eavesdroppers – including telecom providers, Internet providers, and even the provider of the communication service – from being able to access the cryptographic keys needed to decrypt the conversation. The systems are designed to defeat any attempts at surveillance and/or tampering because no third parties can decipher the data being communicated or stored. E2EE is an extremely important system as it protects one’s privacy and avoids cybercrime. Other volunteers spoke about App Permissions & Internet privacy.
On June 28 and June 29 2016, a more specialised workshop was held with students belonging to the age group of 16-18 years who already have access to the Internet from Narayana School,Siliguri. In these sessions, volunteers tried to infuse the importance of open source communities in the minds of the kids, thus popularizing the term in their mind, hoping for the next ground breaking evolution from the next generation.
“In a world where Information multiplies and grows at (almost) the speed of light, it is very important for the Young minds of the nation to be able to hunt out valid as well as appropriate information on the web and put information so found to proper use.
And this, is exactly what we mean when we talk about “Web Literacy”.[…Read More]
“We, rather than using the traditional blackboard method, deployed interactive games and web learning kits to make the process of learning more engaging.” […Read More]
“In a world teeming with people, a majority of who have adapted themselves so comfortably around the World Wide Web, that imagining a life without it is equivalent to making do without your arm or your leg.”
“Computer & Web Literacy has become an initial ‘base education’, especially in a developing country like India. Technology based vast communication is now at our door. We are just to grab it to continue the potential of our social development. So Mozilla is doing a great job with full energy.”[..Read More]
“Well, Mozilla, through its on-campus network among students in India, is attempting to bring the Web and all its myriad uses to those in India not fortunate or privileged enough to have regular access to their own computers and net connectivity.”[…Read More]
June 30 2016: A workshop was held at Army Public School (Sukna) where faculties and Principals from various schools in Siliguri, including Army Public School (Sukna), Army Public School (Bengdubi), and few more were invited. The main idea behind this workshop was that teachers spent almost eight hours with their students every day and could mould their thought process effectively. Thus, it was extremely important to convince the teachers about the importance of the concept of web literacy. As part of the workshop, teachers were given ideas on how they could use Mozilla Teaching Kits, Google for Education- Classrooms, Youtube for demonstration and smart classes for interactive learning. This day marked the end of the month long project that I and my crew spent sleepless nights on!
Being an part of the Mozilla Community, I have led various campaigns across the country till now. I have been associated with the Mozilla Clubs mentoring the Mozilla Clubs in Kolkata, New Delhi, Valsad and Chennai. Mozilla has exposed me to fellow Mozillians who will forever be my driving force and I will always try to return the favour and love I got from this community.
Thus, one idea managed to change a few hundred mind sets. Who says you are just a drop in the ocean? Strive and you can move the ocean.
This project could not have been successful without the generous contributions made by Ms Ruksana Kapadia and Mr Rahul Jhunjhunwala. We thank them for every bit of their contribution. Mr Anirban Saha has been a constant support and hope to continue our relationship in the future. The project would have been impossible without the hard work of all the volunteers and the participation of the beautiful children who graced the events with their presence.
Here’s to making the world a little more knowledgeable, the ocean – a little saltier. Cheers!
- Shreenath Tewari
- Rayan Dutta
- Debol Das
- Sourath Pal
- Tamoghna Maitra
- Ayan Pal
- Farag Anjum Kureshi
- Rohit Guha
- Kalyan Maji
- Ashun Kothari (Gujarat Region)
- Shubham Bhardwaj(Jaipur Region)
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