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I have posted quite a bit about the ongoing collapse of the Arctic sea ice. You can view the images I assembled of the progressive loss of sea ice at Cafe Verd Arctic. Here I explain why it is important, not only to walruses and polar bears, but to human beings who don’t live near the Arctic. Keep in mind that this is somewhat simplified, because I don’t want to bog this down with complicated formulas. To be honest, the math is over my head. But the climatologists know what they’re talking about. The links lead to more detailed explanations.
Sea Ice – This Gets a Little Technical
How well a surface reflects light is referred to as albedo. An albedo of 0.0 means all light is absorbed, 1.0 means all light is reflected. Sea ice has an albedo of 0.5 to 0.7, meaning 50% to 70% of sunlight is reflected away. Snow cover can increase that to 90%. Open ocean, on the other hand, has an albedo of about 0.06, so 94% of light is absorbed. Clearly, how much of the sea surface is covered with ice will make a big difference on how much solar energy is retained.
The Arctic Ocean used to be mostly frozen over year-round. This meant that a large part of the sunlight was reflected back into space. In April, 2012, ice extent had recovered to near the long-term average, but it fell rapidly in June, and by the August 26 had already broken the all-time record minimum in extent*, area*, and volume. Area is most important for albedo, but the volume is based on how thick the ice is. First year ice is thin, less than a meter. If it survives the summer melt, it gets thicker over the cold winter. Old ice can be five meters thick, but most of the ice remaining is only a year or two old, which melts rapidly in the spring and summer.
This graph shows how the current warming is a departure from the norm.
Courtesy of Suffolk County Community College.
As the air temperature in the Arctic has been increasing, the summer ice extent has been falling. With less ice cover, more of the sunlight goes into heating the sea. That carries over—not only does new ice form later in the fall, it is weaker in the spring. All the ice is exposed to warmer air above and warmer water underneath, so the thin ice disappears quickly and the thick ice gets thinner.
We have gotten to a point, by all measures, that this feedback process is likely irreversible, a tipping point. That is, even if the air temperature stopped increasing, even if the Arctic started cooling again, the ice loss would continue for many years. The only thing that could slow the warming now would be a major volcanic eruption, which would act to reflect some sunlight and cool the atmosphere for a year or two. The amount of CO2 that we have already added to the atmosphere guarantees that global temperature will continue to rise for many years.
Once the Arctic is ice-free in September, all the sun’s energy that was going into melting ice will go to heat the air and water. So the ice-free period will get longer, and yet more energy will be absorbed by the sea. The tipping point has been passed, and the process will play out until we reach a new equilibrium with much less ice in winter, and little or none in summer.
Not to Change the Subject, But…
What about the huge increase in Antarctic sea ice? Antarctic sea ice continues to reach record high extents. So that balances out the Arctic ice loss, right? Well, remember that September is the tail end of winter in the Southern Hemisphere, so the ice extent runs opposite that of the Northern Hemisphere. Here is what that record extent in 2012 looks like on a graph:
Tamino has an in-depth discussion on the how these extents affect total albedo and resulting effect on temperatures at the higher latitudes, the upshot being that the Arctic decrease outweighs the Antarctic increase by a lot. That means a net positive feedback, reinforcing the greenhouse effect.
The Jet Stream and Outflows
So why should this matter, if you don’t live in the far north? Here we get into some genuine debate, as to exactly how these changes will affect the Earth outside of the Arctic. There is some evidence that the jet stream may be changing, meandering more and changing position more slowly, which causes weather patterns to remain stuck, leading to more severe droughts and storm events. Changing temperature differentials may lead to more outflows of cold Arctic air to surrounding areas, causing some places to have colder winters while the world as a whole warms. Exactly how the ice loss will affect the globe is unknown, but there is no doubt that there will be disruptive changes.
The tremendous decline in Arctic ice is an indication of the severity of climate change/global warming. The sea ice collapse is a tipping point. As we will not be able to reverse the process, we must deal with the consequences. However, there are other tipping points approaching. The sooner we get serious about reducing CO2 emissions, the more likely we can avoid triggering those events. We are already committed to another degree (Centigrade) of temperature rise. If we were to continue with “business as usual” through the end of the century, we would be dealing with an increase of perhaps 6°. That would be disastrous.
These are the Facts
- Global temperature is increasing, at a rate unprecedented in human history,
- This will have serious consequences for humans and the environment in general,
- Human activity is the primary cause, and
- There are steps we can take to reduce the severity of the problem.
Now, let’s get started dealing with it.
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In two recent studies, researchers at UC Davis have shown that the placenta can provide critical information about early changes to the intra-uterine environment that may influence fetal development and ultimately, children’s brains.
The first study, published in Molecular Autism, validated that placental tissue can provide key data on methylation and fetal development. Methylation is one of several chemical changes, known as epigenetics, that change the structure of the DNA, which then alters gene expression, or how genes function. These changes could serve as markers for risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study identified a highly methylated gene region (DLL1) that may be associated with ASD.
The second paper, published in Environmental Epigenetics, examined which environmental exposures were associated with the largest effects on placental methylation. The study found that pesticides, which have been previously linked to ASD, had the greatest impact.
“We were looking for changes in DNA methylation patterns in the placenta that could be associated with a later diagnosis of autism,” said Janine LaSalle, professor of medical microbiology and immunology and principal investigator on both studies. “It’s a new way of looking at methylation. Maybe the placenta is a good indicator of what’s going on in the brain.”
Data for these papers came from the Markers of Autism Risk in Babies: Learning Early Signs (MARBLES) study of families that have a child with autism. Subsequent children in these families are at a higher risk for ASD than children from families not already affected. Pregnant women complete detailed questionnaires to assess environmental exposures, which are compared to molecular data from placentas. Irva Hertz-Picciotto, professor public health sciences and researcher with the UC Davis MIND Institute, is principal investigator on MARBLES and a co-author on both papers.
In the Molecular Autism study, the researchers examined placental tissue from 24 children with ASD and 23 with typical neurodevelopment. The paper validated that placenta may be a good model to study fetal neurodevelopment and found that the DLL1 gene is highly methylated in placentas from children with ASD.
“That locus is pretty interesting because it regulates fetal brain development,” said Rebecca Schmidt, assistant professor of public health sciences and a co-author on the paper. “It’s thought to control the cell fate decision to proliferate versus differentiate into mature neurons, which happens to be one of the suspect areas in autism.”
The Environmental Epigenetics paper looked at a variety of environmental exposures and compared those to methylation patterns in 47 placentas from children with ASD. Because MARBLES is a prospective study, the accuracy of their reports on pesticide use around the homes is likely higher than in studies where mothers complete questionnaires after the child has been diagnosed.
The study looked at a variety of factors such as smoking, maternal BMI, education, prenatal vitamin and folate intake, and exposure to professionally-applied pesticides.
"We wanted to see which factors changed methylation patterns in the placenta,” said Schmidt, who was the first author on the paper. “The most significant changes in methylation were associated with pesticides.”
The authors caution that both studies had small participant samples. However, as children in MARBLES continue to mature, there will be greater opportunities to validate these results.
Perhaps the most significant finding is that placental tissue – normally discarded after birth – has great potential to help identify infants who may be at higher risk for ASD and perhaps other neurodevelopmental conditions.
"The placenta provides a time capsule of what the fetus was exposed to during pregnancy,” said LaSalle. “If we could assess ASD risk at birth, then early behavioral interventions with young, high-risk kids could really improve their quality of life.”
Other authors on the Molecular Autism paper were Diane I. Schroeder, Florence K. Crary-Dooley, Cheryl K. Walker, Sally Ozonoff and Daniel J. Tancredi, all of UC Davis.
Other authors on the Environmental Epigenetics paper were Diane I. Schroeder, Florence K. Crary-Dooley, Jacqueline M. Barkoski, Daniel J. Tancredi, Cheryl K. Walker and Sally Ozonoff, all of UC Davis.
These studies were funded by the Department of Defense (AR110194), National Institutes of Health (R01ES021707, R01ES025574, P01ES011269, R01ES020392, U54HD079125, UL1-TR000002, P30-ES023513, S10RR029668 and S10RR027303) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (83543201).
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Teaching a dog to heel is one of the more advanced obedience training commands that should be done after they have been trained to understand the other major obedience training commands – “sit”, “down”, “stay”, “come” – as well as the basic method for walking on the leash. The “heel” command involves having the dog pinned closely to your left side, similarly to the requirements of the dog show circuit, so that they match each step you take and naturally look to you for guidance if there is an uncertain situation ahead.
Select The Part You Are Interested In:
- Step #1 – Get Your Dog To Stop Pulling On The Leash
- Step #2 – Get Your Dog To Change Direction On The Leash
- Step #3 – Teaching Your Dog The Heel Command
The “heel” command can be quite hard for your dog to master, especially if they are young and excitable and all they want to do is bolt ahead to check everything out. They need to know that you are the leader, however, and a dog that likes to pull their owner every which way is obviously not one that accepts that fact. Training them to heel on your command will enable them to become much more relaxed when you’re out and about with them in public, and will go a long way to allowing them to accept your leadership in such situations.
This can be particularly useful when there are children or other animals ahead – instead of tugging at the lead to investigate, your dog should understand that you are in control under these circumstances once you have successfully trained them to heel. It may take a lot of patience and training, but if you work with your dog a little bit each day then you will eventually enjoy the reward of being able to have a far more pleasant walking experience with your dog, knowing that they’ll happily listen to your instructions when their safety or the safety of others might depend on it.
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A video card, also known as a graphics accelerator card, display adapter, or graphics card, is a hardware component whose function is to generate and output images to a display. It operates on similar principles as a sound card or other peripheral devices.
The term is usually used to refer to a separate, dedicated expansion card that is plugged into a slot on the computer's motherboard, as opposed to a graphics controller integrated into the motherboard chipset. An integrated graphics controller may be referred to as an "integrated graphics processor" (IGP).
Some video cards offer added functions, such as video capture, TV tuner adapter, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 decoding, FireWire, mouse, light pen, and joystick connectors, or even the ability to connect multiple monitors.
A common misconception regarding video cards is that they are strictly used for video games; a misconception that companies take advantage of in order to sell their products by advertising their products as if they were in fact video consoles. Video cards instead have a much broader range of capability. Being specialized for video, output video cards improve what a computer monitor displays. As well, they play a very important role for graphic designers and 3D animators, who tend to require optimum displays for their work as well as faster rendering in order to efficiently tone up their work.
Video cards are not used exclusively in IBM type PCs; they have been used in devices such as Commodore Amiga (connected by the slots Zorro II and Zorro III), Apple II, Apple Macintosh, Atari Mega ST/TT (attached to the MegaBus or VME interface), Spectravideo SVI-328, MSX, and in video game consoles.
ATI Radeon is a brand of graphics processing units (GPU) that since 2000 has been manufactured by ATI Technologies and subsequently AMD and is the successor to their Rage line. There are four different groups, which can be differentiated by the DirectX generation they support. More specific distinctions can also be followed, such as the HyperZ version, the number of pixel pipelines, and of course, the memory and processor clock speeds.
The multinational NVIDIA Corporation (NASDAQ: NVDA) specializes in the manufacture of graphics-processor technologies for workstations, desktop computers, and mobile devices. Based in Santa Clara, California, the company has become a major supplier of integrated circuits (ICs) used for personal-computer motherboard chipsets, graphics processing units (GPUs), and video-game consoles.
Notable product lines include the GeForce series for gaming and the Quadro series for graphics processing on workstations, as well as the nForce series of integrated motherboard-chipsets.
For More Information: Graphics Cards
Source: Wikipedia (All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License)
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Thursday, 1 June 2017
Indigenous eye health measures 2016
Indigenous eye health measures 2016 is the first national report on 22 newly developed Indigenous eye health measures. The measures cover the prevalence of eye health conditions, diagnosis and treatment services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, the eye health workforce and outreach services. Subject to data availability, the report examines differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, as well as differences by factors such as age, sex, remoteness, jurisdiction and Primary Health Network.
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Smoking is undeniably bad for your health. It harms nearly every organ of your body. However, your lungs suffer the most. When you smoke, your lungs become loaded with nicotine and tar.
According to The American Lung Association, smoking is a leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing over 438,000 deaths per year. Therefore, it is recommended that you stop smoking as soon as possible.
As for the nicotine and tar on your lungs, we have several solutions and detox remedies to cleanse your lungs.
Natural Ways to Clear Your Lungs of Nicotine and Tar
The beta-cryptoxanthin in organic corn is a powerful antioxidant, which protects your lungs from cancer. The yellow corn is rich in beta-carotene, which is necessary for the formation of vitamin A in the body. The beta-carotene which is not converted in vitamin A, acts a strong antioxidant. Moreover, it helps against heart disease.
This is a powerful herb which protects against malignant diseases and promotes the respiratory health. Moreover, ginger eliminates the tobacco smoke, air pollutants and the toxins from the lungs. This natural ingredient improves the circulation to your lungs, thus reducing the risk of many chronic lung diseases. Ginger increases the lung capacity and promotes the function of the lungs.
This plant is full of iron is very important for fighting infections in your lungs. Drinking nettle tea is beneficial for respiratory problems, tuberculosis and asthma. Additionally, this plant relieves joint pain.
This amazing vegetable is amazing for cleansing lungs. Onions prevent growth of new cancer cells and prevent many diseases, including lung infections. Moreover, onions are beneficial for the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.
Consuming carrot juice, which is rich in vitamins A, K, C, and B, helps your skin. The skin is often damaged due to nicotine. It is able to remove nicotine from your body and takes care of lung health. Moreover, it protects from respiratory infections and reduces the risk of emphysema.
Lung Detox Recipe
This natural recipe is highly effective for lung cleansing.
- 1 liter of water
- 400 grams of onion
- 400 grams of sugar or honey
- 2 teaspoons of turmeric
- An inch of ginger root
Boil the water with sugar. If you chose honey, add it at the end. Slice the onions and grate the ginger root. Then, add them to the boiled water. When it boils again, add turmeric powder and reduce the heat to low. Strain into a glass jar with a lid. When cooled, store in the refrigerator.
Take two tablespoons in the morning, on an empty stomach and two in the evening, two hours after a meal.
Article source: www.healthyfoodhouse.com
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Rupa & Co
|Number of Pages
The USP of this book is the revision pattern (FLASHBACK) that helps one brush up these features of mathematics.
Complete revision roadmaps for a thorough brush-up of all features which are covered by you up to middle school. Mental maths, MCQ and many Memory enhancers (Practice material) is given at the end of the each part. Maths for Children will reassure you with mathematical aptitude and self-confidence.
About the Author
Sunil Chugh is a mathematics enthusiast. He has been teaching secondary, higher secondary and IIT/JEE level mathematics for nearly two decades. He makes mathematics fun. He conducts seminars and refresher courses for school teachers. He demonstrates the fact that none can ever be good enough at maths; you can always get better!
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Once in a while an author comes along, uses new language and exposes truths we hadn’t seen right in front of us. In The New Jim Crow, Michelle Alexander tells of spending several years as a civil rights lawyer before she began to see the nation’s prison system morphing into a new kind of racial control. Her well-researched facts and staggering statistics are not easy to absorb. Among them are these: no other country locks up such an overwhelming number of its racial minorities than the United States; more African-Americans are under correctional control than were enslaved in 1850, and 1 in 3 young black men will spend some time behind bars. She points out that though the majority of drug users and dealers are white, 75% of the people targeted in the War on Drugs have been poor and vulnerable blacks and Latinos.
She points to discrimination that is legal in housing, employment, and public assistance as people are released from prison–only to face overwhelming barriers when trying to put their lives back together. The denial of civil rights after incarceration, such as voting and serving on juries, gives people the message that they will never be full citizens nor will they ever be able to pay for the crimes they committed. She helps us understand how having a black president in the White House camouflages a permanent American racial caste system, not with outright racial hostility, but because it creates our racial indifference.
This is not an easy book to read, nor are these realities easy to acknowledge, but it is a necessary book if we are to dismantle the American tragedy of mass incarceration and understand how it devastates people’s lives and communities. It has cost us trillions of dollars and failed to solve our seemingly intractable problems of poverty, drug use, education, and mental health issues. The New Jim Crow shows us how our American ideals of freedom and justice are gravely imperiled and how our national moral character is profoundly weakened.
Published by The New Press
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Given that several of the participants in this week’s English Civil War campaign had been to the re-enactment at Nantwich the previous Saturday it was apt that the battle was based around the town. It should be noted to those who may read believing that this is a historical refight that it is not, it was based roughly on the geography of Nantwich, and designed to fit in with the RGMB campaign. On to a bit of scenario background:
The Battle of Nantwich – or – Sir Pembleton-Smyth’s Amazing Adventure
Sir Pembleton-Smyth, the golden boy of the Royalist efforts in Cheshire, had spotted an opportunity to catch one of his arch-enemies; Oliver Cromwell, on the hop, and bypassed Nantwich by the northern-most bridge outside of the town with this aim. Unfortunately it was here that his plan came unravelled. Firstly Cromwell’s larger army had turned and were formed up prepared for a scrap rather than being caught on the march, then Pembleton-Smyth learnt that not only had the Nantwich Trained Band declared for Parliament, and threatened his only two routes for withdrawal across the river, but also that the well prepared Roundheads were marching swiftly to cut him off and end his military career permanently! Sir Michael de Blondeville’s Swedish forces were within sight of Nantwich, and aiming to prevent the Royalists retreat until Stapleton-Smyth (his cousin) could also arrive and overwhelming force could be applied.
Pembleton-Smyth uttered a number of choice words, and prepared his troops for a run to the river crossing, and a hard fight once they got there! Two things were in his favour; firstly that Stapleton-Smyth’s troops would not reach the battlefield until after nightfall, and so would not take part in the battle, and secondly his ally Lord Byron had heard of his plight and was marching with his large force to his aid, and would take part in the battle!
Events were set in motion for a race over a river; if Pembleton-Smyth could extract most of his men and himself back across the river and away down the road towards Chester then the Royalist would claim a victory. Should Sir Michael, and the assisting Nantwich Trained Band and Cromwell (pressing Pembleton-Smyth as he retreats) prevent this, then the Royalists would suffer a grievous defeat.
Armies, commanders and aims:
For the Roundheads: Sir Michael de Blondeville (Michael) and his Swedes advancing onto the battlefield to the West of the river Weaver to assist the Nantwich Trained Band (Rick – me), who begin in the town (which sits astride the river), in blocking the Royalist escape, while Cromwell (Luke - on the East bank of the river) presses hard upon Pembleton-Smyths retreating Royalists, trying to crush them against the water (impassable but for two bridges - one in the town, one outside).
For the Royalists: Pembleton-Smyth (Chris), stuck on the East bank of the river must escape (2 or more of his units and his own personal figure) either through the town of Nantwich or the further away crossing point, while Lord Byron (Red) marches onto the table to assist this venture.
Now being the creator of the scenario I expected Chris Fazey (aka Pembleton-Smyth) to avoid the town with its buildings filled with musketeers, and head for open country, the other unguarded bridge and a clash with Sir Michael, followed by Lord Byron and Cromwell arriving and it all being quite grand open country fighting. I hadn’t counted on Mr Fazey’s alternative view of the world, and he launched the entire of his army across the bridge and into my musketeers in the town, which shouldn’t have worked. But did.
While his solitary foot regiment formed hedgehog to hold up Cromwell his horse charged headlong into a mass of musketeers, who fled – I failed every break test in the game bar one. Cromwell made short work of the hedgehog, but then seemed unable to galvanize his troops into further movement and apart from the two regiments of ironsides they stayed outside of the town. Sir Michael, advancing onto the battlefield had a similar problem – constantly failing his command rolls for most of the game. Lord Byron, arriving to rescue Pembleton-Smyth, who was busy cutting his way through the pathetic newly raised Nantwich trained band, advanced more steadily, his horse reaching the edge of town just as the Ironsides entered the other end.
The garrison’s resistance crumbled under assault from horse regiments on both sides, and was reduced to a couple of units hiding in buildings while Lord Byron’s horse initially pushed the Ironsides back out of the town. However, the garrisons last meaningful action was to use their musketry to destroy two regiments of Byron’s horse to open the way for the Ironsides return; and they swept in to push the remains of Pembleton-Smyths troops back.
|Pembleton-Smyth's first charge across the bridge into Nantwich.|
|He left his rearguard - a regiment of foote in white coats - to face the entire of Cromwells army. Lord Byrons troops can be seen appearing in the top of the picture, while Sir Michaels are off by the far at the top right.|
|The Swedes arrive, and take root, refusing to move further.|
|Lord Byrons men are more accommodating on the movement front.|
|Pembleton-Smyths horse dismantling the Nantwich defences very swiftly!|
|The end of Pembleton-Smyths regiment of foote, as well as the furthest most of Cromwells army moved!|
|The Ironsides force their way into the town, causing great damage to Pembleton-Smyths troops before Lord Bryons horse arrive to force them back.|
|Byron's horse enter the edge of Nantwich, while his foot follow at a more sedate pace.|
|The Swedes finally put in an appearence, falling upon Byrons flank.|
|The Ironsides were not to be denied their quary, although it took much luck and a 'follow me' to|
|The focus shifts to the fight between Lord Byron and Sir Michael in the dying moments of the game.|
|Some mug shots of most of the players, bar the one hiding behind the camera.|
|The last clash of horse in the streets of Nantwich - both the Ironsides (red coats) and Lord Byrons men breaking and fleeing after the combat was drawn.|
I genuinely expected Chris to opt for the open bridge, and his decision to try and smash his way through the town was as unexpected as his success in doing so! The Nantwich trained band was almost wiped out, along with Chris’ command, and a total of 6 horse regiments perished with them on the streets of the town in a bitter fight that seesawed as each side gained the upper hand. Both Luke and Michael (as Cromwell and Sir Michael) had very poor luck with their command rolls, and little of each of their armies joined the fighting, while Red’s troops (Lord Byron) were at least starting closer and seemed more inclined to get stuck in! The fighting in the town was very entertaining, although it required a lot of give and take regarding rules of movement, and victory hung in the balance right to the end where a single command roll success would have change the result.
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One in three Americans is at increased risk for kidney disease due to high blood pressure, diabetes or a family history of kidney failure.
In honor of National Kidney Month in March and World Kidney Day on March 13th, the National Kidney Foundation encourages everyone to learn about these bean-shaped organs and how to keep yours healthy.
For starters, most people are born with two kidneys, but you only need one. Each day, the kidneys filter 200 liters of blood, removing 2 liters of toxins, wastes and water in the process. Wastes and water ultimately leave the body as urine, and through this process, your kidneys are able to regulate the body’s fluid levels. The kidneys also release hormones that regulate blood pressure, produce red blood cells and help maintain healthy bones.
Often the kidneys are damaged slowly over time, which is one of the reasons why you might not “feel sick” until the kidneys are failing, making awareness, prevention and early detection of kidney disease critical. Protect your kidneys with the National Kidney Foundation’s six tips for reducing your risk of kidney disease.
1. Get tested. If you’re at risk for kidney disease, it’s important to get your kidneys checked during your annual physical. Even the best of us can procrastinate when it comes to our yearly trip to the doctor, but prevention and testing go hand-in-hand. The National Kidney Foundation’s mascot, Sidney the Kidney, even has a music video to help inspire you to get tested. There are two simple tests to check for kidney disease:
• A urine test for albumin, a type of protein. Protein in the urine is one of the earliest signs of kidney damage. When there is too much protein in the urine, it means that the kidneys’ filters have been damaged and are starting to leak protein.
• A blood test for creatinine. Creatinine is a waste product (from muscle metabolism) that is removed by the kidney. Creatinine levels are used to calculate your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The eGFR reflects how well the kidneys are filtering wastes from the blood.
2. Control blood pressure and blood sugar levels. High blood pressure and diabetes are the two leading causes of kidney disease. The kidney is a “vascular organ, meaning it contains many blood vessels. Therefore, diseases that damage the blood vessels, including high blood pressure and diabetes, can damage the kidneys. Even “slightly” high blood pressure (pre-hypertension) and elevated blood sugar levels, commonly referred to as “pre-diabetes,” can damage the kidneys. Don’t let the “PRE” prevent you from taking them seriously. Manage these conditions to protect your kidneys.
3. Step on the scale. Maintaining a healthy weight has important implications for your kidneys. Being overweight means that the kidneys have to work harder to filter out toxins and to meet the metabolic demands of the increased body mass. Obesity also increases your chance of developing diabetes and high blood pressure, two major risk factors for kidney disease. Weight loss can help reduce your risk.
4. Commit to quit. Smoking can worsen kidney disease and diseases that damage the kidneys, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Quitting can be difficult, but it is one of the most important lifestyle changes that you can make to protect your kidneys and impact your overall health.
5. Get moving and watch what you eat. Because damage to the kidneys usually happens slowly over time, daily decisions make a difference in preventing kidney disease. Making good choices each day such as incorporating physical activity and eating healthy foods will reduce your risk of developing kidney disease. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is balanced and kidney-friendly. Reduce your salt intake and watch for high sodium levels in processed foods, as these can lead to high blood pressure and harm the kidneys.
6. Exercise caution when taking pain medications. Many prescriptions and over-the-counter medications, including pain medications, are filtered by the kidneys. This means that your kidneys break down and remove these medications from the body. Always read labels and weigh the risks and benefits of taking a particular medication. Avoid excessive use of medications that can harm the kidneys, such as ibuprofen and naproxen.
Dr. Kerry Willis is Senior Vice President for Scientific Activities at the National Kidney Foundation.
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If you’re like most people, the past three weeks you’ve seen your social media feeds taken over by a new viral trend: The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. Once you’ve been nominated to take the challenge, you have 24 hours to either dump a bucket of ice-cold water over your head and/or donate $100 to research for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig’s Disease). People who accept the challenge typically create a video of themselves having the water dumped on them and nominate three more people to take the challenge. The ice bucket challenge went viral this summer, raising over ten million dollars for ALS research as of mid-April. The campaign has done an amazing job of raising awareness for this disease, making ALS a household term. But how much do you really know about ALS? Today CSS is throwing our support behind the ice bucket challenge to provide a little information about what ALS actually is and how it affects communication.
ALS is a neurological disease which attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement, motor neurons. In a healthy system, motor neurons in the brain transmit messages to motor neurons in the spinal cord which then send signals to muscles in the body. When a person has ALS, the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord degenerate. This means that the brain can no longer communicate with the body’s musculature. Since muscles are no longer able to function, they gradually weaken and waste away.
Communication is one of the many functions that are affected by ALS. As the muscles which control speech degenerate, volume and clarity decrease significantly. Some of the earlier symptoms are nasal speech (talking out of your nose) and difficulty maintaining breath support for longer sentences. Precision of speech sounds also declines. In the later stages of ALS, the ability to speak and vocalize is often lost completely. In addition to communication deficits, issues with chewing and swallowing are also common. A speech-language pathologist is typically included on an ALS patient’s care team to help them communicate to the best of their ability for as long as possible and provide strategies to patients and their caregivers to increase safety while eating.
Have you taken the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge? Share your video below and keep the momentum going!
For information on our New York based Speech-Language Pathology services, please call Speech Associates of New York today at (212) 308-7725 or visit our website at http://www.speechassociatesofny.com and find out how our team of professionally trained and certified speech-language pathologists can help!
© 2014, Speech Associates of New York – All Rights Reserved
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Our Benefice consists of eight beautiful village churches situated in the district of St Edmundsbury in Suffolk, each with their own individual identity (Stanton, Hopton, Market Weston, Barningham, Coney Weston, Hepworth, Hinderclay and Thelnetham).
The Benefice is situated in the district of St Edmundsbury in a rural part of Suffolk, close to the Norfolk border. Traditionally an arable farming area, this is now less important in terms of employment. There is a rising population with employment in local services as well as in nearby larger towns. Despite these changes, farming and the rural nature of the area are still important for, and valued by, many of the population. The larger villages of Stanton, Barningham and Hopton, have shops and services, and in all the villages there is a thriving sense of community.
All the Churches are beautiful, with their foundations going back to and beyond Norman times. Please do visit them, and when doing so please sign the visitors’ book and let us know what you think. Alternatively come and join us for a Church service or an event – you’re always welcome.
What is a Benefice?
A Benefice is an ecclesiastical office which, under Canon law, carries certain duties and conditions (called the spiritualities) together with certain revenues (called the temporalities). The office holder is known as the Incumbent.
A Rectory was a benefice in which the Tithe was paid to the Incumbent. The Incumbent was know as the Rector and the Benefice house, where he lived, was also known as the Rectory. Technically a Rector is an Incumbent whose ‘tithes are not impropriate’.
In Medieval times many Benefices were owned by Monasteries. The Monastery was entitled to receive the temporalities (i.e. the Tithes etc) but they also had to assume the spiritualities (the spiritual care of the parishes). The Monastery would use part of the Tithe (typically a third) to pay for someone act on their behalf (vicariously) and such a person was known as a Vicar. Their place of residence became known as a Vicarage.
When Henry VIII dissolved the Monasteries their Benefices were often passed to local landowners who became known as lay rectors.
In practice today, apart from the names, the only difference is that the freehold, though not the legal possession, of the Chancel belongs to the Rector rather than the Vicar. (The Chancel is the main part of a Church building). There was a court case not long ago where a Lay Rector, who became such when they bought some land, did not wish to be responsible to repairs to the chancel. Information taken from Church Society.
The Benefice we have is made up of 5 parishes all who report to the Rector who has ‘ownership’ of the Chancel or Church. Distinctly the Rector works closely with the Bishop’s representatives the Churchwardens. In effect he holds quite a lot of authority over what can and cannot happen within the churches. Although our Rector believes in delegated responsibilities and the building of teams with specific responsibilities reporting back to the churchwardens and himself. If we were in Interregnum the Rural Dean becomes responsible for the Benefice and the PCCs take responsibility for maintaining and running the church and all associated services.
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Mary Colter, notable architect of Grand Canyon landmarks, also designed Harvey House hotels
Mary Colter was an architect who designed a number of important buildings for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway (ATSF) as well as iconic landmark structures in the Grand Canyon.
Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1869. She spent time in Texas and Colorado during her early years before moving to St. Paul, Minn. After high school, she attended the California School of Design in San Francisco and apprenticed in a local architect’s office. After graduation, she moved back to St. Paul, where she taught art at Mechanic Arts High School for 15 years.
She visited San Francisco in 1901 to spend time with a friend who worked at a gift shop owned by Fred Harvey. The Fred Harvey Company developed hotels, restaurants and other facilities that served ATSF’s many passengers.
"Grand Canyon Historic Mary Colter Portrait c. 1892”, courtesy of NPS, licensed under CC BY 2.0
The following year, Colter accepted a job offer to work on a small project for the Fred Harvey Company. Minnie Harvey Huckel, Fred Harvey’s daughter, had proposed the construction of a museum containing a collection of Native American artwork and artifacts at the Alvarado Hotel at Albuquerque, N.M. Colter designed the interior of the museum, pictured in the center of the above photo, known as the Indian Building.
She used her architectural talents to create Hopi House for the Fred Harvey Company three years later. Hopi House displayed and sold Native American art and crafts made by local artisans and complemented the El Tovar hotel on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon.
This photo of the ground floor sales room of Hopi House, taken circa 1905, highlights Colter’s commitment to showcasing Native American artwork. Hopi House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 and continues to sell unique arts and crafts to Grand Canyon visitors.
Colter’s interest in Native American history and culture was reflected in all of her works. She incorporated Native American architectural styles and artwork into her designs, helping to popularize the Spanish Mission Revival architectural style and rustic flair that are still considered aesthetic symbols of the Southwest.
Although many of her Fred Harvey works have been demolished, her Grand Canyon creations continue to serve tourists at the national park. Now known as the Mary Jane Colter Buildings, the set includes Hopi House, Lookout Studio, Desert View Watchtower and Hermit’s Rest.
This photo, taken circa 1915, shows the entrance to Lookout Studio. Located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, it was completed in 1914. Similar to Colter’s other Grand Canyon works, it incorporates native designs and materials to create an aesthetically pleasing building that seamlessly blends into the natural landscape. The porch featured a high-power telescope that is now located in the History Room of the Bright Angel Lodge.
“Grand Canyon Historic- Desert View Watchtower c.1933” by Fred Harvey Co. and courtesy of NPS is licensed under CC BY 2.0
In 1930, the Fred Harvey Company hired Colter to build a gift shop and rest stop at Desert View. She created Desert View Watchtower as a recreation of a Native American watchtower. Santa Fe bridge builders oversaw the construction of the 70-foot-tall tower’s steel framework and Colter meticulously selected the stones and their placement on the tower’s exterior. Desert View Watchtower has undergone few changes since it was completed in 1932 and remains a popular tourist attraction with spectacular views of the canyon.
The Fred Harvey Company also hired Colter to construct a rest stop at the end of the West Rim Drive. She designed Hermit’s Rest to look like a historic site rather than a modern building. Colter devised the name Hermit's Rest after hearing about a man named Louis Boucher who guided tourists in and out of “Hermit Canyon” in the 1890s.
“Grand Canyon Historic- Hermits Rest Interior Fireplace c. 1916” by Fred Harvey Co. and courtesy of NPS is licensed under CC BY 2.0
The huge fireplace showcased in this 1916 photo was built on the interior south wall of Hermit’s Rest. Colter rubbed soot onto the stones to make it seem weathered over decades rather than newly built. Hermit’s Rest continues to provide visitors with a relaxing space to purchase souvenirs and enjoy the Southwest architecture.
Photo of La Posada’s North Rose Garden by Daniel Lutzick, courtesy of La Posada Hotel
Colter became an official employee of the Fred Harvey Company in 1910. One of her most celebrated works is La Posada hotel, built in 1930 in Winslow, Ariz. Colter was heavily involved in almost every aspect of the construction and interior design. She wanted the hotel to resemble the hacienda of an affluent Spanish landowner in the 1800s and used the Mission Revival architectural style to add realism to her imagined history.
La Posada remains a favorite hotel for visitors wishing to experience Colter’s famous architecture and interior design. An article published in The Durango Herald provides further details about the hotel’s history and ongoing restoration efforts.
In addition to numerous hotels and buildings, she also designed the interior of the Cochiti dining car for ATSF’s Super Chief.
Mary Jane Colter died at the age of 88 on January 8, 1958. Despite praise from the Fred Harvey Company and the Santa Fe, she received little recognition from her peers. In recent decades, her works have been recognized for their excellence and preservationists are working to ensure that her other designs remain intact. Five of her buildings have been designated National Historic Landmarks and 11 are on the National Register of Historic Places.
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Studies from Humana, USC Annenberg’s Professor Stacy L. Smith highlight ongoing prevalence of ageism in film, perceptions of real-life seniors
New research finds that characters aged 60 and over continue to be under and misrepresented in Hollywood’s most critically acclaimed films. Findings were uncovered through an ongoing partnership between health and well-being company Humana Inc. (NYSE: HUM) and the Media, Diversity, & Social Change Initiative at USC Annenberg. A separate but growing body of evidence exploring ageism suggests there are consequences to stereotypes of aging Americans—including potential negative health impacts.
Led by Professor Stacy L. Smith, USC’s study analyzed 1,256 speaking or named characters in the 25 Academy Award for Best Picture-nominated films in 2014, 2015, and 2016, to assess the portrayal of characters aged 60 and over. In tandem, Humana analyzed its own quantitative survey data on the attributes considered most important for aging Americans. One theme that emerged from the Humana data was the perceived importance of feeling optimistic, valued or recognized. If seniors aren’t accurately portrayed onscreen, might it impact their well-being in real life?
A deeper analysis of the findings shows:
Even in the most critically acclaimed films, aging characters are underrepresented and stereotypically portrayed.
- Of 1,256 characters evaluated, only 148 (11.8 percent) were 60 years of age or older – despite representing 18.5 percent of the U.S. population, according to the 2010 U.S. Census.
- Six of the 14 films that featured a leading or supporting aging character contained ageist comments. Examples of these comments include “mentally feeble, sick old ladies” and “…just sit here and let Alzheimer’s run its course” – revealing that even critically acclaimed films misrepresent what it means to be a senior citizen.
There are inherent consequences to these stereotyped portrayals of aging Americans – including not feeling valued as a member of society and a potentially negative impact on health.
- Humana’s quantitative survey segmented seniors aged 60 and over by those who feel most valued, which was defined as being positively recognized and appreciated by family, friends and society.
- Those seniors who felt least valued reported more than twice as many physically unhealthy days and more than three times as many mentally unhealthy days per month as their “most valued” counterparts.
- Regardless of their health, most seniors agreed that film industry portrayals of their age group were inaccurate.
“The outcry over the lack of diversity at Hollywood’s premier award show has failed to recognize the value of senior voices on screen,” said Smith, director of the Media, Diversity & Social Change Initiative at USC Annenberg. “While 2016 best picture nominated films are more diverse when it comes to gender and some racial and ethnic groups, ageism is still an accepted form of exclusion in cinematic storytelling.”
Dr. Yolangel Hernandez Suarez, vice president and chief medical officer of care delivery at Humana, shared her own thoughts on the subject. “Clearly, there’s more work to be done before we can say precisely how inaccurate media portrayals impact self-image in seniors, from their sense of being valued to their sense of optimism, but what really concerns me as a physician is how a diminished sense of self-worth can, in turn, impact a senior’s health,” said Suarez. “In our survey, we showed that aging Americans who report feeling more valued in society tend to have more healthy days. At Humana, we believe aging with optimism contributes to health, and that’s why we’re committed to reversing societal perceptions and promoting aging with optimism.”
Key findings surrounding both studies will be showcased at “Over Sixty, Underestimated: A Look at Aging on the ‘Silver’ Screen in Best Picture-Nominated Films”, a discussion at the University of Southern California on Feb. 16. The event, which will be livestreamed at https://www.facebook.com/Humana/, will feature both Suarez and Smith joined by Dr. Caroline Cicero professor at USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, and Gary Lucchesi, president of the Producers Guild of America and president of Lakeshore Entertainment.
For the full report, please click here.
About the Humana Quantitative Analysis
This survey includes 2,035 responses from U.S. adults aged 60 and older. Data weights are based on U.S. Census statistics for age, gender, geographic region, and race/ethnicity. It was conducted between Aug. 4- 21, 2016, and was designed to assess perceptions of the importance of various traits, characteristics or attributes of people as they age, then to have respondents rate themselves against the same attributes. Other data collected include general self-assessment of health, activity levels and perception of aging in popular culture. The survey also incorporated “Healthy Days,” a four-question survey developed and validated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It asks people how they perceive their recent health and how many days over the previous month they felt physically or mentally unwell.
About the USC Film Study
The Media, Diversity, & Social Change Initiative analyzed every speaking or named character in 25 films released in 2014, 2015, and 2016 and nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Every speaking character was evaluated across a variety of measures (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, LGBT status, and age). Characters that were 60 years of age or older on screen were identified (n=148) and a qualitative analysis related to health and occupation was performed for these characters. A further set of measures were used to qualitatively evaluate the portrayal of leading and supporting senior characters across the sample.
Humana Inc., headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, is a leading health and well-being company focused on making it easy for people to achieve their best health with clinical excellence through coordinated care. The company’s strategy integrates care delivery, the member experience, and clinical and consumer insights to encourage engagement, behavior change, proactive clinical outreach and wellness for the millions of people we serve across the country.
More information regarding Humana is available to investors via the Investor Relations page of the company’s web site at www.humana.com, including copies of:
- Annual reports to stockholders
- Securities and Exchange Commission filings
- Most recent investor conference presentations
- Quarterly earnings news releases
- Calendar of events
- Corporate Governance information
About USC Annenberg Media, Diversity, & Social Change Initiative
The Media Diversity & Social Change Initiative (MDSCI) at USC's Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism is a leading think tank studying diversity in entertainment through original and sponsored research. MDSCI findings create valuable and sought after research based solutions that advance equality in entertainment. Dr. Stacy L. Smith is the Founder and Director of the MDSCI. Dr. Smith and the MDSCI examine gender, race/ethnicity, LGBT, and disability on screen and gender and race/ethnicity behind the camera in cinematic content as well as barriers and opportunities facing women and people of color in the entertainment industry. The MDSCI also conducts economic analyses related to diversity and the financial performance of films. In 2015, Dr. Smith was named the #1 Most Influential Person in Los Angeles by LA Weekly. Dr. Smith has written more than 100 journal articles, book chapters, and reports on content patterns and effects of the media. In terms of the popular press, Dr. Smith’s research has been written about in The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, The Atlantic, Newsweek, The Hollywood Reporter, Variety, and NPR. She has a co-edited essay in Maria Shriver’s book, A Woman’s Nation Changes Everything (2009). Dr. Smith and the MDSCI’s most recent research reports include an analysis of 800 top-grossing films, the Comprehensive Annenberg Report on Diversity in Entertainment (CARD) and a series of landmark studies with Sundance Institute and Women in Film Los Angeles. To learn more, visit http://annenberg.usc.edu/mdsci or follow on Twitter @MDSCInitiative.
About the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
Located in Los Angeles at the University of Southern California, the Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism is a national leader in education and scholarship in the fields of communication, journalism, public diplomacy and public relations. With an enrollment of more than 2,200 students, USC Annenberg offers doctoral, graduate and undergraduate degree programs, as well as continuing development programs for working professionals, across a broad scope of academic inquiry. The school's comprehensive curriculum emphasizes the core skills of leadership, innovation, service and entrepreneurship and draws upon the resources of a networked university in a global urban environment. Based at the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism in the heart of Los Angeles, the USC Center for Public Relations (CPR) is truly at the center of one of the world’s most dynamic professions. Our mission is to connect corporations, agencies, academics and students to define the future of our industry and to develop those who will shape it.
U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.). Age Groups and Sex: 2010. Available: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP1&prodType=table
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Literature and Society, a textbook designed for upper-level students, usually in their fourth year of studying Chinese, contains literary works and essays related to the social sciences. It reflects the social issues China has faced in recent years and represents a new approach to introducing students to various aspects of Chinese society. The textbook contains two sections. The first, entitled "Literature," includes works by Lu Xun, Lin Yutang, Liang Shiqiu, Wang Li, Xie Bingying, and Wang Meng. The selections include essays, short stories, and one play. Each selection reflects a different side of Chinese life, from offering hospitality to guests and haggling over prices to philosophical issues. The second section of the textbook, entitled "Society," includes essays by Fei Xiaotong, Ma Yinchu, Wu Han, Liang Sicheng, and Chen Hengzhe. These works cover six issues: marriage and family, population and ethics, urbanization, intellectuals, minorities, and the preservation of ancient architecture in a modern city. The textbook provides a brief introduction to each author and discussion questions at the end of each piece. To order this textbook, please visit Princeton University Press.
The CLP's Literature and Society Audio Material (available in USB format) cover all lessons in the text. Institutional copies are also available, and come with a license agreement authorizing limited distribution and reduplication rights.
To order the above audio materials, please download an order form and send it in to us, along with a check or money order made out to the Chinese Linguistics Project.
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Secondary Science & Technology News
This week in Science sees the students having the opportunity to learn through a global context as part of the DBIS international week.
Learners across KS3 are exploring some of the big issues that affect our world and developing and applying their scientific understanding to a range of real global issues.
The focus in Year 9 is world hunger. Students are exploring the causes, effects and consequences of undernourishment and malnutrition in various regions around the world. They will be focusing on developing their critical thinking skills to consider complex issues from multiple perspectives and relate the science they are learning to current world events. This will lead them into an enquiry about the process of photosynthesis, developing their investigative and practical skills and applying their understanding to deepen their understanding of how we can use science and technology to feed our growing global population.
Year 8 are focussing on epidemiology over this international week. They will be focussing on the global role of the World Health Organisation in managing the spread of infection. Through enquiry they will look at the recent ebola virus outbreak in East Africa as a case study and then apply their scientific understanding to a scenario based problem here in China, aiming to develop their research and problem solving skills to create a strategic plan to prevent the spread of an infectious disease, supporting their learning about microorganisms.
Year 7 are considering the global effects of acid rain. This enquiry will focus on deepening their understanding of acids and the pH scale and applying their learning in a real life international context, and how we can use science and technology to solve the environmental problems we are creating. They will be developing their practical skills by carrying out chemical analysis of water samples and then working critically with their evidence to develop theories and conclusions.
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King Edward VI(1537-1553), Reigned 1547-53
Sitter associated with 47 portraits
The only son of Henry VIII and his third wife Jane Seymour, Edward succeeded his father in 1547 aged nine. Scholarly and firmly Protestant, he ruled during his minority with the help of a council, but was dominated by the policies of his two Protestant Protectors, first Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset and then John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. The latter induced Edward to will the crown to Lady Jane Grey, in order to ensure the Protestant succession. Edward died of tuberculosis shortly before his sixteenth birthday.
published by Illustrated London News
wood engraving, published 4 February 1854
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Which Subjects do State Exit Exams Test?
Long a major focus of statewide testing programs, the subjects of reading and mathematics have featured even more prominently in state accountability frameworks since the federal No Child Left Behind Act took effect in 2002. Some critics have argued that focusing on a narrow set of subjects effectively marginalizes the attention devoted to other parts of the curriculum. The content of state exit exams offers one barometer to gauge the emphasis placed on various subject areas by the states. As reported in Diplomas Count 2008, each of 23 states that required exit exams for the class of 2008 tested students in both English and math. In all, just over half (12) of those states also assessed students in at least one other subject as part of the exit examination process. Among those other subjects, science and history were the most commonly tested (in 11 and nine states respectively). North Carolina was the only state requiring students to pass a test in the use of technology in order to earn a high school diploma.
For more state-by-state data on exit examinations and other topics, search the EPE Research Center's Education Counts database.
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I remember at the first class of Introduction to Public Health class, Dr. Scott invited Dr. Gilsdorf from medical school to give us a lecture about current spot topic: Ebola. Before attending the lecture, I prepared several questions to ask Dr. Gilsdorf and one of them is since American government can take infectious American doctors back to States and successfully cure him at Emory University, why can’t we share success tips with African people or take some badly ill patients to Emory? Due to limited lecture time, I didn’t get the chance to ask those question and that bothers me a lot. I even feel disappointed and a little bit of anger because this is one typical health care disparity and inequality. However, after went to the “Ebola and Public Health” panel discussion last Thursday, I have to admit that my original views are too naïve to consider all possible of other factors that limit Ebola treating.
One of the most essential factor is based on the economic status of most Ebola affected countries: Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Dr. Snow from population studies center presented us the average health care cost per capital before Ebola break in these countries, which ranges from $67 to $171, compared to $ 8233 in the United States. They have way higher maternal death and premature death also. Both data indicates these three countries do not have advanced health system; the health of women and children cannot be well protected especially. Unfortunately, as we all know, women and children are the most risky population to get Ebola since they have weaker immunity system and children are easily get infected by their mothers.
Then the other speaker guide us to do a math about the amount of money cost to treat a single Ebola patient. Ebola patient must be isolated so he/she will need his/her own area and one single lab to run possible infectious sample for him/her. The patient will need 2 to 3 24/7 health care providers to monitor and record data, at least 2 lab analysts, and more doctors and research team members. Hospital might have to vacate the floor for this Ebola patients since normal people are too afraid to share the same floor with him/her, which decrease hospital’s income. Adding all possible costs, it is estimated that treating a single Ebola patient with Ebola costs roughly $500,000 in total and around $14,000 per day for two weeks. For now, only 50% hospitals in the States have the equipment and personal to admit no more than 1 Ebola patient, in worst case scenario.
Based on these two points I just mentioned, it is not hard to understand why it is almost impossible to cure Ebola in those three countries currently due to their economic status.
Moreover, urbanization of Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia highly increase the interpersonal contact rate, which is another reason why this Ebola break have impacted huge amount of people. Unfortunately, this social change cannot be modified in very short amount of time and it becomes another obstacle of Ebola treating. Other factors including trust issues to health care providers sent from the States, their beliefs to Voodoo curing (normally needs to draw blood from sick people), their limited epidemiology knowledge and cultural habits of inhumation as well as high adaptation of Ebola virus all make Ebola treating more challenging.
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We may need 70% more crop production by 2050 to keep up with food demand, and that’s scary for several reasons. One, yield gains are flattening out among farmers in developed countries, despite high use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers. And, two, in places where yields are low–like on small farms in Africa–farmers are likely to turn to pesticides and artificial fertilizers, deepening environmental problems.
But some scientists believe we’re on the cusp of developing viable alternatives to pesticides and heavy use of artificial fertilizers. They’re investigating the plant microbiome: the billions of bacteria living in roots, leaves and soil that help plants absorb minerals and nutrients, fight disease, and resist drought and heat. The equivalent of the human microbiome–the bacteria and fungi in the gut that help us digest food and fend off infection–the plant microbiome could hold the key to generating more food without the side-effects associated with high-input farming, including damage to waterways and toxicity in food.
“The microbiome has a lot of potential for agriculture because we know that microbes have a lot of influence on plants, how well they grow, how they resist pests and diseases, and how well seeds germinate,” says Kelly Smith, director of microbial development at AgBiome, a startup in Durham, North Carolina.
“If we can understand how to harness microbes to do specific things, we’ll have the ability to carry out a lot of the same functions that we currently depend on chemical pesticides and fungicides to do,” Smith says. “Modern pesticides are a lot safer than the old ones, but the microbes have the potential to be safer still.”
AgBiome is about to launch its first product, a broad-spectrum insecticide called Howler. Isolated from cotton roots in Texas, the microbes come in powder or spray form and are then grown in a laboratory (no genetic manipulation needed). They stay fresh enough for 18 months, the company says, and can survive at up to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
Microbial solutions are not only less toxic, but also potentially more efficient for farmers. After spraying with pesticides, growers must wait several hours or even days before re-entering fields and greenhouses to tend or pick crops (up to seven days in the case of raspberries). With microbes, the re-entry period is non-existent.
AgBiome is also identifying microbes that can control weevils that attack sweet potato plants in Subsaharan Africa. The research is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which wants to protect a vital source of vitamin A, a nutrient that prevents blindness and improves immune systems. Smith says AgBiome will look for microbes locally as well as scour its existing library of 26,000 microbial strains. “The weevil insect does a lot of damage to smallholder farmers who depend on sweet potatoes as a staple food crop, and there are no good products they can use now,” she says.
Biological pesticides, like those derived from essential oils, have been available for several years. But, until recently, they’ve had a reputation for being either expensive, inadequate, or both. AgBiome claims Howler is 20 times more effective than other biological products and can completely replace traditional fungicides, not just limit their use. “There’s usually a dichotomy between efficacy and economics and we’re attempting to change all that,” Smith says.
Have something to say about this article? You can email us and let us know. If it’s interesting and thoughtful, we may publish your response.
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When such acts [that desecrate Shabbat in order to save a life] are done, they are not to be done by gentiles or by children… but by great Torah scholars and wise people. It is forbidden to delay when desecrating Shabbat for the sake of a dangerously ill person, for the verse says (Leviticus 18:5): “These are the commandments which you shall do and live,” and not die because of them.
From this we learn that the laws of the Torah are not in order to punish the world but to bring love, kindness, and peace to the world. As for those heretics who claim that such an act is a desecration of the Sabbath, about them the verse says (Ezekiel 20): “I gave them laws that are no good and rules by which they cannot live.”
Mishneh Torah Shabbat 2:3
Find more Wise Fridays wisdom on MJL.
Pronounced: shuh-BAHT or shah-BAHT, Origin: Hebrew, the Sabbath, from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday.
Pronunced: TORE-uh, Origin: Hebrew, the Five Books of Moses.
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Our mystery today comes to us from regular reader, Connie. Thanks, Connie!
Yes, it’s those little blobs, about the size of a small acorn.
I’ll check back later for your guesses, but if you’d like a hint, scroll down:
Hint: Connie found these on her pontoon boat.
One brave reader guessed that these particles were the stuffing from the boat. No, but that was our first guess, too! No mice or insects were burrowing inside. This was deposited on the boat and appears nearly every morning, Connie tells us.
And every morning someone visits the boat.
If the light is a bit too dim for you, here’s another photo.
That’s a Great Blue Heron. A very old one, we believe, because his beard–the feathers trailing from his neck–is full. Now we squirrels had heard of owls regurgitating pellets of fur and bones after they eat, but not herons, so we did a bit of research. Turns out herons do as well, and it’s called “casting.”
If you look closely, this deposit, or regurgitation, contains small fish bones and scales!
Herons also have a throat pouch. When they have young in the nest, they swallow a fish or two and carry them back to the nest and regurgitate them for the young birds. Young birds might do the same if a predator attacks their nest to frighten it away.
Want to learn more about Great Blue Herons? The Cornell Lab of Ornithology has a camera on a heron nest and answers many questions about these birds on their Bird Cam FAQ website.
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For people who must undergo therapy or chemo and or radiation, the body is receiving medication that supposedly helps rid of the bad or cancer. This type of medication also does harm to a parts of the body that are still healthy. Unfortunately, many physicians who concentrate on the routine rigorous drug therapies that exist do not prepare a person at least physically in a way that would enable one who has a disease diagnosis of cancer or illness that they need to begin supplements that can assist with the harmful medications that they will be taking. The body itself is subjected to becoming very weak and the cells in the body suffer along with the immune system because medications do not effectively just kill cancer or the diseases cells. They weaken the immune system and the body in general in efforts to rid the body of the cancer. Another harmful effect of treatments used in cancer is the fact that less oxygen is passed throughout the body, because of the decrease in red blood cells. The lack of carnitine in the blood may also contribute to fatigue. Once medications are placed into the body the liver and immune system become compromised. A common cause to many side effects are because the body has not had a change to replenish itself of all the vital nutrients in the body due to not only the disease or cancer but because it is now being subjected to treatments that have very high levels of toxins. It's like getting a double dose of something and in doing so your body will naturally be affected that much more. Once cancer cells die off they too become toxins that they body must get rid off. A way out is needed because the dilemma here is to remove the disease only, or without harming the rest of the body. When drugs, treatment therapies are not for the most part effective in ridding the body of disease, but also to some extent contributes to perhaps new diseases that develop as a result of the ongoing toxic treatments then there needs to be a way to keep the body healthy by pre-treatment and to continue that way of healing during treatment so that other diseases will not occur as a result of any chemotherapy or radiation one must undergo. Disease pre-treatment is a way of excising the disease and replenishing the body as it undergoes more of a duress. Ginger, cinnamon, curcumin, oregano, mushrooms, super foods, Epsom salt, baking soda and perhaps something called PQQ or pyrroloquinolone quinone. PQQ is an antioxidant that will help the body against aging or premature aging that disease and cancer can cause. With all of these combined anyone who has an illness can turn the food and supplements they eat into energy and prevent cell death by removing free radicals that cause oxidative damage. Visit your herbalist and use pre-treatment as a way of prevention...
Blogs are written by
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Mother's Day is a holiday that celebrates and honors mothers in the United States. It is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. It became an official holiday in the country at the start of the 20th century as a way to honor mothers whose sons had died in war.
The holiday is celebrated in a number of ways. People give mothers gifts like flowers, cards, and jewelry to thank them for all their hard work. A popular symbol of the holiday is the carnation. This is because when the holiday first began in the U.S. people were encouraged to wear a red carnation if their mother was alive or a white carnation if their mother was dead. Many people take their mothers out for a special meal. In fact, Mother's Day is the most popular date in the U.S. for people to go out and eat and it is estimated that people spend billions on meals and gifts. Mother's Day is also the most popular day to make long distance calls in the U.S. It is the second most popular gift-giving day after Christmas.
Since its establishment, Mother's Day has been criticized for becoming highly commercialized. In fact, the founder of the U.S. holiday, Anna Jarvis, began protesting the holiday and was even arrested for disturbing the peace for demonstrating. Jarvis's own mother started the campaign to establish a mother's holiday during the American Civil War.
Mothers are not the only people celebrated on this day. All mother figures including grandmothers, great-grandmothers, stepmothers, and foster mothers are honored on the holiday. In schools many students make special gifts, including handmade cards. While widely recognized, Mother's Day is not a federal holiday. Many other countries around the world have their own version of Mother's Day.
Copyright © 2017. All rights reserved.
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Energy. Energy transfer occurs between a system and its surroundings. System = piece of the universe. Energy. Two types: heat and work. Energy. Heat = energy transfer that is the result of contact between two substances of differing temperatures. Energy.
How much energy is required to raise the temperature of 2.50g of water from -3.00 C to 108.00 C?
qtot = 7.58 kJ
Ex: step 1 - C(s) + 1/2 O2(g) --> CO(g); step 2 - CO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> CO2(g) H = -283.0 kJ; Hnet = (-393.5 kJ). What is the net equation and the H of the first step?
H1 = -110.5 kJ, C(s) + O2(g) --> CO2(g)
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I was thrilled when Mary sent me her Little Detectives Top Secret Number Files packet. We have a Detective Station as one of our literacy stations and my kids are obsessed with it, so I think they're going to LOVE this one.
Mary has created the cutest way for the kids to to work on building, creating, and gaining number sense while learning their numbers. As Mary explains, the number itself doesn’t mean anything to a child unless they can use and utilize it properly. Boy, does this packet cover all of the above. Using detective files like the one below, the kids are encouraged to show their number in a variety of ways.
By using tally marks, tens frames, place value and 1 to 1 correspondence, there are a variety of ways to reinforce the concept of number sense. By laminating and using with dry-erase markers, these could be used over and over again in a center. I plan on using some paper copies for morning work or homework.
To round out the packet, Mary includes a fun card game that is played like the classic game, Bang! The students turn over a number and if they can read it, they keep it. If they get a hiding detective card they have give all of their cards back - bummer! When someone draws the "Solved" card, the game is over. Sounds like a great game to add to my numeracy station!
If you think your little detectives would like to "work the case" you can check out Mary's packet here.
Have a great night!
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Why St Nicholas works wonders for Russians
The Soviet Union turned its back on religion but modern Russia, under Vladimir Putin - the former KGB officer - has made religion, nationalism, patriotism and conservatism cornerstones of the Russian state, reports BBC Moscow correspondent Steve Rosenberg.
One hundred years ago, the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin dismissed religion as an "abomination".
"Any religious idea, any flirtation with a god," he wrote, "is the most inexpressible foulness, the most shameful infection."
Ironically, after Lenin's death, his successors turned him into a god-like figure, with Lenin portraits and statues, and his embalmed body enthroned in a temple-like mausoleum on Red Square.
Encouraged by this dizzying personality cult, for decades Soviet citizens flocked to Moscow from across the USSR to pay homage to the late great Bolshevik. They would spend up to eight hours queuing outside the mausoleum, waiting for their chance to file past Lenin's wax-like corpse.
I wonder what Mr Lenin would make of events this week in Moscow?
Once again Russians have been queuing for hours. But this time, not to get into the mausoleum. They've been lining up outside Christ the Saviour, the cathedral that the Communists once destroyed, but which was rebuilt from scratch after the collapse of the USSR. The queues have stretched for more than a mile.
It's here that I meet pensioner Natalya. It's taken her six hours to reach the front of the queue. Natalya clearly has the patience of a saint. Which is just as well, for it is a saint she has come here to see - and to venerate.
Saint Nicholas the Wonder Worker was a Greek bishop in Asia Minor in the 4th Century. He was famous for his kindness to children and would later inspire the legend of Santa Claus. He is the patron saint of children, sailors, and of prisoners who've been wrongly condemned. And he is the saint most cherished by Russian hearts. For according to the Church here, it is Nicholas who has saved Russia many times from catastrophe.
For more than 900 years, his bones have lain in a crypt in the Italian city of Bari. But now, after an historic agreement between the Catholic Pope and the Orthodox Patriarch, one of St Nicholas' ribs is on loan to Russia.
"I am so excited," Natalya tells me, "I have butterflies in my stomach. St Nicholas means so much to us."
Find out more
- From Our Own Correspondent has insight and analysis from BBC journalists, correspondents and writers from around the world
- Listen on iPlayer, get the podcast or listen on the BBC World Service or on Radio 4 on Thursdays at 11:00 BST and Saturdays at 11:30 BST
In the cathedral, I spot the golden ark, which was transported here from Italy amid great pomp and ceremony. The rib is inside, and I can see it through the glass cover. A long line of Orthodox believers is filing past. As the visitors approach, they make the sign of the cross and bend over the ark. Some place their foreheads on the casket's transparent top, then kiss the glass and move on.
As they walk away, they're handed free mini icons of St Nicholas, which have been blessed by the Russian Patriarch himself. Many of the visitors are here with babies and young children. I watch one woman lay her daughter down ever so carefully on her back on top of the ark - as if the mother is hoping that St Nicholas' miraculous powers will seep into the child's body from head to toe.
Svetlana is with her little son Vanya, who is rather poorly right now. His arm is hurting. "I've brought Vanya here from the hospital," Svetlana tells me. "I want to give this a chance. Because I really believe in miracles."
And so, it seems, does Russia's president. For Vladimir Putin, too, has visited Christ the Saviour this week to venerate the relics of St Nicholas.
The Kremlin leader placed his forehead on to the glass, then, rising, crossed himself three times.
It is remarkable to think that back in Soviet times President Putin worked for an organisation - the KGB - which tried to suppress religion and which persecuted the religious. And yet, today, the Kremlin leader very openly embraces Russian Orthodoxy. He is said to have his own spiritual adviser, Father Tikhon.
What's more, under Vladimir Putin's rule, the Orthodox Church in Russia has grown in power and influence. That's partly because the loyal Church has helped to strengthen the Russian state and those in power. And, partly, because the Kremlin knows that people need something in which to believe. For a time, that was communism and socialism, but those ideas proved shortlived.
So, today, the authorities here are constructing a new ideology for Russia - it's a mixture of nationalism and patriotism, conservatism and loyalty to the state - and all of it underpinned by religious belief.
Which brings us back to St Nicholas and his rib. By displaying this bone in Moscow, Russia is not only honouring its most beloved saint. It is trying to excite and enthuse and unite the tens of millions of Orthodox Christians in Russia behind a common idea.
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New data webpages for 29 countries with thousands of education data points
Only few insiders know that the Global Partnership for Education (GPE) is gathering vast amounts of data and education indicators from dozens of GPE developing-country partners. There are thousands of precious data points representing all aspects of a country’s education sector – unfortunately often buried in lengthy documents.
GPE is a unique partnership dedicated to getting all children into school for a quality education. To achieve education results, we rely on the expertise and support of a vast network of partners comprising developing countries and all development actors.
All these partners produce large amounts of all kinds of data traditionally presented in the usual panoply of education sector plans, joint sector reviews, aide memoires and financial reports. All too often, the data is stacked away in these reports and not easily accessible.
Comparing education results against national targets
This past year a small team from GPE, the World Bank Development Data Group (DECDG) and the aid data organization Development Gateway has worked hard to unearth this data and bring it back to light!
These country profiles are unique as they compare actual education results against national targets and reveal whether or not the government and GPE partners have made progress in getting more children into school, improving girls’ access to education, or increasing the number of teachers.
All indicators are thoroughly referenced and refer back to the original sources. Extensive notes and definitions also specify the context and, if applicable, the methodology used to capture the data.
You can browse 57 indicators in 6 education categories encompassing key elements of each country’s education sector, including domestic and external financing, learning outcomes and aid effectiveness indicators.
All data is freely accessible and currently downloadable in Excel or PDF formats and can also be accessed through World Bank's Open Data API. All data visualizations can be embedded and shared on a variety of social media channels.
GPE Open Data Project is an agent of change
By putting data out in the open, GPE partners signal how serious they are about meeting their commitments to ensure that education aid brings measurable results. Free use and distribution of data brings change and helps improve performance and inform decision-making. It is also a powerful incentive to strengthen national statistical systems as inconsistencies and data-deprived charts indicate information gaps and the need for country governments and their development partners to redouble their efforts to provide accurate data.
The GPE Open Data project is about encouraging and facilitating this ongoing dialogue among all education partners. Developing-country governments have played a central role in collecting and validating data with support from donor and CSO partners based in the country. This process ensures these countries use their national statistical capacity and provide data in line with their own education strategies.
There is no going back to old rules once the lid of the data box is cracked open. In the next year, GPE will continue to innovate and use open data to promote knowledge exchange among our partners. In the meantime, we invite you to visit our data goldmine and send us your feedback and suggestions.
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What We’ll Do; Who We’ll Reach
We have a clear idea of what milestones we’ll need to reach to help protect birds and habitat from climate change. Here’s a snapshot.
- 1 million Americans newly engaged on climate issues, demonstrating a greater demand for change
- 100,000 Participants actively involved in our Plants for Birds program, leading to 1 million new native plants in the ground that benefit climate-threatened birds
- $10-12 million Annual budget range to reach full potential
Audubon staff and volunteers at the New York City climate march in 2014. Photo: Patricia Monteiro
Creating an Appetite for Action on Climate
Leveraging our climate science, Audubon will tap into people’s passion for birds to create a greater demand for climate solutions at the local, state, national, and hemispheric levels. Targeted engagement initiatives that mix individual and collective action will bring a million people to the climate conversation over the next five years.
Bobolink. Photo: Joel Sartore/National Geographic Photo Ark
Gathering Data to Drive Effective Conservation
We will employ cutting-edge analyses to better understand and predict how birds will respond to future climate change. We will also engage the public in crowdsourced efforts to test predicted shifts in bird ranges while building local engagement and interest in climate efforts.
BAS birding activities. Photo: Courtesy of Belize Audubon Society
Tackling Climate Change Throughout the Hemisphere
We will create and support a science-based action plan with local partners in 10 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean that builds a resilient set of sites, sound policies, and greater support for action on climate change.
Using Data to Combat Climate Change
Without question, Audubon is on the front lines of using big data to understand issues around climate. And it’s refreshing to hear Audubon talk about ‘five years’ in the future. Five years is a timescale in which you can really do something, and big change needs time and bold steps to get there.
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This article first appeared in my weekly column of the Business Daily on June 4, 2017
It is estimated that Africa’s coastline hosts a blue economy estimated at USD 1 trillion per year. The UNECA defines the Blue Economy as that which covers both aquatic and marine spaces, including oceans, seas, coasts, lakes, rivers, and underground water encompassing a range of productive sectors, including fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, transport, shipbuilding, energy, bioprospecting, and underwater mining and related activities.
According to Stellenbosch University, Africa’s oceans can and should be an important source of economic activity and growth for the continent, pulling up the standards of living and wealth of Africans. Africa ocean territories are estimated at 13 million km², all of which can drive a blue economy.
The University of Queensland estimated that the annual economic output of the Western Indian Ocean of which East Africa is a part, is the fourth largest ‘economy’ in the region after South Africa, Kenya and Tanzania. It holds a total asset base of at least USD 333.8 billion and according to UNEP, produces more than USD 25 billion in goods and services every year. The main assets for the region’s blue economy according to the University of Queensland are fisheries, the coastline itself, mangroves, carbon absorption, seagrass beds and corals reefs, carbon sequestration and fisheries. According to UNEP over 60 million people live along the Western Indian coast, many of them deriving their livelihoods from the ocean. In South Africa alone, the blue economy is said to be able to generate 1 million jobs by 2033.
The focus for Kenya’s blue economy according to the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Institute is centred on coastal tourism, offshore oil and gas exploration, deep and short-sea shipping, cruise tourism, fisheries and aquaculture, inland water way transport, offshore wind, blue biotechnology, marine mineral mining, marine aquatic products and ocean renewable energy. However, according to Kenya’s Permanent Secretary for Shipping and Maritime Affairs, Kenya loses KES 90 billion per year in the sector and fails to generate hundreds of thousands of jobs due to a lack of financial support to the sector exacerbated by the under-management and failure to invest in building skilled human capital for and of the sector.
Sadly, Africa’s ocean areas also tend to be poorly governed with high levels of insecurity that facilitate illegal fishing, sea piracy and armed robbery, drug and human smuggling. According to Greenpeace, Western African economies are estimated to be losing USD 2 billion a year to illegal fishing alone. There is also the problem of chronic mismanagement of blue economy assets. A report led by the World Wildlife Fund found that 35 percent of the fish stocks assessed in the Western Indian Ocean are fully exploited and 28 percent are over-exploited. If the trend continues, Tanzania and Kenya could lose 18 percent of mangrove cover over the next 25 years. Further over 50 percent of the region’s shark species are threatened and 71-100 percent of the region’s coral reefs are at risk.
As Kenya begins to design the priority areas of the Medium Term Plan III under Vision 2030, the blue economy ought to receive special attention. Bear in mind that it will likely be difficult to wrestle the blue economy from the control of illicit players but there is a need to not only do so but also more effectively monetise the sector so that it can become an important generator of economic and social development for the country.
Anzetse Were is a development economist; firstname.lastname@example.org
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The average American uses around 100 gallons of water every day while most Europeans use only 50 gallons per day and those in parts of Africa that have very poor access to water use only 5 gallons per day. While those living in third world countries certainly do not have access to enough water for the great hygiene habits that those in first world countries do, you might wonder what the difference is between how Americans live versus how Europeans live. What are some ways that Americans can cut down on their daily water usage to protect the valuable resource that you have?
Repair Leaky Faucets
Leaky faucets may not seem that bad, but the waste can quickly add up, totaling up to 50 gallons per day for a minor leak. You may be able to tackle some leaky faucets in your kitchen and bath yourself, but calling a professional from a company like The Clean Plumbers is ideal for ensuring that all parts are installed and secured correctly. Also, watch out for leaking spigots on the outside of your house.
Install Low-Flow Showerheads
You mostly likely use between 10 to 20 gallons of water for every five minutes that you spend in the shower. Cut this number in half by installing a low-flow showerhead. If you need a more powerful burst of water to rinse out your hair, this showerhead lets you do that, but for the majority of your shower you will only need a small amount of water.
Choose Eco-Flush Toilets
Older toilet models used close to four gallons of water per flush. A low-flow toilet uses less than two gallons per flush, saving over 12,000 gallons of water per person per year. Since toilet flushing can account for up to a quarter of your daily water usage, this is a prime way to save.
Put the Dishwasher to Good Use
Surprisingly, newer models of dishwashers are far more water and energy-efficient than hand washing dishes is. Be sure that the dishwasher is full when you start it, however. Additionally, with most newer models, there is no need to pre-rinse your dishes.
Turn Off the Water
One of the simplest ways to save water in your house is to turn off the water when you are not using it. Do not let the water run in the kitchen as you are prepping food. Rinse fruits and vegetables all at once instead of a little at a time. Be sure to turn off the faucet while you brush your teeth.
Most Americans have ready access to plenty of water and think nothing of using plenty of it for a variety of everyday needs. However, if you live in an area that has gone through a drought, you know how precious water is and how much it needs to be guarded as a limited resource. Take some or all of these steps now to conserve water throughout your home.
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Learn about this topic in these articles:
decomposition by radiation
...may result in a large variety of chemical changes involving the positive ion, the outgoing electron, and the excited states resultant from charge neutralization, as well as (parent) positive-ion fragmentation and ion-molecule reactions. Some such consequences are summarized for a few cases.
...radiation with atoms, resulting in an ejection of electrons from the atoms. The indirect effects are due to the formation of free radicals (unstable molecules carrying an extra electron) during the radiolysis (radiation-induced splitting) of water molecules. The radiolysis of water molecules produces hydroxyl radicals, highly reactive species that interact with the organic molecules present in...
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The Rwanda Genocide Teachers' Association enables teachers to work alongside students, parents, and teachers so that they may share skills on Genocide studies, build teachers capabilities, promote human rights, and national/international understanding on Genocide in order to make the world a better place.
The organization (RGTA) is a Rwanda based Association that facilitates the teachers to acquire different skills in teaching and learning Genocide studies so that they can perform their teaching job perfectly. RGTA has strong genocide ideology alleviation focus, and is committed to working with disadvantaged groups to help them to improve their post genocide lives. RGTA is nonprofit Association that does not fund or manage the projects. Its resources are its members: skilled and experienced teachers, men and women who are in service. They are from a variety of schools in the whole country, and have the qualifications and experience for in the assignments they are required to do as far as teaching about Genocide is concerned. They are motivated by the desire to help others and learn about different individuals and behaviors in teaching/learning environment. They are eager to work and share skills with others. All the Association members work in the education sector as teachers, teacher trainers, methodologists, education policy advisors. RGTA members also participate in social activities that aim at peaceful living among Rwandans.
Our program was opened on September 29, 2011 and the official activities started. RGTA works with schools and Rwandan community in the whole country. The majority of Association members are teachers of arts subjects. They carry out their activities during teaching periods and holidays. The RGTA program is solidly based on both formal education and informal education. The RGTA would be interested in working with local/ international NGO’s and community organizations. The Association leaders spend time researching the potential for RGTA involvement in the focused areas.
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In the Old Testament the word “Soul” is found in the King James Version in Genesis 2:7 “And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.” The Hebrew words translated “living soul” are nepish hayah. It has been used as a proof text to show that man has a soul, distinguishing him from the animal kingdom. However, the same words are used of the animals: Genesis 1:24. Even the NIV fudges a bit, using the phrase “living being.” Since nepish Hayah is used of both man and animals 2:7 could more accurately be translated as “living creature.” It cannot refer to a human soul in the commonly understood meaning of the word.
The biblical difference between man and animal—found in the same 2:7—is that though both are made from the dust of the earth, only man received the breath or spirit of God directly.
New Testament usage is also problematical. The Greek word for soul is psyche. The Greeks used it to refer to the unsubstantial spirit that survives the body’s death. Though psyche is often translated “soul” in English, it seems that first century Jews and Christians used the term to mean spirit.
My problem is the way “soul” is used in popular theology. I’ve often heard the assertion that since man is made in the image of the triune God than man is a trinity as well: body, soul and spirit. Because of the above, I feel there is a confusion of soul and spirit. It goes against popular usage but I see no biblical evidence that the ancients had a concept of soul that was substantially different from that of spirit. In fact, until quite recently it was commonplace to see a headline like this: “Titanic Sinks With Loss of Some 1,500 Souls.” The meaning here is obviously referring to the whole person.
The Apostle Paul assures us that “to be absent from the body is to be present with the Lord.” However, it should be remembered that in Christian theology we shall spend eternity in a resurrected body: body and spirit reunited.
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Definition of xylary
: of, relating to, associated with, or constituting wood and especially xylem wax does not seem to be secreted … in the xylary tissues of plants — Economic Geology
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Origin and Etymology of xylary
xyl- + -ary
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up xylary? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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Nothing is as it appears. What lies beneath the enchanting snowflakes floating gently from heaven to earth? From whence do these white angels originate? Is this heaven speaking to us?
Mysticism teaches that everything in the physical universe has a spiritual counterpart. Just as a teardrop is a manifestation of human emotion, and anger is an expression of repressed energy, so physical phenomena actually evolve from and are a manifestation of a spiritual reality. Thus snow is a channel of energy, it is a Divine voice speaking to us through visual imagery so that we can experience it with our bodily senses.
Meteorologist may perceive snow to be a result of pressure systems and precipitation levels; physicist will recognize the subatomic particles that create snow; but the mystic sees the cosmic energy that snow manifests and the facets of our psyche that it illuminates.
Let us explore the spirit within the snow.
Water in all its forms is a symbol of knowledge. Descending water represents the transmission of knowledge from a higher to a lower place, the flow of information from teacher to student. On a cosmic level, rain and snow reflect different ways in which divine energy flows to us from a higher spiritual plane.
Water flowing downward thus describes G-d’s way of transmitting His energy to us and represents the conduit through which our material existence and G-d interact. The purpose of existence is to create unity between G-d and man, so that we, in our limited, material existence can become integrated and unified in an intimate and equal relationship with G-d. To achieve this neither the Divine nor the human can be compromised. Unity achieved on G-d’s terms would annihilate our identities, our existence. Can we (our egos, vanities, and needs) co-exist with G-d who is infinite, uncontained and undefined? And unity attained on our material, finite terms would compromise G-d, because He would have to limit Himself to our existence.
If water – the divine wisdom – were to flow continuously, it would totally submerge and obliterate, not allowing space for any other existence. So water flows in various measures to allow for the transmission to be internalized. Sometimes water flows as rain and sometimes it freezes to different degrees producing snow, hail or sleet, which are all metaphors for the teacher monitoring and transforming the flow into forms that the student can contain and assimilate.
Rain is a transmission that is more on Divine terms. Admittedly it falls in drops which symbolizes some level of contraction, but it flows continuously like a stream of information retaining its fluidity and it is absorbed quickly into the earth.
Ice on the other hand, is a transmission that is more on the recipient’s terms. The information has solidified into a compact state so that the student can internalize it. The flow has ceased and turned into a solid form, so the student is not overwhelmed by the continuous flow of new ideas.
Snow is an intermediary state between fluid water and solid ice. In order to appreciate the spiritual implications of this, we need to examine the properties of snow.
A snowflake needs at least two components in order to form. In addition obviously to cold air, it requires water droplets (vapor), and a nucleus. The nucleus is made up of dust, minerals or other microscopic particles in the air. A snowflake is formed when water takes shape around these microscopic particles and the cold air turns it into ice crystals. Thus snow has two components: water and earth – earth being the particles, and the water being the droplets. Earth is the material world – without any recognition of G-dliness; water is the knowledge of G-d – divine energy without any containers. Thus snow, being half heaven and half earth provides the perfect intermediary between these two worlds.
Snow consists of separate snowflakes that are actually independent properties – each comprised of about 100 ice crystals. Snowflakes cling to each other but they are not intrinsically one. In contrast, water is one unified entity. Although it consists of droplets, each drop joins with another and they become one body of water. What is the symbolism of this in the flow of knowledge?
When a teacher has to reach out to a student who is far beneath his or her level of knowledge and understanding, he or she cannot allow the water to just flow freely, it has to be dressed up in metaphors and it has to be paced. In order for the student to understand a new concept, the teacher needs to create a point of reference by using examples, anecdotes, stories, and analogies. Thus snowflakes represent the need to explain gradually, step by step, in a language that is accessible to the student.
Snow falls gently and silently, teaching us in our own process of educating others and educating ourselves, that we need gentleness. If we educate with a sledgehammer – with unceasing rain pour – it will simply submerge and destroy the crops. Even when it rains on earth, science tells us that on a higher level, the beginning process could have originated in snowflakes. So snowflakes are a symbol of that first gentle step.
Who has not been awed by the beauty of the city or countryside covered in snow? The serenity and whiteness of snow attracts us. We sense the purity of snow when we wake up in the morning and the streets, which are so often filled with grime, are all covered with a white blanket of snow. Snow is a great equalizer – no matter how big the building, or the car, whether a Lexus or a Hyundai, they’re all covered equally by the snow. Snow has the ability to cover over the impurities of life and remind us of our own purity.
So snow is heaven speaking to us – speaking to us through purity, speaking to us gently and gradually on our terms. Snow is the intermediary stage between heaven and earth; ice is a little closer to the level of earth; sleet is in between snow and ice. Thus every weather condition sends us a message and lesson – whether it’s rain, snow, ice, sleet or hail.
Ultimately, the intention is that the snow should melt and turn to water. Once the snow falls and blocks our driveways and streets, we want it to melt. In the education process the student needs to pause which requires a freezing of the water, but then at some point it has to melt and integrate into our system in order for us to grow.
The idea of educating through metaphor is further expressed through the numerical secret of snow. The gematria (numerical equivalent) of the Hebrew word sheleg (snow) is 333 (shin=300, lamed=30, gimmel=3). It says in Kabbalah that sheleg is the gematria of three times the letter alef. When you spell out the letter alef, it is 111. (Alef, lamed, and fei is 1+30+80=111.) So 111 times 3 is 333 which is sheleg.
What is the significance? The verse states, “Vayidaber Melech Shlomo shaloshes alafim moshel – King Solomon, (the wise one) spoke in 3,000 metaphors.” The number 3,000, three elefs (elef is one thousand), is snow. (The letter alef also refers to the word elef, 1,000.) So snow relates to the concept of three thousand metaphors.
What’s the relationship between the two? Sheleg, snow, is the concept of metaphor itself. The spiritual dimension of snow serves as an intermediary between Divine energy and the universe. Snow is the concept of explaining knowledge in metaphor. Its cosmic significance is this: To understand the process of how G-d created the universe, G-d could not allow the borders of divinity and spirituality to just flow ceaselessly and annihilate the boundaries of existence. G-d had to contain it, and the way He contained it is reflected in snow.
The mystique of snow is precisely because of its dual quality of heaven meeting earth, water meeting land. Next time you look at the snowflakes gently dropping from heaven, blanketing earth in its white embrace, remember that you are witnessing a kiss – the kiss of the Divine and the mundane.
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3D printing technology is often seen by experts and enthusiasts as the key to unlocking the doors between the make believe world and the real life. Scores of objects that are coming into the light of day as made possible by additive manufacturing are increasingly becoming more and more spectacular and astounding. The impressive nature of these 3D-printed things diminishes the gap between science fiction and the world outside of the screens or books.
The latest creations in robotics with the help of 3D printing technology are made right out of Hollywood blockbuster movies. Recently, a team of researchers from the University of Lisbon and University Institute of Lisbon brought to life robot boats. These boats may look like the ordinary cheap versions common in many toy stores across the globe, but these 3D-printed models are infinitely smarter by comparison. The creators of these robots refer to them as “self-teaching”. In fact, they have amazing “neural” functions that let them work as a swarm, as often seen in the way birds or fish do in nature.
The Portuguese creators of these smart robots, designed these things to work as a group to achieve bigger and more important things. When they work hand in hand, the possibilities they can do with search and rescue, surveillance, and other naval operations are simply staggering. For a navy that is almost always working around very tight budget constraints, these creations can potentially multiply so many of their capabilities at only a fraction of the cost.
Serving as the “brains” in these 3D-printed robots are a combination of several technologies that are staples in society nowadays. Every single one of these smart robots uses Wi-Fi, GPS, a compass, and a Raspberry Pi 2. With all these technologies functioning together, the swarm of robots performs the way other groups of animals do in relation to one another. The incredible sophistication of these robots are derived from principles that are quite old and often considered as crude—the Darwinian principles. As the more “intelligent” robots are replicated and mutated, the result is a staggering fleet of “thinking” and floating robotic marvels.
One example is how a functional 3D-printed boat takes the place of a malfunctioning member. This kind of action has huge benefits for a system that is designed to work more as a unit, rather than as individuals. These robots also display the kind of coordination that is a marvel to look at. Because of the technologies used, it is very rare, if any, to see any two boats colliding or simultaneously moving towards one specific area.
The navy is set to be revolutionized by this development as each 3D-printed smart boat costs only $330 apiece. It means that the navy can finally and literally launch more than a thousand ships without emptying their coffers. The smart boats can act on their own, but are simply way better when used together.
Dr. Anders Christensen and his team of researchers are not the only ones who are developing robot swarms. There are also a more than a couple of groups who are looking into the benefits of maximizing this technology to enhance so many aspects of the real world.
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The Dangers Of Over-Exercising
Any doctor, lifestyle guru or dietician will tell you that exercise is a hugely important part of any healthy lifestyle. The question is, can we have too much of a good thing? When it comes to physical activity, the answer is a resounding yes; excessive exercise can have a hugely detrimental impact on the human body and mind. As a result, it is of paramount importance that we understand exactly how to make our workouts work for us, and ensure that we stay safe1.
How Much Exercise Is Enough?
We all exercise for a variety of reasons, whether that's to merely maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of chronic illness later in life, or to reduce our BMIs to a lower score. Younger and older people will also have different requirements, but lets take a look at how much physical activity the typical American adult should be engaging in, to ensure a longer, fitter life.
Government guidelines suggest that we should be seeking 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week, spread as evenly as possible throughout those seven days, and potentially doubling to 300 minutes per week over time2. Moderate-intensity activities include speed walking, cycling across a flat surface, hiking, team sports such as basketball or volleyball, or even manually pushing a lawn mower around your yard. The key to noting whether you are successfully achieving this level of intensity is that you should still be able to hold a conversation, but singing along to the MP3 that you will no doubt be using as motivation, should be beyond you.
If time is against you and you fear that you may not be able to dedicate this many hours to exercising, an alternative would be to partake in vigorous physical activity for 75 minutes per week, eventually rising to 150. This kind of exercise involves an increased rate of cardio, and thus centers on such activities as running, lane swimming, cycling harder terrain, aerobics classes or even using a jump rope. You should be red in the face and breathing heavily after a bout of vigorous exercise.
In addition to these activities, it is advisable to work on all major muscles, such as those in your limbs, chest and back, at least twice a week. However, what's the worst that could happen if you're in a hurry to shed a few pounds and fit into your favorite dress within a couple of weeks?
The Physical Impact of Excessive Exercise
Obviously the first risk of exercising to excess is injury, especially if you leap into a regime without first building up a core tolerance for your body. Unless you have warmed up appropriately and prepared yourself for the intense activity, you could be subjecting your muscles and joints to all kinds of wear and tear, including potentially permanent damage. It's hugely important that you listen to the limits of your bodies endurance, and learn the difference between good pain and bad3 – every individual has a different tolerance based on their existing health and medical history,
If you are exercising to excess, you may also be depriving your body of an equally important element of the process – recovery. Physical activity should leave you feeling on top of the world, not lethargic with stiff, heavy legs and aches all over your body. If this begins to happen, cut down on the intensity a little. Your body is trying to send you a message that you are subjecting it to more than it can reasonably be expected to cope with, and you will need to slowly and steadily build up your endurance. Life is not a race, so there is no hurry to achieve huge levels of fitness.
Overtraining can also have a detrimental effect on your heart4, which defies the very point of running for many of us. Keep an eye on your resting heart rate before you take up your exercise regime, and make a note of it afterward. If you find that the organ is working at a rate of five beats per minute faster, or even more, then it's a sign that you are pushing yourself too hard and placing a huge strain on your cardiovascular system.
Another symptom of excessive exercise is perspiration and constant dehydration, no matter how much water you drink. This could lead to bloating, which may lead you to work out harder in an attempt to rid yourself of this unwelcome sensation, thus creating something of a vicious cycle. However, a little ‘sweat’ is good for the body to remove toxins, but this doesn’t mean you should create rivers of it to prove that you are pushing yourself to your limit.
Take heed of what your body is telling you, not necessarily your physical trainer or coach, the most enthusiastic of which will continually preach their mantra of ‘faster, longer, harder, more’ – having said that, let’s not tarnish all trainers with the same brush, as most of them are more realistic and mindful of each individuals capabilities. Unless you are already a trained athlete, this mantra does not apply to simply keeping fit.
There can be other significant symptoms of overtraining/exercising, some of which are physical, and others psychological. You must be aware of both sides of the coin.
The Mental Impact of Excessive Exercise
While it's easy to concern ourselves with the physical repercussions of excessive exercise, it's important not to forget the impact it can also have on our mental health.
It's well known that exercise floods our brains with all kinds of lovely endorphins, dopamine, seretone and adrenaline5 – similar to tucking into everybody’s favorite comfort food, chocolate. However, just as we're warned that the sugar contained with this sweet treat can become addictive and lead to health complications, the same can be said for exercise if we do not manage our physical activity.
If exercise goes beyond a health benefit and becomes a compulsion, it can be every bit as damaging as other forms of obsessive control, such as eating disorders. Somebody who exercises to extreme levels could be neglecting other areas of their life and mental health that require attention, and while a lack of physical activity can contribute to diagnoses of depression and anxiety, the same can be said for excessive training.
Firstly, there is the risk of injury that we have previously discussed. If you go from building your life around a fitness regime to finding yourself unable to lift a muscle it will be hugely detrimental to your sense of worth, in addition to leaving you at risk of withdrawal symptoms. Then comes the risk of exhaustion, which can be mental as much as physical. Somebody who engages in too much physicality may find himself or herself regularly tired and irritable, or even feeling guilty about the fact that they are not in the gym, which is not a positive headspace for anyone to find themselves in. The American Psychological Association does not currently recognize exercise addiction as a mental disorder, but there are a number of warning signs that it pays to be vigilant in keeping an eye out for6.
Be mindful if worry sets in, if you miss exercise or a workout session and feel guilty. There is nothing wrong with that, it is not a critical mistake and will do you no harm. Never put your physical activities first in line, make sure other important aspects of your life are not affected, such as work, ‘play’, family time and simply, enjoying yourself. Remember, that having fun playing football or games with the children in the fresh air, is still exercising, whilst relaxing your mind at the same time. Another important factor is taking rest or recovery days, they must be built into your schedule, particularly if you have had a debilitating illness such as a chest infection, or an injury.
Above all, NEVER cut out meals if you have not been able to exercise. This is not a substitute for missing an exercise session or going out for a power walk. If you reach this stage of guilt, it is the first step to eating disorders. Keep your relationship with exercise at a healthy level – you rule it, it doesn’t rule you.
Never lose sight of the fact that exercise is designed to make you feel better, not worse. Following these tips when applying exercise to our daily routines is a sure-fire way of preventing physical and mental burnout and ensuring that we remain in optimum condition, body and mind. Surely that’s what we’re looking to achieve when we put ourselves through our paces?
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|Lewisia rediviva var. rediviva in Wenas Wildlife Area, Washington|
The plant is native to western North America from low to moderate elevations on grassland, open bushland and forest. A small species of dry rocky or gravelly soils, it bears a single pink to lavender to white flower.
Lewisia rediviva is a low-growing perennial plant with a fleshy taproot and a simple or branched base. The flower stems are leafless, 1–3 centimetres (0.4–1.2 in) tall, bearing at the tip a whorl of 5–6 linear bracts which are 5–10 mm long. A single flower appears on each stem with 5–9 oval-shaped sepals. They range in color from whitish to deep pink or lavender. Flowering occurs from April through July. The petals (usually about 15) are oblong in shape and are 18–35 millimetres (0.7–1.4 in) long. At maturity, the bitterroot produces egg-shaped capsules with 6–20 nearly round seeds.
The plant grows on gravelly to heavy, usually dry soil on grassland, open shrubland or open forest from low elevations to the subalpine. Its range extends from southern British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon east of the Cascade Range to southern California, and east to western Montana, Wyoming, northern Colorado and northern Arizona.
History and culture
French trappers knew the plant as racine amère (bitter root). Native American names included spetlum/sp̓eƛ̓m̓ or spetlem, meaning "hand-peeled", nakamtcu (Ktanxa: naqam¢u), and mo'ôtáa-heséeo'ôtse (Cheyenne, "black medicine")
The roots were consumed by tribes such as the Shoshone and the Flathead Indians as an infrequent delicacy. Traditionally, the Ktunaxa cooked bitterroot with grouse. For the Ktunaxa, bitterroot is eaten with sugar; other tribes prefer eating it with salt. The Lemhi Shoshone believed the small red core found in the upper taproot had special powers, notably being able to stop a bear attack.
Meriwether Lewis ate bitterroot in 1805 and 1806 during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The specimens he brought back were identified and given their scientific name, Lewisia rediviva, by a German-American botanist, Frederick Pursh.
The bitterroot was selected as the Montana state flower on February 27, 1895.
Three major geographic features, the Bitterroot Mountains (running north-south and forming the divide between Idaho and Montana), the Bitterroot Valley, and the Bitterroot River (which flows south-north, terminating in the Clark Fork river in the city of Missoula), owe the origins of their names to this flower.
- Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Lewisia rediviva". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
- "Lewisia rediviva". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture; Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
- Giblin, David (Editor) (2015). "Lewisia rediviva". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
- "Lewisia rediviva". Jepson eFlora: Taxon page. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2015. Retrieved 2015-04-23.
- "Trivia | BitterrootHeaven.com". Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- "FirstVoices: Ktunaxa words". Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- Cheyenne Dictionary by Fisher, Leman, Pine, Sanchez.
- Ashley Casimer. "Nutrition: Ktunaxa People and the Traditional Food History". Aqam Community Learning Centre. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- Johnny Arlee (2008). The Gift of the Bitterroot. Salish Kootenai College, Npustin Press. ISBN 9780981683416. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
- Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press. Oregon. 1998 ISBN 0-88192-453-9
|Look up bitterroot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Media related to Lewisia rediviva
(bitter root) at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Lewisia rediviva at Wikispecies
- USDA Plants Profile for Lewisia rediviva (bitter root)
- Calflora Database: Lewisia rediviva (Bitter root)
- Central Washington Native Plant Society
- Plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
- Bitterroot, Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, U.S. Forest Service
- WSDOT - Ethnobotany - Herbs. Lewisia rediviva - Bitter-root, Sand Rose, Portulacaceae (Purslane Family)
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Here are some general guidelines to follow for the proper use and installation of smoke detectors.
- At least one photoionization smoke detector on each level of a house.
- One photoelectric smoke detector in each bedroom as well as the area just outside each bedroom.
- Ensure that the smoke detector you install has been tested and approved by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)
- For added protection, have your heating and cooling units checked annually by a qualified service contractor.
- Smoke detectors are not to be installed in the kitchen or bathroom.
- Replace the batteries every time you change your clock (spring and fall).
- Never paint a smoke detector.
- Never remove a smoke detector battery to use somewhere else.
- If you live in the Fire District or any of its contractual areas, and would like a home safety check, please call (636) 256-2000.
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas, that in high enough concentrations, can be fatal. Signs of carbon monoxide exposure may be dizziness, headache, nausea, drowsiness, weakness, convulsions, and unconsciousness. A carbon monoxide detector can alert household residents to a threat, even before symptoms appear.
Carbon Monoxide detectors should be centrally located outside of each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms, and each detector should be located on the wall, ceiling or other location as specified in the installation instructions that accompany the unit.
Always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines regarding installation, maintenance and operation of detectors, and replace them accordingly.
Fire Safety for Children
Protect Your Family! Curious kids set fires. Teach your child fire safety by following these fire safety tips and keep your children safe.
Fire Safety for Children Checklist
- Keep all matches and lighters out of the hands of children. If possible, keep these sources of fire in locked drawers. Consider buying only “child-proof” lighters — but be aware that no product is completely child-proof.
- Children as young as two years old can strike matches and start fires.
- Never leave children unattended near operating stoves or burning candles, even for a short time.
- Teach children not to pick up matches or lighters they may find. Instead, they should tell an adult immediately.
Child Fire Safety At Home
- Smoke alarms should be installed on every level of the home, especially near sleeping areas.
- Smoke alarms should be kept clean of dust by regularly vacuuming over and around them.
- Replace batteries in smoke alarms at least once a year. And replace the entire unit after ten years of service, or as the manufacturer recommends.
- Families should plan and practice two escape routes from each room of their home.
- Regularly inspect the home for fire hazards.
- If there are adults in the home who smoke, they should use heavy safety ashtrays and discard ashes and butts in metal, sealed containers or the toilet.
- If there is a fireplace in the home, the entire opening should be covered by a heavy safety screen. The chimney should be professionally inspected and cleaned annually.
- Children should cook only under the supervision of an adult or with their permission.
- Children should never play with electrical cords or electrical sockets. They should ask adults for help plugging in equipment.
- Children should stay away from radiators and heaters, and they should be taught that these devices are not toys. Young children in particular must be taught not to play with or drop anything into space heaters. Nothing should be placed or stored on top of a heater.
- Pots on stovetops should always have their handles turned toward the center of the stove, where children cannot reach up and pull or knock them off.
- Teach children to turn off lights, stereos, TVs, and other electrical equipment when they are finished using them. In the case of room heaters, children should ask an adult to turn it off when the room will be empty.
- Children should never touch matches, lighters, or candles. If they find matches or lighters within reach, they should ask an adult to move them.
- No one should stand too close to a fireplace or wood stove or other types of heaters, where clothes could easily catch fire.
Warning Signs of Fireplay
- Evidence of fire play, such as burnt matches, clothes, paper, toys, etc., or if you smell smoke in hair or clothes.
- Inappropriate interest in firefighters and/or fire trucks, such as frequent, improper calls to the fire department or 9-1-1.
- Child asks or tries to light cigarettes or candles for you or other adults.
- Matches or lighters in their pockets or rooms.
Channel Your Child’s Curiosity
- Talk to your child or students in a calm, assured manner about fire safety.
- Consider visiting a fire station if children are very interested in firefighting and/or fire trucks or ask a firefighter to visit your child’s classroom. Have the firefighter talk about his/her job and the dangers of fire.
- Create opportunities for learning about child fire safety at home. For example, when you cook, let your child get the pot holder for you; when you use the fireplace, let your child bring you the wood or tools; if you use candles, let the child check to make sure the candle holder fits snugly; and when you change or test the batteries in your smoke alarms, ask the child to help you.
Source: U.S. Fire Administration
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Ants cause problems primarily when they forage in buildings for food or water, or when they construct nests in buildings and gardens. When searching for food, ants can be attracted to a wide range of products, with different species preferring sweets, meats, fats or oils. They will also search indoors for water during dry periods. When desirable items are found many species will recruit fellow nest mates to help gather the food and return it to the nest. This can result in large numbers of ants appearing over a short period of time.
Of all insects that infest buildings, ants are the most common. There are many different species of ant. Each is unique in terms of nesting sites, habits, characteristics and feeding preferences.
Ants live in colonies consisting of:
- An egg-laying female (Queen)
- Short-lived males and workers (sterile female)
- Foragers in gardens or kitchens (Workers)
Ant control can be difficult, but there are some things you should know about their behavior that will help you keep things under control:
Entry: Ants can enter through even the tiniest cracks, seeking water and sweet or greasy food substances in the kitchen and pantry.
Pheromone trails: Ants leave an invisible chemical trail which contains pheromones for others to follow once they locate the food source.
Nest locations: They can nest anywhere in and around your home or office; in lawns, walls, stumps, foundations, and even under concrete slabs.
Colony size: A colony can contain thousands of Ants and whole colonies can uproot and relocate quickly when threatened.
Colony Lifetime: A colony can live a relatively long lifetime. Worker ants may live seven years and the queen may live as long as 15 years.
Do-it-yourself ineffectiveness: Most do-it-yourself ant control approaches only kill the ants you see and are ineffective as a long term solution.
Ant Prevention Tips:
- Clean up food and drink spills immediately.
- Rinse out cans or bottles before putting them into the recycling bin.
- Keep food stored tightly.
- Pick up pets food at night and don’t feed them outdoors.
- Seal cracks around doors and windows, and keep gutters and downpipes clean.
Successful, long-term ant control requires more than just a surface spray. At Dawson’s Australia, we use the latest products available including repellent, non-repellent liquid insecticide as well as insecticidal dusts, baits and granules.
Call us today on 03 9222 2266 and speak with one of our customer service team members to answer any questions and arrange a specialised treatment.
Why Choose Dawson’s Australia
- Quick Same Day / Next Day Service
- We Provide Safe, Family Friendly Spider Control Methods
- Knowledgeable & Certified Technicians
- Comprehensive Treatments to Control your Ant Infestation!
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Encyclopedia Symptoms / / May 27, 2016
Alternative names: elasticity of the skin, loss of skin elasticity
Tension or stress state of membranes of living cells of the skin - the skin's ability to change shape and then return to its normal form, ie, elasticity.skin turgor - a term that is commonly used by health professionals to assess the degree of fluid loss or dehydration.
Fluid loss can occur due to takiz causes like diarrhea or vomiting.Infants and young children with vomiting, diarrhea and decreased fluid intake or no fluid intake can rapidly lose a significant amount of fluid.High body temperature accelerates this process.
To determine skin turgor, the doctor for a few seconds examining the skin of the patient on the back of the hand, forearm or abdomen between two fingers - so that it is lifted.
Skin with normal turgor may quickly return to its normal position.Skin with decreased turgor remains supple and very slowly returns to its original position.
Reduced skin turgor is a late onset of dehydration, then there is dehydration -
Note: edema (accumulation of fluid in the tissues, causing swelling) affects the way that the skin becomes extremely difficult to compress.
Reasons for changes in turgor
reducing skin elastichnosi, or turgor, unfortunately, is one of the signs of the beginning of the aging process.However, it could be evidence of the following issues in the body:
- reduction of fluid intake;
- a sharp, sudden and rapid weight loss;
- heat stroke (excessive sweating without adequate fluid intake);
Connective tissue diseases - such as scleroderma and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (CED), may also affect the elasticity of the skin.They have no relation to the liquid, but are related to the change in the properties of the skin tissue elasticity.
Diagnosis and treatment
quick check of skin turgor - pinch the skin on the back of his hand on the abdomen or on the front of the chest under the collarbone.This is a good way to check for dehydration at home.
necessary to drink more fluids - particularly water.
If turgor strong, indicating moderate or severe dehydration, and then you must consult a doctor immediately.
about poor skin turgor, especially accompanied with vomiting, diarrhea, or high body temperature, they say if:
- during skin testing is very slow return the skin to its normal state.This may indicate dehydration that is severe enough to require immediate treatment;
- reduces patient skin turgor and are unable to increase the intake of fluids (eg, because of vomiting).
doctor will have to perform a diagnostic examination and may ask the patient questions about his medical history, including these:
- how long he had symptoms of turgor;
- What other symptoms came before the change in skin turgor (vomiting, diarrhea and other);
- that the patient made in the treatment of this disease;
- whether the patient felt better;
- whether the patient got worse;
- which still have symptoms of the patient (eg, dry mouth, decreased urine output, and so on.).
tests that can be performed:
- blood chemistry;
- complete blood count;
Intravenous fluids may be needed in severe dehydration.Did the patient medication needed for the treatment of other symptoms that affect the skin turgor and elasticity.
03 Jun, 2016
03 Jun, 2016
03 Jun, 2016
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New flicks with celebs in interfaith relationships and from interfaith backgrounds, plus their baby news!Go To Pop Culture
The current Pope has signed a decree heroic virtues for two previous popes: his predecessor, John Paul II, and Pius XII, who was pope during the Second World War. This is one step before beatification. Predictably, some Jews have already pointed out why they wouldn’t make Pius XII a saint–most historians believe he did little to save Jews from the Nazis.
Deborah Dwork, a historian and Holocaust expert at Clark University, and Rabbi Eric Greenberg, who runs interfaith work at the Anti-Defamation League, wrote an editorial condemning the move as an attack on Jews. Further, the editorial discusses and dismisses historians arguing that Pius XII did more behind the scenes to save Jewish lives than he seemed to have done in public. The Catholic League responded with another editorial that called Dwork and Greenberg’s criticism “unseemly” and pointed out all the things Pius XII was known to have done to save Jews. (To me, it’s not all that impressive, but you read it and see what you think.)
Tracking the issue of Catholic-Jewish relations for this blog has been very interesting for me. I grew up post-Vatican II and most of my adult life has been during the papacy of John Paul II, the pope who did the most to foster positive relations between Catholics and Jews of any pope, ever. The current papacy has made a series of missteps with relation to Catholic-Jewish relations–and people in my generation did not expect them, I think.
It’s true Pope Benedict XVI is German and a voice on the right on Church matters, but he was completely on board with John Paul’s gestures to the Jewish community–in fact, he was the one who prepared a definitive church document, Memory and Reconciliation, that outlines the Church’s responsibility in past anti-Jewish violence. We had reason to expect him to continue in the same line. Ruth Ellen Gruber’s JTA article, After Pius move, Pope Benedict practices delicate Jewish dance, outlines the back and forth of recent papal decisions.
I really don’t know the truth about Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust. No one does, because the documents historians want to see to find out are in closed Vatican archives. It’s possible that the current pope knows something we don’t. I was trained as a historian and even if I weren’t Jewish I would probably be on Deborah Dwork’s side about opening those archives.
[float=left][/float]I was so thrilled to learn from a recent piece in the Tablet that Antonio Sabato Jr. was actually Jewish! Sabato is best known for his work as the gorgeous Calvin Klein underwear model and actor on General Hospital. (Photo by Jerry Avenaim used under a Creative Commons license.)
Sabato’s mother, Yvonne, is Jewish but did not discover her heritage until she was an adult. Her mother hid her Jewish identity and sent Yvonne to Catholic school. The family had also moved from Prague to Italy. Antonio’s grandparents and uncle were killed in Auschwitz during the Shoah.
In the Tablet Sabato describes his upbringing as “very liberal, Judaism, and Catholicism. He does hope to visit Israel with his mother. (What a good Jewish son!) For now, Sabato is starring on his own reality series, My Antonio in which his mother helps him find true love.
I met Wyman Brent on Twitter–he’s a librarian, which already biased me in his favor. Today he posted to tell his Twitter followers, “Tomorrow at 12 I sign agreement for Vilnius Jewish Library. 1st real Jewish library in Lithuania since war.” In an article in the Baltic Times, “Making the Vilnius Jewish Library a Reality,” he explained,
“It’s kind of strange because I’m not Jewish and I’m not of Lithuanian descent,” said Brent.
There is still a small Jewish community in Vilnius, once called the Jerusalem of Lithuania. (In Yiddish, it’s called Vilna.) This is very interesting to me as a person working for an organization that serves interfaith Jewish families, since most of the small remnant of the formerly vibrant and large communities in Eastern Europe are in such families. And also — it’s Vilna, where Hirsch Glik wrote the stirring song of resistance with the chorus, “Mir zaynen doh” — we are here.
Another web resource about small Jewish communities is the Small Synagogues website, http://www.smallsynagogues.com/. It contains the sweet stories of synagogues in small towns like Abilene, Texas and Sheboygan, Wisc. I really liked the warm tone of Sherry Levine Zander’s articles. That, too, has overlap with the lives of a lot of children of interfaith families who grew up as the only Jews in small towns.
Today is Yom HaShoah, Holocaust Remembrance Day. I learned while I was doing the research for our Jewish Holidays Cheat Sheet that the reason it falls now is that the Israeli government wanted the commemoration of the Holocaust to be tied to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. I just read a beautiful book about Catholic Poles who hid Jews in Warsaw during the war, The Zookeeper’s Wife, and another, more recent book about the heroic effort of archivists to preserve a record of the Warsaw ghetto, Who Will Write Our History? by Samuel Kassow. The story of something as huge and overwhelming as the Shoah is only accessible in small piece, individual stories.
Such a story is contained in the film Out of Faith, a documentary about the life of a Holocaust survivor and her relationship with her grandchildren in interfaith marriages. When the film was first released, we published a review of the film, an essay by the director of the film, Lisa Leeman and an essay the producer of the film, L. Marc DeAngelis. They had contrasting perspectives on interfaith marriage and how the Jewish community should deal with it. Leeman is herself the child of an interfaith marriage. Continue reading
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Whales and Dolphins
Whales and dolphins (cetaceans) are divided into two suborders – baleen whales (mystecetes) and toothed whales (odontocetes).
Baleen Whales – The humpback whale is by far the most common baleen species found in Hawaiian waters, although there have been rare sightings of fin, minke, Bryde’s, blue, and North Pacific right whales as well. As many as 10,000 humpbacks come to Hawai‘i every year to mate, give birth and nurse their calves. Hawaii’s humpback whale season runs from November through May, with January through March being the peak whale-watching months. Humpback whales are provided special protection in Hawai‘i by the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. Humpback whales are also protected as an endangered species under federal and state law. For more on humpback whales, visit the NOAA humpback whale site.
Toothed Whales – Hawai‘i’s toothed whales range from the endangered sperm whale to a variety of smaller whales and dolphins. Commonly sighted toothed whales include pilot and false killer whales, as well as bottlenose and spinner dolphins. For more on toothed whales, visit the NOAA cetaceans site.
Hawaiian Monk Seals
Hawaiian monk seals are among the most critically endangered mammals in the world. Only about 1,200 seals are alive today. Most seals live in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, but there is a small and potentially growing population of seals in the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). A 2005 survey observed 76 seals in the MHI.
Monk seals frequently haul-out on our shorelines to rest and molt. Female seals also haul-out on shore for up to seven weeks to give birth and nurse their pups. Hauled-out seals may look sick, but they are usually perfectly healthy. Please keep your distance and just let them rest. Hawaii’s leash laws apply to all beaches, so keep all pets on leash and pick up after them. Dogs have attacked seals, and they carry diseases that are potentially lethal to seals.
To report a marine mammal in trouble (injured, stranded, or entangled whale, dolphin or seal) please call the NOAA Marine Mammal Hotline: 1-888-256-9840. Please report immediately and keep your distance, for your safety. Injured, sick or entangled animals can be unpredictable and dangerous.
To report marine mammal disturbance or legal violation, please call the NOAA Office of Law Enforcement Hotline: 1-800-853-1974 and then call DLNR, Division of Conservation and Resources Enforcement (DOCARE) statewide hotline: 643-DLNR (3567).
Frequently Asked Questions?
Q. There’s a monk seal on the beach and it looks sick – what should I do?
A. Most seals that haul-out on the shoreline are just fine. They may have mucus around their eyes, scars on their body, and may lie very still, as if they are not breathing, but that’s normal. Please keep your distance; do not try to get close to the animal. They need to be allowed to rest undisturbed. If you see an obvious sign of injury, such as an open wound or entanglement in rope or net, please call the NOAA hotline at 1-888-256-9840.
Q. There’s a whale or dolphin on the beach or swimming in very shallow water – what should I do?
A. Whales and dolphins on the shoreline or swimming in very shallow water (less than 5 feet) are usually sick or injured. Please keep your distance -these animals are very strong, heavy, and unpredictable – and call the NOAA hotline at 1-888-256-9840.
Q. I see a marine mammal that’s entangled in rope or net – what should I do?
A. Call the NOAA hotline at 1-888-256-9840. If it’s safe, please stay nearby the animal to keep track of it until a trained response team can arrive. Never try to untangle a marine mammal on your own, without permission and guidance from NOAA. Too many well-meaning people have been seriously injured or drowned while attempting to save an entangled whale, dolphin or seal.
Q. What should I do if I accidentally hook a monk seal while fishing or if I see a hooked seal?
A. Please immediately call the NOAA hotline at 1-888-256-9840. You will then be given guidance over the phone on what to do depending on the situation. Review NOAA’s fisheries interactions guidelines for more information on how to avoid seal interactions.
Q. Why should we protect Hawaiian monk seals? They don’t belong in the main Hawaiian Islands and eat all our fish!
A. Hawaiian monk seals are native to the Hawaiian Islands, and occur nowhere else in the world. Though most monk seals are currently in the NWHI, rare sightings were recorded in the Main Islands in the early 20th century (beginning in 1928) and there is good archaeological evidence that monk seals were here hundreds of years ago. Seals usually feed on bottom-dwelling creatures, such as eels, flatfish, wrasses, octopus, and crustaceans. Seals have never been observed hunting pelagic fish, such as mahi-mahi, ahi, aku, etc. Like sharks and other marine predators, seals play an essential role in our reef ecosystem, maintaining a balance that allows for the highest levels of productivity in our local fisheries.
Q. How close I can get to a humpback whale?
A. Federal law states that no one may approach a humpback whale within 100 yards in Hawaiian waters. This means that all ocean users (boaters, swimmers, surfers, etc. ) must stay at least 100 yards from any humpback whale at all times. NOAA and DLNR issue a very limited number of special permits to researchers and rescue personnel to get closer than 100 yards. If, while on the water, you find a whale closer than 100 yards to you – if a whale approaches you, for instance – NOAA asks that you remain stationary and wait for the whale to move away. If you are in a motorized vessel, please put your engine in neutral (do not turn it off), and wait for the whale to move away. For more information about whale watching rules and guidelines in Hawaii, please visit the HIHWNMS whale guidelines web page.
Q. How close can I get to whales, dolphins, and monk seals?
A. Except for humpback whales (see above), there is no law specifying the minimum distance people can approach a marine mammal. However, getting close to these animals may constitute a federal or state violation if the animal is disturbed or if your action has the potential to disturb its natural behavioral patterns. NOAA and DLNR recommend, for your safety and the animals’ protection, that everyone stay at least 150 feet from all marine mammals. If maintaining this distance isn’t possible, keep safety in mind and move away from the animal as carefully as possible, avoiding sudden movements and other actions that might disturb the animal. For wildlife viewers, please enjoy from a distance – use binoculars and telephoto lenses to get the best views without disturbing the wildlife.
ROAR Hawai‘i Public Service Announcements
ROAR Hawai‘i is a collection of information on Native Hawaiian ocean related practices and resources with the purpose of encouraging understanding and appreciation of our ocean through research, education, and culture. DLNR was a partner in the production of these two public service announcements:
How would you choose?
If you don’t like it, what makes you think they do?
All marine mammals are protected by federal and state law. An overview of this protection is provided below. For more information, check out the following websites:
- NOAA’s Office of Protected Resources
- Hawaii Administrative Rules 13-124: Endangered and threatened wildlife
MMPA and ESA
Under federal law, all marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Some marine mammals, including humpback whales, sperm whales, and Hawaiian monk seals, are also protected as endangered species under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) Marine Mammal Stock Assessment Reports (SARs) by Region
National Marine Sanctuaries Act
Humpback whales are protected in the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA). The sanctuary is co-managed as a federal-state partnership by the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources and NOAA, National Ocean Service, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries.
Marine mammals listed as endangered or threatened species, including humpback whales, sperm whales, and Hawaiian monk seals, are protected under Hawai‘i Revised Statutes, Chapter 195D and Hawai‘i Administrative Rules, 13-124.
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Is giftedness being identified among students in poverty?
Lorenzo, Jody C.
Limitations may exist in the current practices to assess and identify giftedness, particularly among children of poverty (Davis & Rimm, 2004; Slocumb & Payne, 2000). The purpose of this study was to examine educators’ perceptions about the concept of giftedness, specifically if children of poverty are being adequately identified in the recruitment process for enrichment programs. An adapted version of the survey entitled, Assumptions Underlying the Identification of Gifted and Talented Students (Renzulli, Brown, & Gubbins, 2005) was distributed to approximately 500 administrators, classroom teachers, and resource room/learning assistance teachers of elementary schools in a large urban school division. There were 101 respondents. The survey consisted of twenty-five statements, utilizing a five point Likert scale, exploring teachers’ perceptions of assessment practices used to identify gifted and/or talented students. Respondents were also invited to convey their personal professional opinions regarding giftedness by answering a series of open-ended questions. Descriptive analyses (e.g., mean, standard deviation) of continuous variables (e.g., years of experience), and frequency distributions of categorical variables (e.g., school setting, current position) were conducted. Analyses of variance (ANOVA’s) were conducted for comparisons among the average responses (i.e., teacher responses, administrator responses) for each factor. In addition, Pearson correlations were also conducted to investigate relationships between dependent variables (e.g., the factors) and independent variables (e.g., age, years of experience). Open-ended questions were categorized with consideration to common themes based upon the responses of the participants and analyzed using descriptive analyses. The culminating examinations and interpretations indicated that educators believe the processes of defining and identifying giftedness among students in poverty are flawed and restrictive. Furthermore, the responses were indicative of educators’ desires to embrace giftedness in a variety of contexts and domains.
DegreeMaster of Education (M.Ed.)
DepartmentEducational Psychology and Special Education
ProgramEducational Psychology and Special Education
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This past week has helped shed a lot of light on the student afterlife. So, once we can check the Master’s Degree, Certification and Student Teaching off our to-do list, we’re done with all the books, theories, technologies and discussing our (future) trade with our peers. Right?
Nope. I think I’ve heard somewhere in this class that learning never stops. We are supposed to be professional learners and in fact, model learning for our students. Furthermore, teachers in New York State need over 125 hours of professional development in the span of 5 years. How are we supposed to do that? Conferences? Workshops? Twitter?!?!?!
That’s right. Technology can facilitate the learning of educators as well. Think about this. If one teacher goes to a conference, they can tweet out different events, exercises, new technologies, or even instructional strategies they learn about. Then, their technicapable colleagues can search out the designated hashtag, and they transcend time and space to benefit from the conference almost as if they were physically present. Furthermore, personal learning communities can be created utilizing other Web 2.o applications that we have studied and utilized in our graduate classroom. Want to share an idea with your peers, but want more than 160 characters to do so? Try creating a Ning for your school. Don’t worry, it doesn’t cost instructors a dime, but the school district might have to pick up a small tab for yearly usage. This fee is likely still much smaller than the total bill for sending educators to these conferences or workshops. Technology allows us to work smarter, not harder, by exponentially increasing the wealth of knowledge available to instructors and making it accessible anytime, anywhere.
In today’s schools, a large issue that schools deal with is bullying. Especially on the technological front, cyber-bullying is hard to monitor, but the ramifications are endless.
When students are confronted with issues of bullying, the best case scenario is that students report the issue. Teachers and administrators should confront these issues as they happen, and hopefully (as I’ve experienced), they handle them with patience and sensitivity.
How can students handle such situations when they have bad media influences? Students who love football have this problem to face especially. This article discusses the issues surrounding the use of the n-word in locker rooms. From different stances, the use of the n-word falls into both positive and negative lights. Obviously, the word is loaded and has a highly contentious background. I do no suggest discussions of the term in the classroom, unless teachers approach such a discussion with kid-gloves and extensive sensitivity. The history and negative connotations of the term are extensive. However, sports and other activities that claim to be color blind have different approaches use the negative term subversively as means of in-group association.
What are your ideas? Is it ok to use such a loaded work to conotate in-group association beyond the classroom?
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How a person speaks is a reflection of who that person is. But speech is not just a means of display, like a peacock's plumage. We don't just speak at each other to prove how articulate or forceful or clever we are. We speak to each other.
Dialogue is what we get when we engage in that singularly human exercise of speaking to each other. It's dialogue that allows us to have the most complex interactions and relationships— and the most agonizing misunderstandings. Language is, of course, meant to communicate, and no matter how often we misinterpret each other, we keep on trying to connect through words.
But language provides more than connections. It also powers action. Anyone who has tried to find an address in a foreign city knows how essential conversation is to getting something done. So let's go beyond individual voice and speak of voices: arguing, agreeing, jawing, joking— making conversation that matters.
You might rent some videos with snappy dialogue, like the screwball comedies of the 30s, or David Mamet's films. Listen for the reaction pauses in those lightning-quick exchanges, and see if you can use for rhythm and balance in your own witty repartee. You'll probably also notice the repetition that links one line to the next like a drumbeat:
"So I say, baby, let the good times roll!"
"Right. Let 'em roll. I know how that works. You let those good times roll right over you, and tomorrow I'll find you plastered on the sidewalk."
Consider some purposes of conversations in your book (the purposes to the conversants, not just to your story), e.g., persuasion, intimidation, comfort, seduction, alliance-building, information exchange, time-passing, boasting....
Just keep focused on the results of this dialogue; what this conversation can do to these characters. Here are some effects that can come right from conversation, without any further action.
• A conspiracy to do something.
• A breakup.
• An alliance.
• A change in vote or position.
• A discovery of the key to a puzzle.
• A deepening mystery.
• A misinterpretation.
• A revelation of a secret.
• A change in attitude.
• A change in behavior.
• A flirtation.
• A deception.
• A surrender.
1) Consider some purposes of conversations in your book (the purposes to the conversants, not just to your story), e.g., persuasion, intimidation, comfort, seduction, alliance-building, information exchange, time-passing, boasting....
Choose one purpose and craft a conversation in which the purpose is not fulfilled-- but which still advances the plot in some way.
2) List ways your characters might interact in conversation, e.g., fight, deceive-doubt, interrogate-resist, sweettalk-resist, sweettalk-succumb, comfort-accept, mutual flattery. Choose one and craft a conversation that shows the relationship changing in some way because of the interaction.
For example, John is trying to confide in his mother. He confesses his big secret-- that he got a tattoo on his buttocks a few months ago, and he thinks something went wrong.
"Mom, do you know anything about, well, hepatitis?"
"Hepatitis? I know it's a disease drug ad-- I mean, I know it's a disease. Why? Are you, umm, maybe doing a report for school?"
"What is it, sweetie? Come on, tell me. You know you can tell me anything. I might get mad, but you know it never lasts. I'm your mother. I love you no matter what, remember? And if you need help, well, I'll get it for you."
"I know. I know. Okay, I'll tell you. Just promise not to get mad, okay? I mean, you can get mad if you have to, but don't get too mad. I-- I don't know what to do!"
Mom can sense, probably from her son's tone of voice, that this is serious. So she stops herself from saying something inflammatory about drug addicts, and reminds him instead of her unwavering love. This keeps him from pulling away defensively, and makes him realize that he can trust her to help him out of the trouble his secrecy has gotten him into. Their relationship will be strengthened by this, because they are both being reminded of what that essential parent-child bond means.
3) Revise to make the change in relationship more clear. Dialogue, just like narrative, can cause things to happen in the story-- and SHOULD. :) A conversation, an overheard whisper, a ringing declaration, can make the plot go into a new direction. Striving for this can just about instantly vitalize your dialogue by making it more than just clever conversation. It will be... ACTION.
You can probably come up with other ways dialogue can cause change. But the important thing is--make the dialogue you have serve that purpose.
Look at the passages, especially the long ones, and see how they can affect the plot either now or later. (That lie she tells in chapter 2 sure better come back to haunt her in chapter 10 or so!)
One other thought-- make the characters work at it. The key to effective dialogue, I think, is that the speakers have to spark a bit off each other to get to the change-point. Otherwise you could just summarize it in narrative: -- She told him about the paper hidden in the Bible.-- But if you're going to have dialogue, make the tension in it lead to the change, propel them towards change. "Give me that back! You can't just rifle through my Bible that way!"
TYPES OF DIALOGUE ACTION AND INTERACTION
Remember John Barnes's definition? He's a theater historian, so he's used to plays, where dialogue is all-important. ACTION is any irreversible event that changes the course of events course of events of the story.
Key words: IRREVERSIBLE — CHANGES
So Jack speaks his confession into a recorder, then instead of hitting playback, he rewinds and records over it: No go. That's not action because it's reversible.
But if Sally is hiding under the bed. and hears him dictating, he can rewind all he likes, but she still knows the truth, and will now be able to act on it. That's irreversible dialogue. Anything spoken aloud and heard by someone else is irreversible. But that does mean anything he says just to himself doesn't count. Introspection is well and good, but he can always take it back. His thoughts have to be heard to be irreversible. He can speak them aloud, or act on them… only then does a thought become irreversible.
Harder still is making sure that dialogue has an effect, that it changes something not just in the plot, but in the relationship. How can you accomplish that? First, start by deciding that you're not going to have long stretches of dialogue that just displays how funny this guy is, or shows how well they get along, or passes on to the reader some necessary information. All that is fine, but think how the conversation will crackle when the reader realizes that this moment of conversation is going to change something.
What sort of change can a conversation bring?
Especially in a comedy, making information exchange a conversation of
conflict can provide a bit of humor. Here's an example from a historical novel:
conflict can provide a bit of humor. Here's an example from a historical novel:
"Jane, do let me put my bonnet up. I have been out all day looking for
your bir–" Lucy stopped and clapped her hand over her wayward mouth.
your bir–" Lucy stopped and clapped her hand over her wayward mouth.
"My bir– my birthday gift? Oh, Aunt Lucy! What? What did you get me?"
"Your birthday isn't for three days."
"Oh, tell me now! Tell me!" Jane put her little hands to her heart. "I
promise to be good!"
promise to be good!"
How long does Lucy hold out before she tells what the gift is? Now there's bound to be an information exchange, but it isn't just a quick spill– there's conflict, and character revelation, and lots of whining before she imparts the important fact.
What's important is that the story changes somehow because one character has passed on some information to the other. So make something happen as a result of this exchange. The niece insists on going to the stable to see the birthday horse, and there she meets the young Mr. Ferguson, nephew of the best friend of Lucy's late husband. Eventually this "seed" conversation can lead to a change in their relationship, where the younger lady becomes more adventurous than her aunt.
Using that same story progression, here are some common events that happen because of the action and interaction in dialogue.
Discovery is another form of information exchange, but instead of just passing on what one already knows, it results in a revelation of something neither speaker knew. Talking together helps them put together pieces of a puzzle.
"The stablemaster writes to say Jane didn't attend her riding lesson today," Lucy said, staring at the note as trepidation filled her.
Captain Ferguson frowned. "You know, that must have been your Jane I saw in my nephew's curricle! I thought it looked like her, but I assumed you had her well-chaperoned."
"They are courting!"
Discovery requires that both contribute some essential fact, and the sum is a new piece of information. The conversation is active because, without this particular sharing of facts, the truth would never come out. This use of dialogue is especially good when you want both to participate in the discovery of some event or clue. It gives them a way to cooperate, to produce something together, and in a romance can subtly show how well
A conversation can also result in an alliance of interests. It's most fun if the conversation leads them to realize they need to work together, especially if that's a frightening prospect.
"I don't care what you say, Captain Ferguson." Lucy looked implacably at him. "My sister sent Jane to me so that her daughter can marry well. And I regret to say that a penniless young lieutenant isn't going to suit."
"You think I want my nephew shackling himself to some twittery little snob?"
"My niece is not–" Lucy stopped and listened to the echo of his words. Then, slowly, she said, "You don't want this marriage either?"
It's best that they start out somewhat at odds, so the conversation brings them to alliance. Thus, in the course of the dialogue scene, they move from adversaries to reluctant allies.
Sometimes when two people realize they have a common interest, they end up conspiring together. This involves agreeing tacitly or openly to work together more or less in secret. So the concerned aunt and uncle above might agree to work to stop the wedding. They're creating a shared goal and a plan to achieve it. Take the conversation further if you can. A plan requires action, so as they're arguing and negotiating the steps involved in stopping the wedding, you'll be showing them learning to work together– and where they're in conflict.
"I remember when I was nineteen," Captain Ferguson observed, as if it was a century ago and not just a decade. "I would never have let a relative tell me whom I could court."
Lucy sighed. "Jane is just that way. She thrives on opposition. A very dear girl, but..." She glanced over and could see that Captain Ferguson was struggling manfully not to say that this must be a family trait. She said, "They are counting on us to object, aren't they? So why don't we ... surprise them?"
"You mean, pretend that we are in favor of the match?" Captain Ferguson frowned in thought. "Well, I can't think of anything more likely to make Joseph think twice, than me telling him that Jane is a perfect wife."
Lucy said decisively, "Let's then. Let's take every opportunity to throw them together."
"Do you attend the Haversham musicale tomorrow night? We can insist they sit together. With both of us nearby, of course, so as not to excite
Conspiracies lead to joint action. Use this conversation to set up regular meetings between them, for example, where they have to act together to further their shared goal. Secrecy only adds to the fun of their meetings.
Maybe your characters are getting along way too well, especially if they're conspiring. Well, bring on a conversation that leads to greater conflict. But don't make it trivial. Oh, the surface-level topic might be trivial, but see if you can make their
responses reflect some internal conflicts.
responses reflect some internal conflicts.
Lucy declared, "Everyone in my family gets married at St. George's."
"Since we plan that they won't actually get wedded, what difference does it make? It will be easier to set the wedding outside London– easier to cancel it, that is, with the least fanfare."
"Jane will think I disapprove if I set the ceremony anywhere but St. George's."
He regarded her with narrowed eyes. "Your wedding was in St. George's, I seem to recall." He added, "It rained. All day."
"This is England, Captain Ferguson," she said coldly. "It frequently rains here, and not just outside of St. George's. If you hadn't left in the middle of the ceremony, you would have seen that we made a game of it, leaving the church under our umbrellas."
"A game. Yes. I've observed that you considered marriage itself a game, Mrs. Endicott."
She gasped, but he was going on as if he cared not that he had just impugned her virtue. "No St. George's. I will not hear of it. I will not have my nephew even consider marrying in the place where you married my poor dead fool of a best friend!"
Again, aim for some change in their relationship. They start out thinking they can clear this little problem up, but find that actually, the more they talk, the more at odds they are– and it will be especially interesting if it reveals why they are really in conflict.
Conflict is the fuel that powers the plot, but you can't have them always fighting, or the reader will start to suspect these two have no reason to ally. If they have been at odds, then a conversation can lead to some kind of truce, reluctant or not. Again, there must be change from the state in the beginning of the conversation to another state at
"Gretna Green?" Lucy whispered. "They've eloped?"
"Damnation. They've got a two-hour head start on me."
Lucy grabbed up her bonnet. "I'm going too."
"Nonsense," he said. He couldn't imagine even a few hours alone with Lucy. They would do nothing but argue, and every angry word would put new scars in his heart.
"Let me go along," she said. "It might spare Jane's reputation if I'm there to bring her home."
He stood irresolute, his hand on the door. Finally he muttered, "We will do them no good if we show up fighting like Napoleon's artillery against Wellington's cavalry."
She smiled suddenly, sadly. "I promise to be civil to you. If you promise to be civil back."
"Oh, all right."
"Let's take your phaeton. It will be faster."
A treaty should lead to some shared decision– taking his phaeton, for example– to show that their cooperation is not just talk.
Remember that the act of lying is, in itself, irreversible. That is, once it's done, it's very hard to take back, and the resulting mess of admitting to the lie or being caught in it can be extreme. So if one character is deceiving the other, see if you can make him lie directly in conversation.
Speaking it aloud makes him commit more to the deception because he cannot take it back now. But make sure the deception has an effect on the plot. For example, she relies on what he has told her to make a decision or take an action, or, alternatively, she recognizes it as a lie, and his deception destroys her trust in him. Or she challenges him and forces him to tell her the truth.
"You never told me about when John died." She looked grimly at the road ahead. "I should know. I am his widow."
Captain Ferguson's fists closed more tightly on the reins. "You saw the commendation. He died a hero."
"Yes. That's what the commendation said. That he died saving someone. But you were there. Whom did he save?"
He recalled John protecting his Portuguese mistress with his body as the grenade exploded nearby. "He saved me."
"That is very gallant, Captain. Untrue, but gallant." Lucy turned her merciless gaze on him. "Tell me why you are lying."
Just keep in mind that a lie will almost always be revealed as a lie, sooner or later. As President Nixon said (and boy, did he know!), it's not the crime but the cover-up that gets you in trouble. The very fact that one character lied to the other, even with the best of motives, should create conflict – within the liar while it's still secret, and within the relationship when it's revealed. The revelation of the lie will manifest issues with trust and honor that might have been buried for years. So if there's a lie, have it revealed early enough that there is time for them to work through its consequences.
You can't take back telling the truth either. So a conversation where a long-hidden truth is revealed will lead to real change. Just remember to set this up earlier, whether it involves alluding to a secret or posing a question, such as why Captain Ferguson stalked out of his best friend's wedding.
They gazed at the sign welcoming them to Gretna Green, Scotland's most famous site. "So Jane and Charlie now hate each other and refuse to speak, much less marry."
Lucy sighed. "I almost started believing in love at first sight again, imagining them wed. But–"
"But now, you are made a cynic all over again." He smiled down at her. "And we still have that damnable church reserved." Suddenly he took her in his arms. "What do you say, Mrs. Endicott? Shall we make use of the reservation ourselves?"
Lucy opened her mouth, then closed it again. Finally she pressed her cheek against his chest and whispered, "A wedding? You? And I?"
"I haven't been, I suppose, entirely honest with you."
"I know about John's mistress," she said.
"I don't mean that. I mean– oh, hang it all, Lucy. I love you. I've loved you all along. I walked out of St. George's that day because I couldn't bear to see you marrying anyone else, especially my best friend."
"Oh." She took a deep breath as she felt his heartbeat beneath her cheek. "You know, I don't truly like St. George's Church."
"It always rains there."
"Yes, I've noticed that."
"Look." Lucy pulled away long enough to gesture at the sky. "The sun is shining now. And I hear they know how to give weddings here in Gretna –"
The truth can't be taken back. It's possible for the listener to misinterpret, but even then, the conversation should always have some effect, should change the characters and their actions. The moment one or both speaks openly about a secret (love, or the trauma in the past, or the conflict between them)– well, that's the truth the reader's been waiting for. Take your time with this conversation. Think of the revelation as the irrevocable and dangerous telling of a secret truth, with potentially dire consequences. And leave a little time to show the actually wonderful consequences awaiting the character brave enough to tell the truth.
Dialogue takes up a lot of space in a book, and is particularly appealing to readers, as it reveals character in so many ways. So don't waste the space. Look at dialogue passages, especially the long ones, and see how they can affect the plot either now or later. (That lie she tells in chapter 2 sure better come back to haunt her in chapter 10 or so!)
One final thought-- make the characters work at it. The key to effective dialogue is that the speakers have to spark a bit off each other to get to the change-point. Without conflict in the conversation, you might just as well summarize it in narrative: She told him about the paper hidden in the Bible.
If you're going to have dialogue between two characters, make the tension in it lead to the change, or propel them towards change.
RELATIONSHIPS IN PROCESS
The people we talk to the most are the ones we have the most trouble understanding, right? That's because we tend to hear all sorts of echoes from the past. We also have more than one purpose in talking to a loved one— we might want information and reassurance. We might even want to fight a little.
These are some ways people interact in conversation:
mutual flattery mutual insult
A married couple, for example, has had this conversation a dozen times before. They even finish each other's sentences.
"Want to stay up and watch it?"
"Yeah, sure. Just flip off the light--"
"So you can rest your eyes. I know, I know. I just want to hear the Top Ten list."
Try to establish the familiarity then throw some wrench into it--change it so it's no Ionger a rote conversation but actually becomes an interaction fraught with potential action:
"So who's Colbert interviewing tonight?"
"Let's see what it says in the TV Guide. Hmm. That new action star, Tim Gordon--"
"Tim Gordon? You know, I went on a blind date with him once. My brush with fame, I guess. He wanted to go out again, but I turned him down because you and I had gotten back together."
"You never told me that."
"It didn't matter, did it, when he was a nobody. I never knew he'd end up being a star."
"So what you're saying is-- you wish you'd gone with him that night instead of me?"
Now it's not so familiar, is it? You can have one overreact because of something out of their shared past-- that will hint at an unresolved conflict.
Take pains to avoid the clichéd exchange of insults. That gets old fast, and seldom results in either the true deepening or the true resolving of conflicts. Instead, make this conversation cause some change in the relationship.
For example, one speaker can finally break an old pattern by responding to an old provocation in a new way-- asking a question, or walking out, or sympathizing. Think CHANGE.
Choose a scene from your story that involves two people in some conflict with each other.
1) Think of this relationship at this point in the story. How will their conversation reflect their current feelings about each other, and their reasons for being together?
2) Is this encounter cooperative or confrontational? Are they working together or against each other? How can you show their reluctant alliance, or their hostility, or their friendly competition in their dialogue?
3) Are both equally open and forthcoming, or is one keeping secrets? If there's a secret being kept, can you indicate that in the dialogue? No, don't let the other character in on it, but can you have the secretive one start to say something, then abruptly change the subject, indicating to the reader that there's something hidden there?
4) What emotion or attitude is each character trying to convey? Trying to hide? Is that coming out in their speech?
5) How well do they know each other? How does this affect their verbal interaction? If they know each other well, what can you do to make this an unique conversation? If they don't know each other, do you show in their dialogue openness or distrust or wariness or excitement or something that means this encounter has great meaning?
6) Do you show the relationship changing at least a little because of this encounter? At the end, for example, does she feel trusting enough now to confide in him? Or maybe he's figured out she must be the thief because she's spoken so familiarly of the layout of the museum? Does the way they talk shift because of this change in the relationship?
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Tornadoes that occur from hurricanes moving inland from the Gulf Coast are increasing in frequency, according to researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology. This increase seems to reflect the increase in size and frequency among large hurricanes that make landfall from the Gulf of Mexico. The findings can be found in Geophysical Research Letters online and in print in the September 3, 2009 issue.
“As the size of landfalling hurricanes from the Gulf of Mexico increases, we’re seeing more tornadoes than we did in the past that can occur up to two days and several hundred miles inland from the landfall location,” said James Belanger, doctoral student in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Georgia Tech and lead author of the paper.
Currently, it’s well known that when hurricanes hit land, there’s a risk that tornadoes may form in the area. Until now, no one has quantified that risk because observations of tornadoes were too sporadic prior to the installation of the NEXRAD Doppler Radar Network in 1995. Belanger along with co-authors Judith Curry, professor and chair of the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at Tech and research scientist Carlos Hoyos, decided to see if they could create a model using the more reliable tornado record that’s existed since 1995.
The model that they developed for hurricane-induced tornadoes uses four factors that serve as good predictors of tornado activity: size, intensity, track direction and whether there’s a strong gradient of moisture at midlevels in the storm's
“The size of a tropical cyclone basically sets the domain over which tornadoes can form. So a larger storm that has more exposure over land has a higher propensity for producing tornadoes than a smaller one, on average,” said Belanger.
The team looked at 127 tropical cyclones from 1948 up to the 2008 hurricane season and went further back to 1920 modifying their model to account for the type of data collected at that time. They found that since 1995 there has been a 35 percent percent increase in the size of tropical cyclones from the Gulf compared to the previous active period of storms from 1948-1964, which has lead to a doubling in the number of tornadoes produced per storm. The number of hurricane-induced tornadoes during the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons is unprecedented in the historical record since 1920, according to the model.
“The beauty of the model is that not only can we use it to reconstruct the observational record, but we can also use it as a forecasting tool,” said Belanger.
To test how well it predicted the number of tornadoes associated with a given hurricane, they input the intensity of the storm at landfall, it’s size, track and moisture at mid-levels, and were able to generate a forecast of how many tornadoes formed from the hurricane. They found that for Hurricane Ike in 2008, their model predicted exactly the number of tornadoes that occurred, 33. For Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the model predicted 56 tornadoes, and 58 were observed.
The team’s next steps are to take a look to see how hurricane size, not just intensity (as indicated by the Safir-Simpson scale), affects the damage experienced by residents.
“Storm surge, rain and flooding are all connected to the size of the storm,” said Curry. “Yet, size is an underappreciated factor associated with damage from hurricanes. So its important to develop a better understanding of what controls hurricane size and how size influences hurricane damage. The great damage in Galveston from Hurricane Ike in 2008 was inconsistent with Category 2 wind speeds at landfall, but it was the large size that caused the big storm surge that did most of the damage.”
Fayette Front Page
Georgia Front Page
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Read the section entitled ‘The real and the Digital’ in Wells, Liz. (2009) Photography: A Critical Introduction (4th edition). Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 73 – 75.
Does digital technology change how we see photography as truth? Consider both sides of the argument and make some notes in your learning log.
Photography from its inception has always involved manipulation of sorts, whether it is by excluding something from the frame, changing the angle of point of view, dodging and burning in the wet darkroom, double exposures, layering negatives on top of each other to create a print or applying enhancements in Photoshop as can be seen in this article by the New York Daily News and in Photo Tampering throughout History.
Truth is defined in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary as ‘the true facts about something, rather than the things that have been invented or guessed; the quality or state of being based on fact‘.
Martin Lister states in Photography: A Critical Introduction (p. 316) that a deep concern about the value of photographic truth developed in the 1990’s when the first digital cameras came on to the market. Some of the issues that arose revolved around the differences between chemical and digital photography and the simulation of photographic images by computer generated images. Fred Ritchen, professor at New York University, argued that there would be a radical increase in the manipulation of photographic images with the advent of the digital camera. I think this has proven to be true as more hobbyists have access to software such as Photoshop, Gimp and not to mention the hundreds of apps that are out there like Instagram. But has this affected the way we see the truth?
I believe it has. The general public has become very aware of photographic manipulation thanks to the fashion industry where models’ cellulite, fine lines and moles are cloned away or airbrushed, their bodies are liquified to make them slimmer. Such perfection really does not exist in real life, so in a sense we almost expect the manipulation when we look at fashion photography. What is a little more difficult for the public to discern are the manipulated documentary, reportage and photojournalistic images. This is where we encounter ethical lines.
But first we should differentiate between ‘processing’ and ‘manipulation’. According to David Campbell (1) every digital image ever made has been processed. A RAW file consists solely of data: 1’s and 0’s. In order to be able to ‘see’ the data the file has to be processed (and this occurs in camera) and we then see the image on the back of our camera in JPEG format, and we haven’t even come close to a computer or Photoshop software yet. This type of processing is acceptable and obviously very necessary.
Manipulation, however, involves the moving of pixels i.e. cloning out the pole behind someone’s head, duplicating portions of an image to cover something up, substituting something from another photo in order to create a better composition and so on. It is here where ethics come into play. Just how far should documentary and journalist photographers be allowed to go in processing their images in the digital darkroom? How far can they push the limits before public trust is lost? Various agencies have set up boundary guidelines regarding these issues: the National Press Photographers Association’s Code of Ethics, which I referenced in detail in my Eyewitnesses posting, Associated Press, Reuter’s, World Press Photo, Getty Images – details of which can be seen in the Processing the News: Retouching in Photojournalism article.
But as Derrick Price (2) states:
Roland Barthes’ influential conception of the nature of the photograph, is that it is the result of an event in the world, evidence of the passing of a moment of time that once was and is no more, which left a kind of trace of the event on the photograph.
Photography: A Critical Introduction (p. 74)
It is this trace that creates the connection to the ‘real’. These photographs act as indexical signs (signs which can be inferred). It is these signs that subconsciously translate the image world for us. If there is a radical change in the photograph by means of manipulation, the viewer will be distrustful, or wary.
I think this explains the reaction I had when viewing Angela Grossman’s Models of Resistance exhibition. Her body of work was a series of collages depicting gender identity. Clearly this type of work is not meant to be documentary, but falls totally into the ‘art’ category. Obviously a distortion of the truth was taking place, but because the images fell into this category, I really didn’t care whether they were truthful or not. If we apply the Oxford Advanced Learner’s definition of truth as stated above to this body of work, it is clear that it is ‘invented’.
Technology has progressed so far that images can be totally created from scratch on a computer and are really quite hard to distinguish with the naked eye from a real photograph, if possible, making the distinction between the ‘real’ and the ‘digital’ even more difficult. The borders between photography and digital art have become very blurred indeed. Personally I don’t regard computer generated digital art as photography. I think for me the deciding criteria is that the shutter button has to be pressed and a viewfinder has to be involved somewhere in the process. A photo collage or montage would be an example of this. In the making of a collage or montage the shutter would have been pressed at least once in the making of the composite, most probably during the making of a photograph which was used in the actual collage or montage.
Technology is always changing and who knows how photographs will be made in fifty or one hundred years time. Whatever new method evolves, I believe we will still be asking the same question and coming up with similar answers because at the end of the day truth is not an absolute concrete concept even though we would like it to be. It is subjective, fluid, depending on one’s stance, point of view, cultural background and beliefs.
(1) Alexander, Scott (2014). Processing the News: Retouching in Photojournalism [online]. American Photo. Available from: http://www.americanphotomag.com/processing-news-retouching-photojournalism [Accessed 18 June, 2015]
Historic Photos that have been altered [online] New York Daily News. Available from: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/historic-photos-altered-gallery-1.1092420 [Accessed 19 June, 2015]
Lister, Martin. (2009) ‘Photography in the age of electronic imaging.’ in Photography: A Critical Introduction (2nd edition) ed. by Wells, L. New York, Routledge.
Photo tampering throughout history [online]. Four and Six. Available from: http://www.fourandsix.com/photo-tampering-history/ [Accessed 19 June, 2015]
(2) Price, Derrick. (2009) ‘Surveyors and Surveyed.’ in Photography: A Critical Introduction (2nd edition) ed. by Wells, L. New York, Routledge, 74 – 75
Truth. Oxford Dictionaries [online]. Available from: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/learner/truth [Accessed 18 June, 2015]
Brandon, Matt (2012) Photography: What’s real, what’s not and does it matter? [online] The Digital Trekker. Available from: http://thedigitaltrekker.com/2012/04/photography-whats-real-whats-not-and-does-it-matter/ [Accessed 18 June, 2015]
Farid, Hany (n.d.) Digital Doctoring: How to tell the real from the fake [online]. Available from: http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/downloads/publications/significance06.pdf [Accessed 18 June, 2015]
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Breakfast is the first meal of a day, most often eaten in the early morning before undertaking the day’s work. Some believe it to be the most important meal of the day. Among English speakers, “breakfast” can be used to refer to this meal or to refer to a meal composed of traditional breakfast foods (such as eggs, porridge and sausage) served at any time of day. The word literally refers to breaking the fasting period of the prior night.
Breakfast foods vary widely from place to place, but often include a carbohydrate such as grains or cereals, fruit, vegetables, a protein food such as eggs, meat or fish, and a beverage such as tea, coffee, milk, or fruit juice. Coffee, milk, tea, juice, breakfast cereals, pancakes, waffles, sausages, French toast, bacon, sweetened breads, fresh fruit, vegetables, eggs, baked beans, muffins, crumpets and toast with butter, margarine, jam or marmalade are common examples of Western breakfast foods, though a large range of preparations and ingredients are associated with breakfast globally.
Breakfast is commonly referred to as “the most important meal of the day.” Indeed, current research has shown that people who skip breakfast are disproportionately likely to have problems with metabolism, weight, and cardiac health.
In Burma the traditional breakfast is htamin jaw, fried rice with boiled peas (pè byouk), and yei nway jan (green tea), especially among the poor.
Glutinous rice or kao hnyin is steamed and wrapped in banana leaf often served with peas as kao hnyin baung with a sprinkle of crushed and salted toasted sesame. Equally popular is the purple variety of rice known as nga cheik which is cooked the same way and called nga cheik paung. Si damin is sticky rice cooked with turmeric and onions in peanut oil which is served with crushed and salted toasted sesame and crisp fried onions. Assorted fritters such as baya jaw (urad dal) are often served as a complement.
Nan bya or naan (Indian-style flatbreads) again with pè byouk or simply buttered, is served with Indian tea or coffee. It goes well with hseiksoup (mutton soup).
Fried chapati, blistered like nan bya but crispy, with pè byouk and crispy fried onions is a popular alternative.
Htat ta ya, lit. “a hundred layers”, is flaky multi-layered fried paratha served with either pè byouk or a sprinkle of sugar.
Eeja gway (Chinese-style fried breadsticks or youtiao) with Indian tea or coffee is another favourite.
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We've all heard of the infamous Milgram Experiment, in which subjects, with a little pressure from an authority figure, participated in a process that they believed shocked someone to death. But did far fewer people than reported actually go through with it?
The Milgram Experiment is arguably the most famous psychology experiment in the world - probably because bad news travels fast, and it has some very bad news regarding all of humanity. It seems that sixty-five percent of us would torture a human being to death if an authority figure asked us to. For those who don't know, the Milgram experiment involved subjects coming in and hearing that they would be participating in a memory-improving experiment. A person in the next room - connected via intercom - would be tested on their memory, and the subjects would be in charge of giving them ever-increasing shocks when they screwed up. The person was actually an actor, and not hooked up to anything, but would scream in pain as the shocks got worse. If the actual experimental subject objected to shocking the person, the experimenter would give them more and more menacing orders to continue with the experiment. At last the "line" would go quiet, making the subjects believe that they'd murdered someone.
Although some people considered the experiment a positive experience, and one subject corresponded with Milgram for years and credited the experiment for making him a conscientious objector, others were traumatized. One woman was prodded into participating by her roommate, who turned out to be the one being "killed" in the other room. One hopes that, after the experiment, either the murderer or the psychologist moved out. The Milgram experiment prompted psychologists to call for more exacting standards regarding human experimentation.
The results overshadowed the ethical standards. It appeared that sixty-five percent of people would torture someone to death, if pressured to do so. The results made their way into both psychology and cocktail party conversation. But were they correct? At least one woman doesn't think so. Gina Perry, for her book, Behind the Shock Machine, traced as many participants in the Milgram experiment as she could, and re-examined the notes of the experiment. Milgram claimed that seventy-five percent of the participants believed in the reality of the experiment, but Perry puts the number at about half. The change makes a big difference in the results. The people who didn't buy that they were actually shocking people were far more willing to increase the intensity of the shocks. They wanted to know how far the experimenters would go in the ruse, while the experimenters were wondering the same thing about them. Those that believed that they were shocking people were much more likely to keep the shocks down low. While Perry still thinks about a third of the people would crank up the shocks even if they believed, that's a big drop in overall percentage. While no one can deny that people can do some terrible things, perhaps, overall, people are neither as evil or gullible as we imagine.
Via Psychology Today, Behind the Shock Machine.
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NASA wants you to help find a new planet
For those of you still upset over Pluto’s demotion, there may be a new ninth planet. Or at least NASA scientists believe it exists — and they want you to help find it.
The Zooniverse space projects site has launched a NASA-funded venture, Backyard Worlds: Planet 9, which lets anyone participate in the search for the not-yet-discovered planet.
“There are really low barriers to entry,” said Dr. Laura Trouille, of Zooniverse. “Anyone can participate, from a kindergartener to a 95-year-old.”
How it works
So, what exactly would you be looking for?
NASA has complied a “flipbook” of short animations that show sky scans taken over several years. Participants can search for disruptions in the images — basically, clusters of tiny colored dots — and mark their findings. The goal is to pinpoint real moving celestial objects. Users can then share and discuss their subjects in an online bulletin board.
The “flipbooks” were compiled during a mission by NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The infrared-wavelength astronomical space telescope can detect darker objects that are farther away.
There is a broad area — around four light-years — between Neptune and the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, that receives very little sunlight. This means objects in that zone can’t reflect light — and therefore are very hard to find.
When WISE scanned the sky, it picked up images in that zone that NASA believes contain Planet Nine, but scientists don’t know for sure.
So why not just program computers to sift through the data? Well, NASA says the images can easily fool processing systems, so they need human eyes to do the work.
Searching for a new Pluto
A similar technique helped Clyde Tombaugh discover Pluto in 1930, but it took him 7,000 hours. NASA hopes the combination of professional astrophysicists and crowd-sourced scientists around the world will make finding Planet Nine a bit easier.
If there is a photo of Planet Nine, they say, it’s somewhere in the database — and someone just needs to find it.
So far, 4,201 people have joined the mission. The project could take four years to complete, NASA astrophysicist Marc Kuchner said.
“Planet Nine is possible, though it is going to be tough,” Kuchner said. “On the other hand, WISE data is a proven source of new ultra cool brown dwarfs, sometimes called rogue planets. I’m sure we’ll find some of those, maybe even one that’s closer than Proxima Centauri.”
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Vcruntime140.dll is a part of the Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 RC, a program that was developed by the Microsoft Corporation. It is a description of the Microsoft C Runtime Library and most applications depend on this dll file to run efficiently.
If you are launching a program that uses the Vcruntime140.dll, Windows will scan your system folders for this dll file as it is necessary for the corresponding application to open successfully. If the Vcruntime140.dll is not located in the map, you receive an error message indicating that the program was unsuccessful because the particular dll file is missing.
There are various ways in which these error messages appear on your screen. Some of them are;
- “The file Vcruntime140.dll is missing”
- “Cannot find Vcruntime140.dll”
- “This program can’t continue because Vcruntime140.dll is missing from your computer”
- “This application failed to start because physxloader.dll was not found. Re-installing the application may fix this problem.”
- “Vcruntime140.dll not found”
What causes the Vcruntime140.dll error messages?
There are various reasons why these errors often appear. It is necessary to determine the possible solutions to fixing the problem to allow the application to run efficiently.
Some of the causes include;
- If the Vcruntime140.dll file was damaged or corrupted by a malicious program.
- The Vcruntime140.dll might have been placed in a wrong map
- It can occur as a result of faulty registry entries or configurations.
- A different application might have installed a varied version of the file which is incompatible with the program you are using
- If you uninstalled a program that uses the same physxloader.dll, it might have deleted the dll file in the process leading to the error messages.
How can I fix the Vcruntime140.dll is missing errors?
Run a full virus / malware scan
Most problems associated with the Vcruntime140.dll arise from being damaged or corrupted by a malicious program. One of the ways in which you can detect and solve the problem is by performing a comprehensive virus/ malware scan.
Reinstall the problematic software
If you were launching an application and you received the error message, uninstall and reinstall it again. It can be useful in fixing the Vcruntime140.dll that might have been affected or displaced after the first installation.
Use System Restore
It will be useful in restoring your computer settings to an earlier point in time. It is useful when you suspect that the recent system changes are what caused the problem.
Register the Vcruntime140.dll manually
The errors may be resulting from issues with the Windows registry. The program that depends on the Vcruntime140.dll might have failed to register the file during the first installation. Microsoft Register Server will be useful in re-registering the Vcruntime140.dll file.
- Msvcp110.dll missing
- Msvcp120.dll missing
- Msvcr100.dll is missing
- Api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0.dll missing and download
- Msvcp100.dll missing
- Msvcp140.dll download
- Vcruntime140.dll is missing
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In the United States, public support of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community has increased in recent years. These changes are associated with increased visibility of openly gay characters on television, the repeal of “don’t ask, don’t tell" and the Supreme Court decision that legalized same-sex marriage.
Nevertheless, violence against sexual minorities remains a major public health problem in the U.S. and internationally. A recent study concluded that approximately 50 percent of LGBT adults experience bias-motivated aggression at some point.
For every highly publicized act of violence toward sexual minorities, such as the recent mass shooting at a gay nightclub in Orlando, there are many more physical and verbal assaults, attempted assaults, acts of property damage or intimidations which are never reported to authorities, let alone publicized by the media.
What spurs on these acts of violence? Can we do anything to prevent them? Fortunately, an extensive body of social science research exists that identifies perpetrators’ motivations and suggests ways we can reduce the likelihood of these acts of aggression toward sexual minorities.
Reinforcing the roots of antigay bias
Prejudice toward sexual minorities is rooted in what psychologists call sexual stigma. This is an attitude that reflects “the negative regard, inferior status and relative powerlessness that society collectively accords to any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship or community."
Sexual stigma exists and operates at both individual and society-wide levels.
At the societal level, sexual stigma is referred to as heterosexism. The conviction that heterosexuals and their behaviors and relationships are superior to those of sexual minorities is built into various social ideologies and institutions – including religion, language, laws and norms about gender roles. For example, religious views that homosexual behavior is immoral support heteronormative norms, which ultimately stigmatize sexual minorities.
On an individual level, heterosexuals can internalize sexual stigma as sexual prejudice. They buy into what they see around them in their culture that indicates sexual minorities are inferior. Consider the Defense of Marriage Act. This legislation, which defined marriage as a union between one man and one woman, denied homosexuals the rights held by heterosexuals. Heterosexuals can incorporate that stigmatizing view into their own belief system.
Sexual minorities themselves can internalize sexual stigma, too – a process called self-stigma. Aligning their own self-concept with society’s negative regard for homosexuality results in myriad negative health outcomes.
The heterosexism of our society and the sexual prejudice of individuals are interrelated, reinforcing each other. When cultural ideologies and institutions espouse heterosexism, they provide the basis for individuals’ sexual prejudice – and perpetration of violence based on it. Conversely, researchers theorize that pro-gay attitudes reduce heterosexism that exists within these same institutions.
Beyond prejudice: a masculinity problem
Many people believe that antigay violence is caused by prejudice. To a certain extent, they’re correct. But when we back up and think about this aggression within the framework of sexual stigma, we can see that the causes of antigay violence run deeper and are more complex than a simple “prejudice” explanation.
Perpetrators of anti-LGBT aggression may or may not hold prejudiced attitudes, but they carry out their violence within a heterosexist society that implicitly sanctions it. It’s these society-level heterosexist attitudes that provide the foundation for three well-established motivations and risk factors for aggression toward sexual minorities.
Heterosexual masculinity is a fundamental factor that starts to explain anti-LGBT violence. To be masculine, one must be heterosexual, so the thinking goes. The logic continues that any man who’s not heterosexual is therefore feminine. In essence, a man’s aggression toward sexual minorities serves to enforce traditional gender norms and demonstrate his own heterosexual masculinity to other men.
Researchers have identified two major aspects of this masculinity-based motivation.
The first is adherence to norms about status – the belief that men must gain the respect of others. The status norm reflects the view that men should sit atop the social hierarchy, be successful, and garner respect and admiration from others.
The second is a strong conviction in antifemininity – that is, believing men should not engage in stereotypically feminine activities. Men who endorse this norm would not engage in behaviors that are “traditionally” reserved for women – for instance, showing vulnerable emotions, wearing makeup or working in childcare.
Other norms can also lead to violence under certain circumstances. For instance, recent data indicate that alcohol intoxication may trigger thoughts that men need to be tough and aggressive. Being drunk and having toughness in mind may influence men to act in line with this version of masculinity and attack gay men.
In the most common aggression scenario, an assailant is in a group when he becomes violent toward a member of a sexual minority. The attacker has the support of his group, which can act as a motivator. Indeed, the male peer group is the ideal context for proving one’s masculinity via aggression because other males are present to witness the macho display.
Studies also indicate that perpetrators of hate crimes, including violence toward sexual minorities, seek to alleviate boredom and have fun – termed thrill-seeking. It’s important to note that for thrill-seeking assailants, the selection of sexual minority targets is not random. Given that sexual stigma devalues homosexuality, it sanctions these perpetrators’ strategic choice of a socially devalued target.
Translating motivations into violence
How does a given perpetrator get to the point where he decides to attack a sexual minority? Research suggests it’s a long process.
Through personal experience and from social institutions, people learn that LGBT people are “threats” and heterosexuals are “normal.” For example, throughout adolescence, boys consistently have it drilled into them by peers that they need to be masculine and antifeminine. So when a young boy teases a gay person, verbally intimidates that person or hits him, he gets positive reinforcement from his peers.
As a result of these processes, we learn over time to almost automatically view sexual minorities with lower social regard and as a threatening group.
Recent research suggests two types of threats – realistic and symbolic – may lead to sexual prejudice and a heightened risk for anti-LGBT aggression. It doesn’t matter whether an actual threat exists – it’s one’s perception of threat that is critical.
A group experiences realistic threat when it perceives sexual minorities as threats to its existence, political and economic power or physical well-being. For example, heterosexuals may fear that pro-gay policies such as the legalization of same-sex marriage will make it harder to advance their own alternative political agendas. In this way, they should perceive a gay man as a direct threat to their own political power.
Symbolic threat reflects a heterosexual’s perception that sexual minorities’ beliefs, attitudes, morals, standards and values will lead to unwanted changes in his or her own worldview. For instance, a highly religious heterosexual may fear that a same-sex relationship or marriage poses a threat to his or her own values and beliefs.
Can we prevent anti-LGBT violence?
Sexual stigma may be reduced by targeting the processes that lead to sexual prejudice. For example, studies indicate that heterosexuals who have a close relationship with an LGBT individual report lower levels of sexual prejudice. That’s probably because positive feelings regarding the friend are generalized to all sexual minorities.
These kinds of experiences may help lessen heterosexism within various social contexts. But given the widespread nature of bias-motivated aggression and the ubiquity of heterosexism, these individual-level approaches are likely insufficient on their own.
If we’re serious about tackling the public health issue of anti-LGBT violence, we need to try to reduce heterosexism at the societal level. Succeeding at that should lead to corresponding reductions in sexual prejudice and antigay violence.
There are a few prongs to a societal level approach. Changing public policies – things like hate crime legislation, repealing “don’t ask, don’t tell,” legalizing same-sex marriage – can work to reduce heterosexism. Likewise, positive portrayals of sexual minorities in the media and popular culture can contribute to changing views. Social norms interventions that work to correct misperceptions of LGBT people can help, too.
About The Author
Dominic Parrott, Professor of Psychology, Georgia State University. His NIAAA funded research program aims to reduce interpersonal violence by (1) identifying risk and protective factors for perpetrating aggressive behavior and (2) informing intervention programming. This work uses different methodologies (e.g., laboratory, survey) to study different forms of aggression (e.g., physical, sexual) toward various targets (e.g., sexual minorities, women) and under different conditions (e.g., alcohol intoxication, in group settings).
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OverviewLa Pedriza de Manzanares is a granitic low range located to the south of Sierra de Guadarrama. So it connects to the N with Cuerda Larga (Peñalara), between Cabezas de Hierro and Najarra. A long ridge called Cuerda del Hilo o de los Porrones springs from La Maliciosa (NW) and reach near the village of Manzanares el Real (908 m). That cuerda (ridge) is to the right (W) of Río Manzanares (the same that crosses Madrid), wich limits La Pedriza along some kilometers. The road M-608 also marks the most southern border. To the E, Hoya (basin) de San Blas, Arroyos (creeks) de Santillana and Chico are placed.
So the N border of La Pedriza marks the highest point, Peña Linderas (2.106 m). Wich is different from the most elevated mountain (Cabeza de Hierro Mayor - 2.381 m) of Parque Regional de la Cuenca Alta del Manzanares, where La Pedriza is included. High detailed maps as La Pedriza de Manzanares 1:15.000 (La Tienda Verde, 2007) show 2.109 m as the elevation of Peña Linderas. In the 19th century La Pedriza was a hiding place of the famous bandoleers. On October 12th, 1930, the zone had been declared Sito Natural de Interés Nacional. In 1978 the surface was extended including the high valley of Manzanares river, so it was first named Parque Natural de la Cuenca Alta del Manzanares. The Regional Park was created on January 23rd, 1.985 and has had many enlargements since then. Now it has 46.728 Ha / 115,467 acres, wich is 6.25% of the Madrid province. Actually the ecological importance is internationally recognized because on November 9th, 1992 it was declared Reserva de la Biosfera by UNESCO.
La Pedriza is formed by 3 different units: el Alcornocal, la Pedriza Anterior and la Pedriza Posterior. El Alcornocal is the lowest part, it's near Manzanares el Real and separated to the N from Pedriza Anterior by Collado de la Cueva. The massif over the village that rises to Peña del Yelmo (1.717 m) is named La Pedriza Anterior. La Pedriza Posterior is semicircular shaped and placed to the N of Anterior, that's why it's also called Circo de la Pedriza.
In La Pedriza there are not only many hundreds (1800) of sport climbing routes but also lots of classics, beeing one of the most known granite rock climbing spots of Spain.
The nearest city to La Pedriza is Madrid, wich has the Barajas International Airport.
There are two important bases for approaching La Pedriza, el Tranco and Canto Cochino. El Tranco (960 m) is a little plain near Manzanares el Real wich is surrounded by houses. Canto Cochino (1.025 m) is a parking in the heart of La Pedriza, its name comes from the so called rock wich is behind the bar.
From Madrid (49 Km) take the road C-607, M-862 for 2 Km, C-608 to Manzanares el Real and finally take the street to the right, just after the village (don't take the ring road and neither cross the bridge), for reaching el Tranco in less than 3 Km. Canto Cochino is reached taken the narrow road (to the righ) 1 Km passed Manzanares el Real. Cross the natural park fence (Centro de Interpretación is 200 m before), ascent to Puerto de Quebrantaherraduras and descent to the parking.
From the W take A-6 to Collado Villalba, M-608 and then as "From Madrid" knowing that you come from the other side.
From the N take A-1 to Venturada, M-608 to the right and as "From Madrid".
Get informed of winter road conditions in pages 601 and 611 of "Teletexto" TVE.
The bus station in Madrid is in Plaza Castilla. The name of the company is Autobuses Colmenarejo. Tel: 91 845 00 51. Timetable
Red TapeNo permits or summit fees are required to climb in La Pedriza but there are some rules for wildlife conservation you must observe due to La Pedriza is inside a nature reserve. Just get informed in Centro de Educación Ambiental del Parque Regional de la Cuenca Alta del Manzanares, placed in Camino de la Pedriza, Manzanares el Real, Madrid. Tel: 91 853 99 79. Open all days from 10 AM to 6 PM.
When To ClimbAnytime is good for climbing or hiking in La Pedriza. Some days in winter could be rainy, snowy and foggy. So be careful because it's very easy to get lost in La Pedriza. In July and August climb in the shadow, otherwise you'll be burnt in few hours.
INM weather forecast for Sierra de Guadarrama and Somosierra.
CampingAll the routes can be attempted in a day but, if you want to spend the night in the area, the best way is bivouacing preferably out of winter months. Camping is forbidden in the whole park and all over Madrid province. So you may pass the night in the artificial bivouacs near Canto Cochino or in the Covacho de la Majada de Quila wich is a natural bivy.
Refugio Giner de los Ríos (1.220 m)
This hut is over Prado Peluca (1.175 m) and near Canto del Tolmo. It was built in 1916 and belongs to R.S.E.A Peñalara, offers food, water, light, beds (50 places in bunks), blankets and bar. It's open in weekends (including fridays), holidays and when it's reserved. Don't have telephone, WC or non-guarded places. Our summitposters "losdestroy" announce that Guzmán García is now the guardian of the refuge since 7 years ago. His phone number is 659 02 17 54. R.S.E.A Peñalara phone number is 91 522 87 43. Other possible numbers: 91 856 68 62 and 608 812 120. Prize ('04) with breakfast: 17 euro. Another site
The easiest approach to the refuge is from Canto Cochino. Cross the river Manzanares on a little wooden bridge. Surround some houses and continue on a good trail (GR 10) through the pinewood. After 100 m turn right and reach the shore of Arroyo (creek) de la Majadilla. The trail do a zig zag (20 min) for saving a slope and then turn flat. Leave another trail (goes to Collado del Cabrón) to the left and descent a little. There is a bifurcation but our path is the one to the right, the other goes to Circo de la Pedriza. Cross a little wooden bridge, traverse a meadow and reach the hut (30 min). Some meters below there is a drinking fountain called Fuente Acuña.
Foremost peaks and rocky formationsEl Alcornocal
Alcornocal (1.136 m) and Miramar (1.146 m).
Acebo (1.626 m), Aguja Larios (1.353 m), Altos de Medina, Bola de San Antonio (1.636 m), Caballeros, Camello, Campana, Cancho Butrón (1.277 m), Canco de la Lagunilla (1.528 m), Cancho de las Pilas (1.572 m), Cancho de los Brezos (1.267 m), Camello (1.453 m), Cantocochino, Caperucita (1.604 m), Cara (1.579 m), Castillete (1.152 m), Castillo (1.462 m), Centinela, Cerro del Jaralón (1.469 m), Cinco Cestos, Cuatro Damas (1.563 m), Cueva de la Mora, Dinosaurio, Elefantito del Yelmo (1.582 m), Elefantito (1.424 m), Falso Acebo (1.594 m), Familia (1.079 m), Foca, Gran Cañada, Hoz Cimera, Hueco de las Hoces, Hueveras, Indio, Máquina, Maza (1.657 m), Mirador del Tranco (1.296 m), Muralla China, Ofertorio, Pan de Kilo (1.596 m), Peñas Cagás (1.455 m), Peña del Mediodía (1.214 m), Peña Sirio (1.378 m), Perra Gorda (1.291 m), Placa Angular (1.376 m), Placas del Halcón, Placas del Tranco, Placas Musgogénesis, Pradera del Yelmo, Punta Blanquita, Reloj, Risco de la Fuente (1.587 m), Risco de las Bellotas, Risco de las Tres Puntas (1.264 m), Risco del Hueco (1.506 m), Risco del Jamón, Risco de los Martes, Risco de los Principiantes, Risco del Trueno, Risco Sin Nombre, Rocódromo (1.227 m), Rompeolas (1.652 m), Techo, Tolmo (1.258 m), Torre Inclinada (1.421 m), Torre Valentina, Tortuga (1.264 m), Tranvía, Tres Coronas, Yelmo (1.716 m).
Aguja del Sultán (1.744 m), Aguja Singer, Alto de Matasanos (2.057 m), Arteria, Bola de Navajuelos (1.689 m), Bota (1.901 m), Buitreras (Primera 1.469 m, Segunda 1.452 m, Tercera, Cuarta and Quinta), Caballo de Ajedrez (1.759 m), Cáliz (1.278 m), Campana (1.554 m), Cancho Amarillo, Cancho Buitrón (1.646 m), Cancho Centeno (1.909 m), Cancho de los Gavilanes, Cerro de los Hoyos (1.950 m), Cancho de los Muertos (1.362 m), Canchos de los Gavilanes (2.012 m), Carro del Diablo (1.607 m), Castillete, Cocodrilo, Charca Verde, Cuatro Cestos (1.572 m), Damas, Dante (1.339 m), Dos Torres (1.771 m), Elefante (1.339 m), Esfinge (1.949 m), Falsa Bola (1.686 m), Falsa Buitrera (1.552 m), Falsa Muela, Galisol (1.533 m), Gran Molondrio, Guerreros (1.589 m), Hermanitos, Hueso, Laberinto*, Llamas, Mataelvicial, Milanera (1.792 m), Mogote de la Dehesilla (1.503 m), Mogote de los Suicidas, Moro (1.797 m), Muela, Nieves, Normando, Oseras, Pajarito, Pájaro (1.549 m), Pared de Santillana (1.824 m), Peña del Rayo, Peña Horcajo (1.354 m), Peña Linderas (2.106 m), Pequeño Molondrio (1.609 m), Platillo Volante, Puente de los Pollos, Punta Carmen, Puro, Risco de las Nieves, Risco de San Pedro (1.716 m), Risco del Gargajo, Risco del Puente (1.619 m), Risco Matute, Risco Moreno (1.694 m), Tolmete, Tolmo, Torre de las Arañas Negras (1.606 m), Torre de los Buitres (1.829 m), Torre de Quila (1.564 m), Torres (2.033 m), Torro, Tres Cestos (1.783 m), Tres Hermanitos (Primero, Segundo and Tercero 1.789 m), Vela, Ventana (1.808 m), Ventanillo (1.929 m), Zona Sioux.
*More peaks and rocky formations of El Laberinto: Aguja Pollastrón, Balcón Oscuro, Capuchino, Risco del Buitre, Cancho de las Oserillas, Risco del Mudo, Puro Nervio, Delirium Tremens, Risco Cuestolotrónico, Risco Matrizolándico, Risco de la Empanadilla, Espolón Extrema Unción, Risco del Loco, Risco de San Vito, Risco del Botijo, Teófilo and Risco Tocho.
El Yelmo (1.716 m)It's the highest crag in La Pedriza Anterior and provides the best views of the area. Maps as La Pedriza 1:25.000 (Alpina, 2004-2005) show 1.719 m as the height of El Yelmo. The historic climber Constancio Bernaldo de Quirós said about El Yelmo: Covering 1 square hectare (2.47 acres), it raises 175 m over the base on the S side and 95 m on the N, wich is exactly the maximum height of Monasterio de El Escorial. In 1992 it had 75 rock-climbing routes. In geology this peak has the form of a dome, wich is a vaulted rocky formation. They are little degraded when they're made of granite. Corcovado is a well known dome placed near Río de Janeiro (Brazil). The name yelmo (a special helmet) is because the similarity with that chivalry element. It's been called yelmo since 1350, when it's quoted in "Libro de Montería" by Alfonso XI. Formerly it was called Peña del Diezmo, in relation to a legend that about tributes payment. Many maps still show Diezmo but it's better known as Yelmo.
El Yelmo was the first climbed crag in La Pedriza, by Casiano de Prado before 1864. Casiano climbed El Yelmo following the normal route of the N face. Nevertheless, it seems that it could be climbed before by shepherds or other people, because the climb on the N face is easy. On June 4th, 1916, the first summit box of the whole Sierra de Guadarrama was installed on the top of El Yelmo.
In May 1918, José F. Zabala, Emilio Vicente Arche, Rafael Fernández Aguilar, Eduardo Jimeno and José María Galán climbed the fist route on the S face. They ascended on the right shoulder (Gendarme), traversed from the upper section to the hollow at the right of the summit. The route was named "Eduardo" and was difficult in the first pitches. It's now graded IV+. In 1965-6 los Vikingos (Julio, Tino and "El Culebras") aid climbed the big granite slab of the S face. They put many burins and actually the route is very degraded so it's very difficult. The route: "Los Vikingos" (A1/IV+). In the mid 70s Daniel Guirles and Luis Campos first free climbed the slab of the S face opening "Guirles Campos" (6a+), one of the most beutiful routes of La Pedriza. In 1992 the S face of El Yelmo had 54 routes.
Rafa Bartolome has posted El Yelmo page here in SP.
El Tolmo (1.258 m)The name comes from the word tormo wich means terrón, lump in English. It's the biggest given off rock in Sierra de Guadarrama, its size is 16-18 m / 17.50-19.69 yd high and 73 m / 79.83 yd in circunference. The volume is 176 cubic meters / 230.2 cubic yards and the approximated weight, 500 Tn / 492.1 long tons. C. de Prado says in his "Descripción Física y Geológica de la provincia de Madrid" book that El Tolmo fell from a gap just to right of Risco del Pájaro. From Refugio Giner de los Ríos take the trail (GR 10) NE wards to Collado de la Dehesilla (1.453 m), seen in the background. The trail is in a slight ascent and crosses the slope. Leave a drinking fountain to the right and reach El Tolmo in 20 minutes from the hut.
Advisable rock climbing routesGrade IV
Espolón (IV) - Peña Sirio
Walkiria (IV) - El Yelmo
Sur Clásica (IV) - Pared de Santillán
Hermosilla (IV+) - El Yelmo
Gran diedro (IV+) - Risco de los Principiantes
Guru Guru (IV+) - Platillo Volante
Diedro norte (V-) - Cancho de los Muertos
Vía sur (V) - Pajarito
Este (V) - Pájaro
Mira un buho (V+) - Risco de los Principiantes
Yian San Po (V+) - Yelmo
Jacobo (V+) - Cueva de la Mora
Caballo blanco (V+) - Yelmo
Sur (V+/A2) - Mogote de los Suicidas
Parálisis permanente (V+) - Tortuga
Guirles Campos (6a/A2) - Buitrera Tercera
Herreros (6a) - Buitrera Cuarta
Espolón Soplapoyas (6a) - Oseras
Animal (6a) - Cueva de la Mora
Guirles Campos (6a+) - Yelmo
Cuestolómetro (6a+) - Risco Matute
Hecha a mano (6a+) - Pradera del Yelmo
Espolón Fantástico - Risco de San Vito
El camino de Hércules (6b) - Acebo
Delicia francesa (6b) - Cancho de los Muertos
23F (6b) - Platillo Volante
Sur Clásica (6b) - Pájaro
Boomerang (6b) - Buitrera Primera
Tito Rolin Bus (6b) - Hueso
Espolón Lunático (6b+/Ao) - Hueso
Zapatos de gamuza azul (6b+) - Falsa Buitrera
Odio la escalada (6b+) - Gran Molondrio
Cabo Luna (6c) - Buitrera Quinta
Viruelas (6c) - Buitrera Segunda
Pendulitis crepitante (6c) - Risco Teófilo
Gachet (6c) - Gran Molondrio
La noche del faro (6c+) - Cancho de los Brezos
Paloma Blázquez (6c+) - Muralla China
Espolón Sobredosis (6c+) - Oseras
Las orejas de Dumbo (6c+) - Buitrera Segunda
Pabellón de la Verdetroncha (6c+) - Hueso
El don del Aguila (7a) - Buitrera Cuarta
Monoclimbing de Famobil (7a) - Cancho Amarillo
Tino (7a) - Cancho Amarillo
Muertos estariais mejor (7a/Ao) - Risco Tocho
Maestro Cojonciano (7a) - Risco del Buitre
Phoskito-mania (7a) - Reloj
Complejo de lagartija (7a) - Hueso
El barón rampante (7a+) - Cancho de los Brezos
Farolillo rojo (7a+) - Cancho Butrón
Bañeras Espásticas (7b) - Risco Puro Nervio
Embrujo féliz (7b) - Balcón Oscuro
Tu coge los trozos (7b+) - Cancho de los Brezos
Pollastrón 5 (7b?) - Risco del Buitre
La Ostia Puta (7b?) - Risco del Buitre
Gargajo amarillo (7c) - Risco del Gargajo
Mesalina (7c+) - Pan de Kilo
Ambrosías (8a) - Hueso
Mater misericordiam (8a?) - Risco sin nombre
Mayayo (V+/A2) - Mataelvicial
Francisco Prieto (A2) - Vela
Mayayo (6b/A2) - Torro
Clavel Rojo (A2+) - Hueso
Lucas (6b/A3) - Hueso
Wolldam (6b+/A3) - Hueso
This is the Paulino's site, wich include some routes in the main crags of La Pedriza.
Climbing routes in Todovertical, a Spanish mountain guide company.
All about Manzanares El Real. Includes routes in La Pedriza, bus timetable, photos... In some languages including English.
Some info, pics and routes in the main crags of La Pedriza.
Rock and Ice climbing school. Mountain Guiding. English speaked.
General information, climbing routes on pics... It seems to work only in Spanish.
Additions and Corrections[ Post an Addition or Correction ]
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The road can be a dangerous place, and whenever children are in your car
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Once they’ve outgrown car seats, children should use a belt-positioning
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If your car does not have a child lock, make sure kids know that these
buttons are off-limits.
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if the car is running or off, no matter the circumstances, children should
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a family member or trusted friend, they always know the proper rules to
ensure their own safety, even if you aren’t around to enforce it.
Be an Example
Children can be keen observers when they want to be, and they can sometimes
pick up our smallest habits. When you are driving, make sure you remember
you have little eyes watching you. Always buckle up. Respect traffic signs.
Be alert and aware of any road changes or poor conditions. Listen for
sirens and keep an eye out for emergency vehicles. Abide by designated
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If you practice safe driving habits, instill them in your children, and
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If you or someone you know is in an auto accident, please contact Goldstein & Hayes, P.C.,
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How is the SRLI calculated?
In a nutshell, the SRLI uses weight scores based on the Red List status of each of the sample species. These scores range from 0 (Least Concern) to Extinct/Extinct in the Wild (5).
Summing these scores across all species and relating them to the worst-case scenario - where all species are extinct - gives us an indication of how biodiversity is doing. Repeating the assessments over time will then allow us to see whether the extinction risk of biodiversity is overall increasing, decreasing or staying the same.
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Zirconium -- material overview
Looking for a valve in this exotic alloy? Find it in the following configurations:
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Zirconium alloys are solid solutions of zirconium or other metals, a common subgroup having the trade mark Zircaloy. Zirconium has very low absorption cross-section of thermal neutrons, high hardness, ductility and corrosion resistance. Therefore, one of the main uses of zirconium alloys is in nuclear technology, as cladding of fuel rods in nuclear reactors, especially water reactors. A typical composition of nuclear-grade zirconium alloys is more than 95 weight percent zirconium and less than 2% of tin, niobium, iron, chromium, nickel and other metals, which are added to improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
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From Mathematical Modeling to Simulation and Prototyping
An introduction to technical details related to the Physical Layer of the LTE standard with MATLAB
The LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE-Advanced are among the latest mobile communications standards, designed to realize the dream of a truly global, fast, all-IP-based, secure broadband mobile access technology.
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Dr Houman Zarrinkoub has served as a development manager and now as a senior product manager with MathWorks, based in Massachusetts, USA. Within his 12 years at MathWorks, he has been responsible for multiple signal processing and communications software tools. Prior to MathWorks, he was a research scientist in the Wireless Group at Nortel Networks, where he contributed to multiple standardization projects for 3G mobile technologies. He has been awarded multiple patents on topics related to computer simulations. He holds a BSc degree in Electrical Engineering from McGill University and MSc and PhD degrees in Telecommunications from the Institut Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, in Canada.
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File size: 9.4 MB
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|Space Launch Report: Delta IV Data Sheet|
|Home On the Pad Space Logs Library Links|
Boeing developed Delta IV to compete for U.S. Air Force Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) launch contracts. Although it carries the "Delta" name, the big new rocket has little in common with with long running Douglas/NASA Thor-Delta series.
The United Launch Alliance consortium, a new company spun off by Boeing and Lockheed Martin, took over the Delta IV and Atlas V EELV programs in December 2006.
Several Delta IV models are available to loft 3 to 11 ton payloads into geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) or 8.4 to 22.5 ton payloads into low earth orbit (LEO). Planned versions include the Medium, Medium Plus (4,2), Medium Plus (5,2), Medium Plus (5,4), and the Heavy.
Delta IV is built around the 5.1 meter diameter Common Booster Core (CBC) first stage powered by a single 300 metric ton thrust Rocketdyne RS-68. The liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) engine is the world's most powerful cryogenic engine and is the first new big liquid propellant rocket engine developed in the U.S. in more than 20 years.
RS-68 was designed to meet cost criteria. It operates at comparatively moderate chamber pressures using a basic gas generator cycle. The gas generator drives a turbopump. Turbine exhaust gases are vectored to provide first stage roll control. Rocketdyne borrowed some technology from the Space Shuttle Main Engine and from the Saturn J-2 engine, but much is new. The engine's part count was reduced through use of an ablative exhaust nozzle, for example. RS-68 engine testing began at Edwards Air Force Base, California in August 1998.
Delta IV is assembled at a purpose-built rocket plant in Decatur, Alabama, several miles west of Huntsville. When finished, the rockets are floated on a special self-propelled shipping vessel down the Tennessee River and Tombigbee Waterway (canal) to the Gulf of Mexico. From there they travel either to Cape Canaveral via the Intercostal Waterway or to Vandenberg Air Force Base via the Panama Canal.
The CBC is composed of four main structural subassemblies. These include the engine section, the aft LH2 tank, the intertank section, and the forward LOX tank, all 5.2 meters in diameter. Five aluminum isogrid skin panels are welded together to make the cylindrical tank sections. Interior stingers are added for reinforcement. An external feed pipe carries LOX around the LH2 tank. An external wiring tunnel runs the length of the booster.
Two Delta IV LOX/LH2 second stages are available. The first is a stretched Delta III second stage with a 4 meter diameter forward LH2 tank. The second has a 5.1 meter diameter LH2 tank. Both use a 3 meter LOX tank suspended beneath the LH2 tank by an intertank truss. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan builds the LH2 tanks.
Both second stages are powered by a single Pratt and Whitney RL10B-2 engine. The engine has a French-built extendable exit cone, is restartable, and is capable of producing 11.23 tons of thrust. At one point, Mitsubishi and Boeing were jointly developing a new, more powerful engine, based on H-2A technology, that might eventually replace RL10, but this effort was apparently shelved after Boeing sold Rocketdyne to Pratt & Whitney in 2005.
The entire vehicle is controlled by an Allied Signal Redundant Inertial Flight Control Assembly (RIFCA) flight control system that is located on shelf below the second stage LOX tank.
Delta IV M (Medium) uses one CBC, a 4 meter diameter second
stage, a stretched Delta 3 composite payload fairing, and a 5.1 meter to 4 meter tapered
interstage. Two Alliant GEM 60-inch diameter solid rocket motors added to the base of the
CBC turns the rocket into the Delta IV M+(4,2). A 5.1 meter diameter second stage,
interstage, and payload fairing with two or four SRMs makes a Delta IV M+(5,2) and Delta
IV M+(5,4), respectively. Delta IV H (Heavy) uses two CBC strap-on liquid rocket boosters
and a 5 meter upper stage.
Delta IV is integrated horizontally in a Horizontal Integration Facility (HIF) and erected at the launch pad less than two weeks before launch. SRMs, if any, are then added to the vehicle. The encapsulated payload is mated to the vehicle at the pad a few days before launch. At Cape Canaveral, the long-dormant former Saturn 1/1B Pad 37B was rebuilt for Delta IV. The site includes a rail-mobile mobile service tower that is more 100 meters tall. At California's Vandenberg Air Force Base, Delta IV will be launched from Space Launch Complex (SLC) 6, a pad developed but never used for space shuttle launches. SLC 6 facilities include a mobile service tower and a mobile assembly shelter, massive enclosures that enclose the launcher from two directions like a clamshell.
The first Delta IV, an M+(4,2) model, successfully orbited
Eutelsat W5 from SLC 37B on November 20, 2002. It was followed by two successful Delta IV
M EELV flights during 2003. The first Delta IV Heavy lifted off from Cape Canaveral in
2004. The test flight achieved some objectives, but was marred when the first stage shut
down several seconds too soon. The cause of the problem was a faulty first stage LOX
depletion sensor signal that resulted when LOX cavitation occured in the LOX feedline.
The LOX feedline/sensor design was modified and the problem did not recur on
subsequent Delta IV Heavy missions.
The first Vandenberg AFB Delta 4 launch took place on June 28, 2006 when a Delta IVM+(4,2) placed NRO L-22, a National Recconnaisance Office payload, into an elliptical 12 hour Molniya orbit.
On Delta IV M missions, the CBC burns for more than four minutes, separating when the vehicle is more than 100 kilometers above the earth. On M+ flights, two to four GEM-60 SRMs burn during the first 90.8 seconds of flight.
On Delta IV Heavy flights, all three CBCs ignite on the
pad. The core CBC engine throttles down to 57% about 50 seconds after liftoff. The twin
strap-on booster CBC units burn at full thrust until shortly before they complete their
burns. The strap-on units are jettisonned about 242 seconds after liftoff. The
core flies on for another 90-plus seconds, returning to full-throttle for more than 65 of
Delta 360 Launch
An NRO triggered program to upgrade the RS-68 engine to an "RS-68A" variant, called "Heavy Upgrade Program", or "HUG", resulted in the first hot fire test of a prototype engine at Stennis Space Center in September 2008. Two certification engines completed their testing programs during February and November of 2010, respectively. The first three production engines, Nos. 30003-30005, were delivered from Stennis to Decatur during April 2011 after completing their hot fire acceptance tests.
The three engines performed the first RS-68A launch on June 29, 2012, when Delta 360, a Delta 4-Heavy Upgrade, orbited the NROL-15 payload from Cape Canaveral. The engines produced a combined liftoff thrust of nearly 955.28 tonnes (2.1 million pounds), a roughly 6 percent increase from the previous RS-68 engine thrust. A post-launch press release noted that Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne (PWR) had developed RS-68A specifically to be able to lift the NROL-15 payload. The new engine produced 318.43 tonnes of liftoff thrust and 361.52 tonnes of thrust in vacuum. RS-68A vacuum specific impulse was targeted for 414 seconds, about 6.5 seconds more than the RS-68 value.
The improved performance was expected to increase Delta 4 Heavy's performance by 8 to 13 percent, depending on orbit. RS-68A will be phased into the entire Delta 4 fleet starting in 2015. The new engine will allow all of the Medium configurations to use a standard Medium+(5,4) core, rather than cores tailor made for each type of strap on solid motor set up. As a result, most the Medium variants would see slight performance losses compared to their original versions, but the move would achieve program cost savings.
Another change will involve the second stage engine.
Excess RL10B-2 Delta 4 engines are being converted to RL10C-1 variants for use on Atlas
5. As part of this effort, some changes will be made to RL10B-2 engines to improve
commonality between Delta 4 and Atlas 5. The resulting RL10C-2 engines for Delta 4
will look much like RL10B-2 but will have have improved ignition systems, an updated
propellant valve design, and other changes.
Delta 4 Heavy (Delta 369) with EFT-1 Prelaunch
NASA's Orion Exploration Flight Test 1 began with a 12:05 UTC liftoff from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 37B on December 5, 2014. The eighth Delta 4 Heavy launch vehicle boosted EFT-1, with the first unmanned Orion Command Module, into an initial 186 x 894 km x 28.4 deg orbit after a 17 minute 39 second ascent. Delta 4's twin outer booster cores burned out and jettisonned 3 minutes 58 seconds after liftoff. The core first stage shut down at the 5 minute 30 second mark. The Delta Heavy Cryogenic Second Stage then performed an 11 minute 30 second first burn to reach low earth orbit.
Orion remained attached to Delta 4's cryogenic second stage in orbit, awaiting a second burn about 1 hour 55 minutes into the flight at the end of the first orbit. This second burn was expected to loft EFT-1 to a nearly 6,000 km apogee on a suborbital trajectory, creating high speed reentry conditions of up to 9,000 meters per second to test Orion's Avcoat ablative heat shield. Orion uses the largest, heaviest ablative heat shield ever flown in space.
Important separation events were successfully performed during the ascent, including separation of three 450 kg Service Module Fairings at the 6 minute 20 second mark, about 30 seconds into the second stage burn, and of the roughly 7.5 tonne Launch Abort System (LAS) about 5 seconds later. The LAS had inert Abort and Attitude Control solid motor simulators, but used a live Jettison Motor to pull itself and its large fairing away from Orion.
Delta 4 Heavy weighed 740 tonnes at liftoff, including Orion, its dummy Service Module and Stage Adapter, the mostly-inert Launch Abort System with its fairing, and jettisonable Service Module panels. In orbit, the Orion Command Module and dummy Service Modules together likely weighed roughly 11.5 to 12 tonnes. The CM alone weighed about 9 to 9.5 tonnes in orbit and 8.6 tonnes at splashdown. The LAS likely weighed about 7.7-7.8 tonnes.
Diagram Showing EFT-1 LAS and SM Fairing Separation
After coasting in its initial low earth orbit, the second stage restarted its Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne RL10B-2 engine at the 1 hour 55 minute mark, performing a 4 minute 43 second burn to boost Orion into its final elliptical orbit, which had a -20 km perigee, a 5,809 km apogee, and 28.77 deg inclination. The second stage was expected to perform a third, de-orbit burn after the CM separated.
The CM and SM remained attached to the Delta 4 cryogenic second stage until the CM
separated for reentry about 3 hours 23 minutes after launch, after the vehicle began
falling back to Earth from apogee. At that point, the CM began using its own
reaction control system, consisting of 12 monopropellant thrusters, to control its
attitude. The CM performed a brief "Raise Burn" to test its capabilities
about 3 hours 57 minutes after liftoff.
Right: Orion Approaches Splashdown
Orion's entry interface occurred at about the 4 hours 13 minute mark. The capsule was travelling at a velocity of nearly 9,000 meters per second when it hit the atmosphere. This represented about 84% of the reentry velocity expected by a CM returning from future planned SLS-launched deep space missions. During reentry, Orion experienced peak heating of about 4,000 F and maximum g-forces of 8.0 to 8.3.
The Orion CM reentered and splash down under three main parachutes in the Pacific Ocean about 444 km west of Baja, California about 4.5 hours after liftoff. Splashdown occurred 4 hours 24 minutes after liftoff. The A U.S. Navy team, based on the U.S.S. Anchorage (LPD-23, a San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock), recovered the spacecraft.
Lockheed Martin assembled Orion at Kennedy Space Center's Operations & Checkout Building during a two year buildup. The company bought the Delta 4 Heavy launch from United Launch Alliance in 2010. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center built the Stage Adapter. ATK built the Launch Abort System motors.
It was the first civilian payload carried by Delta 4 Heavy. After its initial demonstration test flight in 2004, the world's heaviest lifter boosted six Defense Department payloads, including five top secret missions for the National Reconnaisance Office. EFT-1 may have been the heaviest payload at liftoff of a Delta 4 Heavy, but it was likely not the heaviest payload placed into orbit. EFT-1 shed nearly half of its mass en route to orbit.
* GEO: Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
** Dry mass for Delta IV Medium version
believed to include 5-4 meter interstage. Dry mass for Delta IV Medium 5-5 meter version
interstage and for Delta IV Heavy versions with nose cones or 5 meter adapter are believed
to weigh about one metric ton more than Medium CBC.
====================================================================================== as of May 17, 2014 ====================================================================================== Date Vehicle ID Payload Mass Site* Orbit Orbit kg (kmxkmxdeg) Type** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11/20/02 Delta 4M+4,2 D293 Eutelsat W5 3170 CC37B 539x35921x13.49 GTO 03/11/03 Delta 4M D296 DSCS-3-A3 2733 CC37B 235x35587x25.5 GTO 08/29/03 Delta 4M D301 DSCS B6 2733 CC37B 235x35551x25,5 GTO 12/21/04 Delta 4H D310 Demosat/2microsats 6000 CC37B 19029x36408x13.48 [EEO](1) 05/24/06 Delta 4M+4,2 D315 GOES-N 3199 CC37B 6656x35173x12.1 GTO+ 06/28/06 Delta 4M+4,2 D317 NROL-22 4000? VA6 1111x37564x62.4 EEO/M 11/04/06 Delta 4M D320 DMSP-17 1225 VA6 846x850x98.77 LEO/S 11/11/07 Delta 4H D329 DSP-23 2386 CC37B 35902x35902x4.0 GEO 01/18/09 Delta 4H D337 NROL-26 6000? CC37B GEO? 06/27/09 Delta 4M+4,2 D342 GOES-O 3211 CC37B 6623x35177x12 GTO+ 12/06/09 Delta 4M+5,4 D346 WGS F3 5987 CC37B 441x66874x24 GTO+ 03/04/10 Delta 4M+4,2 D348 GOES-P 3238 CC37B 6623x35177x12 GTO+ 05/28/10 Delta 4M+4,2 D349 GPS 2F-1 1630 CC37B 20459x20459x55 MEO 11/21/10 Delta 4H D351 NROL-32 CC37B GEO? 01/20/11 Delta 4H D352 NROL-49 VA6 250x1020x97.9 LEO/S 03/11/11 Delta 4M+4,2 D353 NROL-27 CC37B GEO? 07/16/11 Delta 4M+4,2 D355 GPS 2F-2 1630 CC41 20430x20465x55 MEO 01/20/12 Delta 4M+5,4 D358 WGS 4 5988 CC37B 439x66872x24 GTO+ 04/03/12 Delta 4M+5,2 D359 NROL-25 ~6000? VA6 1100x1100x123 LEO/R 06/29/12 Delta 4H D360 NROL-15 ~6000? CC37B 35587x35587x0 ? GEO?(3) 10/04/12 Delta 4M+4,2 D361 GPS 2F-3 1630 CC37B 20459x20459x55 MEO(4) 05/25/13 Delta 4M+5,4 D362 WGS 5 5988 CC37B 441x66854x24 GTO+ 08/08/13 Delta 4M+5,4 D363 WGS 6 5987 CC37B 439x66894x24 GTO+ 08/28/13 Delta 4H D364 NROL 65 ~17000 VA6 254x999x97.9 LEO/S 02/21/14 Delta 4M+4,2 D365 GPS 2F-5 1630 CC37B 20459x20459x55 MEO 05/17/14 Delta 4M+4,2 D366 GPS 2F-6 1630 CC37B 20459x20459x55 MEO 07/28/14 Delta 4M+4,2 D368 2xGSSAP/ANGELS CC37B GEO? 12/05/14 Delta 4H D369 EFT-1 (Orion) ~12000 CC37B -20x5809x28.77 EEO (5) 03/25/15 Delta 4M+4,2 D371 GPS 2F-9 1630 CC37B 20459x20459x55 MEO 07/24/15 Delta 4M+5,4 D372 WGS 7 5987 CC37B 440x66838x24.2 GTO+ 02/10/16 Delta 4M+5,2 D373 NROL-45 ~6000? VA 6 1100x1100x123 LEO/R 06/11/16 Delta 4H D374 NROL 37 ~6000? CC37B GEO? 08/19/16 Delta 4M+4,2 D375 2xGSSAP CC37B GEO? 12/07/16 Delta 4M+5,4 D376 WGS 8 5987 CC37B 435x44377x27 GTO+ 03/19/17 Delta 4M+5,4 D377 WGS 9 5987 CC37B 431x44290x27 GTO+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (1)Failure during inaugural test flight with dummy 6 metric ton Demosat payload and two LEO microsats. CBC strap-on boosters shut down 8 sec early. The core CBC shut down 9 sec early. Initial second stage burn ran long to compensate, using more propellant than planned to reach LEO. Second burn achieved correct geosynchronous transfer orbit. Third burn ended early due to propellant depletion. Microsats failed to orbit - deployed into suborbital trajectory. Demosat orbit 19,029 x 36,408 km at 13.48 degree inclination versus planned 36,342 km circular at 10 degrees (perigee short by 17,313 km). (3)First use of upgraded RS-68A engines, producing a combined 2.106 million pounds of liftoff thrust. (4)Successful mission/orbit, but RL10B-2 stg 2 engine produced low thrust during its three burns, causing burns to be extended by 30 seconds or more (perhaps 6-8% burn length increase/thrust decrease.) Propellant leak in thrust chamber.
(5)First unmanned test of Orion spacecraft CM. Liftoff mass 21 tonnes including LAS, SM Fairings, and Stage Adapter. CM ~9.2 tonnes. DCSS first burn to LEO, second burn during 2nd orbit to 5809 km apogee for high speed reentry and splashdown of Baja, California. DCSS performed third, deorbit burn.
*Site Code: CC = Cape Canaveral, FL, USA CC37B = Space Launch Complex 37B: Delta 4 CC41 = Space Launch Complex 41: Atlas 5 VA = Vandenberg AFB, CA, USA VA3E = Space Launch Complex 3E: Atlas 5 VA6 = Space Launch Complex 6: Delta 4 **Orbit Code: References
Delta IV Payload Planners Guide, Boeing, October 2000
Last Update: March 19, 2017
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Hinduism in French Guiana
|Hinduism by country|
The abolition of slavery by France in 1848 created a crisis in its three colonies in the Caribbean – French Guinea, Guadeloupe and Martinique. It was feared that the impending desertion of African slaves from the plantations would result in enormous losses to the French planters, losses that would be compounded by recurrent floods and epidemics that were endemic in that region.
Accordingly, France decided to follow the example of Britain and recruit indentured labour from India to replace the former slave labour. Initially, it had no difficulty in doing so because of its own Indian connection in the form of its territories in Pondicherry, Mahe and Karaikal. But it soon found that the supply from those areas was insufficient. Accordingly, it commenced negotiations with Britain in 1851 for permission to recruit Indians from British India. As these talks went on endlessly without agreement, it apparently managed in 1852 to spirit out some persons from British India to its own enclaves and then shipped them off to the Caribbean. Initially, the British Government had been willing to allow France to recruit Indian labour for work only in Reunion. It finally conceded the French request by the Treaty of Paris of 11 July 1860.
As many as 42,326 (wrong number : 25,000 for Martinique alone, 42,000 for Guadeloupe and less than 10,000 for Guianan)[clarification needed] Indian labourers are reported to have arrived in the three West Indian French colonies between the years 1853 and 1889 when this system of recruitment was finally terminated by Britain. Only 4,613 of them had remained there by 1898 due to the death or repatriation of many labourers. Contemporary British records were full of horror stories about the condition of the Indian workers. Their migration to an unknown land without any satisfactory system of supervision and control had been unfortunate.
Even at the end of the 1990s, Professor Lotus Vingadassamy, a native of French Guinea, made the following remarks about the PIOs People of Indian origin in the French West Indies at a meeting in Delhi’s India International Centre. The transplantation of her community from India to the West Indies, she said, ‘carried psychological connotations of deep sorrow and suffering, inconsolable mourning, along with the everlasting feeling of being torn inside.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_French_Guiana
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| 3.265625
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If Antarctic ice melts or disappears, the polar bears will eventually die and become extinct. Penguins and many others will lose their habitat. With extreme changes in the earth’s temperature, some species won’t be able to adapt forcing them to move to a new habitat. Glaciers and ice sheets will melt increasing the sea levels. Many countries may sink causing significant lost of properties, infrastructure, agriculture and even lives.
Climate change will not just cause flooding and storm surge in coastal areas and small island nations nor possibly sink low land areas with the increasing depth of the seawaters but will likely cause drought and prolong dry seasons in some countries around the world.
The change on earth temperature brought forth significant changes. In fact, it has been reported that Arctic ice leaked and the ice layer floats by more than 20 percent. And if we do not act to help the world, climate change will lead to severe weather patterns. Indeed, this can be seen with more droughts and weather catastrophes happening. Dry season, intense and heavy rains and unpredictable weather conditions can be observed.
Global Warming Exists
Global warming is not a myth that’s why you need the best portable air conditioner. More evidences showed that many nations are now currently suffering its wrath threatening the lives and properties and likewise destroying farms and crop fields. Millions of people may be forced to abandon their homes because of climate change.
What Can You Do?
With enormous effort, we can reduce global warming by using energy efficiently. Learn and apply and teach the people to spread the news on how we can help save the planet. Reduce, reuse and recycle are the key concepts we must learn and live.
Use biodegradable materials and reusable products. Make handcraft out of recycled paper, plastics and others. Help advocate the let us win together against global warming. Join environment organizations and participate in their calls. Practice waste segregation. Plant trees and encourage your friends and love ones to do the same. One tree can absorb about a ton of carbon dioxide in its lifetime.
Begin in your little way at home. Together, it makes a difference to reduce the atmospheric carbon dioxide level. You can help reduce as much as 2000 lbs carbon dioxide in a year. If everyone can do these things by heart, you can just imagine how much carbon dioxide will be removed from the atmosphere.
Conserve energy by reducing heater and air conditioning consumption. Try better alternatives like insulating your walls during winter. Open your windows to allow fresh air instead of turning the air conditioning units. Replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs. You won’t just conserve energy but it will bring you a substantial savings on electric bill consumption.
Exercise your heart out by walking. Use bikes to get to nearby places instead of driving your BMW. Otherwise, make sure that your car is running in good condition. When you purchase a new appliance, choose the energy-efficient models. Do not forget to turn off the switches whenever necessary. In short, try as much as possible to live a simpler life.
Always keep in mind that a problem exists along with consequences and solutions. Global warming is everyone’s concern. Let’s make the earth a better place to live in for your family and friends and the generations to come.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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Castello di Duino
The new castle of Duino, with its memories of German poet R. M. Rilke, who wrote his Duino Elegies there, was first documented in 1363, when two fortresses were mentioned: the old or lower and the new or upper. A previous and older fortress, Castellum Pucinum, must have existed on the site back in Roman times, since it was mentioned by Pliny the Elder. The lower castle, built in the 11th century, was originally a feudal holding of the Patriarch of Aquileia; from the 14th century a property of the Dukes of Austria, it passed to the Counts of Duino and was eventually sold to the Barons of Waldsee. Having witnessed many military events, it was almost completely destroyed by the Turks in the 15th century. In 1483, on the death of Rambert III of Waldsee, the feudal domain and the upper fortress returned to the Dukes of Austria. Fallen into Venetian hands, the castle was recaptured in 1508 by Emperor Maximilian, who gave it to Giovanni Hofer. Following the marriage of Lodovica Hofer to Raimund VI von Thurn, the castle passed to the Princes Thurn und Taxis (Torre e Tasso), whose heirs still reside in the castle.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://consorziocastelli.it/castles/trieste/duino?set_language=en
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| 0.97349
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If My Kids Play a Sport, Can I Protect Them?
Sports can be rough by nature, but that’s no reason to keep your child off the team. There are a few things you can do to protect your athletic child from brain injuries.
The most common head injury associated with sports is concussion. A concussion happens when a major impact causes the brain to bang against the skull and become bruised. Concussions can have serious consequences if left untreated or if they happen repeatedly.
If your child’s sport requires a helmet, make sure he or she wears it at all times. If they bang their head or are hit hard during practice or a game, tell their coach and a medical professional. Know the signs of concussion:
-Sensitivity to light or sound
-Trouble concentrating, answering questions
If you think your child might have a concussion, seek medical attention immediately. If a concussion is diagnosed, take a break from sports for as long as the doctor advises so your brain can heal.
© 2016 BiC
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The elk, or wapiti (Cervus canadensis), is one of the largest species within the deer family called Cervidae.
This animal should not be confused with the still larger moose (Alces alces) to which the name “elk” applies in British English and in reference to populations in Eurasia.
Elks are native to North America and eastern Asia; they have adapted well to countries in which they have been introduced, including Argentina and New Zealand.
Elk range in forest and forest-edge habitat.
During the winter, they spend most of their time in the valleys between mountains, where they feed on shrubs beneath the snow. In the warmer spring and summer months, they move higher up in the mountains to graze and give birth.
Elk live 20 years or more in captivity but average 10 to 13 years in the wild.
Elk cows average 225 to 241 kilograms (496 to 531 pounds), stand 1.3 meters (4.3 feet) at the shoulder, and are 2.1 meters (6.9 feet) from nose to tail.
Bulls are some 40% larger than cows at maturity, weighing an average of 320 to 331 kilograms (705 to 730 pounds), standing 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) at the shoulder and averaging 2.45 meters (8.0 feet) in length.
Only the males have antlers, which start growing in the spring and are shed each winter. The largest antlers may be 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) long and weigh 18 kilograms (40 pounds).
Antlers are made of bone which can grow at a rate of 2.5 centimeters (0.98 inch) per day. While actively growing, the antlers are covered with and protected by a soft layer of highly vascularised skin known as velvet. The velvet is shed in the summer when the antlers have fully developed.
Elk belong to an order of mammals called artidactyla, which means that they have an even number of toes on each foot. Camels, goats and cattle are also in this family.
Elk are ruminants and therefore have four-chambered stomachs.
Elk are herbivores. They eat a variety of foods depending on the season. Grasses, sedges, flowers and other soft plant foods compose their diet during summer months, while the growth of woody plants such as cedar and red maple make up their diet in winter. They also occasionally eat mushrooms.
Elk consume an average of 9.1 kilograms (20 pounds) of various vegetation daily.
Elk are social animals who live in same-sex herds of 10 to 20 individuals, that are loosely structured, and may come together in much larger groups, particularly as they migrate to higher ground.
As is true for many species of deer, especially those in mountainous regions, elk migrate into areas of higher altitude in the spring, following the retreating snows, and the opposite direction in the fall.
The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem elk herd numbers over 200,000 individuals and during the spring and fall, they take part in the longest elk migration in the continental U.S.
September and October mark the mating season for the elk.
Dominant males form “harems”, small groups of female deer that they will mate with. They defend a kind of “moving territory” around the harem. Males advertise this territory, and their status, through bugling. Fights between dominant males and intruders can be intense and result in injury, exhaustion, or death.
The gestation period is 240 to 262 days and the offspring weigh between 15 and 16 kilograms (33 and 35 pounds). When the females are near to giving birth, they tend to isolate themselves from the main herd, and will remain isolated until the calf is large enough to escape predators.
The offspring will remain with their mothers for almost a year, leaving about the time that the next season’s offspring are produced.
Elk were once found across much of North America but they were killed off and driven to take refuge in more remote locations.
Elks are not endangered, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List, because the population is increasing, overall, and it has a wide distribution.
Elk are also called wapiti, a Native American word that means “light-colored deer.”
Some cultures revere the elk as a spiritual force.
Elk are hunted as a game species. The meat is leaner and higher in protein than beef or chicken.
Elk are held in captivity, or farmed, for hunting, meat production and velvet collection.
A male elk can produce 10 to 11 kilograms (22 to 24 pounds) of antler velvet annually and on ranches in the United States, Canada and New Zealand, this velvet is collected and sold to markets in East Asia, where it is used in medicine.
The Rocky Mountain elk is the official state animal for Utah.
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<urn:uuid:1e1a5f4d-4f92-4db3-9847-908f6b868b21>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://justfunfacts.com/interesting-facts-about-elks/
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en
| 0.960542
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Blue sapphires range from very light to very dark greenish or violetish blue, as well as various shades of pure blue.
Sapphire, the September birthstone, has been popular since the Middle Ages.
According to folklore, this precious stone will protect your loved ones from envy and harm. Medieval clergy wore sapphires to symbolize heaven, while commoners thought the gem attracted heavenly blessings.
The most prized colors are a medium to medium dark blue or slightly violetish blue. Sapphire is a variety of the gem species corundum and occurs in all colors of the rainbow.
Pink, purple, green, orange, or yellow corundum are known by their color (pink sapphire, green sapphire). Little known fact: Ruby is the red variety of corundum!
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<urn:uuid:9087964c-5200-48be-818d-b700794e56fe>
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.marlenjewelers.com/marlen-jewelers-news-events/2016/8/19/september-birthstone-sapphire
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Ah, my sweet summer child. What do you know of inflammation? Inflammation is for the winter, when genes uncoil in your blood and messengers send codes containing the blueprints for proteins to protect you from the harsh diseases of the cold. Inflammation is for those long nights, when the sun hides its face, or rain clouds block the sky, and trillions of little T-cells are born to fight the diseases of cold and flu season.
At least, that's the news from a new study showing that DNA reacts to the seasons, changing your body's chemistry depending on the time of year.
The findings, published today in Nature Communications1, show that as many as one-fifth of all genes in blood cells undergo seasonal changes in expression. Genes often are seen as immutable, but a lot of our body's workings depend upon which genes are translated when. In the winter, the study found, your blood contains a denser blend of immune responders, while summer veins swim with fat-burning, body-building, water-retaining hormones. These seasonal changes could provide insight into inflammatory diseases like hypertension, and autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes.
The question is slap-your-forehead simple: How do genes respond to seasonal changes? Surprisingly, nobody had yet looked. "We knew that there are some genes that change their expression throughout the day, and then it hit us—like BLAM!—what is the effect on genes of the length of day throughout the year?" says Chris Wallace, an immunogeneticist at Cambridge University.
Every cell in your body has the same genetic code, but each specializes in certain bits of that code—specialization controlled by how tightly your DNA is spooled around structures called histones. This is different from the twist of the double helix, and is instead like the curling of an old-school phone cord. The outside of the spools are coated in molecules called methyl markers. Under certain conditions, the methyl markers flag a gene, and the section will uncoil. That gene is now exposed to messenger RNA, which picks up the code and begins the process of making proteins.
To get their results, Wallace and her co-author combined data from four studies, giving them access to DNA from more than 1,000 individuals in six countries. "We needed studies that looked at lots of genes where they’d measured the same people throughout the year," Wallace says. This let them compare changes on a temporal scale. And because the subjects in those studies came from Germany, Australia, the US, the UK, Iceland, and the Gambia, the researchers also could identify striking differences depending on latitude.
In the blood cells, about 5,000 genes showed some changes depending on the season. And because the study was looking specifically at white blood cells, it makes sense that most of the genetic changes had to do with immune system responses. "Inflammation is the body’s response to harm, and in the winter we are more susceptible to harm," says Wallace. (In the winterless Gambia, the inflammatory bump came during the rainy season, when danger from malaria is highest.) "In evolutionary terms it's a good thing, as until the 20th century the biggest cause of death in humans was disease." But in the summer—and sedentary, climate controlled modern winter—an aggressive inflammatory system can be a liability, as it puts you more at risk for cardiovascular and autoimmune disorders.
Wallace says there's no telling which cues trigger the seasonal changes. Behavioral changes—like staying indoors, or eating different types of food—could be to blame, but that's unlikely as the studies the researchers used spanned so many different people in so many different cultures. The culprit is probably something environmental. For instance, the length of the day could be a contender—light triggers genes controlling your body's clock—but daylight hours don't change much in places like the Gambia. Temperature also could be a factor. "We can’t be sure what’s causing this, all we can say is humans who have adapted to their environments, humans have adapted their gene expression to match that variation," she says. What would be really interesting, she says, would be to compare the genetic changes between locals and immigrants in a city with an even mix of the two groups. London, for instance.
Or in an even more exciting thought-experiment: As winter descends on Westeros, perhaps some enterprising maester could record gene expression across the Five Kingdoms.
1 Correction 05/12 11:52 AM ET. Originally, this said the paper was published in Nature. Nature Communications is a separate, online only, open-access journal.
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The modern concept of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was developed by economist Simon Kuznets in 1934. Since then, and especially after the Bretton Woods Accords, GDP has been the accepted standard for measuring and managing the size of an economy. It is based on simple accounting and can be calculated using output, expenditure, or income figures. Therefore, it provides governments with an efficient tool to pull the main levers of the economy, but also a measure of success that, because of its widespread use, allows governments to benchmark policies as well.
GDP does not measure it all—for starters, it ignores the relationship between economic growth and income inequality. Growth is very often a poor measure of prosperity, despite it being from its original design Kuznets’ objective when he warned that “any claim to significance [National Income] would lie in its presumptive usefulness as an appraisal of the contribution of economic activity to the welfare of the country’s inhabitants, present and future”. Between 1960 and 2015, Colombia’s GDP per capita has grown in all but one year (1999), placing the country as the growth world champion—yet it is not yet highly competitive. Social criticism has mounted after the observation that, while in the last decade GDP has grown on average in most developed markets, real wages have declined because most of the gains of a bigger economy have rewarded capital, not labor. As a result, national governments and international organizations have started looking for alternatives.
During the 2017 World Government Summit recently held in Dubai this issue was discussed in depth. It was encouraging to find out that several countries have already started addressing the previous concerns about GDP. The Kingdom of Bhutan introduced Gross National Happiness indicators in 2011. In 2012 Japan conducted its first Quality of Life Survey and had already established a Cabinet Commission on Measuring Well-being in 2010. Attempts to incorporate happiness and well-being have also made their entry into some education systems: In 2013, the Republic of Korea established a policy of “Happy Education for All”, and Singapore has integrated Social and Emotional Learning as part of the Character and Citizenship Education syllabus in 2013. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) has already conducted three international surveys to assess the level of life satisfaction in 34 countries. Interestingly, we also heard how new metrics and assessments are informing actual policy decisions, a good example being the “What Works Center for Wellbeing” in the UK.
Bhutan is by itself a good example of how to measure happiness as an alternative to National Income and GDP. Through a subjective survey assessment, the government measures four indicators of national well-being: equitable social and economic development; protection of culture; preservation of environment; and, good governance. These pillars encompass what the country understands are the main conditions for happiness: living standards, health, education, environment, governance, psychological well-being, time use, cultural resilience, and vitality of community. Other countries are following the same path.
What makes people happy and why are people in some countries happier than in others? Why are Danish people happy but Russians less so? One can attribute differences in well-being to institutional, not individual factors, and therefore happiness can be managed. However, happiness may be driven by genetic or cultural factors, and therefore some people are by design more likely to be happy. During the World Government Summit, we found all these to be true. In fact, there seems to be a “happiness gene” which has been identified after analyzing the human genome of almost 300,000 individuals. The study, conducted by University of Amsterdam professors Meike Bartels (Genetics and Wellbeing) and Philipp Koellinger (Genoeconomics), identifies three genetic variants for happiness—in other words, our predisposition to be happy can somehow be predicted when we are born.
The largest longitudinal study every conducted on happiness is the Harvard Study of Adult Development. For more than 80 years since 1930, researchers have been following the lives of 268 Caucasian men from the Harvard classes of 1939-1944, and 456 Caucasian men from the neighborhoods of Boston. The first group included 19-year-old individuals, while the second group consisted of people who were between 11 and 16 years old when the study started. By following their experiences and main events throughout their lives, Prof. Robert J. Waldinger and his team have been able to isolate the environmental factors that make people happy. And, surprisingly, they have nothing to do with income, wealth, and material goods. The main determinant of happiness is the quality of human relationships: individuals who grow surrounded by friends and family and who maintain solid and enriching relationships with other individuals, live happier lives. Indeed, preserving these relationships while growing older also helps people live longer.
In sum—the consensus is that economic policies need to pursue new, more ambitious goals related not only to individual income and country productivity, but also to life satisfaction and happiness. Being that happiness is a subjective emotional state, we can still measure the extent to which the socioeconomic environment and cultural variables make people happy.
Are we in a new era where economic growth is one among many other objectives of economic policy? In my opinion, our societies are demanding a new direction for the world economy. The productivity gains and innovations of the recent decades have not translated necessarily into more prosperity for all; competitiveness has come at the expense of income inequality; hence growth is not associated to fairness and life satisfaction. However, while we know what the new objective function of governments should be, it is not yet clear how to manage such an objective. Using the analogy of corporate strategy, by now we know very well what the key performance indicator of a society in the 21st century should be—people’s happiness. However, we still need to find what the value drivers of happiness are: how does policy allow people to develop healthy relationships? How should education encourage positive thinking and collaboration? How can governments manage life satisfaction when it depends on cultural and environmental factors? Measuring is one thing; managing is another.
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Students view a video and answer questions about Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Graphs of real GDP per capita are used to demonstrate that the same set of data can be shown in different ways. Students are introduced to the concept of misleading graphs and complete an activity to identify misleading aspects of graphs. Working in groups, students support a given headline statement by manipulating a graph using an interactive tool. This will teach scale, origin, and units on a graph along with what makes a graph misleading. The lesson assumes students are able to calculate rate of change.
Economics is often called the "science of decision making." The decisions that economists analyze range from personal decisions such as how big a pizza to order or whether to buy or lease a new car to the decisions the federal government makes about things like the size of our military. Economists use information about these, and other decisions, to develop indicators that can be used to determine the health of our economy. Just as a physician relies on indicators such as temperature, blood pressure and heart rate to determine the health of a patient, economists use indicators like gross domestic product growth, the unemployment rate and the rate of inflation to predict our nation's economic health.
How does your family celebrate Thanksgiving? Are you joined by friends and/or family for a special feast? What do you eat? Most American families celebrate Thanksgiving by cooking turkey. According to EatTurkey.com, approx. 88 percent of U.S. households eat turkey on Thanksgiving at an average weight of 16 lbs a turkey that adds up to 736 million pounds that will be eaten this Thanksgiving.
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Input and output considerations in estimating rates of chemical denudation
Goudie, A. (1970). Input and output considerations in estimating rates of chemical denudation. Earth Science Journal, 4(2), 59-65.
Permanent Research Commons link: http://hdl.handle.net/10289/9172
Estimation of rates of solutional denudation in river basins necessitates some consideration of salt inputs as well as consideration of salt outputs. Recent work in nutrient cycling has stressed the complexity and importance of the input factor, particularly when throughfall chemistry is taken into account. Frequently the differences between rates of input and output of salt in a river basin are small, suggesting that many published rates of solutional denudation, which consider outputs alone, or inputs only in part, are excessive. The input of salts, which may take place in rain, snow, fog and throughfall are most important in coastal areas. Analysis of data, for both the semi-arid United States and the Cotswold Hills in England, illustrate the need for long-term sampling, and for a detailed spatial network of sampling points.
Waikato Geological Society, The University of Waikato
© 1970 Waikato Geological Society, The University of Waikato. All items in Research Commons are provided only to permit fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study. They are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated.
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The benefits of keeping stormwater runoff out of waterways are well known, but what if that runoff is viewed as potential drinking water – is it as valuable as the water that flows from the kitchen sink?
Research from the Environmental Protection Agency, indicates that if the stormwater can make it back into the ground, it could be worth as much as that in the drinking water supply.
“I think this is a great piece of data – it’s another great way to talk in economics about the value of doing these stormwater reduction projects,” said Tracy Skrabal, coastal scientist with North Carolina Coastal Federation, of the study. “When we put water back into the ground and it is cleaned as it is infiltrating, then we are resupplying that resource that provides us with drinking water. That’s intuitive, but to put the value on it of hundreds of millions of dollars per year – or billions of dollars cumulatively – is really valuable.”
The study, “Estimating Monetized Benefits of Groundwater Recharge from Stormwater Retention Practices,” estimates the benefits of groundwater recharge from the application of small stormwater retention practices on new development and redevelopment across the country.
Stormwater that makes it back into the ground could be worth as much as $225 million annually as drinking water, according to the study.
“This analysis was undertaken as part of the effort to estimate monetary value of the co-benefits of stormwater retention policies to inform policy makers,” Enesta Jones, a spokesperson for the EPA, said. “Stormwater retention policies are driven for different reasons, this study was to assess the potential economic benefit. While groundwater recharge may not economically drive retention, it should be noted as a side benefit of the water quality and stream protection. “
Skrabal agreed that placing a monetary estimate to stormwater would be an addition to the list of benefits of managing runoff.
“We talk about these projects in terms of multiple benefits, so groundwater recharge is one of them,” she said. “Those (estimated values) don’t even touch the value of keeping polluted stormwater out of our creeks and rivers and streams. So when you look at the overall valuation in terms of having clean waters and development around that, and recreation, the number must be enormous.”
Skrabal called the study further evidence that there is more than just environmental benefits to managing stormwater.
“It actually is a financial or economic benefit to the state and relates to something that is pretty critical in our state, which is adequate water supply,” she said. “So I think this piece of data should drive not just public policy, but also should help the state justify making more changes to their programs to allow these better infiltration practices.”
Bridget Munger, a spokesperson for the N.C. Department of Environmental Quality, which manages the state’s stormwater permitting program, said the department is open to looking at new research and data that could improve the program and provide more flexibility for developers in choosing how they want to manage stormwater at a particular site.
“While the state’s stormwater program has not yet studied the economics of infiltration and groundwater recharge, our engineers are always looking at innovative ways to provide design options that will protect water quality, while providing additional environmental benefits,” Munger said. “Program staff work closely with researchers at N.C. State University, as well as diverse stakeholder groups, in that effort.”
She explained that new stormwater rules developed this year by the state require infiltration in areas of active shellfish harvesting waters whenever it’s technically feasible. In areas outside active shellfish harvesting waters, developers can choose the stormwater control measures best suited to their projects, though the state provides options for infiltration devices that follow specific guidelines.
Annette Lucas, an engineer with the state Department of Environmental Quality’s stormwater permitting program, said permit applicants have 12 options for treating stormwater with methods varying from more traditional wet ponds, where water settles into a manmade pond, to complex bio-retention ponds that infiltrate stormwater through a series of plants, sand, clay and other organic materials to increase the rate in which the water goes back into the ground. Other methods include pervious pavement, rain gardens and more.
“The person who owns the property gets to choose how the stormwater is treated,” Lucas said. “But we’ve made a lot of changes that make it easier to do infiltration, to do bio-retention. We’ve taken away in our design (of the stormwater rules) some of the things that unwittingly prevented people from making that choice. So a lot of times people are choosing to do bio-retention and infiltration, but there’s a lot of factors that go into making that decision that are really site specific.”
“As we move Down East, we have trouble with high water table. So you might have great soil for infiltration, but the soils are saturated with groundwater,” she explained, noting the need for a wide range of stormwater treatment choices.
“I think over time people are choosing more of the low-impact type systems,” Lucas said.
Skrabal said she believes North Carolina has been “very aggressive” in its approach to managing stormwater runoff through innovative, low-impact development techniques, like vegetative swales, rain gardens, bio-retention areas and more.
More attention should be paid to redevelopment and retrofitting opportunities, she said, as well as moving away from the more traditional methods of stormwater treatment, like wet ponds, and encouraging or requiring more use of the low-impact development techniques.
“I think (the EPA study is) just another sort of confirmation of what we already know, and that is: When you can employ low-impact development techniques during new development, it is going to be financially beneficial to the community, but also to the developer,” Skrabal said. “We know that a lot of these techniques are actually cheaper in the long run to employ than what I would call old-school stormwater retention ponds and detention ponds. It just makes good financial sense all around to do this.
“And the added benefit of reducing the volume of polluted stormwater in our adjacent waters – that’s a win-win for everybody.”
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Attack of the Killer Fungi: Rising Threat Worries Scientists
An unprecedented number of diseases caused by fungi have been causing some of the most severe die-offs and extinctions ever witnessed in wild species and jeopardizing crops to boot, scientists now report.
Fungi are wiping out amphibians on several continents, decimating bats in eastern North America, contributing to the disappearance of bees dubbed colony collapse disorder, and killing corals and sea turtles.
They are even threatening humans, if indirectly, by attacking crops. Fungi and fungilike organisms called oomycetes can cause significant losses to rice, wheat, maize, potatoes and soybeans, according to the researchers who write that the problems “vary regionally but pose a current and growing threat to food security.”
To determine if fungi are causing more diseases and extinctions among plants and animals, the team, led by Matthew Fisher at the Imperial College London, combed through years of scientific reports.
This technique was tricky because diseases and their effects can be difficult to spot in plants and animals. It is also possible that increasing awareness of disease-causing fungi may have led to more reports, they note. With these caveats, they conclude that the data do support the idea that fungi pose a greater threat to plant and animal biodiversity than other pathogens, and the threat is increasing.
They offer a number of reasons why. When infecting a large, vulnerable population, fungi can spread so quickly that they wipe out the population before the victims become too sparse to limit transmission.
Fungi can also infect a broad spectrum of hosts, although with different degrees of severity. This can lead some, less vulnerable species to become “super spreaders,” carrying a disease that can spread to others, according to the team. Some research suggests the Pacific chorus frog may be playing this role in spreading the chytrid fungus that is driving other amphibians to extinction.
Fungi also travel well. Humans have been spreading them for a long time; for instance, the Irish potato famine is believed to have been caused by the import of potato blight from the Americas. The African clawed frog, a carrier of the chytrid fungus, was transported around the world for use in pregnancy tests. And recent evidence indicates that the fungus linked to the white-nose syndrome arrived in a New York cave from Europe.
Fungi’s genetic flexibility can help them evolve virulence quickly. Fungi can rapidly acquiring the genetic changes necessary to lead to the creation of new pathogens, and pathogenic lines can clone themselves. Humans help this process along by bringing together fungi that can still exchange genes but were once isolated from one another, the researchers write in the April 12 issue of the journal Nature.
And finally, fungi can also live independently, outside of their hosts. For instance, Geomyces destructans, the cause of white-nose syndrome among bats, lives in soil. Some soil-dwelling Ascomycota fungi can tolerate salty conditions, so once they have drained into marine waters, they can infect corals, sea otters and loggerhead turtle nests. [Wildlife Plagues: Do You Know Them?]
For this reason, fungal pathogens present a very different problem than other microbes that are dependent on a host for replication, according to Arturo Casadevall, chairman of the department of microbiology and immunology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York.
“Some environmental-acquired fungi kill their hosts but do not need them and consequently can drive a species to extinction,” Casadevall, who was not involved in the research, told LiveScience in an email. “I agree that fungal threats are increasing and the threat from fungi remains unappreciated by most authorities who are usually focused on known bacterial and viral pathogens.”
ScienceDaily (Apr. 11, 2012) — More than 600 million people could be fed each year by halting the spread of fungal diseases in the world’s five most important crops, according to research published April 11 in the journal Nature.
Furthermore, data reviewed by scientists suggests that in 70% of cases where infectious disease causes the extinction of a type of animal or plant, an emerging species of fungus is behind the problem. Evidence suggests this figure is increasing.
The scientists behind the study, from the University of Oxford, Imperial College London, and institutions in the US, are calling for new solutions to prevent the proliferation of existing and emerging fungal infections in plants and animals in order to prevent further loss of biodiversity and food shortages in the future.
Fungal infections presently destroy at least 125 million tonnes of the top five food crops — rice, wheat, maize, potatoes and soybeans — each year, which could otherwise be used to feed those who do not get enough to eat. These crops provide the majority of calories consumed by people.
The damage caused by fungi to rice, wheat and maize alone costs global agriculture $60 billion per year. The effects are disproportionately catastrophic for those in the developing world, where 1.4 billion people live on less than $1.25 per day, and rely most heavily on these low-cost foods.
Diseases like rice blast, soybean rust, stem rust in wheat, corn smut in maize and late blight in potatoes affect more than just productivity; many have wide ranging socio-economic costs. Trees lost or damaged by fungi fail to absorb 230-580 megatonnes of atmospheric CO2, equivalent to 0.07% of global atmospheric CO2, an effect the scientists say is likely to be leading to an increase of the greenhouse effect.
In animals, new fungal diseases increasingly threaten the existence of over 500 species of amphibian, as well as many endangered species of bees, sea turtles and corals. In the US alone, studies suggest the decline in bat populations caused by white nose syndrome fungus will lead to a dramatic rise in the insect crop-pests that the bats would otherwise eat, and a cost to agriculture of more than $3.7 billion per year.
Dr Matthew Fisher, from the School of Public Health at Imperial College London, and a corresponding author of the study, said: “The alarming increase in plant and animal deaths caused by new types of fungal disease shows that we are rapidly heading towards a world where the ‘rotters’ are the winners. We need strive to prevent the emergence of new diseases as we currently lack the means to successfully treat outbreaks of infection in the wild.”
The article shows how instances of fungal diseases have been increasing in severity and scale since the middle of the 20th century, largely thanks to trade and travel, and now pose a serious danger to global food security, biodiversity and ecosystem health. The threat to plants from fungal infections has now reached a level that outstrips that posed by bacterial and viral diseases combined and is projected to continue rising.
The authors calculated that fungal infection could damage of up to 900 million tonnes of food if disease epidemics were to hit all the top five food crops in the same year. Although the chances of this happening are very slight, they estimate that this scenario would cause a global famine leaving over 4.2 billion people starving.
They are calling for tighter control of trade in plant and animal products that facilitate the spread of disease, and more research into tools that can predict emerging fungal infections so scientists can learn to halt the spread of existing diseases that are currently geographically isolated.
Corresponding author, Sarah Gurr, Professor of Molecular Plant Pathology at the University of Oxford, said: “Crop losses due to fungal attack challenge food security and threaten biodiversity, yet we are woefully inadequate at controlling their emergence and proliferation. We must have better funding channelled into the fight against fungal disease.”
Matthew C. Fisher, Daniel. A. Henk, Cheryl J. Briggs, John S. Brownstein, Lawrence C. Madoff, Sarah L. McCraw, Sarah J. Gurr. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature, 2012; 484 (7393): 186 DOI: 10.1038/nature10947
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In the past few years, a new line of scientific inquiry called "chaos theory" has caught the popular imagination. Young people, in particular, have taken to the complex computer-generated patterns that seem to teeter precariously between order and randomness. A dazzling mathematical object, the Mandelbrot set, now decorates posters, record sleeves, and pop videos (as well as the back cover of this book jacket). Chaos theory, it turns out, has a deeper meaning for our understanding of nature. All sorts of phenomena - from dripping faucets to swinging pendulums, from the unpredictability of the weather to the majestic parade of the planets, from heart rhythms to gold futures - are best perceived through the mathematical prism of chaos theory. In this collection of incisive, front-line reports, ably edited by Nina Hall for New Scientist magazine, internationally recognized experts such as Ian Stewart, Robert May, and Benoit Mandelbrot draw on the latest research to explain the roots of chaos in modern science and mathematics.
All sorts of phenomena, including dripping faucets, swinging pendulums, the unpredictability of weather, the paths of the planets, heart rhythms, and gold futures, are best perceived through the mathematical prism of chaos theory. Nina Hall has edited this collection of articles from New Scientist magazine by the top researchers in chaos theory, including Ian Stewart, Robert May, Benoit Mandelbrot, and Paul Davies. Contains 14 pages of color plates. No index. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
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Q: Your recent article mentioned one’s “omega-3 level.” How do I measure mine or find what my level is? I’m trying to increase my intake of omega-3s with flaxseed (ground), fish and lentils.
A: Omega-3 fatty acids are special unsaturated fats our bodies need for optimum health. Unfortunately, most Americans are deficient in omega-3s, and as a result are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammatory disorders, and mental and emotional problems. Eating foods rich in omega-3s can reduce these risks and also help treat depression, bipolar disorder, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
I don’t think there is any practical way to measure your omega-3 levels. If there were, and if they were low, the solution would be to do what you should do anyway: increase your intake. Instead of worrying about what your levels are, try to calculate how much omega-3s your diet provides. These fatty acids are found principally in oily fish that live in cold water, primarily wild salmon, mackerel, herring, and sardines. Bluefish is also rich in omega-3s as is – to a lesser extent – albacore tuna, but both of these tasty fish are contaminated by mercury and should be avoided. Other dietary sources of omega-3s include walnuts, flaxseeds and hemp seeds – and the oils extracted from them – as well as soy and canola oils and specially fortified eggs. If you’re eating three ounces of fish two to three times a week, as I recommend, snacking on walnuts and adding freshly ground flaxseeds to cereals and salads you’re probably getting enough omega 3s. A 3-ounce serving of Alaskan salmon or herring contains about 2 grams of omega-3 fatty acids, while 3 ounces of sardines has about 1.3 grams. You can substitute one ounce of walnuts for a serving of fish, or add a tablespoon or two of freshly ground flaxseeds or hemp oil to your diet. These plant sources provide you with alpha linolenic acid, which the body converts to the omega-3s the body needs. The only problem with plant sources of these nutrients is that some people may not be able to convert alpha-linolenic acid to the longer-chain forms that occur in fish, the forms the body needs.
If you are not getting adequate amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in your diet, I recommend taking a good quality fish oil supplement. This is particularly important if you have high cholesterol, diabetes, symptoms of PMS, coronary artery disease or a family history of heart attack or sudden cardiac death, breast cancer, memory loss, depression, insulin resistance, high cholesterol, or rheumatoid arthritis. Distilled fish oils are free of mercury and other contaminants, and some taste quite good. Start with one to two grams a day.
Andrew Weil, M.D.
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Some lenders are now looking to use alternative forms of data and newer methods of analyzing that data to assess an applicant’s creditworthiness. These innovations could expand access to credit, especially for people with thin credit histories. But like any innovation, there may be risks and unintended consequences, too.
People face barriers to accessing credit or have to pay more for credit for several reasons. Some people have negative items, such as a record of late payments, on their credit report. Other people have trouble documenting their income.
Still others have either no credit history or credit history that is too scarce or “thin” to generate a credit score. This issue affects an estimated 45 million Americans and more often affects African-American, Hispanic, and low-income consumers.
What is alternative data and what are some kinds lenders might use?
In the consumer financial marketplace, alternative data refers to information used to evaluate creditworthiness that is not usually part of a credit report. Some examples include:
▪ Rent payments
▪ Mobile phone payments
▪ Cable TV payments
▪ Bank account information, such as deposits, withdrawals or transfers
Other types of alternative data might relate to things less closely tied to a person’s financial conduct, like that person’s education or occupation. Some lenders have even considered using data from social media and the ways in which a person interacts with a website.
What are the pros and cons of using alternative data?
Using alternative data has the potential to help expand responsible access to credit among the estimated 45 million people who lack a traditional credit score. For example, someone without a loan repayment history on their credit report might pay other bills or recurring charges on a regular basis. These bill payment histories might demonstrate to some lenders that the person will repay a debt as agreed. We will explore other potential benefits from using alternative data, including:
▪ Improved assessments of creditworthiness. For example, some lenders might not lend to a person with a credit score less than 620. Some of those lenders might be willing to do so if they could determine which people are less likely to default on the loan by looking at other sources of data.
▪ More timely information. Data traditionally used by lenders often does not reflect a person’s most recent activities. Alternative data could provide more up-to-date, real-time information.
▪ Better service and convenience. Some kinds of alternative data, such as online bank account information, may allow lenders to automate tasks that are done manually during the loan approval process. This automation might speed up application processes or avoid subjective interpretations that may sometimes lead to differences in treatment or wrongful discrimination.
▪ Lower costs. Using alternative data could lower costs for lenders, and in turn, benefit consumers through lower prices.
▪ Inaccurate or incomplete information. Though traditional data can also be inaccurate, certain types of alternative data may be more prone to errors if standards governing those data are different or weaker than those governing traditional data. Consumers might not be able to access or view some types of alternative data. This could prevent consumers from finding and correcting any inaccuracies.
▪ Difficulties in achieving good standing. Traditional credit factors are heavily influenced by a person’s own financial conduct. Some alternative data may not be related to a person’s own financial conduct and the use of these data could make it more difficult for people to improve their credit standing. Alternative credit factors may also be harder to explain to people seeking credit.
▪ Unintended side effects. The use of alternative data could penalize or reward certain groups or behaviors in ways that are hard to predict. For example, members of the military may frequently move and that may give a false impression of instability that could affect whether they can access credit.
▪ The potential for discrimination. Using alternative data may present a greater risk of unlawful discrimination if new variables or factors are more closely related to a factor that can’t be used under the law (such as race, ethnicity, or gender).
Lenders may need to tell you the most important reasons why they declined your credit application. They may also need to let you know who provided information about you (and how to contact them), your credit score, and the key factors that may have lowered your credit score. When you apply for a loan, lenders may ask for non-traditional information in the application or ask you for permission to access alternative sources of information, like your bank account transaction information. These are some ways you may learn about the types of data lenders use to make decisions.
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Spinoza agreed with Thomas Hobbes that if each man had to fend for himself, with nothing but his own right arm to rely upon, then the life of man would be "nasty, brutish, and short". The truly human life is only possible in an organised community, that is, a state or commonwealth. The state ensures security of life, limb and property; it brings within reach of every individual many necessaries of life which he could not produce by himself; and it sets free sufficient time and energy for the higher development of human powers. Now the existence of a state depends upon a kind of implicit agreement on the part of its members or citizens to obey the sovereign authority which governs it. In a state no one can be allowed to do just as he pleases. Every citizen is obliged to obey its laws; and he is not free even to interpret the laws in a special manner. This looks at first like a loss of freedom on the part of the individuals, and the establishment of an absolute power over them. Yet that is not really so. In the first place, without the advantages of an organised state the average individual would be so subject to dangers and hardships of all kinds and to his own passions that he could not be called free in any real sense of the term, least of all in the sense that Spinoza used it. Man needs the state not only to save him from others but also from his own lower impulses and to enable him to live a life of reason, which alone is truly human. In the second place, state sovereignty is never really absolute. It is true that almost any kind of government is better than none, so that it is worth while bearing much that is irksome rather than disturb the peace. But a reasonably wise government will even in its own interest endeavour to secure the good will and cooperation of its citizens by refraining from unreasonable measures, and will permit or even encourage its citizens to advocate reforms, provided they employ peaceable means. In this way the state really rests, in the last resort, on the united will of the citizens, on what Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who read Spinoza, subsequently called the "general will".
Spinoza sometimes writes as if the state upheld absolute sovereignty. But that is due mainly to his determined opposition to every kind of ecclesiastical control over it. Though he is prepared to support what may be called a state religion, as a kind of spiritual cement, yet his account of this religion is such as to make it acceptable to the adherents of any one of the historic creeds, to deists, pantheists and all others, provided they are not fanatical believers or unbelievers. It is really in the interest of freedom of thought and speech that Spinoza would entrust the civil government with something approaching absolute sovereignty in order to effectively resist the tyranny of the militant churches.
Right is Might
One of the most striking features in Spinoza's political theory is his basic principle that Right is Might. This principle he applied systematically to the whole problem of government, and seemed rather pleased with his achievement, inasmuch as it enabled him to treat political theory in a scientific spirit, as if he were dealing with applied mathematics. The identification or correlation of right with power has caused much misunderstanding. People supposed that Spinoza reduced justice to brute force. But Spinoza was very far from approving Realpolitik. In the philosophy of Spinoza the term "power" (as should be clear from his moral philosophy) means a great deal more than physical force. In a passage near the end of his Political Treatise he states explicitly that "human power chiefly consists in strength of mind and intellect" — it consists in fact, of all the human capacities and aptitudes, especially the highest of them. Conceived correctly, Spinoza's whole philosophy leaves ample scope for ideal motives in the life of the individual and of the community.
Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy
Spinoza discusses the principal kinds of states, or the main types of government, namely, Monarchy, Aristocracy and Democracy. Each has its own peculiarities and needs special safeguards, if it is to realise the primary function of a state. Monarchy may degenerate into Tyranny unless it is subjected to various constitutional checks which will prevent any attempt at autocracy. Similarly, Aristocracy may degenerate into Oligarchy, and needs analogous checks. On the whole, Spinoza favours Democracy, by which he meant any kind of representative government. In the case of Democracy the community and the government are more nearly identical than in the case of Monarchy or Aristocracy; consequently a democracy is least likely to experience frequent collisions between the people and the government, and so is best adapted to secure and maintain that peace which it is the business of the state to secure.
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It is not exactly sure where the term ‘Duffle Bag’ came from or when it actually came about to the Army. Some history dates back during World War I 1917, E.E. Cummings was in the military as an ambulance driver. And while he was serving his time he would write letters talking about his experiences in combat. He mentioned his duffel bag a lot. The Army duffel Bag in World War I was called “The Doughboy Duffel Bag”, This bag was about 10 inches longs, made out of tan cloth from Duffle, brass rings, and rope. The bag was made like a knapsack, and not very well put together for traveling in combat.
After World War II the duffle bags in World War II were made with the same cloth but it was made 8 inches longer than the older duffle bag used in World War I. In World War II the bags were called “Barrack Bags” They were still made to look like knapsacks, and they were still not very sturdy while traveling in combat. In the years to come the bags would be made better.
In 1943 the Army made a lot of changes to the Duffle Bag. The duffle bag was made with olive drab no.3 canvas. This canvas was woven into a backpack that came with two web straps, which was made to carry heavy loads easier. It is a 37 inch wide bag, and is 12 inches long. The bag comes with all kinds of attachment rings so soldiers can carry more. The new duffle bag traveled well in combat, and the concept is used in the present day Army with more things added that made the duffle bag even better. To make identification easier, Army duffle bags get stenciled with the name and serial number of the soldier that is carrying the bag.
[phpbay]army duffle bag, 18, “”, “”[/phpbay]
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Definition of improper groups by means of axioms : a dissertation
Metadata[+] Show full item record
Essentially, a group is an associative field, in which the inverse combinations are uniquely possible. This is a concise statement of the classical definition of a group. The conditions which it connotes will be used here as a convenient starting point for comparing various definitions of a group. It should be said, at the outset, that the accurate definition of a group will be somewhat different question according as a finite or an infinite, or an unspecified number of objects is to be dealt with. Conditions which are sufficient in one case may be found insufficient in the others.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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He Bit Me First! How To Stop Your Child From Biting Others
Posted: Sep 17th, 2012
With preschool well underway, you may by one of the “lucky” parents who receives a report about your child that you just don’t want to hear: “Your child bit little Susie today.”
Parents’ reactions to this report tend to begin with embarrassment then range from disbelief, “No, my sweet child wouldn’t do such a thing!” to shock and horror, “What kind of savage has my child become, biting another human being?” The reaction of the parent whose child has been bitten is usually no less dramatic, “I can still see the marks of that monster’s teeth.” If you question your own child about the matter, you may be told, “He bit me first.”
In general, it’s not helpful to try to determine who actually “started it” or who said what to whom first. What is most beneficial is to make it perfectly clear in a no-nonsense tone of voice that biting another person is never acceptable under any circumstance.
Biting behavior usually peaks between two and three years of age and then starts to decline as verbal abilities improve.
To stop biting behavior, it’s not enough to treat the symptoms without dealing with the underlying causes. Childcare experts understand that at two years of age, a child does not know yet how to control her feelings when she gets over-excited, angry, or frustrated. So, she may hit, kick or bite the child who upsets her. All normal children experience feelings of anger, frustration, and aggression at some time. They must learn to control these impulses in order to avoid aggressive behavior.
How do you stop your child from biting?
Provide closer supervision. The child who bites other children needs more structure and supervision. The person who supervises must watch for signs of anger, frustration, or tiredness any of which often precedes biting behavior.
Intervene early. Many children’s problems can be controlled better or prevented by early intervention. For example, if you see the child who bites being provoked or teased, don’t wait for trouble to occur. Separate the children from one another as soon as possible.
Reprimand calmly but firmly. Whenever one child bites another, it is important to reprimand as calmly and firmly as possible: “You must never bite another child. That hurts her.” Then quietly take the child to another part of the room to settle down and get her under control. If she continues to yell or scream, it is best to ignore these behaviors as much as possible, unless, of course, you think she will do some damage. She will usually calm down in about ten to fifteen minutes.
Teach him alternative behaviors. In dealing with his feelings of anger or frustration, he must ultimately learn to express his feelings verbally rather than physically. That is a skill that will need much practice. It is also one which will usually improve as children get older and can better express themselves verbally.
In general, thoughtful management of the problem, rather than severe punishment, will improve the likelihood of changing the child’s behavior.
In summary, among normal two-year-olds, most cases of biting are due to the child’s lack of self-control. The child who bites can usually be helped by closer supervision, early intervention, calm but firm reprimands, and by learning alternative ways of dealing with feelings of anger and frustration. Make sure you also work closely with relatives, daycare providers and individuals that have close contact with your child and can help reinforce and encourage proper behavior.
If the biting behaviors continue for more than a few weeks, it would be wise to consult a pediatrician or child psychologist.
Kids ‘R’ Kids believes that happy, loved, connected children are destined for success in every facet of their lives. Our most cherished principle, “Hug First, Then Teach,” defines every aspect of who we are at Kids ‘R’ Kids. When it comes to teaching, Kids ‘R’ Kids understands the importance of involving families with their child’s developmental milestones and accomplishments. We hope you will drop by for a tour at one of our 12 locations in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. You will find a list of our locations on www.dfwkidsrkids.com.
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Scar tissue on the lungs can occur from a variety of illnesses or injuries. Its symptoms often begin as a small cough or shortness of breath, though they can increase steadily to impact a person's daily routine. Scar tissue may be the cause of a more serious illness, and patients feeling symptoms, however small, should consult a doctor to prevent a potentially life-threatening disease from spreading unchecked.
Reduced Energy Level
Scar tissue on the lungs reduces the organ's ability to expand and draw in more oxygen. As a result, when breathing is elevated due to increased activity or elevated heart rate, a person will experience a drop in energy level and tire quickly. This will be accompanied by shortness of breath and some pain as the lungs attempt to draw in more air to oxygenate the blood, but are unable to due to the scar tissue.
The body will often respond to scar tissue with a dry cough that will produce no phlegm. A person with a small amount of scar tissue in his lungs will likewise experience a very mild cough, though it will worsen if scar tissue continues to form in the lungs and could lead to a potentially fatal condition if not treated.
Loss of appetite may accompany scar tissue in the lungs. Patients that experience rapid unexplainable weight loss may have a more serious lung disease known as pulmonary fibrosis. This disease carries many of the same symptoms as scarring of the lungs (fatigue, cough, weight loss) but can progress rapidly, killing a patient before the severity of his symptoms becomes too severe to ignore.
A person with scarring of the lungs may develop wheezing. This phenomenon is a rattle-like sound in the lungs upon exhaling or during physical activity. As scar tissue worsens, the sound can grow louder and occur with more frequency as even the simplest of activities, such as getting out of bed, becomes too strenuous.
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A Virtuous Education: William Penn’s Vision for Philadelphia Schools
By William C. Kashatus
Forward by David W. Hornbeck
224 pp. Photographs, bibliography, notes, appendices, index
ISBN: 0-87574-927-5 $15.00 soft cover 1997.
Winner of the 1997 Critics’ Choice Award, American Educational Studies Association.
Solidly persuasive, A Virtuous Education argues that Quaker involvement in creating Philadelphia’s public schools was directly tied to the market relations, patterns of behavior and moral conventions of an emerging market culture as well as William Penn’s vision for a universal compulsory education, which was grounded in the Christian ethic.
By examining the minutes and personal correspondence of three educational boards — the Overseers of the Friends Public School, the Adelphi Board of Managers and the Public School Controllers — Kashatus describes how theological disagreements and leadership struggles in the Society of Friends placed an indelible stamp on the origins of public schooling in Philadelphia.
A Virtuous Education makes a powerful contribution to a small literature that takes religion seriously as an influence on the behavior of historical actors without ignoring the social, economic, and cultural setting within which those actors function.
“In A Virtuous Education, Kashatus challenges us to reincorporate moral and religious beliefs into educational debates. He provides us with a well researched and written historical narrative of how one American city, during a period of rapid and dramatic economic and social change, religious, moral, and civic considerations constructively intertwined and contributed to the common good.” – History of Education Quarterly
“Kashatus’ exhaustive research, leading to a clear articulation of Philadelphia’s social history, provides a view of Quaker concern for education that is both a sobering challenge and an inspiring vision.” – Quaker History
“Kashatus has written a history with unmistakable implications for a city and a time that disdain public spending on schools, scorn generous impulses toward children, and impede all creative efforts at reform. It is a disconcerting history, reminding us that we have always failed our children. It is, at the same time, a heartening history, restoring the creativity and commitment that people of good will summoned in an earlier time of crisis and suggesting the specific ways in which they went about their work. We always need such histories. We have rarely needed them more than we do now.” – Michael W. Zuckerman, University of Pennsylvania
“Kashatus has meticulously documented Quaker influence on public education in Philadelphia.” – Friends Journal
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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Oberlin
OBERLIN, Ohio, village in Lorain County; on southern division of New York Central main railway system, east and west; Lorain and Ashland and the Lorain and West Virginia north and south; also the Cleveland, Columbus and Southwestern interurban electric railway, 33 miles west by south of Cleveland, on the State highway. It was settled in 1833 as a college town, and Oberlin College was founded the same year, and has grown to be one of the largest colleges in the United States. Oberlin was incorporated as a village in 1846 and has always been noted for its beautiful shady streets and fine homes, it has never had any saloons, it is an ideal residence town. It is in a fertile agricultural region and its industries are chiefly connected with farm products. Besides the college and its fine system of public schools, there is a business college and a kindergarten training school. Pop. 4,365, without the students numbering 2,000.
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When one thinks of Southwest Louisiana, most of the time they are thinking that it is inhabited by mostly French-speaking Acadians. Yet there is a small portion of Acadiana where some of the state’s earliest German settlers arrived in the late 19th century. In Acadia Parish lies the small community called Roberts Cove.
Established in 1880 by Father Peter Thevis, a native priest from Langbroich, Germany, Roberts Cove was named for Benjamin Roberts who was an original owner of a Spanish land grant. Father Thevis first came from Germany to settle in New Orleans due to the increasing amount of German immigrants who were there. When he received word of the railroad that was being completed connecting New Orleans to Texas, Father Thevis along with three colleagues traveled along the railroad and ended up in Rayne.
After their arrival, they settled on a piece of land three miles north of Rayne, which is known today as Roberts Cove. After the first establishment of the community, 13 German families went to Roberts Cove to join Father Thevis. The German settlers were very devout Catholics and the establishment of the parish of Saint Leo IV soon followed the early settling of Roberts Cove. Today, Roberts Cove has approximately 175 families living in or around the area. It is a unique place where German culture and heritage is kept alive in a place mostly inhabited by French-speaking Acadians.
The Church of Saint Leo IV has been the heart of the community for well over 100 years. Even though the Roberts Cove community is surrounded by French-speaking Acadians, the German settlers still keep traditions that were handed down from their ancestors alive today. Some of these traditions include the singing of German hymns for the feasts of Corpus Christi, All Saints, Christmas and funerals. Another event that takes place is on the eve of Saint Nicholas I (December 5th) in which the Saint Leo IV choir, Saint Nicholas and many other towns people travel around to the homes in Roberts Cove to sing German Christmas carols. This humble and noble tradition still takes place in present-day Roberts Cove.
One event that has become a tradition is the annual Germanfest, which is held during the first weekend in October. It was started by Father Charles Zaunbrecher who was the historian for all German families who settled in Roberts Cove. The festival has become a nationwide tourism spot and visitors from all over the world travel to Roberts Cove during the first weekend in October to celebrate the community’s German heritage. The Germanfest offers a wide variety of German foods that are linked to the German culture as well as the kitchens of many residents of the Roberts Cove community. The two-day festival has much to offer to people of all ages.
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It is not easy to give a definition of generative art if you do not want to be limited, moreover some aspects of this expressive form can create misunderstandings and doubts on the comprehension of this phenomenon.
An explanation clarifying some essential outlines is given by Philip Galanter : “The term generative art refers to any kind of artistic practice in which the artist creates a process, such as a group of rules of a natural language, a program or a machine or a mechanism of different type which is then started with a certain level of autonomy helping in creating, or having as en effect, an ended work”.
Starting from these preliminary remarks it can be affirmed that it is not exactly adequate to describe generative art as a stylistic current or as an artistic movement, but it should be looked at in terms of strategy giving birth to a work. Generative art is an attitude traceable to different tendencies.
The artist operating in this field organises a cluster of rules starting processes with conclusions which aren’t always predictable, allowing the creation of, or creating autonomously, abstract forms starting from algorithms. The formal care doesn’t focus on the artistic object, but especially on the procedures leading to determinate results.
The concrete outcomes of this series of operations can even be very different among them: graphic images fixed or in motion, musical compositions and performing software. The styles characterising single works can vary widely, but the building methods are similar. The programming code, organized according to formal rules, is the material the creation is made up of, and the computer, thanks to its enormous possibilities of calculation, is meant to be an instrument able to extend expressive chances, multiplying almost infinitely the results obtained.
Productive processes often follow random logics making the single compositions unrepeatable. Generative art is a work methodology structuring complex and autonomous systems, within which the control on the final product is not essential. We could talk about a poetic where chance is its co-producer of artistic forms. Anyway this concept can create some doubts and lead spontaneously to ask you about the actual paternity of the work: whether this is to ascribe to the artist as the builder of a mechanism, which isn’t however totally in his power, or whether it is possible to conceive the software as an autonomous producer of creativity.
The concept of chance and the subjects correlated with it, are by full rights part of the artistic debate ever since last century, and some reflections, proposed by historical vanguards, can be a good starting point in order to delineate some outlines of the contemporaneous experimental research. In a passage of one of the founders of Dadaism, Hans Arp, it is said: “The law of chance, which embraces all other laws and is as unfathomable to us as the depths from which all life arises, can only be comprehended by complete surrender to the Unconscious. Maintain that whoever submits to the law attains perfect life.”
Pursuing the aim of making more visible this practice in course of definition, that is to say generative art, Thursday the 1 st of June C.STEM opens in Turin : the first Italian show describing this panorama; a project conceived by the Cultural Association 32 Dicembre.
There will be shown works of the Norwegian Marius Watz , and of the Italians Alessandro Capozzo, Limiteazero, and Fabio Franchino . The poetics characterizing each invited artist’s research are dissimilar and represent the various artistic sensitiveness, the aesthetic differences emerging represent an interesting cross-section, concerning the expressive possibilities offered by procedural systems. You might linger on Watz’s colourful graphic experimentations or on the more ethereal compositions of Capozzo, or on the geometrical suggestions proposed by Limiteazero or on the ambiguous and mysterious visualisations of Franchino.
The fact that the works are shown as prints- and not, as usual, through a computer screen- makes the show even more particular. It makes you wonder whether this type of fitting, conceived as it is, wants to create a confrontation between the products of generative art and the aesthetic models of more traditional artistic disciplines or whether the exposition implies a slight provocation at the system art, so reluctant to get rid of its canons and to become interested in experimental art forms.
C.STEM wants to be a moment of cultural diffusion of these methodologies and, besides, wants to be a drive of reflection concerning artistic research. Friday the 2 nd of June will take place a round table with the invited artists, chaired by Domenico Quaranta.
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Picture a herd of Nguni cattle. Vibrant in their wide and varied colours and patterns, impressive in the terrific range of horn shapes they display, amazing in their inimitable stature. Yes, the Nguni is indeed a creature of great beauty - small wonder it has inspired many an artwork, many a praise song and now … two wine ranges of exceptional quality.
What is the history of the remarkable Nguni? It was originally believed that the Nguni cattle arrived in Southern Africa with the Nguni-speaking people. However, more recent research indicates that the cattle were probably introduced much earlier by the Khoisan-speaking people. Exposure to severe climatic conditions and disease ensured that only the strongest survived, passing on their genes to what has become a robust and enduring breed.
Regarded as a status symbol by the Zulu tribes of old, the Nguni played an important cultural and economic role in their lives. The number of cattle owned determined the owner’s importance to a large degree, and the cattle were and still are used as a gift from a groom’s family to that of his bride (known as ‘lobola’). The Nguni has also left a rich legacy of metaphor in the Zulu language; thus it is said, Inkunzi ayahlaba ngokumisa which loosely translated means ‘one should not judge a bull by his horns’.
But it wasn’t only harsh climatic conditions and disease that the courageous Nguni had to overcome. In the late 1800s, in an attempt to establish ‘purer’ European blood into South African cattle, it became illegal to breed a cow with an Nguni bull. The breed became all but extinct until a government research committee was established in the 1940s.This led to the formation of government research herds and the Nguni Cattle Breeders’ Association. At last, in 1994 the Nguni was recognised as a breed.
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Have you ever wonder why bananas seem to go bad so quickly?
Bacteria release gasses that build up inside the body, causing it to float.
You've probably seen things decay before. How does the process work?
Robert Frost once wrote a poem about coming across an old woodpile in the forest. In describing it he refers to the “slow, smokeless burning of decay.” What a great line of poetry. Neat part about it is, it’s also technically correct. Decay is an extremely slow burning process. Or, you could say, fire is an extremely fast decaying process. In either case, what you have is the combination of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Learn more on this Moment of Science.
What came first? The woodpecker or the fungus? Find out on this Moment of Science.
Ever wonder how forensic scientists determine how long a corpse has been dead? Find out on this Moment of Science.
It turns out that in reality turtles are also winners in the marathon race of life. "Death-defying Turtles" on this Moment of Science.
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>> Civil Engineering
A canal is constructed parallel to a river 600 m away both fully penetrating an unconfined aquifer of coarse sand and fine gravel as shown in the illustration below. The aquifer is subject to an average infiltration of 2.3 m/year. The water surface elevation in the river is 10 m. The Acme Chemical Co. is concerned about its discharges possibly contaminating the river, and has hired you to design the canal to prevent river contamination. Assuming the contamination is likely within 350 m of the canal, (a) determine the maximum water surface elevation in the canal to that will prevent river contamination, (b) determine the daily discharge of groundwater into the canal and into the river per kilometer of both; and (c) estimate the travel times from the water divide to the canal and to the river.
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In reaction to a string of weather-related disasters this growing season, the USDA says measures are being taken to alleviate pressure on producers.
“There is no question the United States has been hit with a number of unique and rather significant disasters over the last several months,” said Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. “Historic wildfires in the Southwest, historic numbers of tornadoes in the South and Southeast, extraordinary drought, and flooding conditions in the Midwest have really challenged us.”
The USDA “has been up to the challenge. Just this year, 913 counties have been declared disaster areas. (That) opens up opportunities for producers in those 913 counties to receive assistance…
“We’ve begun to pay indemnities on crop insurance. We anticipate the numbers will grow significantly but, as of today, (the Risk Management Agency) has already paid out $693 million.”
In addition, Vilsack pointed out the following funds paid out through USDA programs:
- $114 million paid to livestock producers “under a number of disaster programs” set up in the 2008 farm bill.
- $30 million made available to producers in the form of emergency loans.
- Over $27 million provided to producers and communities in 25 states in the form of conservation resources to assist in debris removal.
- Over the last two years, over $2.6 billion in SURE payments.
The USDA has “also indicated that several hundred producers may take advantage of the disaster set-aside, allowing them to put off their annual payments to FSA for a year,” said Vilsack. That “is in order to get them back on their feet.”
Queried on the current budget-cutting climate in Congress and the possible effect over the next several years, Vilsack said “very important and significant decisions” have been made “in terms of the overall federal budget. It hasn’t necessarily been reduced to specifics for each individual agency. But it obviously has an impact and effect on resources available.”
The USDA sees “this as an opportunity to be creative, an opportunity to figure out how to leverage resources – however contained they might be – into more effective use and partnerships with the private and non-profit sectors to stretch.
“There’s no question we’ll continue to need a strong safety net for America’s producers. The fact that we have 913 counties declared primary or contiguous disaster areas suggests there will always be a need for a safety net. … We’ll just have to figure out how to manage it properly and efficiently.”
Vilsack was asked about the government response to the current Texas drought and liquidation of herds. Does the USDA have any flexibility to offer hay subsidies or transportation subsidies as producers are forced to move their cattle?
“We don’t,” he replied. “Congress’ attitude in the past when faced with circumstances similar to what Texas (is currently facing), was to develop ad hoc disaster programs.
“There is not much appetite for doing that in Congress (currently) – particularly in light of the passage of the 2008 farm bill, which established and set up disaster programs that supplement other ‘regular’ programs. That’s why we’ve been using the Livestock Indemnity Program and Livestock Forage Program to provide resources.”
As a partial antidote for Southwest cattlemen’s concerns, Vilsack continued the Obama administration push for a trio of Free Trade Agreements pending in Congress.
The Obama administration wants to “make sure there is a competitive opportunity for the (cattle) producers who are forced and required to sell. (We must) continue to maintain a strong market so the prices they receive are as good as they can be…
“That’s why we’ve been focusing our time and effort on getting Free Trade Agreements passed and through Congress. … The Korean FTA in particular will open real opportunities for us to expand (the beef) market significantly.”
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Mix&Go™ Healthcare Nanoglue
Attaching fragile proteins to synthetic surfaces is often required in modern drug discovery research, life science research and development, as well as for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic products. Depending on the particular method and application, many different synthetic materials – magnetic beads, various plastics, glass, metals, and porous membranes – are used.
The surface characteristics of these materials vary enormously as do the type, size, and number of biomolecules to be immobilised. Maintaining the activity of biomolecules on these synthetic surfaces continues to be an industry challenge. Standard chemistries tend to damage a large percentage of the biomolecules attached to the synthetic surface.
Damage results in reduction or loss of function of the biomolecule requiring the manufacturer to either use a large excess of these expensive molecules or sacrifice performance in their tests.
Mix&Go improves diagnostic tests, and is a cheaper and easier alternative to traditional chemistries such as EDC and NHS. Using a surface coating such as Mix&Go Activation Reagent that relies on coordination chemistry for multipoint binding, antibodies will take advantage of the gentle yet secure binding nature of the reagent, and will retain higher functionality and stability than EDC or NHS Chemistry.
Scientists can also reduce reagent preparation time by 3-4 hours by using Mix&Go instead of EDC or NHS chemistry. In addition, Mix&Go is water based and reduces the amount of hazardous chemicals scientists work with.
Fig. 1 Mix&Go can be broadly utilized in the life sciences, laboratory diagnostic and point-of-care spaces. The range of synthetic materials it can be applied to is much broader than for commercial alternatives thus making it a universal surface coating solution.
A new science
Mix&Go nanotechnology gives scientists a faster, cheaper, easier, and more sensitive assays. Using our technology can also lead to more accurate results and better outcomes for life science companies, giving them the data to choose their next move with confidence.
The characteristics of Mix&Go are also applied to diagnostic tests. The better sensitivity and the faster generated, more accurate results that can be achieved with Mix&Go, lead to earlier detection of disease and improved patient care.
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Art of the sculpture, wood or ivory, and is one of the figures in the production of floral designs. They makes the floral form like the figure of humans, animals and floral designs, many more. Most are the religious theme of the original pieces or loyal regalia. Myanmar traditional sculpture was come out during the era of the improvements in the midst of Bagan Empire.
Mandalay is still rich in culture at Myanmar, it still has a lot of artisans. All Carvers are men, women are in the last phase of the image, usually glass mosaic and gilding process at work. Carvers work and families from the southern end of the work is not yet in Mandalay. Mandalay is one of the largest and carving wood does not come from the manufacturers of the famous hand Myanmar.
Relevant : Silversmith Works in Myanmar
Myanmar handicrafts, wooden carving figures in relief and usually found in to many religious buildings, monasteries, houses and teak panels in, pagodas are on the porch of the stairs. Furniture, fixtures and utensils are decorated with wood carvings.
Relevant : Myanmar Ruby Land “Mogok”
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Graduate School of Education: Educational Leadership & Policy
Education -- Curricula -- Oregon -- Portland, Environmental education, Sustainable development -- Study and teaching -- Oregon -- Portland
Education is a powerful venue for transmitting culture, and cultures exist with a common set of beliefs, assumptions, and ways of understanding the world. Children learn not only the prescribes lesson plans, but also important lessons about how to use language, how to interact with others and with natural places, and how to view the world - simply by following the guidance of adults, and especially teachers. These hidden messages are often sent unintentionally and without awareness of their implications, and in a modernized, Western world, they come with problematic, unquestioned, and underlying assumptions about how we view ourselves, others, and the earth that are often oppressive and fragmenting. In order for K-12 educators to practice critical and empowering methods of teaching and learning, teacher education programs need to reconnect their students to the earth, to their students, and to their own unquestioned assumptions using place-based, critical, and transformational learning theory and practical application.
Sager, Michelle, "Understanding the Hidden Curriculum: Connecting Teachers to Themselves, Their Students, and the Earth" (2013). Leadership for Sustainability Education Comprehensive Papers. 7.
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During tests the protein bonded itself to particular DNA strands and was able to reverse the disease by turning cells back to their pre-cancer state.
"For the first time, we have shown that over-expression of a single gene can reduce the tumour-promoting potential of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells and reprogram them toward their original cell type," said Pamela Itkin-Ansari, lead author of the study.
"Thus, pancreatic cancer cells retain a genetic memory which we hope to exploit."
The E47 protein controls genes responsible for growth and then differentiation.
Adding it to cancerous cells would halt the spread of the disease by regressing them to an earlier state.
When the reprogrammed cells were introduced into mice, scientists observed their ability to form into tumours was greatly reduced.
Scientists believe their discovery could one day help fight pancreatic cancer in humans.
"Our next step is to test primary patient-derived tumor tissue to determine whether E47 can produce similar results, potentially providing a novel therapeutic approach to combating this highly lethal disease,” said Itkin-Ansari.
The research was carried out in the USA by the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute alongside the University of California, San Diego and Purdue University.
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Michael Potts, PhD
Methodist University, North Carolina, United States (Summer 2014)
|An altarpiece in Ascoli Piceno, Italy
by Carlo Crivelli (15th century)
Suppose you are a high school teacher in a basic biology class and you have a question about the function of the heart. You decide to ask an expert, so you dial a university and ask for . . . a theologian.
This is what one teacher did, although he sent a letter. His name was “Phillip” and he was confused about the motion of the heart. He consulted an expert, Thomas Aquinas—the same St. Thomas Aquinas who lived from 1225-1274 and influenced Roman Catholic thought more than any other theologian. Yet it seems odd that someone would ask Aquinas’ advice about the physiology of the heart.
To understand, we must imagine a world that in many ways is foreign to us. In Western Europe, the Roman Catholic Church dominated society. What we call “natural science” today was then a part of philosophy. In this period when Scholastic Theology dominated, theologians such as Aquinas used philosophy to build an overall view of the world, including the natural world. The works of Aristotle had been rediscovered only a few years before, and scholars were in awe of his scientific knowledge. Aquinas knew Aristotle well, so it was not unusual for Phillip to contact Aquinas to ask his advice on the nature of the heart’s motion. Aquinas answers Phillip’s questions in the treatise, De Motu Cordis, “Concerning the Motion of the Heart.”1 Those are also the first three Latin words of the title William Harvey used for his great work on the heart and circulation of the blood (though this does not imply he borrowed the title from Aquinas).
Aquinas’ treatise follows Aristotle closely. In some ways it presents an accurate picture of the role and motion of the heart. Aquinas, in contrast to Galen, whose views make digestion to be the most important aspect of maintaining life, is “cardiocentric.” It is this cardiocentrism borrowed from Aristotle that William Harvey also accepted four hundred years later.
Although Aquinas believed a soul is necessary for the heart to beat, he did not believe that the soul directly causes the heartbeat. He recognized that the heart’s motion is involuntary. Long before the discovery of the heart’s conduction system, Aquinas held that the heart’s motion is caused by something intrinsic to the heart. He believed that the heart’s motion is a kind of “pushing and pulling,” and, even though he accepted the false position that diastole is the heart’s active motion, his basic point is not far off the mark. The heart’s motion is more like a washcloth being wrung, but the heart does push blood throughout the body. As the heart fills during diastole, the sarcomeres (segments of heart muscle) must be stretched or the heart will no longer be able to beat (as in death from severe blood loss). That stretching could be understood as a kind of “pulling.”
Aquinas also recognized that the heart responds to emotion, and correctly says that the emotion comes first and that the heart responds to it. Unfortunately, he followed Aristotle in believing that the heart is the principle of an animal’s movement rather than the brain (although, unlike Aristotle, he recognized that the brain has something to do with these things).2
Aquinas believed that the heart’s motion is similar to that of a circle. However, he was not aware of the circulation of the blood—it took another admirer of Aristotle, William Harvey, to experiment and discover the circulation of the blood. If Aquinas had been an experimentalist or willing to go further beyond Aristotle’s views than he did, he might have proposed the theory that blood circulates. Focusing on experimentation had to wait until the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.
Aquinas’ view of the heart’s motion was limited by the knowledge of his time. He held that the heart is the cause of warmth in the body—Aquinas was unaware of the hypothalamic-pituitary system’s role in maintaining body temperature. His view that the blood boils around the heart is false. His views that the heart’s active motion is diastole and that blood does not circulate were products of his age and were conclusions that he did not question.
However, we should admire Aquinas for trying, as a theologian and philosopher, to do his best, given limited knowledge, to answer Phillip. He helped keep the Aristotelian tradition on the heart alive, a tradition that would influence William Harvey and point him to the centrality of the heart and to the discovery of the circulation of the blood.
- St. Thomas Aquinas, De Motu Cordis. Retrieved from http://www4.desales.edu/~philtheo/loughlin/ATP/De_Motu_Cordis/DeMotu_Cordis.html. Accessed November 15, 2013.
- Robert Pasnau, Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University).
MICHAEL POTTS, PhD, is Professor of Philosophy at Methodist University in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Besides numerous academic publications, he is the author of the novel End of Summer (WordCrafts Press, 2011) and a poetry chapbook, From Field to Thicket, which won the 2006 Mary Belle Campbell Poetry Book Award of the North Carolina Writers’ Network. His creative nonfiction essay, “Haunted,” won the 2006 Rose Post Creative Nonfiction Award, also from the North Carolina Writers’ Network. His poems have been published in several literary and other journals, including a poem in the Journal of the American Medical Association.Follow Hektoen International via social media to see more featured content.
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Timeline of his Life
1225 Thomas Aquinas born at Roccasecca
1230 Begins studies at Montecassino
1239 Continues studies at University of Naples
1244 Joins Dominicans; family protests decision by imprisoning him for a year
1245 Released by his family, Thomas goes to Paris to study with Albert the Great
1248 Accompanies Albert to newly founded Dominican school at Cologne
1250 Ordained a priest
1252 Returns to Paris; writes Contra impugnantes Dei cultum, a defense of mendicant orders
1256 Named master of theology at Paris
1259 Sent to Italy, where he would teach at Anagni, Orvieto, Rome, and Viterbo
c. 1260 Begins Summa contra Gentiles
c. 1265 Begins Summa Theologica
1269 Recalled to Paris to combat Averroist Siger of Brabant and other philosophers
1273 Suddenly stops work on Summa Theologica
1274 Dies at Fossanova, en route to Council of Lyons
1277 219 Thomistic propositions condemned at Paris
1278 Dominican General Chapter formally imposes his teachings on the order
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes the importance of his life and works in these words:
“Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) lived at a critical juncture of western culture when the arrival of the Aristotelian corpus in Latin translation reopened the question of the relation between faith and reason, calling into question the modus vivendi that had obtained for centuries. This crisis flared up just as universities were being founded. Thomas, after early studies at Montecassino, moved on to the University of Naples, where he met members of the new Dominican Order. It was at Naples too that Thomas had his first extended contact with the new learning. When he joined the Dominican Order he went north to study with Albertus Magnus, author of a paraphrase of the Aristotelian corpus. Thomas completed his studies at the University of Paris, which had been formed out of the monastic schools on the Left Bank and the cathedral school at Notre Dame. In two stints as a regent master Thomas defended the mendicant orders and, of greater historical importance, countered both the Averroistic interpretations of Aristotle and the Franciscan tendency to reject Greek philosophy. The result was a new modus vivendi between faith and philosophy which survived until the rise of the new physics. The Catholic Church has over the centuries regularly and consistently reaffirmed the central importance of Thomas’s work for understanding its teachings concerning the Christian revelation, and his close textual commentaries on Aristotle represent a cultural resource which is now receiving increased recognition. The following account concentrates on Thomas the philosopher.
Thomas was born in 1225 at Roccasecca, a hilltop castle from which the great Benedictine abbey of Montecassino is not quite visible, midway between Rome and Naples. At the age of five, he was entered at Montecassino where his studies began. When the monastery became a battle site—not for the last time—Thomas was transferred by his family to the University of Naples. It was here that he came into contact with the “new” Aristotle and with the Order of Preachers or Dominicans, a recently founded mendicant order. He became a Dominican over the protests of his family and eventually went north to study, perhaps first briefly at Paris, then at Cologne with Albert the Great, whose interest in Aristotle strengthened Thomas’s own predilections. Returned to Paris, he completed his studies, became a Master and for three years occupied one of the Dominican chairs in the Faculty of Theology. The next ten years were spent in various places in Italy, with the mobile papal court, at various Dominican houses, and eventually in Rome. From there he was called back to Paris to confront the controversy variously called Latin Averroism and Heterodox Aristotelianism. After this second three year stint, he was assigned to Naples. In 1274, on his way to the Council of Lyon, he fell ill and died on March 7 in the Cistercian abbey at Fossanova, which is perhaps twenty kilometers from Roccasecca.
Thomas’s writings by and large show their provenance in his teaching duties. His commentary on the Sentences put the seal on his student days and many of his very early commentaries on Scripture have come down to us. But from the very beginning Thomas produces writings which would not have emerged from the usual tasks of the theological master. On Being and Essence and The Principles of Nature date from his first stay at Paris, and unlike his commentaries on Boethius’ On the Trinity and De hebdomadibus, are quite obviously philosophical works. Some of his disputed questions date from his first stint as regius master at Paris. When he returned to Italy his productivity increased. He finished the Summa contra gentiles, wrote various disputed questions and began the Summa theologiae. In 1268, at Rome, he began the work of commenting on Aristotle with On the Soul, and during the next five or six years commented on eleven more (not all of these are complete). During this time he was caught up in magisterial duties of unusual scope and was writing such polemical works as On the Eternity of the World and On There Being Only One Intellect.
At Naples, he was given the task of elevating the status of the Dominican House of Studies. His writing continued until he had a mystical experience which made him think of all he had done as “mere straw.” At the time of his death in 1274 he was under a cloud in Paris and in 1277, 219 propositions were condemned by a commission appointed by the Bishop of Paris, among them tenets of Thomas. This was soon lifted, he was canonized and eventually was given the title of Common Doctor of the Church. But the subtle and delicate assimilation of Aristotle that characterized his work in both philosophy and theology did not survive his death, outside the Dominican Order, and has experienced ups and downs ever since.”
McInerny, Ralph and O’Callaghan, John, “Saint Thomas Aquinas”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2010/entries/aquinas/>.
- “… the believer and the philosopher consider creatures differently. The philosopher considers what belongs to their proper natures, while the believer considers only what is true of creatures insofar as they are related to God, for example, that they are created by God and are subject to him, and the like.” (Summa contra gentiles, bk II, chap. 4)
- “…the very idea of the government of things in God the Ruler of the universe, has the nature of a law. And since Divine Reason’s conception of things is not subject to time but is eternal, according to Prov. viii, 23…this kind of law must be called eternal.”
- “among all others, the rational creature is subject to Divine Providence in the most excellent way, in so far as it partakes of a share of providence, by being provident both for itself, and for others. Wherefore, it has a share of the Eternal Reason, whereby it has a natural inclination to its proper act and end.” (ST, I-II, 91.2).
- “the natural law is nothing else than the rational creature’s participation of the eternal law” (Ibid.).
- “He does not, like the Platonic Socrates, set out to follow wherever the argument may lead. He is not engaged in an inquiry, the result of which it is impossible to know in advance. Before he begins to philosophize, he already knows the truth; it is declared in the Catholic faith. If he can find apparently rational arguments for some parts of the faith, so much the better; if he cannot, he need only fall back on revelation. The finding of arguments for a conclusion given in advance is not philosophy, but special pleading. I cannot, therefore, feel that he deserves to be put on a level with the best philosophers either of Greece or of modern times.” (Bertrand Russell)
- His experiences included well-attested cases of levitation in ecstasy; and the Blessed Virgin appeared to him, comforting him with the welcome news that he would never be a Bishop. ( G. K. Chesterton, 1932)
- Aquinas: Human actions, goals, free will
- Aquinas: Is the Incarnation necessary?
- Aquinas: Summa theologiae, Question 1,2
- Aquinas: Summa, Question 22. The subject of the soul’s passions
- Thomas Aquinas: Five Arguments for the Existence of God.
- Aquinas on Law
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The Internet Encyclopedia entry on Thomas. They have several good articles on him.
- St. Thomas Aquinas biography by Jacques Maritain
- St. Thomas Aquinas (pdf) biography from Fr. Alban Butler‘s Lives of the Saints
- “St. Thomas Aquinas“. Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913.
- Documenta Catholica Omnia – his complete works in PDF files, in different languages.
- Summa contra Gentiles
- Summa Theologica
- The Principles of Nature
- On Being and Essence (De Ente et Essentia)
- Works by Thomas Aquinas at Project Gutenberg
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Nowadays, we all read a lot of text digitally — whether it's a book on a tablet or the latest news. It's an unavoidable part of our technology-driven society. There are different processes and behaviors that go into reading on screens as opposed to print, and these processes could have some significant implications for reading comprehension.
In a 2005 study by Ziming Liu of San Jose State University, Liu found that when we read digitally, we do more scanning and jumping around — looking for keywords to get as much information as possible in a short amount of time. In certain ways, digital reading is a less immersive experience than reading printed words.
Scanning text is a nonlinear form of reading, Liu explains. When doing linear reading, without any skipping or jumping, we're engaged in deep reading. Deep reading allows for more immersion, as opposed to nonlinear reading. In fact, it's understandable that nonlinear reading may have an effect on comprehension. It's the difference between taking in the landscape from the window of a speeding car instead of taking a slow walk along the same route.
Charting a course through a story
As reported in Scientific American, Anne Mangen of the University of Stavenger in Norway found a digital text can be an inferior map compared to a printed book. Mangen thinks the tactility of a book plays a big role in the way we map out the terrain of the text, giving us a chance to really know and feel comfortable in our textual environment (linear reading) as opposed to just wandering about (nonlinear reading).
Mangen asked 72 10th-graders, who all possessed the same reading abilities, to study one narrative text and one expository text. Half the students read the texts in print, while the other half read the texts in PDF format on a 15-inch LCD screen. After studying the texts, the students were asked to take reading comprehension tests that consisted of short answer and multiple-choice questions, while using the text as an aid. The results showed a discrepancy between the test scores: Those who read the digital version of the text didn't perform as well as those who read the print versions.
In a 2014 joint study, Mangen teamed up with Nice-Sophia Antipolis University and Aix-Marseille University and had 50 adults read a 28-page mystery story. Some read the story in print while others read it digitally. Those who read the digital text had a more difficult time putting the plot events in chronological order, the study found.
Mangen told Scientific American she thinks the discrepancies between comprehension could be due to the navigability of electronic texts. A book offers a more compartmentalized way of moving through the text; in the digital atmosphere, it's harder to put things into place. We can pick up a book and flip through it easily, whereas digital texts require lots of scrolling and clicking, and there aren't many indicators as to what sections you might be searching for. The physicality of the book lets your hands act as a bookmark to help you keep track. A physical book allows you to leave a trail of breadcrumbs so to speak — making sure you comprehend your surroundings and can retrace your steps.
This difficulty of mapping digital texts might also make a reader more vexed and stressed. According to Mangen, the stress related to being a little lost in the digital woods might make for weaker comprehension skills due to the demanding mental efforts required to figure out where you are.
None of these studies make claims that digital reading is bad for your brain; it's just a different process. In an age when digital technology is pervasive, sticking purely to print isn't the right answer. Learning how to balance nonlinear reading with deep reading could be a helpful exercise in maintaining our ability to read certain texts more closely.
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Happy anniversary, PulseNet! For 20 years, this revolutionary national laboratory network has triggered outbreak investigations far more quickly than before its inception. As we celebrate this landmark, we are looking back at PulseNet’s impact on foodborne outbreak detection.
“PulseNet was transformational in the US for both food safety and for the nation’s public health labs,” said Scott Becker, APHL’s executive director. “It showcases the best of public health lab science and its ability to improve the health of all Americans.”
A recent study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine looks at the health and economic benefits of PulseNet by measuring the reduction of reported illnesses, saved medical costs and averted productivity losses as the result of fewer people getting sick. (The study, “An Economic Evaluation of PulseNet: A Network for Foodborne Disease Surveillance,” was conducted by researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and The Ohio State University’s Department of Human Sciences. Data was collected between 1994 and 2009 were assembled and analyzed between 2010 and 2015.)
So exactly how valuable is PulseNet?
270,000 foodborne illnesses are prevented each year.
PulseNet collects data for nine bacteria including Campylobacter, Cronobacter, Listeria, Salmonella, Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, Shigella, Yersinia, Vibrio cholera, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. When looking at the three most common foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria), PulseNet prevents roughly 270,000 foodborne illnesses each year.
At least one billion pounds of contaminated food has been recalled thanks to PulseNet.
PulseNet triggered outbreak investigations have resulted in the withdrawal of at least one billion pounds of contaminated food from the marketplace.
PulseNet’s economic value is more than 70 times its cost.
PulseNet costs public health agencies about $7 million per year to operate. By preventing illnesses, PulseNet saves $507 million in medical costs and lost productivity. That means for every $1 spent on this network, $70 is saved.
By identifying problems in food production and distribution systems, PulseNet makes our food safer to eat. PulseNet has led to changes in food production and new federal recommendations, and speeds up identification and recalls of tainted foods. All of these actions mean less contaminated food is making its way to our plates.
The future of PulseNet looks even more valuable as whole genome sequencing data is used more often in outbreak detection. Whole genome sequencing will provide significantly more detailed information about the bacteria, and make PulseNet more powerful and precise than ever.
More information about the 20th anniversary of PulseNet:
- PulseNet blog posts – APHL
- What is PulseNet? – APHL
- APHL PulseNet webpage
- Press Release – CDC
- Digital Press Kit – CDC
- CDC PulseNet webpage
- PulseNet Saves Lives and Money – CDC fact sheet
- PulseNet: 20 Years of Making Food Safer to Eat – CDC fact sheet
(Image credits: CDC)
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Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment
The severity of the injuries suffered by the brain injury patient will dictate the type of treatment and its duration. The only treatment for mild injuries is bed rest, giving the brain time to heal and stabilize. The doctor will also prescribe over-the-counter pain relievers for possible headaches during the recovery period.
However, in cases where the injuries are extensive, the patient will need hospitalization, and recovery will require a series of treatment stages. This multiple step process may continue for months, or even years depending upon the individual. The stages may not follow a linear order, but may actually overlap. Some recovering patients may even skip one or more steps entirely.
The severe traumatic brain injury treatment can be divided in three stages:
Acute Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment
This treatment, administered by both emergency rescue personnel and hospital staff, is designed to stabilize the patient, and to stop the progression of damage to the brain. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be needed while the patient is being taken to the hospital. Emergency rescuers may also have to unblock airways, aid breathing, and keep blood circulating.
Once the patient arrives at the hospital, and is considered stabile, the next step is to treat the injuries inside the brain. Injured brain tissue typically swells, causing it to expand and take up available space in the skull. There may also be blood pools or clots from the blood that flowed out of the blood vessels that were torn during the accident. These will also use up available space in the skull.
What type of treatment is used to relieve the pressure buildup from fluid?
The swelled tissue and excess blood cause a pressure build up inside the brain that squeezes the tissue and blood cells that supply food and oxygen to the brain. If the brain cells' supply of these items is cut off, serious damage can occur. To prevent this from happening, doctors may intravenously administer the diuretic mannitol to decrease the amount of fluid in the tissue and increase urine output.
When is surgery necessary?
Surgery may also be performed if a blood clot causes increased pressure within the skull. Some clots have to be removed; others cannot be because of the damage that will be done if they are. Subdural hematomas, (bleeding into the space between the brain cover and the brain itself), and intracerebral hemorrhages, (bleeding resulting from ruptured blood vessels), may also increase pressure, which may mean that the patient will need surgery.
Are seizures a common outcome of brain inury and are they short term or long term?
Seizures, ranging from a minor twitching to loss of consciousness accompanied by involuntary movements across the whole body, are another possible outcome of brain injuries, especially during the first week of recovery. Seizures can cause additional damage, so many doctors will prescribe antiseizure medication to prevent them.
What is subacute traumatic brain injury treatment?
Once the patient is stabilized and there is no danger of additional brain damage, subacute treatment is provided to determine if there are any further complications, help the patient's neurological recovery, and prevent any additional injury. In most instances the patient will be admitted to a rehabilitation care facility. The facility staff will be on the alert for bedsores, muscle contractions, and infections that need treatment, in addition to fluid accumulation in the brain that may require surgery.
Regaining neurological function requires the assistance of the physical, occupational, and speech therapists, nurses, neuropsychologists, and neurologists on staff at the facility. They not only monitor recovery progress, but they also help patients learn new ways to perform routine tasks if they no longer have the physical ability to perform them as they did in the past.
Initially, many patients experience poor balance, lack of coordination, or cognitive impairments that make them vulnerable to additional injuries. Although they may be agitated and restless, they cannot really be left to move around on their own. It is the job of the rehabilitation staff to keep them calm and safe, until such time as they are able to get around safely. At this point, the patient is usually ready to be discharged.
How long does treatment for traumatic brain injury last?
Some patients who are released from the rehabilitation facility will still have symptoms that remain with them for the rest of their lives, and will require ongoing treatment. One typical long-term symptom is lack of muscle tone, which would mean that the patient would continue receiving physical therapy, or undergo minor corrective surgery.
Chronic pain may necessitate that the patient continue medication, as well as physical therapy. If the individual suffers from depression, anxiety, and behavioral problems, they will most likely be treated with a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Seizures and headaches may also continue, requiring that the patient remain on medication to control them.
If you or a loved one has been the victim a traumatic brain injury that requires extensive treatment and the brain injury was the fault of someone elses negligence, you might be entitled to compensation for medical bills, loss of work, and emotional and mental stress.
You should talk to a personal injury attorney as soon as possible as there is a limit on the amount of time you have to file a case in the state of California.
The brain injury attorneys at Bisnar Chase have more than 30 years of success settling personal injury cases. We are passionate about winning your case and we will not back down until you get the settlement that you deserve.
Call 1-800-561-4887 for a No-Hassle, No-Obligation, Free Case Consultation.
- Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery
- Traumatic brain injury recovery
- Traumatic brain injury tips
- TBI Article
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Sori are the tiny clusters under the leaflet that hold the spores. They are covered in a membrane.
Spores are the reproductive units of plants. Some are produced internally by plants, but ferns produce them outside, underneath the fernlets
Gametophyte – when a spore of a fern finds itself in a habitat suitable for growth, it will begin the growing process and germinate into a growth, possibly photosynthetic, or underground, where it will eventually develop sex organs.
Sporophyte – Roots, shoot/rhizome, leaves and sporangia of a fern.
Sword Fern – Leaves are 20 to 60 inches long with alternating fernlets. Clump together at the base.
Deer Fern – Lack sori, broad leaves going toward the base, and have slender pinnae/
Licorice Fern – Green leaves throughout winter, pinnae broaden toward base and don’t separate to stalk, have alternately arranged pinnae, and roots are mostly horizontal to leaf and are edible. Grows on trees and rocks in moss beds.
Maidenhair Fern – Fan shaped, has multiple leaves on one branch, rolled edges, black and shiny stalks.
Bracken Fern – Triangular leaves, 2 to 3 times compound, rolled edges. Multiple leafs on a stem.
Lady Fern – tall leaves, ends of stalks meet at rhizome, exposed sori, narrows at both ends.
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10 Unusual Japanese Fashions and Subcultures
Japanese fashion usually brings to mind kimono, yukata, or the sailor school uniforms. And for many people around the world who are interested in fashion, the lesser known styles and subcultures of Japan are becoming more widely recognized. The fashions on this list were worn at different times in Japan during the twentieth century and today. With some groups of Japanese teenagers these styles were extremely popular. They were viewed as creative and influential to fashion by some, and looked on with confusion and amusement by others.
Suke means female, and Ban means boss. Sukeban were known for forming all girl gangs, and then committing acts of violence and shoplifting. Sukeban gangs first began to appear in the 60s. They were inspired by the gangs of boys known as Bancho, who hoped to one day join the yakuza. There was quite a range in size for the Sukeban groups, but the largest was known as the Kanto Women Delinquent Alliance, which included 20,000 girls. Rival groups would often get into fights. The Sukeban girls followed strict rules within their own groups, and breaking them would result in lynching. Getting burned with a cigarette was considered only a mild punishment. Sukeban were always seen in their sailor uniforms. They would wear pleated skirts that went down to their feet, and would custom embroider their uniforms.
The Takenokozoku were some of the first to form Harajuku into one of the best known places to view Japanese street fashion. The style was popular in the late 70’s and early 80s, and consisted of neon colored accessories such as beads, whistles, bows, and nametags. A store called Takenoko inspired the clothes worn by the Takenokozoku, which were influence by traditional Japanese fashion. Their outfits were loose and baggy, and usually hot pink or bright blue or purple. They wore robes with kanji characters, and slippers that were comfortable for dancing. Large groups of Takenokozoku would choreograph dances in the streets of Harajuku, playing the current popular music on their boom boxes.
Motorcycle gangs became popular in Japan in the early 60s, and became known as Speed Tribes (Bosozoku). In the 70s, girl motorcycle gangs began to appear. At the time, it was estimated by police that at least 26,000 Japanese citizens were involved in a biker gang. By the 80s, the number of male biker groups began to decrease. However, more and more girl biker groups began to pop up. Yanki, heavily influenced by both the Bosozoku and the Sukeban, often wore sarashi (white cloth wrapped around the chest), an embroidered tokko fukku robe, and a gauze mask. The Bosozoku also owned customized scooters.
The word Gal has been used since the 80s in Japan to describe a girl who likes trendy clothing. Ko Gal was first used in the 90s by the media to describe an eighth grader who made $4000 a month for paid dating with middle aged men. Ko comes from the Japanese word for child, kodomo. Ko Gals tried to look as young as possible, by wearing the cutest accessories they could find. They wore their school uniforms with the skirts shortened, tanned their skin, and bleached their hair. And of course, the famous loose socks. Some girls would use sock glue to keep their loose socks from slipping. Although some Ko Gals of Shibuya did take part in enjo kosai (paid dating), it was not quite as popular as the media made it out to be. As the style spread from Tokyo to around Japan, Kogal movies, magazines, and TV programs became popular. Kogals were never seen without their phones, and they were some of the first avid young technology users in Japan. Ko Gal fashions has evolved into some of Japan’s present styles, such as Hime (princess) Gal. Hime Gal involves wearing expensive brand name clothing, usually of the pink and frilly variety.
Although Ko Gals had tan skin, Ganguro girls took tanning to a new extreme. They would tan their skin every week, and then apply foundation meant for black women. Ganguro literally means “Black Face.” Besides tanned skin, the Ganguro look included platforms shoes, mini dresses, bleached hair, black ink used for eyeliner, blue contacts, and white concealer used for lipstick. A Gal magazine called Egg featured Buriteri, one of the most well known Ganguro, on its cover. The look was popular with groups of teenagers in Shibuya, however, they were often harassed, or viewed by the general public with disgust. By the end of 2001, the trend had died down and tanning salons began to close.
The Manba style, which is still seen today, shares many similarities with Gonguro. The name comes from the word Yamanba, the name of an ugly witch in a Japanese folktale (Yamanba was a term the media used for the Gonguro). Because of the dangers of tanning, they often use dark skin foundation instead. Groups of Manba participate in Para Para dancing, or quick synchronized movements to techno music. Groups of Manba form Gal circles, the most popular one being Angeleek. Boys who spent their time in the same clubs as Manba adopted their own similar style. They became known as Center Guys (after Shibuya’s Center Street). Manba clothes and accessories vary, but are always trendy and garishly bright. Manba makeup consists of white lips and large white circle around the eyes. Colorful decals are placed around the face, and rainbow hair extensions are also popular.
Kigurumin was a short lived (2003 to 2004) and strange fashion phenomenon. Girls who spent their time hanging out in Shibuya and wanted something comfortable to wear began sporting cheap animal costumes bought in party sections of stores. Along with a Pikachu, Hamtaro, or Winnie the Pooh costume, Kigurumin would carry animal purses, cute accessories, and wear manba makeup.
Nagomu was an indie record label created in 1983. The label gained a large fan base. The name for fans, Nagomu Gals, first appeared in the magazine Takarajima. Nagomu Gals favored vintage clothing. They often wore long sleeved t-shirts, thick soled rubber shoes, and knee socks. The term Nagomu Gal was not exactly positive, as they were sometimes viewed as annoying fan girls. In 1989 the Nagomu label was shut down.
Lolita is one of the most popular new Japanese subcultures, and has begun to appear in countries across the world. There are numerous Lolita brands, such as Baby the Stars Shine Bright, Metamorphose, and Angelic Pretty. Lolita fashion began becoming popular in the late 90s, and like the Nagomu style, it has been influenced by music. Gothic record labels in Japan lead to visual kei music, which helped inspire Gothic Lolita clothing. Visual kei refers to bands which wear extremely elaborate makeup and costumes. Lolita is also inspired by the clothing of the Rococo period. The name came from Mana (from the visual kei band Malice Mizer) who called the theme of his clothing line Elegant Gothic Lolita. The popular magazine Gothic and Lolita Bible came out in 2001. There are several different types of Lolita. Gothic Lolita involves primarily black frilled clothing. Sweet Lolita uses pastels, and lots of lace and bows. For punk Lolita, plaids and chains are combined with the frills. Wa Lolita incorporates traditional Japanese clothing, such as kimono, into the look. Accessories that are popular for Lolita include bonnets and headdresses, rocking horse shoes, parasols, petticoats, and frilled knee socks.
Decora is a Japanese street style popular today. In 1997, the magazine FRUiTS was created to display photographs of Japanese street fashion. Aki Kobayashi, the cover model of the first issue, wrote columns for FRUiTS about her style and how she created her own accessories. Soon, girls began making their own eccentric accessories. The style became known as Decora, and its followers traded and sold their accessories in Harajuku. Although each Decora outfit is unique, they all have the similarities of being extremely bright, decorative (hence the name), and cute. Decora girls wear an insane amount of plastic accessories and barrettes, neon skirts, colorful socks, and cute character products.
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The English-language Christmas carol “Good King Wenceslas” relates how St. Wenceslas of Bohemia went out upon the feast of Stephen to feed a poor peasant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_King_Wenceslas). According to the legend, St. Wenceslas’ servant found it very cold following him through the snow, so St. Wenceslas told the servant to follow in his footprints. By a miracle, the footprints stayed warm to protect the servant’s feet.
By divine providence today (the very feast of St. Stephen, Dec. 26, regardless of the date stamp above), I came upon an alternative story of the legend that says the miracle occurred during a visit St. Wenceslas made to the Blessed Sacrament. This version comes from St. Alphonsus de Liguori, Doctor of the Church and founder of the Redemptorists. Continue reading
There’s a strong tendency among traditionally-minded Catholics to characterize the Middle Ages as a golden age (a golden calf, I almost wrote) when everyone was a great Catholic and the sorts of horrible, outrageous things we see today never, ever happened.
It’s a bunch of rubbish, but it colors a lot of “our” thinking. I recently read an article in which the author cited Aquinas as an example of a natural law thinker who focused on humans qua humans, not qua this or that nationality or ethnicity. The author’s goal was to score a hit against tribalism.
Well and good — to my knowledge, Aquinas doesn’t attempt any taxonomy of nationalities. But then the works of St. Thomas Aquinas aren’t really a mirror of the world in which he lived. Here are some things about the Middle Ages you won’t learn if the only thing you know about the Middle Ages is Aquinas. These facts reveal a world in which tribal/ethnic/national/dynastic identity was very strong and often helped determine the course of history: Continue reading
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