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What was the deal? What was the new light bulb legislation about, and how were stores still selling incandescent bulbs?
The Light Bulb Legislation
But there was a "new," more efficient incandescent bulb available as the legislation went into effect. A new bulb that, in fact, had been around since the 1950s. It was called a halogen bulb.
Now let's also be clear that the legislation didn't stop the sale of inefficient incandescent light bulbs. They just couldn't be made or imported in the USA. So for a while, you'd still see the old bulbs on shelves. And while they last, you can still get them from Lighting Supply.
You'll also be able to continue buying other types of incandescent light bulbs that weren't phased out through this legislation.
Halogen Light Technology
Halogen technology allows incandescent bulbs to burn more efficiently, producing about the same amount of light on nearly 30% less energy. This is why these bulbs began replacing old incandescent bulbs when the legislation went into effect.
From the user's perspective, there's one small difference between traditional incandescent and halogen light bulbs. Many people love the "warm" (yellow) glow of an incandescent light bulb. It's why some hoarded these bulbs before the bulbs disappeared. Halogens have a similar look, but they burn a little "whiter" to the eye. Not a big difference, but worth noting.
There's one more difference that affects the use of some halogens. This is because halogen bulbs burn very hot. Even hotter than traditional incandescents. So in the case of mini halogens and projection bulbs, you don't want to touch these bulbs with your hands, as this can leave oil residue on the bulb. This can cause oily / non-oily parts of the bulb to heat up differently, which can weaken and eventually break the bulb. Wear gloves when installing these bulbs. This doesn't likely apply, however, to general use halogen bulbs.
The Shapes and Applications of Halogen Bulbs
In the end, there's nothing so new about halogens, except that they've been newly discovered by many people. They've been a reliable lighting source for decades and are widely used, now in many more households than they used to be. But with the era of LED lights upon us, many halogens are being upgraded to the lower temperature, higher efficiency, and longer lifespan of LEDs. Still, with their lower initial cost, high CRI, and incandescent familiarity, halogens can be a great lighting choice for some time to come.
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Lovely article on why reading is so essential for the deaf.We have made reading a very essential part of our 7 year old too.Last 1 month,since our return from India,the entire vacation we have been concentrating on reading, grammar and books and games which help boost vocabulary. Must read and make it part of these kids.
Now my list of why I found reading so good for Prisha-
-Increases her interest in whats really happening ,more exposure to experiences which sometimes are difficult to have.
-Increase in vocabulary,improves grammar and definitely her spellings.
-Helps her to realize where she makes mistakes in her words while speaking.With limitations of hearing aids,she says only half the word for some,she is surprised at the way its spelt when she reads them! Eg-Brea_ for bread."D" is silent for her unless emphasized.With practice she has learnt to say the whole word.Love to see her expression that time.
-Gives me an opportunity to improve her diction.
-Helps me in sequencing when she relates the story to me in her words,which improves memory.
-Gives her "time-off" from us constantly correcting and listening to us which can be so tiring.
-Gives her more ideas and expands her thinking.
-Gives her concepts and ideas while talking....she will suddenly remember an incident from a story while we are at something.More memories.
-Helps her to integrate with other kids,exchanging books,picking up books at the library,discussion with other kids about ideas,games etc.
-If there is no company when we are out, what better than a book ?
-Gives me sometime off too,so that I can do what I like while she is at it.
-Gives her creative thoughts,and it helps her in her drawing which she loves.
Am glad to get my list of "goods" of reading, inspires me to read more !!
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The Cassini spacecraft and the Huygens descent probe should be in orbit around Saturn now after Cassini completed a 96-minute engine burn to slow down and allow itself to be caught. Because of the nearly one and one half hour speed of light time lag between Saturn and the Earth, we are only now getting signals from the spacecraft as it passes over Saturn’s rings. Confirmation of orbit should arrive sometimes around 9:15 pm Pacific Standard Time.
While passing through one of the wide divisions in the ring system, Cassini will snap images of the planet and its rings far superior to anything previously obtained. This data should arrive sometime early in the morning on July 1 and NASA is hoping to release images to the public around 5:00 am Pacific Standard Time.
Cassini will spend the next four years orbiting Saturn and gathering data about the planet and its rings and moons. In January 2005 the Huygens probe will parachute through Titan’s thick red atmosphere.
CNET News.com is running a series of articles this week exploring the technological rise of South Korea. The small country is now considered to be the most technologically advanced society in the world. Broadband reaches 71 percent of the country at speeds ten times faster than broadband in the United States. This infrastructure has brought rapid economic growth and lifestyle changes to a country that in 1997 plummeted into financial disaster.
Advanced technologies such as robotics, wearable computers, system on a chip, wireless communications, digital data convergence in cell phones, networked homes, are all progressing rapidly in South Korea. South Korean company Mostitech has shocked the robotics industry by introducing a security bot nearly twenty times cheaper than competing products from other countries. Researchers in the country also successfully cloned a human embryo earlier this year.
With all this progress, South Korea is seen as a test bed for societal changes brought on by advanced technology. Observing Korean society now may give us an early view of changes coming to the rest of the world soon.
Subjectively, analog representations of reality, such as an LP of music played on a record player, are considered to be “warm” by purists, as opposed to the “cold” digital playback of MP3 and other audio codices. In all things digital, reality is translated into binary code using only 1 and 0 (or off and on). The Digital Revolution has obviously succeeded beyond all expectations because the massive amount of 1’s and 0’s used creates such a fine-scale representation of reality that human senses cannot tell the difference. The best audio technology today is now almost undistinguishable by humans from analog formats. The digital Ultra High Definition video currently in laboratories is reportedly so effective at representing reality that human viewers feel motion sickness.
One current drawback of digital technology to create artificial retinas and other sensory replacements is the enormous amounts of data required to emulate reality. Current artificial visual systems require dedicated computer systems and result in only a visible grid of white and black areas that represent open areas and boundaries. While this technology is a huge step forward for the blind, the full-color, widescreen, three-dimensional representation of the world enjoyed by most sighted people seems a long shot.
Enter analog technology. Analog technology detects the continuum of data between two set points bounded only by its capabilities. For example, the human biological eye is an analog device that can perceive the degrees of color wavelengths bounded by the visible light slice of the electromagnetic spectrum. New audio technology from Akustica embeds a membrane-based device on a microchip. Meanwhile, researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine have developed a microchip with a chemical delivery system for the same neurotransmitters that the biological eye uses to transmit visual data into the brain for processing. This merging of analog mechanical devices with electronics is called Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology.
The Analog and Digital Revolutions currently underway are merging into “wetware” (the perceived “wetness” of biological systems combined with the “dry” logic of digital hardware and software).
SETI@home is one of the original peer-to-peer success stories, using the idle times of millions of private computers to crunch data looking for alien signals in radio waves from space. The application that enables this virtual supercomputer has gotten a high tech upgrade by moving to the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) platform. This new platform helps simplify the process for creating and managing distributed computing projects like SETI@home. This allows a participant to participate in multiple projects and may help protect against fraudulent data being sent back to project servers.
The screensaver feature of SETI@home also gets an upgrade. The original two-dimensional window that included work unit information along with an animation of the work unit in progress now floats as a 3D object against an animated star field.
NASA held a press conference today regarding the latest analysis of data received from the Cassini spacecraft flyby of Saturn’s moon Phoebe. The data suggests that Phoebe is a captured object that originated in the Kuiper Belt rather than the Asteroid Belt. It appears to be composed mostly of water ice and rock, with some surface organic materials, carbon dioxide, and possibly hydrocarbons. Scientist hope further review of the data can help them confirm or deny their theories regarding the origination and formation of the solar system.
Researchers have initiated animal trials for a potential cancer treatment using nanotechnology. The early results are promising. In the experiment, nanoshells built to heat up under a specific near-infrared frequency were injected into groups of mice with cancerous tumors in their tissues. After a few hours the skin above the tumors were irradiated with a near-infrared laser. The nanoshells apparently migrated to diseased tumor cells rather than healthy cells and killed these cells as they heated up. The healthy tissue around the tumors was unaffected.
Human cloning for therapeutic purposes is winning governmental approval in Britain and Japan, among other countries. This new support contrasts with past debate that resulted in the ban of federal funding for such research in the United States. Despite this ban, researchers in the United States early this year reportedly cloned a human embryo and were able to obtain stem cells (the prized so-called “fountain of youth” cells from which most cells in the body differentiate). A team in South Korea also reported similar success.
Progress in stem cell research and cloning has accelerated in recent months, laying the foundation for a technology that could lead to new treatments and cures for many biological ills. This foundation could also lead to human cloning for reproductive purposes, leading to renewed calls for a ban of the technology. While ethical considerations should always be considered, it is doubtful that any such ban would be effective. As expertise and confidence grows, a new competitive atmosphere (among governments as well as researchers) will no doubt ensure continued progress, for good or ill.
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At first glance, online education might seem like an easy and undervalued way of obtaining your education. However, after years of testing and constant studies, online learning is gaining acceptance by the education industry as an acceptable and productive way of obtaining your education. One such study suggests that online learning is actually a more efficient and effective way for students to learn. Below are some of the pros and cons of online learning versus learning in a traditional classroom setting.
Allows for learning in in distant or disadvantaged locations
Online education is easy to access and provides a convenient way to obtain course materials such as homework, exam schedules, test scores and more. Mostonline learning environments are accessible from a standard internet connection and typically require average home computer system requirements.
Facilitates easy information transfer
For most online schools, all course information is obtained by browsing the internet and sending/receiving email. This instant and secure transfer of information provides a convenient way for students to communicate with their instructors and fellow classmates. Some classes participate in chat sessions on a weekly or even more frequent basis. This provides a means for students to interact with each other while learning a particular subject thus enhancing the overall learning experience. Also visit Online Degrees for further detail regarding distance learning and training.
Changing technology may create barriers to accessing learning environments
As with new teaching methods, online learning has faced much criticism from many sources as they claim it has devalued post secondary education and will reduce the effectiveness of obtaining quality career positions by obtaining higher education. These skeptics claim many existing barriers to effectively learning complex subjects in an online-only setting. They also feel that it isolates the students from one another as well as their instructor reducing the overall value of taking the course.
Limited understanding of effective teaching methods due to youth of online learning
Due to the youth of online learning, there has been little research conducted to evaluate the teaching methods or the effectiveness of student comprehension through an online-only learning environment. Some programs also offer a combination of online and classroom style teaching for the same course. This allows for the benefits of both types of learning to be realized.
Provides interactive classroom setting that promotes the open exchange of ideas.
Having numerous students learning in the same classroom has the added benefit of allowing students to exchange ideas and questions with one another providing another valuable learning medium that online envrionements cannot replicate. First-hand interaction with the educating professor also allows for ideas to be exchanged freely and without any communication barriers.
Encourage passive learning
Depending on the level of interaction in the classroom setting, shy students may be allowed to attend classes without providing alternative ways to communicate ideas. Forcing students to learn by vocal exchange with a professor may limit their ability to learn.Ignore individual learning differences between students
Classrooms environments tend to group students together in large number often making it difficult for instructors to isolate learning deficiencies and provide the necessary close attention that individuals may need to learn. Online classes allow for a more individual persepective from the professors standpoint due to most of the communication being easily handled through email and chat.
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2001-Sun Jun 25 23:48:17 EDT 2017
Vetstreet. All rights reserved. Powered by Brightspot.
Vetstreet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. See Additional Information ›
Painful toothaches and gingivitis have mercy on no one, man or beast. Here’s a guide to help you keep your pet’s teeth and gums happy and healthy.
Many pet owners tend to overlook their pet’s bad breath, dismissing it as normal. In fact, bad breath, along with sore or bleeding gums are warning signs that your dog or cat may be developing painful periodontal disease. When it comes to the importance of your pet’s dental hygiene, it goes way beyond a pretty smile. Good dental health not only helps your pet eat comfortably but contributes to overall pet health, as well. While dental care for pets often gets short shrift, establishing good dental habits early in your pet’s life will pay major dividends throughout his life.
Just like humans, pets need routine brushings to win the lifelong battle with plaque. As your pet eats, plaque builds up, eventually hardening into the calcified material we know as tartar. If plaque is you pet’s arch nemesis, tartar is her mortal enemy. Tartar not only irritates gums, but it also becomes a playground for bacteria.
If left untreated, the gums will become inflamed, pulling back from the teeth and creating pockets that, you guessed it, harbor even more harmful bacteria. As gum disease progresses, the gums may bleed, the roots of your pet’s teeth may be exposed, teeth may loosen, and your pet may actually feel pain as she eats her dinner. Over time this bacteria can find its way into your pet’s bloodstream, leading to liver and kidney problems. It’s insidious, painful, and, yes, disgusting. But it is also very preventable.
It’s not hard to spot your pet’s tooth and gum problems as they develop. The warning signs are clear. The trick is learning not to dismiss them. Here are a few of the most common warning signs.
It’s never too early to start familiarizing your pet with the old toothbrush routine. With praise and a few tasty rewards, a quick little dental scrubbing can even become a bonding experience.
1. Start by rubbing your pet’s teeth with a soft gauze pad. Wrap the gauze around your finger to secure it as you rub. This will familiarize your pet with the brushing process.
2. Work your way up to a pet toothbrush. Specially designed cat and dog toothbrushes, as well as toothpastes, are available through most pet retailers. Don’t use toothpaste designed for humans.
3. Focus on the gumline. The line where the teeth meet the gums is the most critical area to scrub.
4. Spend 30 seconds brushing each side of the mouth a few times per week.
Your veterinarian is there not only to help with serious dental emergencies but also to assist with routine care. Regular checkups are essential to keeping a close eye on your dog or cat’s dental health. Your vet may also recommend a prophylaxis — a cleaning procedure that requires medication and/or anesthesia. In the event that your pet is suffering from a more serious condition, your vet can recommend the proper course of treatment — a tooth extraction, for instance.
If your pet simply won’t tolerate the toothbrush, ask your vet about alternative ways to slow plaque buildup in between checkups.
While not as effective as brushing, dry food can help keep your pet’s teeth and gums healthy. In addition, there are a number of foods, treats, and toys available that are specifically designed to promote dental health. Check for the Seal of Acceptance from the Veterinary Oral Health Council to make sure it meets high standards for effective plaque and tartar control.
This article has been reviewed by a Veterinarian.
Like this article? Have a point of view to share? Let us know!
Bartonella is a type bacteria that can be transmitted to cats, dogs and humans from exposure to infected fleas and…
Want to give your pup yummy, low-calorie treats? We’ve got the skinny on which foods are OK to feed him.
Not sure about food puzzles? Our veterinarian reveals why the payoff for your pet is well worth any extra work.
With these simple dental care tips, you can help keep your canine’s adorable smile shiny and healthy for life.
The friendly and inquisitive LaPerm has an easy-care coat that comes in a variety of colors and patterns.
Check out our collection of more than 250 videos about pet training, animal behavior, dog and cat breeds and more.
Wonder which dog or cat best fits your lifestyle? Our new tool will narrow down more than 300 breeds for you.
Thank you for subscribing.
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While many out at sea have claimed different sightings, nobody has been able to capture a mermaid on camera until recent years. The mythological creature has eluded and captivated peoples interests, throughout the ages. The mermaid has been regarded as both a blessing and abomination to weary travelers around the world. Many tales about them, have had mixed reactions.
Some stories, paint the picture of them as something destructive—meanwhile other stories say they have saved fisherman and travelers out at sea. Perhaps they are merely guardians of the ocean. After all, the Earth’s surface is made up of 71% water. This includes water existing in the air as water vapor, water being in rivers, lakes and streams as well as in icecaps and glaciers.
People are made up of around 60% water. There are some organisms, that have upwards of 90% of their body weight made up from water. With this knowledge, it isn’t so far fetched to think that mermaids could actually exist. One theory of evolution, has mankind originating from the water, once as sea life. So, what if mermaids were in actuality, some sort of transitional half-human, half-fish type of a creature.
The legendary aquatic creature, has been painted and described as a human female who has the tail of a fish and upper body of a woman. Equally so, there are the merman as well—being that of half-man and half-fish.
Mermaids have since become a part of folklore. In many different cultures, they have appeared in parts of Europe, Africa and Asia. One of the very first stories originated with the goddess Atargatis—who transformed herself into a mermaid, out of shame for accidentally killing her human lover.
More often, mermaids have been associated with tragedies including drownings, shipwrecks, floods and storms. Other accounts of mermaids mention explorer Christopher Columbus seeing mermaids while exploring the Caribbean. Other sightings were reported during the 20th and 21st centuries which includes Canada, Israel and Zimbabwe.
There have been men who have fallen in love with mermaids. They have been lured out to sea by their songs and charm. The U.S. National Ocean Service stated back in 2012, no evidence of mermaids has ever been found yet. The video recorded showing this claimed mermaid took place in the Great Barrier Reef, off the coast of Queensland in northeastern Australia.
The Great Barrier Reef itself, reaches well over 2,300 km long and is technically the largest living thing on planet Earth. It is even visible from outer space. The reef here consists of 600 different types of soft and hard coral.
Many different species of fish flourish here including mollusks, starfish, turtles, dolphins and sharks among others. It is here, that this man claims this video footage is genuine and was recorded about 6 feet under water, showing a swimming mermaid creature. Since it was first uploaded on June 7, 2009 people have been scratching their heads over this. His YouTube channel is Marginal Media.
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by George G. MorganÂ
Placing your ancestors into geographical and historical context is one of the thrills of genealogical research. Our ancestors were not isolated, and they should be more to you than just names and dates on a computer screen or a printed page. Some of the best clues to help you in your quest are the statistical and contextual leads found in a wide variety of places.
Ancestry.com has compiled a fascinating, searchable Family Facts archive. You can learn about the meaning of your surname, the distribution of people by surname, life expectancy, and much more. You can find this collection of information under the Search tab on the main screen at Ancestry.com (toward the bottom of the boxed list on the right side of the page) and there are ten different databases.
Civil War Service
Enter a surname and you will note the numbers of veterans with that surname by allegiance–Confederate, Union, and both. Each of the numbers is a link that Ancestry members can click to display a search results list for all persons by surname in the Civil War Service database.
Ancestry has statistically analyzed the persons by surname in their New York Passenger Lists database and a line graph is displayed to indicate their findings. You can tell, year by year, how many persons of a surname immigrated to the United States. With uncommon surnames, this graph can help you to perhaps focus your efforts on searching immigration records for a particular period.
The Life Expectancy screen consists of a chart compiled by Ancestry from the Social Security Death Index (SSDI) of the age at death of persons listed in that database. You may click on one of the year circles to see specifics search results about persons by surname, in alphabetical sequence by year of death. You can also click on the link in the lower right of the screen will take you to the Search the Social Security Death Index screen.
Name Distribution (U.S. and UK)
It is always interesting to discover the geographical origins of a particular surname and the density of the name in those areas. Ancestry has used both the 1891 England and Wales Census Collection, and the 1840, 1880, and 1920 United States Federal Census records to perform analyses of both the United Kingdom and the United States in those respective years. (You can select 1840, 1880, or 1920 from the drop-down list on the U.S. screen to see the respective maps and surname distributions.) This may well help you begin to focus your search for ancestors and relatives in particular UK counties or U.S. states.
You may enter a first and/or last name to obtain definitions. The sources of the information are A Dictionary of First Names and the Dictionary of American Family Names, both published by the Oxford University Press. Not only are the origins of the names provided, but possible alternate names and/or spellings may be included. You can click on the links to other names to learn more about them as well.
The drop-down list allows you to select a decade; then, you click on the Update button. You can click on a link by the sample newspaper headline displayed for the decade, or you may click on the link in the lower right of the screen will take you to the Search Newspapers and Periodicals Records screen.
The analysis of the 1880 census for the general public and for surnames shows the occupations of people by surname. Knowing something about the occupations of persons with a specific surname in the 1880 census may give you a clue of other places to look for records, such as land and property records, tax records, and other evidence.
Place of Origin
You will want to trace your ancestors across the ocean to their place of nativity at some point. The Family Facts associated with the New York Passenger Lists database can help you focus on countries of origin based on surnames.
Ports of Departure
You will also want to determine the port from which your ancestor left his or her homeland to immigrate to America. The Ports of Departure screen shows a pie chart representing the primary European ports shown in the New York Passenger Lists database from which immigrants by surname had departed. Be aware that different groups emigrated from different countries in different concentrations at different times, and that the information in this graph may be skewed by the use of the records of only one port of arrival.
The Family Facts collection provides sets of interesting statistics for consideration as you perform your research. You will want to check back here periodically as you perform different types of research. Ancestry continues to update and expand this area for your reference.
Visit George’s website at http://ahaseminars.com for information about his company, speaking engagements, and presentation topics. You can also listen to George and Drew Smith’s “Genealogy Guys” podcast at http://genealogyguys.com/.
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Use Candles with Care
Candles cause an estimated 15,600 fires in residential structures, 150 deaths, 1,270 injuries, and $539 million in estimated direct property damage each year.
- Over half (55%) of home candle fires start because the candle is too close to some combustible material.
- More candle fires (38%) begin in the bedroom than in any other room.
- Falling asleep is a factor in 12% of home candle fires and 26% of the associated deaths.
- Half of all civilian candle fire deaths occur between Midnight and 6am.
- December is the peak month for candle fires; Christmas is the peak day.
- Young children and older adults have the highest death risk from candle fires.
- The risk of a fatal candle fire appears higher when candles are used for light.
Source: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) - Candle Fires, September 2007.
Tragic and Preventable Candle Fires
- Three sleeping boys died when a candle left burning in the living room ignited nearby combustibles.
- A man and his three children died in a fire when hot wax from an unattended candle dripped on curtains, igniting them.
- Eleven members of a family died in a fire when a lighted candle ignited a mattress.
- Two children died in a fire when a lighted candle rolled under the Christmas tree.
- A mother and young baby died when a burning candle used for religious observances ignited cabinetry.
Fact: The majority of candle fires result from human error and negligence.
Candle Fire Safety Tip
- Avoid using lighted candles.
- If you do use candles, ensure they are in sturdy metal, glass, or ceramic holders and placed where they cannot be easily knocked down.
- Keep candles out of the reach of children and pets.
- Set a good example by using matches, lighters, and fire carefully.
- Children should never be allowed to play with matches, lighters or candles.
- Never put candles on a Christmas tree.
- Never leave the house with candles burning.
- Extinguish candles after use.
- Establish a fire-safe home, especially a safe sleeping environment.
- And NEVER leave burning candles unattended!
Remember! Candle fires are PREVENTABLE!
In the event of a fire, remember time is the biggest enemy and every second counts!
Escape first, and then call for help. Develop a home fire escape plan and practice it frequently with your family. Designate a meeting place outside. Make sure everyone in the family knows two ways to escape from every room.
Never stand up in a fire, always crawl low under the smoke, and try to keep your mouth covered. Never return to a burning building for any reason: it may cost you your life.
Finally, having a working smoke alarm dramatically increases your chances of surviving a fire.
Material provided by the US Fire Administration
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VOLCANO TURNER TO WARHOL
VOLCANO TURNER TO WARHOL
Introduction Volcano: a burning mountain. Dr Johnson’s Dictionary, 1755 The eruption of Vesuvius in AD79, which destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum, had a defining effect on European history and literature. However, it was not until the 16th and 17th centuries that artists began to take such catastrophic natural events as legitimate subjects for painting and engraving. While art was initially a vehicle for attempted scientific explanation of volcanic activity, increasingly, and particularly in response to the 1631 eruption of Vesuvius, artists began to use volcanic subjects as metaphors for social change, religious dogma and the uncertainty and brevity of life. The works exhibited here represent three approaches to the depiction of volcanoes: a picturesque view, a scientific analysis, and an off-beat narrative.
Dormancy After Vesuvius had spat out its ashes, the harvests of the neighbouring countryside were abundant. Procopius of Caesarea, c.580 Spread around the world in Japan, Iceland and Italy, the gently smoking volcanoes seen here and in Gallery 2 are dormant or, as volcanologists also describe them when they are not actually erupting, ‘quiescent’. Vesuvius is currently quiescent. Hekla in Iceland had been quiescent for ninety years before Brynjólfur Thordarson painted it, so it is clear that artists show us not eternal views, but ones that have changed radically, and will continue to do so. One long-term benefit of volcanic activity is that the land surrounding it becomes particularly fertile from the mineral nutrients ejected. While Hiroshige’s views present various aspects of 19th century Japan, his Mount Fuji is a constant faraway presence. This repetition and distancing of the main subject is also characteristic of the German artist Dieter Roth.
The cloud was rising from a mountain‌ I can best describe its shape by likening it to a pine tree. Pliny the Younger, AD79 Vesuvius was a popular tourist and diplomatic destination during the 18th and 19th centuries. Artists, writers and scientists, visited the mountain in large numbers. Sir William Hamilton, 18th century British ambassador in Naples, was a pioneering volcanologist who made extensive investigations of the activities of Vesuvius and Etna, and further inspired later scientists and artists. In 1815 the King of Naples took his wife-to-be to see the smoking crater. The French artist Joseph Franque recorded the event, revealing the diplomatic importance as well as the touristic value of the unpredictable mountain. Artists in the 20th century saw volcanoes from a multitude of conceptual angles, consistent with the century’s social, cultural and political flux. Renato Barisani, for example, used lava, sand and rock to create his flower-like image of the volcano Stromboli.
History, myth and literature Ten thousand colours played in his eyes. from Sadak and Kalasrade by James Ridley, 1764 The volcano has for centuries been the supremely powerful metaphor in literature and art for explosive social, political and emotional passion. In landscape painting as in literature it has demanded the use of intense colours and heightened language. Whilst the political meanings of 18th century cartoons are largely forgotten, they would have been readily understood when they were first published, as were those published in April this year when the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull erupted during the early stages of the British General Election campaign. John Martin’s fantastical vision was inspired by the exploits of the fictional Persian warrior Sadak. In Eleanor Antin’s photographic series The Last Days of Pompeii it is the absence of the volcano that is so potent: as we all know, the luxurious civilization that she evokes will be destroyed within days by the eruption of the unseen Vesuvius.
Eruption Down its sides of liquid flame The devastating cataract came. J M W Turner, 1815 In the second half of the 18th century the eruptive Vesuvius became a magnet for artists from all over Europe. The lively political and economic situation in the independent Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, of which Naples was the capital, created an international market for souvenirs of the volcano. Leading volcano artists resident in Naples such as Volaire and Fabris created images of astounding power and beauty. Each of them attempted to develop his own approach to the subject which, by constant repetition for the popular market, risked becoming debased and fictionalised. Visiting artists such as Joseph Wright and Jacob More had little time in Naples to witness an eruption of Vesuvius. This did not stop either of them making extraordinarily vivid paintings.
While the approach to volcanic eruptions by 18th and 19th century artists based in Naples tended towards a formulaic quality, Icelandic, Danish and British artists found more detached perspectives. The anonymous artist who made a series of paintings of eruptions in Iceland for an aristocratic Danish patron portrayed the event with a repellent and otherworldly protruding form. Gudmundur Einarsson likens the eruption of Grimsvotn to a battlefield explosion, and Keith Grant takes an aerial perspective on Heimaey, unique to the modern world. Andy Warhol returns in his composition to the spirit of the 18th century in this powerful image that looks as much like an upturned jet engine as it does Vesuvius. Like Joseph Wright, Warhol never saw Vesuvius erupt, and like Wright he also produced this image in multiples.
The walls of the theatre trembled; and, beyond, in the distance, they heard the crash of falling roofs. The Last Days of Pompeii Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1834 The terrible human cost of volcanic eruption is graphically expressed here. Notwithstanding the distances in time and place between them, these painters face the brutal fact of volcanic destruction, and reflect variously mass-exodus, narrative horror, and individual fortitude. The English amateur artist Edward Swinburne, the Italians Scipione Compagno and Eduardo Dalbono, and the Icelander Ásgrímur Jónsson portray the dire situation of small groups of individuals under a volcano’s threat. HenriFrederic Schopin translates the fictional account of the destruction of Pompeii into a powerful figure composition.
Jannis Kounellis presents the volcano, or its human after-image, as the cowled head of a woman made out of sacking, coal, a coffeepot and some books. These can be interpreted collectively as a figure of death, or alternatively as a metaphor for shelter, warmth, and both bodily and intellectual nourishment. All these aspects can be the result of volcanic eruption. Joseph Yacoumb, a drifter who took to drawing late in life, has found stark simplicity in a dried-out crater in Hawaii. These two artists move the overwhelming subject of volcanoes and their action away from imaginative record to evocative symbolism.
Aftermath All nature is a single symphony, all of it music. You are so receptive to music out in the lava field. Johannes Kjarval, 1954 After the cataclysm the landscape returns to quiet and to apparent extinction in the work of Finnur J贸nsson, Johannes Kjarval and Wilhelmina Barns-Graham. While these artists show nature re-establishing itself, Filippo Palizzi takes matters a step further by depicting a quiet regenerative moment in the excavation of Pompeii in the 1860s, some 1800 years after the great eruption.
The sky one second intense blackness and the next a blaze of fire. Captain of the SS Charles Bell at Krakatua, 27 August 1883 When the volcanic island Krakatua exploded in 1883 its effects were felt around the world. The sound was heard thousands of miles away on the western coast of Australia and in Sri Lanka, and tsunami crossed the Pacific. 36,000 people died. The observatory at Edgbaston, Birmingham, noted changes in air pressure as shock waves passed around the earth: displayed here is a barograph record of the phenomenon. The captain of the British ship SS Charles Bell wrote: ‘the sky one second intense blackness and the next a blaze of fire; mastheads and yardarms studded with corposants,* and a peculiar inky flame coming from clouds’. As the weeks passed, other transient effects were observed. In London, William Ascroft noticed unusually lurid colours and lights at sunset. He made hundreds of studies of the gradually changing, chromatic Chelsea skyscapes.
*A corposant is an electrical discharge that can collect around solid objects giving an extraordinary glow. It is also known as St Elmo’s fire.
Ilana Halperin Ilana Halperin has worked with volcanoes in Iceland, Italy, Hawaii and elsewhere. Her series of etchings Emergent Landmass refers to the brief life of the Mediterranean island that emerged from the sea in July 1831 and disappeared again six months later, to much international consternation. Potentially of great strategic importance, the island was claimed by the British (as Graham Island), the French (as Ile Julie) and the Sicilians (as Ferdinandea). But then it sank, and it has not re-emerged. In 2009 Halperin travelled to Hawaii. There she made photographic works at the point where the lava entered the ocean, which led to her set of seven graphite works with text and drawings. Her project Physical Geology re-visits historical geological art processes such as lava forging and cave casting to develop ‘physical geological art works in slow time and fast time’, art objects formed within a geological, or deep time context.
James P. Graham The film-maker James P. Graham has for some years been working on the Mediterranean island of Stromboli, filming its volcanic activity with a circle of twelve cameras. With these he created and developed his 360º work Iddu (2002–07). In the 60º version of Iddu (‘him’ in Sicilian dialect) displayed here, the viewer is an active participant, made only too aware that the natural forces that sustain life could also destroy it.
Michael Sandle The British artist Michael Sandle (b. 1936) made this series of four large drawings from newspaper photographs of the spectacular 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington State, USA. The side of the mountain blew off, creating a 150 mph landslide and total devastation in this sparsely-inhabited part of the American wilderness. Sandle’s drawings, breathtaking in scale and substance, have the immediacy of freeze-frame film images which momentarily hold back the inevitable sequence of the explosion.
David Clarkson The paintings by the New York artist David Clarkson take the natural detachment of volcanoes to an extreme, and use the moving image in a manner quite at odds with James P. Graham’s. Clarkson’s sources are the CCTV images of volcanoes in their living state, but here flattened in substance, and with diminished colour that distances them emotionally from the viewer. Further distancing comes from the inclusion of computer rubric giving date, time and place at the edges of some of the works.
Volcano Resource room
Visit our exhibition Resource room where there are activities for all. Here you can browse through books, watch early news footage of volcanoes, see a documentary on the making of James P. Graham’s film piece Iddu, leave your views on the exhibition and design a postcard to take away.
EXHIBITION TOURS Every Tuesday, Friday and Sunday, 12 noon A one hour tour of the exhibition. Included in admission price.
TALKS Tickets £13, concs £11, includes gallery admission Members £5. Volcano: Pompeii to Eyjafjallajökull Sat 31 July, 2pm Dr James Hamilton, guest curator of Volcano, will be talking about how the exhibition came together and artists’ enduring fascination across the centuries with volcanoes. Visits to Vesuvius: Volcanic highlights of the Grand Tour Sat 14 August, 2pm Dr Patricia Andrew, researcher and lecturer, explores the eighteenth century British connections with Vesuvius and the national enthusiasm for visiting volcanoes and studying the newly rediscovered cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
Stromboli: Creative and destructive force Sat 25 September, 2pm Volcano artist James P. Graham and volcanologist Janet Sumner recount their dramatic encounters with the famous island volcano and discuss its influence on their work and the relationship between art and geology. Excavating the idea of Pompeii Sat 2 Oct, 2pm Archaeologist Dr Karen Holmberg discusses the role of the volcano in the western imagination. Pompeii was the birthplace of archaeology, psychoanalysis, and volcanology which have shaped a great deal of modern art, literature, and culture.
TALK AND TOUR Mountains of Fire: The science and art of volcanoes Sat 16 Oct, 3pm Join University of Birmingham geologist Dr Carl Stevenson on a tour of the Volcano exhibition as he takes a scientific view of a selection of art, from images based on eye witness accounts, to more imaginative views of volcanoes dormant, erupting and extinct.
FAMILIES All activities included with admission price. Summerspace Tuesday 27 July – Sunday 5 Sept, 12pm – 4pm Pick up a free family trail and enter our atmospheric volcanic space where the whole family can take part in fun, volcanothemed arty activities throughout the summer.
ADULT WORKSHOPS Spectacular landscapes Sat 21 August, 10am – 4pm. Tickets £65 Learn oil painting techniques focusing on an expressive style of landscape painting, with volcanic landscape artist Charles Bezzina. Creative writing – Volcano as metaphor Sun 26 September, 10am – 4pm. Tickets £50 Published poet and tutor Jacqui Rowe leads this workshop which uses our Volcano exhibition as a stimulus for writing. For the full range of Volcano related adult workshops and family activities, please pick up a What’s on guide or see www.comptonverney.org.uk
Exhibition curated by James Hamilton, assisted by Alison Cox, Head of Programming, Compton Verney Graphics by O-SB Design
Compton Verney Warwickshire CV35 9HZ T. 01926 645 500 firstname.lastname@example.org www.comptonverney.org.uk Registered charity no. 1032478
Published on Sep 17, 2010
Exhibition - Volcano: Turner to Warhol 24 July 2010 to 31 October 2010 at Compton Verney. This is the first exhibition to celebrate the extr...
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If little Manisha Kalindi did not have the good fortune to receive the attention of a local anganwadi worker, hers would have been one more name in the long list of newborn deaths of Pathergora village in Jharkhand's East Singhbhum district.
East Singhbhum is predominantly tribal with high levels of poverty. Manisha, weighing just two-and-a-half kilogrammes, was already underweight at birth. Instead of gaining weight as most babies do, her weight dropped to one kilogramme a couple of months later. With her undernourished mother unable to breastfeed her or take her to a hospital, she hovered dangerously close to death. It was at that point that a village anganwadi worker took charge and gave her a new lease of life.
Considering that close to 50 per cent of newborn deaths in India occur during the first seven days of birth, Manisha is lucky to be alive. Although the two-year-old continues to be underweight and is susceptible to periodic illnesses like diarrhoea and malaria, her chances of growing up normally are bright thanks to a new approach of infant care adopted by her carer: The integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness (IMNCI) approach.
The IMNCI was adopted by the Jharkhand government as the central strategy under the Reproductive and Child Health Programme, a five-year programme of the National Rural Health Mission. It offered a package of preventive, promotive, and curative interventions. The Jharkhand government is being aided by UNICEF in this programme which is currently being implemented in 28 states and 145 districts across the country.
The Government of India assesses that India will fall far short of its Millennium Development Goal target of achieving an Infant Mortality Rate of 26.7 deaths per 1000 live births by 2015, and the idea behind programmes like the IMNCI is to achieve a faster pace of change.
As part of this effort, frontline health workers like auxiliary nurse midwives and anganwadi workers are trained to focus on the prevention, treatment and management of malnutrition and minor childhood diseases like measles, malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhoea, in a holistic manner. A key component of IMNCI is a home visit to promote best practices for infant care, with mothers and families being counselled on the importance of breastfeeding. Low-birth weight babies are monitored at the village level, with serious cases being referred to local health centres.
Jharkhand has a neonatal mortality rate of 49 per 1000 live births - higher than the national average - and the IMNCI approach is making all the difference between life and death. In East Singhbhum, for instance, where many severely undernourished newborns like Manisha die because mothers are extremely malnourished and do not have sufficient knowledge of the importance of practices like breastfeeding, 1,455 anganwadi workers and 312 auxiliary nurse midwives have been trained so far. These frontline workers have been able to reach over 26,592 newborns within 24 hours of birth in the span of four years (2006-09).
The challenges of course were many. Making women aware of the importance of breastfeeding and the correct way of doing it was initially difficult in Pathergora. Santhi Hanoda, an anganwadi worker of Pathergora, recalls, "Breastfeeding was not considered crucial for a newborn. Women would wait until religious ceremonies were conducted before breastfeeding their babies. They didn't realise this could have fatal consequences. Information about the benefits of breastfeeding soon after birth has now brought about some change in feeding practices."
Hanoda realised that getting women to listen would be easier when they all congregate with their children during the Village Health and Nutrition Day, an event held every second Wednesday of each month. During this event, a broad range of services are provided, including delivering rations for pregnant and lactating women, immunising babies and administering Vitamin A and iron supplements.
While Hanoda has been an anganwadi worker for the last 11 years, it was only in 2008 that she received IMNCI training. She could not help but notice the difference the programme made. "It helped me understand better the correct way of breastfeeding and also recognise the danger signs of imminent illness that mothers often overlook. When I counsel them about health, pregnancy care and nutrition, I ensure that they understand the importance of breastfeeding. They don't feel shy because I come from the same community of Santhals as they do," says Hanoda.
Currently, 47,707 children under five years of age in East Singhbhum have been assessed for feeding problems, undernourishment, diarrhoea and serious infections.
Geeta Kumari Mahato, an auxiliary nurse and midwife, has been coming to the village since 2002. She believes that attitudes of women have changed ever since they became more aware about newborn care. "They see the difference in their children's health by following the right nutrition and immunisation practices. Which mother doesn't want a healthy child?" she remarks.
In the nearby Lovekeshra village, the IMNCI colour coded booklet classifies symptoms and severity of illness in three colours: Red, yellow and green. It has helped an anganwadi worker like Yamini Made take the right decisions. She knows that symptoms related to improper breastfeeding are marked in green - green, in fact, indicates mild health conditions that require simple home care. So when Mukti Saber's three-month-old underweight daughter kept falling ill, Made showed her the right way to breastfeed. When children display symptoms similar to those mentioned under the red code, she knows their illnesses are serious enough to warrant a visit to a health facility.
Additionally, another home care solution that Made learnt about was to keep the infant warm through the 'kangaroo care' method, named after the marsupial, which carries its young close to itself. It was initially developed to look after premature infants in areas where incubators were unavailable. Explains Made, "Since people here don't understand what a kangaroo is, I substitute it with a monkey. For instance, I told Mukti to hold her baby close to her chest, like a monkey does and she knew immediately that she needs to clasp her baby to provide it with warmth. She followed the suggestion and now her daughter no longer falls ill," explains Made. Saber beams in agreement. She is simply delighted that her daughter's weight has increased to four kilogrammes.
According to Arun Kumar, UNICEF IMNCI supervisor, every month a review meeting is held to see whether protocols are followed. "If kangaroo care has been given to anyone I visit the mother to verify details. We also check to see whether they (anganwadi workers) have been able to diagnose the problem correctly and can tell whether the illness needs home-based remedies or requires treatment in an institution. This way, they always have their thinking caps on," claims Kumar.
The encouraging results have ushered in other innovations. The Jharkhand government plans to rope in M.S. Dhoni, the Indian cricket team captain, and former Indian women's hockey captain, Sumrai Tete, to join in its awareness campaign. Celebrity endorsement is expected to give health awareness campaigns a higher profile.
Hopefully, this combined effort will help Jharkhand's babies to win the match of life! They desperately need to win: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Report 2010 notes with concern that while child deaths are falling, especially after the year 2000, they are not falling quickly enough.
As India prepares for the September review of the world's progress on the MDGs and plans its blueprint for meeting its targets by the year 2015 - the deadline year for MDGs - it will do well to keep in mind the lessons learnt from the story of little Manisha. She is alive today because of timely, focused and planned care.
By arrangement with WFS
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Many people, especially those of us raised in urban areas associate one-room schoolhouses with Little House on the Prairie. The reality is that Geary County had rural school districts until 1965 with all the districts were unified into USD 475 or districts in the surrounding counties. While populations in these rural school districts fluctuated a good portion of Geary County residents were educated in a rural schoolhouse. Over the course of 110 years, 1855-1965, Geary County had 44 rural school districts. The schoolhouses, many of which still stand today, were scattered throughout the county hosting anywhere from one to dozens of children. After unification in 1965, one-room schoolhouses quickly became nostalgic icons of days gone by.
The book, Project Heritage, compiled by Junction City Area of Retired Teachers in 1979, is rich with stories about life at Geary County schools. Life in the rural schools was certainly different than it is now. Usually students that attended rural schools attended their first eight grades in one room. The teacher taught all the grades and older students often had to help the younger ones with lessons. Imagine trying to memorize your lesson for that day or the next while one of the other grades is standing at the front of the room reciting theirs.
|Geary County Joint District 88.|
In rural districts students only attended until they completed the eighth grade. While most eight graders are thirteen these days, on the frontier older children often missed part of the year so they could tend crops. The result was that some students were well past the age of 13 before they completed their eighth grade. According to Project Heritage, it was common at the time “to have 18, 19, 20, and 21-year-old boys in school.”
With boys as big as or old as grown men discipline could be a problem in schools. Today if you misbehave you’re given detention or sent to the office, but teachers today would never hit or throw things at students who misbehave. This was not always the case in the rural schools. At the Alida School in Joint District #6, Mrs. Lester Elsasser remembers, “one teacher carried an open pocketknife and if one of the pupils misbehaved he threw the knife, sailing it right past their heads, sticking it into the wall behind them.”
Discipline isn’t the only thing that has changed. Imagine being a first grader, small and intimidated enough by the prospect of going to school and on your first day you’re confronted by full grown adults. When Mrs. Gilbert Blanken first arrived at Weston School in 1904 she remembers thinking there “were boys so large that they appeared to her to be grown men.” Imagine sharing your classroom as a six year old with someone the size of your father.
What may surprise many people are the similarities between frontier schools and school today. As many of us probably remember and hear children talk about there are favorite times of day; like now, recess and lunch were favored by rural students. They got to run around outside and play on the playground equipment, if the school was lucky enough to have it. Also, in the rural school districts, much like today, if students play around after school they’d likely miss the bus, or horse as the case may be. At Antelope School one group of children rode to school in a buggy and during the day the horse stayed in the barn at the school and in the afternoon the students would pile in and ride home. One day the students decided to play only to realize later that the horse knew when school was out and headed home without them.
Other behaviors displayed by students are very similar as well. When it comes to appearance no one is more self-conscious than teen and pre-teen girls. Christine “Crissie” Amthauer attended Weston School on Humboldt Creek Road. She wasn’t allowed to wear her nice shoes in poor conditions so she wore 4-buckle overshoes during the walk and she would remove them about a half-mile from the school and hide the unattractive shoes among the rocks and walk the rest of the way in her nice shoes. Many students today, especially the girls, are guilty of the same behavior; many wait until they’re at school before changing their shirts or putting on make-up so they can hide it from their parents.
If you take the time to look and learn about the rural schools in Geary County you just might discover how similar those students were to you and your children. If you want to read more about the Geary County schools including Junction City you can buy a copy of Project Heritage at the Museum Gift Shop.
The Geary County Historical Society is in the midst of creating a driving tour of our rural schools. We are looking for stories of your own or your family’s experiences to include in the tour. If you have an amusing, interesting, or important story you would like to share with us please call or come by the museum. You can also write it down and send it to us at 530 N. Adams, Junction City, KS 66441 or GearyHistory@gmail.com.
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The notion that individuals, including public officials, should be held responsible for their actions.
A way of listening that focuses on both the content of statements or responses in a dialogue and the underlying emotions.
In international relations, adjudication involves the referral of a dispute to an impartial third-party tribunal—normally either an international court or an arbitration tribunal—for a
In general, ADR refers to an approach to the resolution of conflicts that does not involve litigation and seeks an outcome at least minimally satisfactory to all parties concerned.
A form of international adjudication that involves the referral of a dispute or disputes to an ad hoc tribunal—rather than to a permanently established court—for binding decision.
A process of cooperation among states aimed at reducing the likelihood or scope of military action by adopting reciprocal measures to assure against surprise attack, to limit deployments, or to red
In describing relationships, asymmetry refers to a situation where one person or party has more power or leverage than another.
Literally meaning self-government, autonomy was traditionally considered synonymous with self-determination and sometimes with sovereignty.
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Ever find yourself working in an unfamiliar Database or table and in need of knowing what are the data types for the different columns? Well that recently happened to me when I had to expand some queries in a DB2 environment.
As it turns out there exists the Describe command that outputs the columns of a table and their data type. The basic command is as follows that can be used on a TABLE or VIEW:
DESCRIBE TABLE schema.table_name
The command will output the following information for each column.
- Column Name
- Type Schema
- Type Name
- Nulls(is nullable)
In addition to obtaining the column information you can also use the command to get a table’s indexes.
DESCRIBE INDEXES FOR TABLE schema.table_name
- DB2 Universal Database – Describe Command
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Jean Ribaut, circa 1520 – 1565 (also spelled Jean Ribault) was an intrepid French explorer. He built the first Protestant settlement in the New World at Charlesfort on Parris Island in 1562. The settlement lasted less than a year before it was abandoned. The French relocated southward founding Fort Caroline in Florida. The Spanish, led by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, built a fort of their own at the same site in 1566, calling the town Santa Elena.
The Beaufort District Collection, the special local history collection and archives of the Beaufort County Library, SC, recommends these links and materials about a key figure of the 16th century in the history of Beaufort County. This list was compiled and posted by Grace Morris Cordial, MLS, SL, CA, Manager of the Beaufort District Collection, on 12 November 2008; Latest update: 22 September 2016.
Biography in Context database (DISCUS, password required for access from home)
“Charlesfort-Santa Elena – Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary, American Latino Heritage” National Parks Service
“Digging into the Colonial Past: Archaeology and the 16th-Century Spanish Settlements at Charlesfort-Santa Elena,” National Parks Service “Teaching with Historic Places Lesson Plans”.
Spark’s American Biography, Vol. XVII: Lives of John Ribault, Sebastian Rale, and William Palfrey, 1845. Printed book is available in the Research Room. SC 920 SPA 1845 V. 7
“Charlesfort Discovered” by Chester DePratter, Stanley South and James B. Legg, Published in Legacy, Volume 1, Issue 1, 1996, pages 1&5&8-9.
“The History of South Carolina Slide Collection” edited by Constance B. Schulz. *Choose Topic 2 “An Illustrated History, 1550-1988”for exploration, Native Americans, and the Santa Elena dig.
“Charlesfort” homepage of the South Carolina Institute for Anthropology and Archaeology.
Search “Charlesfort” on the Scholar Commons: The Institutional Repository of the University of South Carolina website to download more than 50 articles and papers on the topic.
“Charlesfort Identified” by Jessica E. Saraceni, Archaeology Archive, Volume 49 Number 5, September/October 1996
Come to the Beaufort District Collection to see these items:
Beaufort County Historical Society Papers, #32 “Early French Explorations and Settlements.” This paper is also available on microfilm in Beaufort Branch.
SC 920 SPA 1845 V. 7Spark’s American Biography, Vol. XVII: Lives of John Ribault, Sebastian Rale, and William Palfrey, 1845. Also available on the Internet Archive.
SC 284.557 TRA No. 14 “Ribault’s fort,” by Miss Isabelle DeSaussure, Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina , no. 14, 1907.
SC 284.557 TRA NO. 31 “Foldout of the Charlesfort Monument (built by Jean Ribaut in 1562) at Parris Island — Unveiling of the monument ceremony — Welcome address by General Harry Lee — Dedication address by Major Gen. John A LeJeune; M. Jules Henry, First Secretary of the French Embassy; Senator Ellison D. Smith of SC; Hon. Curtis D. Wilbur, Sec. of the Navy — The senatorial bill making the monument possible — Report of Simons and Lapham, architects of the monument — Address of W. C. Miller at the 41st anniv. mtg of the Hug. Soc. of SC,” Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina , No. 31 (1926).
SC 284.557 TRA NO. 39 “Monument to Jean Ribaut in Normandy,” Transactions of the Huguenot Society of South Carolina, No. 39 (1934).
The BDC has several relevant vertical files on Ribaut and the exploration and discovery period. Try these:
SC 812 PRO Prologue to Freedom: 400thAnniversary of the landing of Jean Ribaut, Souvenir Program of the Ribaut Quadricentennial, 1962 (BDC)
SC 910.45 CON Pirates and raiders of the Southern shore by T. D. Conner, 2007
SC 920 FED Palmetto pioneers; six stories of early South Carolinians
SC 975.7 ENC Entry in South Carolina Encyclopedia (ALL)
SC 975.702 FOR For God, Glory and Gold: Early French and Spanish conquest of South Carolina [DVD], 2006 (ALL)
SC 975.799 DAB Sea Island Diary : a History of St. Helena Island by Edith M. Dabbs, 1983 (BDC, HHI REF)
SC 975.799 JON Port Royal under Six Flags by Katharine M. Jones, 1960. (BDC, BEA, BLU, HHI, LOB)
SC 975.799 DOW Parris Island ‘from Cusabo to Leatherneck’ by George Geddes Dowling, 1970 (BDC, BEA, BLU REF)
SC 975.799 ROW V1 The history of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume 1, 1514-1861by Lawrence Sanders Rowland, Alexander Moore, and George C. Rogers, Jr., 1996 (ALL)
SC 975.799 WHI Charlesfort, 1562-63: the first Protestant settlement within the present-day United States by William H. Whitten, 1993 (BDC)
SC 975.799 WIL Beaufort County, South Carolina [Pamphlet] : the shrines, early history and topography by N. L. Willet, 1926 (BDC)
SC 975.9 CON Jean Ribaut: the whole & true discouerye of Terra Florida by Jean Ribaut, 1927 (BDC)
Available for Checkout to valid SCLENDS Library Cardholders:
For God, Glory and Gold: Early French and Spanish conquest of South Carolina [DVD], 2006.
The history of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Volume 1, 1514-1861 by Lawrence Sanders Rowland, Alexander Moore, and George C. Rogers, Jr., 1996.
Parris Island ‘from Cusabo to Leatherneck’ by George Geddes Dowling, 1970.
Pirates and raiders of the Southern shore by T. D. Conner, 2007.
Port Royal under six flags by Katharine M. Jones, 1960.
Sea island diary : a history of St. Helena Island by Edith M. Dabbs, 1983.
South Carolina Encyclopedia
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Teaching Genetic Algorithms with Excel
In a previous post I discussed using Scratch and Excel to model neurones. This post looks at using Excel and six-sided dice as a way of developing insights into how Genetic Algorithm work, before going on to program one.
A very simplified version of Tournament Selection is used for the parent selection and the mutation works by rolling a die to get a number between 1-6.
The problem to be solved is to find the lowest values for x and y in the equation
All views and opinions are the author's and do not necessarily reflected those of any organisation they are associated with. Twitter: @scottturneruonAll views are the authors, and may not reflect the views of any organisation the author is connected with in any way.
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Add medical amnesty to du Lac
| Friday, September 20, 2013
According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, “more than two dozen [Indiana] students under the age of 21 have lost their lives due to alcohol poisoning since 2004.” In July 2012, Indiana responded to this statistic by enacting the Lifeline Law, which gives individuals immunity from police action if they are intoxicated but actively seeking medical help for a person with alcohol-related injuries or complications.
Notre Dame recently instituted the Office of Community Standards (OCS) to replace the Office of Residence Life. However, the procedural changes that OCS implemented do not include or mention a medical amnesty policy guaranteeing students the same immunity the Indiana Lifeline Law gives citizens. A minor can still face disciplinary action from the University if he or she is caught for possession, consumption or transportation of alcohol. Any student, regardless of age, can confront disciplinary consequences for public intoxication.
Several nearby universities, such as Indiana University, Purdue and Ball State, have implemented medical amnesty clauses in their student codes of conduct. Additionally, our sister school, Saint Mary’s College, observes medical amnesty and actively educates incoming students about this policy.
Gannett Health Services conducted and published a study of Cornell University’s medical amnesty policy (MAP) in 2006. According to the resulting research paper published in the International Journal of Drug Policy, “Results include consecutive increases in alcohol-related calls for assistance to emergency medical services during the two-year period. Survey results suggest that, following initiation of the MAP, students were less likely to report fear of getting an intoxicated person in trouble as a barrier to calling for help.”
Notre Dame’s student government is pushing for the University to add a medical amnesty clause to “du Lac: A Guide to Student Life.”
“It is not a new issue, but the Indiana Lifeline Law adds a new component that will hopefully help us look at medical amnesty through a new lens,” student body president Alex Coccia said. “We want there to be absolutely no hesitation in calling for help if you see a person in need of medical attention.”
With these signs pointing to the benefits of medical amnesty policies, the University’s administration still resists implementing them at Notre Dame. Administrators argue the University does not need such a policy because students at a Catholic institution should not need the promise of amnesty in order to act as good Samaritans, but rather, should do so because it is morally correct. They also assert the individualized disciplinary outcomes that OCS uses should absolve students’ fear of helping peers who need medical attention.
However, because the University does not guarantee disciplinary immunity, some students still may hesitate when deciding whether to seek help for a peer who needs medical attention. If the Office of Community Standards’ first priority is students’ safety, it should follow its sister school by implementing a medical amnesty policy to ensure that students do not hesitate to protect one another.
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Sukreeswarar Temple is another important temple that is located in Tirupur. It is located on the banks of the River Nallar, a tributary of the River Noyyal, which runs through Tirupur. It was built sometime in the 10th century A.D by the kings of the Pandya Dynasty. Even so, several structures present within the temple complex have been constructed later by the kings of the Chola Dynasty.
The temple is an excellent example of Tamil temple architecture. The temple complex has two towers called Vimanam, one dedicated to the worship of Amman and the other to the worship of Lord Shiva. A total of five Shiva Lingas are present in this temple. Even though the actual temple was constructed in the 10th century, inscriptions found at the site have revealed that the spot was used by the tribal people of the area as early as in 5th century A.D for the worship of Shiva.
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QED and the Men Who Made It
In the 1930s, physics was in a crisis. There appeared to be no way to reconcile the new theory of quantum mechanics with Einstein's theory of relativity. Several approaches had been tried and had failed. In the post-World War II period, four eminent physicists rose to the challenge and developed a calculable version of quantum electrodynamics (QED), probably the most successful theory in physics. This formulation of QED was pioneered by Freeman Dyson, Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, three of whom won the Nobel Prize for their work. In this book, physicist and historian Silvan Schweber tells the story of these four physicists, blending discussions of their scientific work with fascinating biographical sketches.
Specifications of QED and the Men Who Made It
|Author||Silvan S. Schweber|
|Edition||First Paperback Edition|
|Publisher||Princeton University Press|
|Number Of Pages||784|
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Top 15 Creative Term Paper Topics On Leadership
Term papers on leadership can be incorporated into many different subjects, from business to management to psychology and sociology. There are lots of different ways to approach leadership as a subject when picking a topic. Because leadership is related to how people think and interact with each other, there are many different aspects of leadership that can be examined. To take a practical approach, try to ask what makes for effective or ineffective leadership in a certain context or situation.
But because leadership is such a broad topic you’ll need to find a way to narrow it down to a manageable scope for your term paper. There are a few ways to do this: you can either focus on the leadership or the people that they are leading. Or you can focus on how a certain tool or situation affects leadership on either side.
Use these topics on leadership to help to you pick your term paper topic either by using them as they are, or use them as jumping off points to come up with your own:
- What is the most effective leadership style when there are differences in demographics between the leader and the people they are leading?
- How do traditional leadership styles vary between America and Asian countries?
- How are leadership styles different between the baby boomer generation and the millennial generation, and what effects are the differences in these leadership styles having in industry?
- How has technology and social media shaped the leadership style within the millennial generation?
- How is leadership different at startup companies than with larger, more traditional corporations?
- Are effective leadership techniques also effective parenting techniques?
- What is the difference between leadership and authority, and which is more effective in schools?
- What are the best leadership techniques to create synergy in culturally or generationally diverse workplaces?
- Compare and contrast the effectiveness of servant leadership and doctorial leadership strategies?
- Compare and contrast the leadership structures of the Catholic and Mormon churches.
- What are effective leadership strategies to improve time management to increase productivity in the workplaces?
- Are meetings effective ways for leaders to disseminate information and communicate with their team?
- How does the bureaucratic structure of government effect leadership within government employees?
- Compare and contrast business leadership and political leadership.
- Is leadership an inherent trait or can people be taught to be good leaders?
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If you’ve swam in the ocean and gotten your feet tangled in a slimy plant, then you’ve encountered seaweed. And if you’ve enjoyed a California roll at your favorite Japanese restaurant, then you’ve consumed it. Seaweed is becoming more and more a part of our culinary worldview. But what exactly is it? The vast variety of “weeds” that grow in the sea that we refer to as seaweed are actually marine algae. Seaweed belongs to three broad groups of algae, encompassing more than 10,000 species: red (nori, agar, dulse), brown (kombu/kelp, wakame, arame, hijiki), and green (sea lettuce, aonori). Seaweed grows in all types of seawaters—from the ice-cold poles to the warm waters near the equator. As long as there is sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis, seaweed can grow.
While seaweed has perhaps become “trendy” in the United States in recent years, it’s been a staple in many diets around the world for generations. Seaweed is found in East Asia, most notably Japan, China, and Korea, as well as Scotland, Ireland, Norway, Iceland, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands.
Seaweed offers one of the broadest ranges of minerals of any food, containing virtually all the minerals found in the ocean (calcium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, vanadium, and zinc—to name a few). It’s also been touted for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and antiviral properties. Super food? This is a supreme food.
Seaweed can be briny and salty. Its texture can range from rubbery to crispy and crunchy. It’s naturally high in glutamic acid, which is a flavoring agent most notably found in monosodium glutamate (MSG) and responsible for its umami taste. As for its uses, seaweed can be added to dressings, compound butter, spreads, soups, stews, salads, eggs, rice, noodles, and even desserts. Let’s explore the different categories of seaweed.
Red Algae: Nori, Agar, Dulse
You might be most familiar with nori, the purplish-black seaweed often found wrapped around rice in the form of sushi. Nori is made by shredding seaweed, pressing it into thin sheets, and rack drying. You can buy the sheets toasted or untoasted—or toast them yourself by holding a sheet over a flame of a gas burner for a few seconds until it turns a dark green color. In addition to sushi, nori is commonly used in onigiri (Japanese rice balls) and as a garnish for rice, soups, and stews.
Agar is another type of red algae and is widely used as a vegetarian gelatin substitute given its unique gelling properties. Dulse is a red algae that can be found in whole-leaf, flaked, or granule form, and even smoked (I recently purchased applewood smoked dulse at a local health-food store). Dulse is soft and chewy and doesn’t require any soaking or cooking. You can add it to salads, soups, or even omelets. When you pan-fry dulse in a little oil, it takes on a distinct bacon-like flavor, especially the smoked variety (I was a bit skeptical at first, but it really does taste like bacon).
Brown Algae: Kelp, Kombu, Wakame
Kombu is an essential ingredient in Korean and Japanese cooking. It’s one of the main ingredients in dashi, a classic Japanese stock, along with bonito flakes (katsuobushi in Japanese). Dashi is the foundation of many soups and stews, including the popular miso soup. You can also add a piece of kombu to a pot of simmering dried beans to enhance their flavor and digestibility. Wakame is a type of brown algae that comes from the cold waters off the coast of Japan, China, and Korea. It expands nearly tenfold and turns a dark greenish color when soaked. It’s an essential component of miso soup and often used in salads. I’ve even encountered wakame in a sea-vegetable sauerkraut that was quite tasty.
Green Algae: Sea Lettuce, Aonori
Sea lettuce is typically used in salads and soups. Aonori is typically dried and then made into a powder.
And here are some simple ways to cook with seaweed at home.
THE ULTIMATE SEAWEED SALAD
This salad incorporates three different types of seaweed: wakame, dulse, and nori. Wakame, simply rehydrated and chopped; applewood-smoked dulse that I crisped up in a little oil, which adds a nice crunch and toastiness to the salad; and toasted nori in the form of furikake, a Japanese sesame-seed-based condiment. From there, add seasonal vegetables, avocado, rice/grains, etc. I like to add some spicy radish microgreens on top. All drizzled with a miso-ginger-soy dressing. Layer upon layer of umami.
1 ounce dried wakame
1 ounce dried applewood-smoked dulse
Oil for pan-frying dulse
1 avocado, thinly sliced
1 carrot, thinly sliced with a vegetable peeler
1 blood orange, sectioned
1 seedless cucumber, thinly sliced
1 small bunch radish, cut into wedges
Miso-ginger-soy dressing (recipe below)
Handful of microgreens, such as radish, kale, or arugula
A couple tablespoons furikake (recipe below)DIRECTIONS
1. Place the wakame in a bowl and cover with water. Soak until soft, about 5 minutes. Squeeze dry. Chop into bite-sized pieces.
2. Coat the bottom of a skillet with a thin layer of oil. Heat the skillet over medium high heat. When the oil is hot, pan-fry pieces of dried dulse for 30 seconds to a minute, until the dulse gets crispy. Remove from the pan and set aside to cool.
3. Arrange wakame, avocado, carrot, cucumber, and radish in a bowl. Drizzle with miso-ginger-soy dressing. Top with microgreens. Sprinkle dulse and furikake on top.
2 tablespoons miso (used 1 tablespoon white and 1 tablespoon red)
2 tablespoons rice wine vinegar
1 tablespoon tamari or soy sauce
1 teaspoon ginger, grated
1 small clove garlic, grated
1½ teaspoons sesame oil
1 teaspoon mirin
1. Add all ingredients to a bowl, along with 2 tablespoons water. Whisk until well combined.HOMEMADE FURIKAKE
In addition to sushi, one of my favorite uses for nori is in furikake, a savory Japanese seaweed condiment typically sprinkled over or mixed into rice. There are many commercially made furikake available for purchase, but it’s easy enough to make yourself. At a minimum all you need are nori, sesame seeds, bonito flakes (or katsuobushi, dried, paper-thin flakes of skipjack tuna), and salt. From there, you can add any number of extra ingredients. For instance, you can add spices, such as togarashi or cayenne; dried lemon or orange peel; dried fish, such as anchovies; or powdered miso. I like to add dried shiso leaves (an herb in the mint family that tastes like a cross between mint, cilantro, and basil) to the mix.
1/3 cup dried nori
1/3 cup toasted white sesame seeds
1/3 cup toasted black sesame seeds
1/3 cup bonito flakes, lightly packed
1 teaspoon togarashi (optional)
Sea salt to taste
Mix the nori, half of the white sesame seeds, half of the black sesame seeds, bonito flakes, and salt in a spice grinder. Pulse a few times until the mixture is the consistency of small flakes. Transfer to a small bowl and add in the rest of the white and black sesame seeds. Store in an airtight container at room temperature for several weeks (if it lasts that long).
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Palio di Siena
The Palio di Siena (known locally simply as Il Palio) is a horse race held twice each year on July 2 and August 16 in Siena, Italy, in which ten horses and riders, bareback and dressed in the appropriate colours, represent ten of the seventeen Contrade, or city wards. The Palio held on July 2 is named Palio di Provenzano, in honour of Madonna di Provenzano, who has a church in Siena. The Palio held on August 16 is named Palio dell'Assunta, in honour of Assumption of Mary.
A magnificent pageant, the Corteo Storico, precedes the race, which attracts visitors and spectators from around the world.
The race itself, in which the jockeys ride bareback, involves circling the Piazza del Campo, on which a thick layer of dirt has been laid, three times and usually lasts no more than 90 seconds. It is not uncommon for a few of the jockeys to be thrown off their horses while making the treacherous turns in the piazza and indeed it is not unusual to see unmounted horses finishing the race without their jockeys. The Palio in fact is won by the horse who represents his contrada, and not by the jockeys. A horse who wins without a jockey is known locally as winning "scosso."
The earliest known antecedents of the race are medieval. The town's central piazza was the site of public games, largely combative: pugna, a sort of many-sided boxing match or brawl; jousting; and in the 16th century, bullfights. Public races organized by the Contrade were popular from the 14th century on; called palii alla lunga, they were run across the whole city.
When the Grand Duke of Tuscany outlawed bullfighting in 1590, the Contrade took to organizing races in the Piazza del Campo. The first such races were on buffalo-back and called bufalate; asinate, races on donkey-back, later took their place, while horse-racing continued elsewhere. The first modern Palio (called palio alla tonda to distinguish it from the earlier palii alla lunga) took place in 1656. At first, one race was held each year, on July 2; a second, on August 16, was added later.
The seventeen Contrade are: Aquila (Eagle), Bruco (Caterpillar), Chiocciola (Snail), Civetta (Little Owl), Drago (Dragon), Giraffa (Giraffe), Istrice (Crested porcupine), Leocorno (Unicorn), Lupa (Female Wolf), Nicchio (Seashell), Oca (Goose), Onda (Wave), Pantera (Black Panther), Selva (Forest), Tartuca (Tortoise), Torre (Tower) and Valdimontone (literally, "Valley of the Ram" - often shortened to Montone).
Ritual and Rivalry
The Palio di Siena is more than a simple horse race. It is the culmination of ongoing rivalry and competition between the contrade. The lead-up and the day of the race are invested with passion and pride. Formal and informal rituals take place as the day proceeds, with each contrada navigating a strategy of horsemanship, alliances and animosities. There are the final clandestine meetings among the heads of the Contrade and then between them and the jockeys. There is the two hour pageant of the Corteo Storico, then all this is crowned by the race, which takes about 75 seconds to complete. Although there is great public spectacle, the passions displayed are still very real.
Years since last Victory
- Brown, Margaret Mcdonough and Titus Buckhardt (1960). Siena, the City of the Virgin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Drechsler, Wolfgang (2006). "The Contrade , the Palio and the Ben Comune: Lessons from Siena", Trames 10(2), 99-125.
- Dundes, Alan and Alessandro Falassi (2005). La Terra in Piazza. An Interpretation of the Palio of Siena. 2nd of the new edn. (Orig. 1972). Siena: Nuova Immagine. (Standard work, but meanwhile very controversial because of its Freudian interpretation.)
- Falassi, Alessandro (1985). "Palio Pageant: Siena's Everlasting Republic", The Drama Review 29(3), 82-92.
- Handelman, Don (1998), Models and Mirrors: Towards an Anthropology of Public Events, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Silverman, Sydel (1979). "On the Use of History in Anthropology: The Palio of Siena", American Ethnologist 6(3), 413-436. (Most important counter-model to Dundes & Falassi.)
- Pascal, C. Bennett (1981). "October Horse", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 85, 261-291.
- Spicer, Dorothy Gladys (1958). Festivals of Western Europe. Wilson.
- 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Siena
- ↑ "75 seconds to Victory". http://www.ilpaliodisiena.com/ITALIA/SIENA/contrade/75victor.htm. Retrieved 21 Sept 2009.
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Tropaeolum, commonly known as Nasturtium, literally “nose-twister” or “nose-tweaker”, contains roughly 80 species. They are native to south and central America.
These fit neatly into three categories of a permaculture guild: herbaceous, rhizosphere and vines/vertical. Most organic gardeners know that nasturtiums are an all around useful flower in the garden.
Nasturtiums are considered a “pest trap,” because they attract aphids and other pests. They repel a great many cucurbit pests, like squash bugs, cucumber beetles, and several caterpillars. They have a similar range of benefits for brassica plants, especially broccoli and cauliflower. They are a trap crop against black fly aphids. They also attract beneficial predatory insects, hummingbirds and beneficial insects. They’re easy to grow in poor soil. They can be grown around the borders of an orchard (or garden), or within a tree dripline.
Nasturtiums are usually annuals, but some varieties are perennial, depending on the climate and species. They produce seeds and tubers and can be self-seeding annuals. You can also collect the seed for the following year’s crop.The most desirable perennial grown by permaculturists is known as Mashua, Tropaeolum tuberosum, sometimes known as “Ken Aslet”, a perennial in the nasturtium family. It has extraordinary resistance to insect, nematode and bacterial pests. It is grown as a companion plant to potatoes and any of the nightshade family. Some people allow it to grow up the trunk of their fruit trees.
Mashua is resistant to many insects, nematodes, fungi and other pathogens. It is also resistant to the Andean weevil which attacks potatoes and other tuber crops, and is used in companion planting for that purpose. This disease resistance makes mashua a valuable crop to intercrop with other cultivated species as an efficient and cost effective way to control pests and diseases without using costly chemicals. In the Peruvian highlands, mashua is often grown with maize, oca, ulluco, potatoes, legumes and grains. Mashua contains high levels of compounds with insecticidal properties (from Southern Illinois University, Mashua By Travis A. Clark).
Mashua contains many other medicinal qualities, found at the above article link.
Nasturtiums are in the Brassicaceae (cabbage family), the leaves and flowers are edible for humans. The flowers and leaves taste spicy and can add beauty and spice to any salad. The leaves can be dehydrated for winter use. They crumble readily and can be added dry or fresh in salad dressing, omelets, stir fry, or any number of dishes. The unripe seed and/or flower buds can be eaten like capers too!
Edible watercress, Nasturtium officinale, is believed to be in the Tropaeolum family but recent findings are that it is not.
One mashua plant can produce up to 9 lb. (4 kg) of tubers. The part of mashua that is commonly eaten is the tuber, and is one of the four most principal crops in parts of South America for that purpose. It can be eaten raw and is peppery. But when cooked, the peppery taste dissipates. All parts of Mashua can also be eaten (flower, leaves, seeds) like other nasturtiums.
Mashua has medicinal qualities, but curiously I found too many articles stating that it’s an aphrodisiac when it’s not (where did they get that information?). Folklore is that it reduces male fertility. There has been a scientific study verifying this, that showed a reduction in sperm count in rats, but not in levels of testosterone. The study: (Mashua) reduces testicular function: effect of different treatment times
Mashua is hardy in zones to 7b, but in cooler zones, can be heavily mulched or dug and brought indoors. It can be left in the ground and harvested in winter, in warmer regions, yet it’s one of the most frost tolerant of the varieties.
It was difficult for me to find a source in the US (but there are easy to find sources in the UK). Outside South America, the most common sources come from the US Pacific Northwest and New Zealand, principally because it’s now being grown experimentally in those places.
Fry Road Nursery (Oregon)
Far Reaches Farm (Washington)
The Occidental Arts & Ecology Center (California) (note: they appear to sell only at local plant sales, but it’s worth checking)
Whether one uses the mashua or other varieties, nasturtiums are beneficial to plant in each garden bed that has either brassica or nightshade crops. They are equally important for fruit orchards as a pest trap.
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Life Span Development
The stage of development from conception to birth
the developing human organism
name given to a human embryo after 3 months
An organ that nourishes the embryo and the fetus
Toxic Agents that cross the placenta and result in birth defects
A time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect
New born babies
The baby's tendency to turn its head when something touches its cheek
The baby's tendency to suck on anything that enters its mouth
Enables the baby to swallow milk and other liquids without choking
The tendency to cling viperously to an adults finger or any to any object placed in their hands
Very young babies take what looks like walking steps if they are held upright with there feet just touching a flat surface
The average ages at which skills are achieved such as movement, grasping, crawling and walking
An awareness that objects continue toe exist even when out of sight
Piaget's Sensory Motor Stage
Birth to 2 years; main activities involve sucking and grasping; must achieve object permanence and mental representations
Piaget's Preoperational Stage
representing things with words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning
Piaget's Concrete-Operational Stage
Children become more flexible in their thinking
Piaget's Formal-operational Stage
Can now think logically and about hypothetical statements, can judge consequences, increases with age.
The tendency in certain species to follow the first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees after it is born or hatched
Sense of independence; a desire to be controlled by others
A child engaged in a recreational activity alone; the earliest form of play
Two children playing side by side at similar activities but playing little or no attention to each other; the earliest kind of social interaction between toddlers
Two or more children engaged in play that requires interaction
A little girl's knowledge hat she is a girl, and a little boy's knowledge that he is a bay
The realization that gender does not change with age
Knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender
The onset of sexual maturation, with accompanying physical development
The first menstrual period
Elkind's term for adolescent's delusion that they are constantly being observed by others.
Elkind's term for adolescent's delusion that they are unique, very important, and invulnerable.
Erickson's term for the development of a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself
A period of intense self-examination and decision making; part of the process of identity formation
A time when adults discover they no longer feel fulfilled in their jobs or personal lives and attempt to make a decisive shift in their career or lifestyle.
According to levinson, a process whereby adults assess the past and formulate new goals for the future
The time in a woman's life when menstruation ceases
A neurological disorder, most commonly found in late adulthood, characterized by progressive losses in memory and cognitive and changes in personality.
5 Stages of Dying
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Whenever you think about the picture of a quaint little village or a small countryside area, you get to know the process of water supply through bore pumps. For the steady collection of water and for irrigation purpose bore pumps are widely used in major areas of the world. These pumps are also used for heating the interior of the room or can also be used to pump water, from the source region to any outlet. These bore pumps are considered to be the better option, and can be defined as a ground source for the heat pumps. These heat pumps can again be used in order to transfer heat well rather than water and these are used in order to heat homes.
Checking out the procedure available
- It is based on the basic idea that the ground needs to be heated by none other than solar energy, and the heat is likely to stay constant at different and certain depths.
- For this reason, the pipes comprise of certain chemicals, like fluid or refrigerant, which can be laid in the ground region, at the depth sole.
- The pump is likely to take the heat and also transfers the same to reliable and chosen destination. This mainly relates to the floor work of the available house. This also works on the reverse cycle of the air conditioner.
- Bore pumps installation takes time and space and for large spaces they can be laid horizontally. On the other hand, in case the space is quite minimal, then you need to dig a hole or bore first for vertical pipe placement and the structure.
- The fluid, as a present inside the pipes, is likely to absorb the present heat of the ground, and it is mainly transferred through a special compressor. The need of the compressor is a must, when the amount of heat is more than the usual trend.
- For the next stage, bore pumps are emersed through the available pipes, which have been laid on the building structure. During maximum instances, these are present on the floor, and mainly if the building tends to be a residential unit. However, the pipes are designed in such a manner so that it can be well directed into the areas of other buildings, as per your choice and demands.
- The pumps comprise of certain moving parts, which are known for their simple interface. These are primarily placed outside the available building, where they can come in direct contact with plenty of air.
Whenever the main area relates with bore pumps, you can try and go for the benefits, associated with the same.
- These pumps are known for consuming lesser amount of energy level, which is way good not only for your pocket, but the surrounding environment, as well.
- On the other hand, the emission of carbon is lower in this pump, when compared with other available pump and heating options.
- As these pumps do not have many moving parts, for this reason breaking down of these parts comes with lower risk factor. This makes the pumps quite a reliable option, for many.
- The pumps also ensure that the maintenance is quite low and can help in cutting down the cost level.
These pumps are known for their long life expectancies so that the final result can last for 20 to 25 years, However the cases of toxic chemicals and water poisoning, and the instances of major health hazards as well as environmental problems are sometimes reported with respect to the usage of these pumps. So you should be very careful while buying or installing them. You can have the best option for water bore pumping. Please see here details for Bore Pumps.
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By Leanna Pough
In a digital era, social media can be the tool to catapult your cause into the minds of the masses.
By using social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi developed #BlackLivesMatter following the death of Travon Martin.
Its creation started a national discussion on race relations in America.
According to its website, #BlackLivesMatter is an “online forum intended to build connections between black people and allies to fight anti-black racism, to spark dialogue among black people and to facilitate the types of connections necessary to encourage social action and engagement.”
Garza, who spoke to a large and diverse audience in UNC Charlotte’s Cone Center, McKnight Hall, dispelled rumors and false truths surrounding the movement.
Here are a few takeaways from Monday night’s talk:
1. Social media doesn’t start movements, people do.
#BlackLivesMatter was born in a context, as a call to action for African Americans. Its introduction followed the February 2012 death of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin, who was shot and killed while walking in his neighborhood. In 2013, Martin was put on trial for his own death according to Garza. The shooter, George Zimmerman was acquitted per Florida's “Stand Your Ground” law sparking outrage within black communities. Garza notes, during this controversial time America had seen its first black president and record-setting incarceration rates amongst African Americans. Her response, a love letter to black people. Garza’s approach may be nuance, but she admits, her cause dates back to 1619 when the first African slaves reached Jamestown, Va. Similar to the revolution surrounding Egypt’s Arab Spring, social media merely brought context and light to long-standing issues. “Social media is a tool.” Garza explained.
2. #BlackLivesMatter isn’t a terrorist organization.
Often considered radical or compared to revolutionary groups like the Black Panther Party, #BlackLivesMatter does not advocate harm and shouldn’t be pigeon-holed into a specific type of resistance. Garza explained, #BlackLivesMatter originated in love as a reminder to blacks that they matter, they aren’t dysfunctional or required to be angels. Her goal, to provide African Americans with something every human desires, to be seen, to give the black community the voice and platform to be heard.
“All lives matter, but only the black ones are being degraded,” Garza stated.
3. Organize and start a conversation
Garza does not consider the #BlackLivesMatter movement the new Martin Luther King Jr. or leader of the people. #BlackLivesMatter is a fight for dignity and freedom whether it be against state violence, police brutality or social injustice. It’s a fight against profitable gains at the expense of people of color.
“Blacks only account for 13 percent of the population, we can’t exclude anyone,” Garza said.
Garza currently serves on the board of directors for the School of Unity and Liberation in Oakland, Calif. She has received numerous awards for her work in the Black and Latino communities, including the Local Hero Award from the San Francisco Bay Guardian and the Jeanne Gauna Communicate Justice award. She is a two-time recipient of the Harvey Milk Democratic Club Bayard Rustin Community Activist Award, too.
# # #
Leanna Pough is a UNC Charlotte alumna and communications coordinator in the Office of Public Relations & News Services.
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Nasa's newest rocket blasted off on a brief test flight today, taking the first step in a back-to-the-moon program that could yet be shelved by the White House.
The 327-foot (100-meter) Ares I-X rocket resembled a giant white pencil as it shot into the sky, delayed a day by poor weather.
Nearly twice the height of the spaceship it's supposed to replace — the shuttle — the skinny experimental rocket carried no passengers or payload, only throwaway ballast and hundreds of sensors. The flight cost $445 million.
Nasa said the test was successful, based on early indications.
"Oh, man. Well, how impressive is that," said Jeff Hanley, manager of Nasa's space frontier program, known as Constellation. "You've accomplished a great step forward for exploration," he told launch controllers.
It was the first time in nearly 30 years that a new rocket took off from Kennedy Space Center. Columbia made the maiden voyage for the shuttle fleet back in 1981.
Liftoff, in fact, occurred 48 years and one day after the first launch of a Saturn rocket, a precursor to what carried astronauts to the moon during the Apollo program. The Saturn V moon rockets were the tallest ever built, an impressive 363 feet (111 meters).
Wednesday's launch, years in the making, attracted a large crowd.
The prototype moon rocket took off through a few clouds from a former shuttle launch pad at 11:30 a.m. (1530 GMT), 3½ hours late because of bad weather. Launch controllers had to retest the rocket systems after more than 150 lightning strikes were reported around the pad overnight. Then they had to wait out interfering rain clouds, the same kind that thwarted yesterday's attempt.
The ballistic flight did not come close to reaching space and, as expected, lasted a mere two minutes. That's how long it took for the first-stage solid-fuel booster to burn out and separate from the mock upper stage. But it will take months to analyze all the data from the approximately 725 pressure, strain and acceleration sensors.
The maximum altitude of the rocket was not immediately known, but had been expected to be 28 miles (45 kilometers). Parachutes popped open to drop the booster into the Atlantic, where recovery ships waited.
The upper portion of the rocket - all fake parts - fell uncontrolled into the ocean. Those pieces were never meant to be retrieved.
It was all over in six minutes.
"Think about what we just did. Our first flight test and the only thing we're waiting on was weather," launch director Ed Mango told his team.
Wednesday's launch represented the first step in Nasa's effort to return astronauts to the moon. The White House, though, is re-evaluating the human spaceflight program and may dump the Ares I in favor of another type of rocket and possibly another destination.
Nasa contends the Ares I will be ready to carry astronauts to the International Space Station in 2015, four to five years after the shuttles are retired. But a panel of experts said in a report to President Barack Obama last week that it will be more like 2017, and stressed that the entire effort is underfunded.
The first Ares moon trip would be years beyond that under the current plan.
No matter what happens, Nasa managers said they will learn a lot from this experimental flight, even if it's for another type of rocket.
"A lot of the gold that we had to mine in doing this Ares I-X test flight, we've already realized in the people," Hanley said earlier this week. "The investment that we've made and the people and the learning is preparing us to do whatever the nation asks this team to do in the months and years ahead."Reuse content
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One in three of the most deprived three-year-olds in Glasgow have some form of tooth decay, new research in the British Dental Journal shows.
Scientists at the University of Glasgow's Dental School looked at the dental health of 4,000 three-year-olds between 2006 and 2008.
They discovered that, on average, the city's poorest children had one-and-a-half teeth that had been filled, showed signs of decay or were missing
In contrast, the city's least deprived children typically had just one-third of a tooth that had been filled, was decayed or was missing.
Overall, a quarter of all three-year-olds in the Greater Glasgow area had some form of tooth decay.
Andrew Lamb, director for Scotland at the British Dental Association, said that while the nation's oral health has improved significantly over the past 40 years, the new study underlines the 'depressing' link between poor dental health and inequalities.
'Given that tooth decay is totally preventable, it's unacceptable that social deprivation is still such a strong marker of poor dental health,' he claimed.
'This study reinforces the importance of providing support to children from deprived communities soon after they are born.'
A recent report by the Audit Commission highlighted the increasing gap in healthcare between children living in deprived areas and those in wealthier communities.
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Other common name: lady’s leek, wild nodding onion
Scientific name: Allium cernuum Roth
Family name: Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis family)
Wild onions, with the nodding onion as no exception, are herbaceous perennials with a distinct onion odour. The leaves are grass-like with tapered, pink-coated, clustered bulbs. The leaves remain green during flowering however, and flower stems have the characteristic of a nodding flower head.
FOOD AND MEDICINAL USES
The Straits Salish, Cowichan, Sechelt, Squamish, Comox and Halq’emeylem of the Fraser Valley ate the bulbs, either raw or steamed in pits. The Alberni people of Nuu-chah-nulth regarded the wild onion as “older brothers” of the fern rhizome. The Kwakwaka’wakw would mark the place of the onion in the spring, and return to the dig the bulbs in August. The plant was very commonly eaten between various groups in the Interior, and prepared in several different ways, varying from eating them raw with the leaves or steam cooked in underground pits with other plant species. The strong taste and smell of the wild onion made them great to flavor other foods such as salmon and meat. Once the onions are cooked, they can be eaten immediately or stored for later by drying them and braiding them where they are then pressed into cakes or laid onto mats. They can be reconstituted by boiling or soaking them with water.
- Onion bulbs are very similar in appearance to the harmful Death Camas, and can be distinguished by the characteristic smell of wild onions.
LOCATION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Generally found throughout province of BC but not on Haida Gwaii. It is found quite commonly, from the coast all the way to the dry interior and can be found in rocky crevices and soil in open woods and exposed areas.
LOCATION IN UBC
UBC Botanical Gardens
For information on nodding onion visit UBC E-Flora:
Turner, N. J., & Royal British Columbia Museum. (1995). Food plants of coastal first peoples. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Turner, N. J., & Royal British Columbia Museum. (1997). Food plants of interior first peoples. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Walter Siegmund (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Allium_cernuum_2851.JPG
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Did you know there are about 150 children and youth who are growing up with HIV in Canada? Medical advances and good clinical care mean that nowadays there are very few cases where HIV is passed from a parent who is accessing HIV treatment to their baby but worldwide, many parents do not have consistent access to the kinds of HIV care that can prevent HIV from being passed.
Many children growing up with HIV in Canada were born in places where effective therapies were not available, have come from other countries as immigrants with their families their or have arrived through international adoption. Needless to say, children living with HIV in Canada usually experience a host of challenges alongside HIV.
To add to these challenges, children and youth living with HIV are all too often excluded from play dates and birthday parties because of the stigma that persists around HIV. Misinformation about the virus among the general public means there is still a lot of fear when it comes to HIV, and families living openly with HIV are all too often excluded from social events.
This is one reason that many families keep HIV a secret, which in and of itself comes with fear, stress and isolation. Growing up with HIV means taking lifelong daily medications, attending HIV clinics, navigating teenage relationships in a highly stigmatized and criminalized climate and sometimes caring for family members who are also HIV positive. For many youth living with HIV, there are too few opportunities to just “be kids”.
At Camp Moomba, the secrecy about HIV vanishes because HIV becomes a shared, rather than solitary, experience.
Camp Moomba is the only national camp program for youth living with HIV in Canada. For many campers, Moomba is the only place they get to meet peers and talk openly about HIV. At camp, we foster community and connection at campfire, meal times, and traditional camp activities from high ropes to canoeing. Campers have the choice to challenge themselves in new activities, and learn from the experience. Through our programming, they build positive relationships with each other and with our dedicated team of volunteers and staff. At camp, youth do not have to worry about HIV, and they get the chance to feel fully connected and confident.
When we talk with youth living with HIV across Canada who are in their early twenties, it is obvious that Camp Moomba was life changing. It is a place where youth are able to ask questions about HIV, and learn key facts; for example, that those of us living with HIV have the right to reproductive and sexual health, and that we can have children who are HIV-negative. One of our alumni recently said that a major gap in the HIV sector is the ongoing struggle to secure funding for Camp Moomba as an ongoing project. He could not be more right.
The last time Camp Moomba had funding to be a national program was in 2012. This year, YouthCO and Teresa Group are trying to make a national program possible again in summer 2017. To do so, we need your help!
We are asking you to vote in the Aviva Community Fund challenge. It just takes a few short minutes. You’ll need to register to vote using an email address, Facebook account, or both!
If we’re successful in this competition, we’ll win $100,000.
This funding will mean we can host a free week-long camp experience for up to 70 youth aged six to 17 from across Canada, who otherwise wouldn’t be able to get a camp experience, or connect with others living with HIV. During this week, play and relationship building will take centre stage, free from worry about HIV. We’ll also be able to have a dozen camp alumni join us as group leaders.
In addition, with the Teresa Group, we'll provide an in-depth leadership experience for campers aged 15 to 17. Campers will participate in two weeks of camp, one hosted at Camp Moomba in British Columbia, and the other at the Teresa Group's Ontario camp program! This specialized leadership program will help to prepare this group of youth to become leaders at camp and within their local communities.
Camp Moomba is a place where kids get to be “friends together having fun”, without HIV stigma.
The Camp Moomba experience has a lifelong impact for our campers and their families. We are really excited about the opportunity to bring together campers living with, and affected by HIV from across Canada, and we look forward to connecting with voters from across Canada to make this a reality!
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Story Time Starter — Superheroes
We are in Week 2 of our Summer Library Program and want to share some of the great superhero books we have been reading! In fact, we have so many good ones, you can have a great superhero story time at home! Here are some of our favorites:
Superheroes Book List (Word document/.doc file)
To go along with these stories, we also have super music! Try out your superhero powers, sing along to popular superhero anthems, and get your super groove on!
Drew’s Famous Lotsa Kids TV Themes
Song: Batman Theme
Yo Gabba Gabba! Music is Awesome Volume 3
Toon Tunes: Action-Packed Anthems
Drew's Famous Kids Cartoon Channel Favorites
Songs: Spiderman and Go GO Power Rangers
Rhymes are fun to add to a story time! Here are a few superhero rhymes:
Did You Ever See a Superhero?
Did you ever see a hero, a hero, a hero,
Did you ever see a hero, flying through the sky?
Fly this way and that way, and that way and this way
Did you ever see a hero flying through the sky?
(Additional Verses: Putting on their cape, hopping on one foot, saving the day, twirling around)
Five superheroes ready to fly
Here comes the villain, Stop that guy!
This superhero can save the day.
Off he flies – up, up, and away!
(Count down from 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)
Superhero, Superhero Turn Around
Superhero, superhero turn around
Superhero, superhero touch the ground
Superhero, superhero put on your suit
Superhero, Superhero put on your boots
Superhero, Superhero jump up high
Superhero, Superhero fly, fly, fly!
Finally, here a some great superhero crafts to choose from to finish out your story time!
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Murder in the Cathedral
The play as written for the Canterbury Festival of June 1935, for which Eliot had been invited by the bishop of Winchester to write something on some episodes of local history. Eliot chose the murder, by four Knights, of Thomas a Beckett in Canterbury Cathedral. The murder was the result of his opposition to Henry II (1170).
Yet, instead of representing Beckett's personal struggle with his outer enemies, Eliot focused on his inner conflict , on his temptations and even on his doubts about the nature of his martyrdom: did he really seek it for God's greater glory or, ambitiously, for his own? The answer to this question comes at the end of the play when, offering his blood for Christ's blood, Beckett accepts death in His name. The scene opens with the priests' hysterical attempts to bar the door and save the Archbishop. But Beckett, with a violence reminiscent of Christ in the Temple among the merchants, orders them to open the church and let the enemy in, since it is out of time that his decision is taken and because it is through suffering that will now conquer. There is here the same conception of the Negative Way of St, John of the Cross: it is "by fighting , by stratagem or by resistance" that he will triumph, but by giving himself up, annulling himself in God's will. He has already conquered the "beast", for example the temptation to die for his own personal glory, a "BEAST" that is even worse than the four beasts named by the priests (lion, leopard, wold and boar), and is now ready to face the other "beast" embodied by the knights . So he does not oppose them and is killed.
rhythm and rhyme pattern, an irreverent parody of hymns. Taking up the same rhythm and their last word "traitor", the Archbishop answers the knights' accusations and reveals their treachery . Then , with a last prayer in prose ,
which sounds like one leg verse, he dies , commending his soul and the Catholic Church to God Almighty.
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Inspired by an American fern, scientists have developed a new graphene based electrode that could boost the capacity of existing solar integrable storage technologies by 3,000 per cent. The “groundbreaking” prototype created by researchers from RMIT University in Australia could be the answer to the storage challenge still holding solar back as a total energy solution.
The prototype also opens a new path for the development of flexible thin film all-in-one solar capture and storage, bringing us one step closer to self-powering smart phones, laptops, cars and buildings, researchers said. The new electrode is designed to work with supercapacitors, which can charge and discharge power much faster than conventional batteries.Supercapacitors have been combined with solar, but their wider use as a storage solution is restricted because of their limited capacity.
According to RMIT’s Professor Min Gu, the new design drew on nature’s own genius solution to the challenge of filling a space in the most efficient way possible – through intricate self-repeating patterns known as “fractals”. “The leaves of the western swordfern are densely crammed with veins, making them extremely efficient for storing energy and transporting water around the plant,” said Gu.
“Our electrode is based on these fractal shapes – which are self-replicating, like the mini structures within snowflakes – and we have used this naturally-efficient design to improve solar energy storage at a nano level. “The immediate application is combining this electrode with supercapacitors, as our experiments have shown our prototype can radically increase their storage capacity – 30 times more than current capacity limits,” Gu added.
“Capacity-boosted supercapacitors would offer both long-term reliability and quick-burst energy release – for when someone wants to use solar energy on a cloudy day for example – making them ideal alternatives for solar power storage,” he said. Combined with supercapacitors, the fractal-enabled laser-reduced graphene electrodes can hold the stored charge for longer, with minimal leakage. The fractal design reflected the self-repeating shape of the veins of the western swordfern, Polystichum munitum, native to western North America.
Lead author, Litty Thekkekara, said because the prototype was based on flexible thin film technology, its potential applications were countless. “The most exciting possibility is using this electrode with a solar cell, to provide a total on-chip energy harvesting and storage solution,” Thekkekara said. The research was published in the journal Scientific Reports.
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(CNN) – As Americans get ready to spend a long weekend marking this country's independence 234 years ago, a new poll suggests more than 1 in 4 Americans don't know which country America declared its independence from.
According to a new survey from Marist College, 26 percent failed to correctly identify Great Britain as the country the United States fought an eight-year war with to gain its independence.
That percentage of Americans includes the 20 percent who were "unsure" and the six percent who thought the U.S. fought a revolution against another country. Among the countries mentioned were France, China, Japan, Mexico, and Spain, according to the poll.
The poll's internals show younger Americans know least about this country's founding: only 60 percent of 18-29 year-olds could correctly name Great Britain. Men also had a considerable 81-67 percent advantage over women in naming the correct country.
The poll surveyed 1,004 Americans between June 17 and 24. It carries a sampling error of plus or minus 3 percentage points.
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Allergic asthma is asthma caused by an allergic reaction. It’s also known as allergy-induced asthma. You may have allergic asthma if you have trouble breathing during allergy season.
People with allergic asthma usually start feeling symptoms after inhaling an allergen such as pollen. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America reports that more than half of people with asthma have allergic asthma. Allergic asthma is treatable in most cases.
You develop allergies when your immune system overreacts to the presence of a harmless substance called an allergen. Some people may develop breathing problems from inhaling allergens. This is known as allergic asthma. It occurs when the airways swell as part of an allergic reaction.
In general, inhaled allergens cause allergic asthma. Some allergens that can cause this condition include:
- pet dander
- dust mites
- tobacco smoke
- air pollution
- strong odors, including scented lotions and perfumes
- chemical fumes
Less common allergens that can cause an asthmatic reaction include:
- tree nuts
Even though an asthmatic reaction to these allergens is less common, they may cause a more serious reaction.
Allergic asthma and regular asthma have the same symptoms. They include:
- chest tightness
- rapid breathing
- shortness of breath
If you have hay fever or skin allergies, you might also experience:
- itchy skin
- flaky skin
- runny nose
- itchy eyes
- watery eyes
If you swallowed the allergen, these symptoms might be present as well:
- swollen face or tongue
- tingly mouth
- swollen mouth, throat, or lips
- anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)
A skin prick test is the common way to check for allergies. Your doctor will poke your skin with a needle containing a small amount of an allergen. After 20 minutes, your doctor will check your skin for red bumps. These bumps are a sign of an allergic reaction.
Additional tests that can check whether you have asthma along with your allergies include:
- spirometry: measures the amount of air you inhale and exhale, and looks for narrowing in the bronchial tubes of your lungs
- peak flow: a simple test of lung function, this measures air pressure as you breathe out
- lung function: checks whether your breathing improves after you use an asthma medication called a bronchodilator (if this medication improves your breathing, you probably have asthma)
Treating allergic asthma can involve treating the allergy, the asthma, or both.
To treat your asthma, your doctor may prescribe inhaled anti-inflammatory medication or oral medications that help block the allergic response. A fast-acting relief inhaler, such as albuterol (ProAir HFA, Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA) is best used to treat asthma symptoms when they occur and may be the only medication needed if you have intermittent symptoms. If you have mild persistent asthma symptoms, inhalers may be prescribed for daily usage. Examples of these include Pulmicort, Asmanex, and Serevent.
Allergy treatment depends on the severity of your symptoms. You may need an antihistamine to deal with classic allergy symptoms such as itching. You might also need allergy shots if your symptoms are more severe.
Allergic asthma can have serious complications. One complication is anaphylaxis. This type of severe allergic reaction may have symptoms such as:
- mouth or facial swelling
- difficulty swallowing
- nasal congestion
- slurred speech
Untreated anaphylaxis can be life-threatening. It may cause problems such as an abnormal heart rate, weakness, low blood pressure, rapid pulse, cardiac arrest, and pulmonary arrest.
Allergic asthma attacks aren’t always preventable. However, you may be able to make them less frequent by changing your environment.
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Your child will start either in the preschool class – a voluntary one-year class – or in ‘grundskola’ – the nine-year compulsory school. You will find out more about the Swedish school system here. The more you know, the more you can influence your child’s schooling.
School is democratic
Education gives pupils knowledge, as well as the motivation to learn more throughout their lives. Pupils are supported by their teachers to help them achieve the knowledge requirements for their education. Every pupil should be able to develop to their fullest potential.
Education is structured democratically and respects human rights and democracy. All pupils are entitled to equality in their education, regardless of their gender, faith, disability, sexual orientation, or where in Sweden they live. Every pupil is important in the school, and the school will always consider what is best for the pupil in planning its activities. Sweden has both municipal schools and independent schools, which are run by companies or organisations. Attendance at a grundskola is compulsory, but voluntary for the preschool class. All schools are free of charge.
Everyone will get a place in a school
The municipality you live in will tell you about the schools in your municipality. You can request which school you want your child to attend. The website www.valjaskola.se has information about the various schools and the process for the allocation of places. You can also ask the municipality where you live.
The school decides which class the pupil will start in
The school will assess your child’s previous schooling, knowledge, experience, and interests. This assessment is often done with the help of an interpreter. Within two months, the principal will decide which grade and class your child will attend. In order to learn Swedish as quickly as possible, newly arrived pupils may attend a preparatory class alongside their regular class. In the preparatory class the pupils will learn basic Swedish, but possibly other subjects as well. They will attend the preparatory class for a maximum of two years. The idea is that pupils will learn the subjects full-time in their regular class as soon as possible. The principal will decide when your child no longer needs to attend the preparatory class.
Ask the teacher
At least one teacher will be responsible for your child’s class. Contact your child’s teacher if you have questions. If you need an interpreter, ask the school for help.
The school wants to co-operate with you
The school will keep you up to date about your child’s schooling and will invite you to meetings with teachers and other guardians. It is important to read the information you receive and to take part in the meetings.
Guardians and pupils will be called to attend a development dialogue once per term. For preschool pupils, the development dialogue will take place at least once per school year. You will discuss your child’s development together with your child and their teacher. This is an important opportunity to learn more about your child’s schooling.
The picture outlines who you should contact at the school when you have questions or comments.
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Tao Yuanming (A.D. 365–427) was a renowned poet in the Jin Dynasty. He wrote in a poem: “I have thought of moving into the South Village but not because I like the cottages there. It is because I have heard there are many simple-hearted people [there], and I would love to spend my days and nights with them.”
Tao Yuanming liked the villagers in South Village for their pure and simple hearts. He was also simple at heart. He worked on the farmland every day and wrote poems about his aspirations. He was content with a simple and frugal lifestyle, and he enjoyed living in adherence to the Tao.
He described his friendship with his neighbors in another poem: “We often get together, and each of us expresses our views openly and frankly. When one has obtained a wonderful article, we read it together; when someone has questions or confusion, we discuss it together.”
Because Tao Yuanming’s neighbors supported one another and maintained harmonious relationships, they created a beneficial environment that encouraged morality and virtuousness. (The Epochtimes)
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A new plan for how to track missing airliners
The international body's World Radiocommunication Conference unveiled a plan to allow satellites to receive specialized transmissions from planes. But standards on commercial flight tracking can vary widely.
(AP Photo/Rob Griffith, File)
On Wednesday, a United Nations conference unveiled a plan to use part of the radio spectrum as a global flight tracking system in an effort to prevent planes from disappearing from the skies apparently without a trace.
Citing the still-unexplained disappearance of Malaysian Airlines Flight MH370, which went missing in March 2014, the UN’s World Radiocommunication Conference agreed to allow satellites to receive specialized transmissions that aircraft currently send to other planes and to ground stations.
The transmissions, known as automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) will be transmitted to satellites, allowing real-time tracking of flights anywhere in the world, François Rancy, head of the U.N. International Telecommunication Union’s Radiocommunication Bureau said in a statement.
"This extends ADS-B signals beyond line-of-sight to facilitate reporting the position of aircraft equipped with ADS-B anywhere in the world, including oceanic, polar and other remote areas," the UN’s ITU said in a statement.
The UN’s approach marks a breakthrough because while most planes have some form of flight tracking, the features offered by such services can vary widely, with more tracking capabilities often coming at increased cost, USA Today reports.
ADS-B, by contrast, provides pilots with a three-dimensional view of their airspace, which was previously only available to air traffic controllers, Air and Space Magazine reports.
Most planes in the US use some version of a common system called ACARS, for Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System. But the system can transmit different information between the plane and airlines and to manufacturers, who sometimes charge the airlines a fee to have access to the information.
Initially, airlines used flight tracking systems as cost-saving measures, John Hansman, director of the International Center for Air Transportation at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told USA Today.
"The reason why people do this is because if something breaks in flight, if maintenance gets the message they can actually be at the landing point with the replacement part and fix the airplane and turn it around quickly," Mr. Hansman said.
But such systems can send different sorts of information between the plane and airlines and manufacturers on the ground. Depending on the sophistication of the information, the airline might receive the information itself or rely on the manufacturer to relay it for a fee.
In March, near the anniversary of MH370’s disappearance, Australia, Indonesia, and Malaysia unveiled a plan to use the tracking technology to monitor flights more frequently as they move through the air. Currently, there is no requirement for real-time tracking for commercial flights, reports NBC News.
Another, lower-cost solution are so-called “breadcrumb” trackers, which also transmit information such as an aircraft’s latitude, longitude, altitude, airspeed, and bearing to a series of satellites in two-minute intervals, according to Air and Space Magazine.
The devices send the information directly to computer servers owned by commercial companies, along with alerting a list of emergency contacts if something goes wrong or the device stops working.
Devices such as breadcrumb trackers are aimed at providing more accurate information to smaller pilots and helicopters than ADS-B, which costs as much as $12,000 for onboard controls, the magazine reports. But the FAA has said that despite their promise, breadcrumb trackers are not a substitute for traditional satellite-based technology like ADS-B.
Commercial flight-tracking options can vary widely. More sophisticated services, such as a one offered by Boeing, includes monitoring of a plane’s fuel use, flight controls, landing gear, hydraulic power and communications, USA Today reports.
Regulators and airlines were also criticized for not responding quickly to tracking recommendation from France after an Air France jet crashed in 2009. Malaysian Airlines hasn’t said what type of tracking system was used on MH370, but the plane was a similar model to the Air France Airbus jet that crashed, which had sophisticated tracking controls, according to USA Today.
In addition to Wednesday's announcement adopting ADS-B, the UN has also set a deadline of November 2016 to adopt new tracking guidelines , including requiring aircraft to send their positions at least every 15 minutes or more in an emergency.
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In the past year have the number of your emails, meetings, and phone calls increased or decreased?
For most people, they have increased. This type of information overload can quickly cause someone to feel overwhelmed.
When this happens, we may be dealing with complexity and confusion, and we don’t have clarity of action.
This mindset may cause us to procrastinate on purpose, become disinterested, and decrease our internal motivation.
The solution is Subtraction.
You can increase the internal motivation of your team by removing little-to-no-value activities and responsibilities.
The process of removing the unnecessary is how Michelangelo carved the statue David.
A classic example of how companies use addition, rather than subtraction, to try and solve a problem occurs as follows: “Company A is now doing ______. So we too will now be doing _______.”
In the aforementioned example, an excellent way to start the process of subtraction for problem-solving is by asking critical questions.
- What activities produce little value?
- Does this activity create value at work?
- How is this behavior important?
Internal motivation is a result of clarity, not comparison. And this clarity comes from subtraction: the art of simplifying through asking these types of critical questions.
Your team will continue to feel overwhelmed until you start asking questions that will help them get clear on their priorities and the value they contribute to your organization.
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5. Insignia of the Bishop
Antiquities of the Christian Church
CHAPTER III. Of the Ministers of the Church
5. Insignia of the Bishop
No badge of office or clerical dress was worn by the clergy until the fourth century. The various insignia or emblems of office which have from time to time been appropriated to the bishop are as follows:
- A ring, emblematical of his espousals to the church in imitation of the ancient ceremony of presenting a ring on the espousal of the parties in marriage. It was called the ring of his espousals, annulus sponsalitius, annulus pronuhus, and sometimes, annulus palata.
- A shepherd's staff or crook*. Sometimes a straight staff was presented instead of the crook. That of the archbishop had usually a single, and that of the patriarch a double cross piece. According to Montfaucon the staff of the Greek archbishop had a head-piece resembling the letter T. According to Goari, it was curved upward, thus, Y, for which he offers the following whimsical reason: Ansas retortas habet baculus hamorum instai, ut efferatos fuget et perniciosos et ultimo Christi crucem manifestet.
- A mitre or fillet. It is usually stated that only bishops and abbots of the Western church have worn the mitre since the tenth century. But the usage was not unknown in the Eastern church also.
- A pair of gloves, chirothecae. These the bishop always wore when engaged in any religious offices.
- Sandals. Without these, no priest was permitted to celebrate mass. They consisted of a sole so attached to the foot as to leave the upper part bare. They were called sandals from the vegetable color in which they were dyed. From the seventh and eighth centuries they are mentioned as one of the badges of the episcopal office, in distinction from that of the priests.
- Caligae or boots. These, in ancient warfare, were a part of the military equipments of the soldier. To the bishop they were emblematical of that spiritual warfare upon which he entered.
- The robe* pallium superhumerale, pectorale; ephod. This badge was so essential, that writers often use the robe to denote both the person and the office of the bishop. It was at first worn by all bishops, but afterwards became the distinctive badge of archbishops, metropolitans, and patriarchs. Gregory Nazianzen affirms, that it was the insignia of the Roman emperor as pontifex maximus; and that Constantine the great, first granted it to the bishop of Jerusalem. But this is in direct opposition to tradition, which reports that Mark the Evangelist as bishop of Alexandria first assumed the robe, and left it for his followers.
Nothing is known of the form and quality of the robe in the first centuries, save that it was a seamless garment, nullis acubus perforata, made of white linen, and hung loosely from the shoulders. It was afterwards made of woollen. In the twelfth century, it was made of white woollen, having a circular gathering on the shoulders, and two scarfs hanging over it behind and before. On the left side it was double, and single on the right. Previous to the eighth century, it had also four purple crosses upon it, – before and behind, one; and one on either side. It was fastened by three golden pins. The Greek bishops, according to the patriarch Germanus, assumed the purple crosses as early as the eighth century. The robe itself was styled*.
The rationale*, of the robe has been the subject of dispute among the learned. It appears, however, to relate to the proper form of it when the bishops of Rome assumed it as they did the name of pontijices maximi, high priests, and all the prerogatives of the Jewish high priest.
- The cross. This was both worn on the neck or breast, and carried in public processions, and thus became a twofold badge of the bishop's office. He was accustomed to wear upon the neck or breast, a cross made of wood, or gold, or some sacred relic, which by the Greeks was called τό πεo̧ιαμμα, and was regarded as an amulet, or phylactery. It was also sometimes called *, from *, the bosom. The cross was used in like manner, in the Latin church. Binterim is of opinion that it was at first worn by Christians indiscriminately, and not as an official badge.
The cross which was carried before the bishops in processions and festive parades, was called crux gestatoria. For a long time the bishops of Rome claimed the right of carrying the cross as exclusively their own. In the twelfth century it was granted to metropolitans and patriarchs, and to archbishops in the time of Gregory IX. The patriarchs of the Greek church did not so frequently carry the cross, but in the place of it, they carried lamps and burning candles.
Binterim's Denkwürdigk. der Kathol. Kirche. I. b. 2. Th. S. 349 seq; Pellicia. lorn. i. p. 74, 75.
Honor. Augustodon. lib. i. c. 215; Durandi ration, div. offic. lib. iii. c. 12.
Binterim. I. 1, S, 359–61.
Isidor. Hispal. de offic. eccl. lib. i. c. 4.
Orat. 47; Theodoret. hist. eccl. lib. 2, c. 27.
Joan. Diacon. Vit. Gregor. M. lib. iv. c. 8.
Durandus ration, lib. 3. c. 17.
Anastasius. Biblioth. not. ad. Synod. Constantin. IV. Sess. 6.
(* denotes Greek text in Rev. Lyman Coleman's translation.)
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Last updated: March 3, 2011
National Historical Park
The British flag would not be raised above Fort Sackville Feb. 25, 1779. At 10 a.m., the garrison surrendered to American Colonel George Rogers Clark. His American army, aided by French residents of the Illinois country, had marched through freezing floodwaters to gain this victory. The fort’s capture assured United States claims to the frontier, an area nearly as large as the original 13 states.
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore hugs 15 miles of the southern shore of Lake Michigan and has much to offer. Whether you enjoy scouting for rare species of birds or flying kites on the sandy beach, the national lakeshore's 15,000 acres will continually enchant you. Hikers will enjoy 50 miles of trails over rugged dunes, mysterious wetlands, sunny prairies, meandering rivers and peaceful forests.
Lincoln City, IN
Abraham Lincoln grew from youth to manhood on this southern Indiana soil. Many character and moral traits of one of the world's most respected leaders was formed and nurtured here. Explore Lincoln's boyhood and learn about the boy who would one day become the leader of our nation.
By The Numbers
- 3 National Parks
- 1,937,408 Visitors to National Parks
- $87,200,000 Economic Benefit from National Park Tourism »
- $924,851,492 of Rehabilitation Projects Stimulated by Tax Incentives (since 1995) »
- $87,797,536 of Land & Water Conservation Fund Appropriated for Projects (since 1965) »
- 20 Certified Local Governments »
- 46 Community Conservation & Recreation Projects (since 1987) »
- 15,998 Acres Transferred by Federal Lands to Parks for Local Parks and Recreation (since 1948) »
- 41,720 Hours Donated by Volunteers »
- 1,873 National Register of Historic Places Listings »
- 40 National Historic Landmarks »
- 30 National Natural Landmarks »
- 486 Places Recorded by Heritage Documentation Programs »
- 196,758 Objects in National Park Museum Collections »
- 227 Archeological Sites in National Parks »
- 3 Teaching with Historic Places Lesson Plans »
- 7 Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itineraries »
- Download the summary »
These numbers are just a sample of the National Park Service's work. Figures are for the fiscal year that ended 9/30/2016.
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Refresher on Beats, Bars and Rhythm
From Bounce Metronome
This page is for newbies, though it also has some "metronome musings" of more general interest.
If already very familiar with beats and measures in the musical sense you probably want to skip to [understanding_time_signatures.htm Understanding time signatures ]. Or if familiar with time signatures too, skip to [counting_music.htm Counting Music] - which is about whether counting the beats or tapping to music as you play helps or hinders the rhythm of the music and what you can do about it.
- This is now available as part of a kindle booklet from Amazon
- Vanishing Metronome Clicks, for Timing Sensitivity: And other Metronome Techniques - Many Ways to Use a Metronome
Part 1 - finding the time signature of your tune.
You need to find the basic beat first. Then you need to find out where the bar starts. This then tells you how many beats there are in a measure. Then you can set the metronome appropriately with the correct time signature for your tune. That's what we'll look at here.
Also this page has some "metronome musings" about why it is tricky to find the time signature of a tune, what it is about music that makes this to some extent a bit ambiguous. (It's because of the "fractal nature of musical rhythm").
Rhythm and speech
If completely new to all this, then a good start is to start with the rhythm of lyrics.
When we speak then we already use rhythm. When singing then you fit the rhythm of your speech to the rhythm of the tune.
So, the natural emphasis of the words and poetry gets carried through to the song, and helps determine what the bar is.
I'll use a lullaby for my example as the bar is straightforward and easy to recognise.
First you need to find the beat. For many songs this is just the beat you naturally clap to when you clap along with the music.
So for instance with "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star", the beats are:
"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star,
How I wonder what you are".
So each line in the lyric has four beats in it.
This ball bouncing on lyrics may help:
The bar beat
This is where lyrics help you to find the bar beat. Just naturally because of the tune and the poetry of the words, you will find you slightly emphasize the first beat in the line more than the other beats. That's the bar beat (or "down beat" so called because a conductor marks it by raising the baton high and then dropping it) which starts the bar.
Each line of the lyric lasts for one bar of the music, so each bar has four beats in it.
So the rhythm of the tune is 4/4 The top number of the time signature 4/4 says the number of beats in the bar, here 4.
The bottom number tells you how to notate the rhythm in music notation. /4 says to notate it with quarter notes (UK crotchets). If it says /8 then you should notate it using eighth notes (UK quavers).
If there are 4 beats to the bar, the rhythm is most usually notated using quarter notes. This makes it a whole note for the complete bar (UK semibreve). That's just a convention. You could notate it as 4/16 say (sixteenth notes or UK semiquavers). The rhythm is the same to all intents and purposes. But it is just never done like that, not for a simple song in 4/4.
It is easiest probably to hear the time signature for music with lyrics, as the words help you keep track of your place in the rhythm.
If there are three beats to a bar, you still use quarter notes (UK crotchets) and notate it as 3/4. Two beats to a bar are notated as 2/4.
The first beat of the measure isn't always the loudest. The song writer or composer may play with your expectations and start the bar with a weak beat.
Often the harmony changes at the start of the bar. Or you may pick it out by the way the melody is phrased. Some music keeps changing from one bar to the next with several sizes of bar.
But lets keep things simple here. If you get a bit lost with a song, try something else with a simpler rhythm to it.
Twinkle Twinkle Little Star is in simple time. Let's go on to compound time.
The rhythm of My bonny lies over the ocean - Compound time
Compound time is a rhythm with beats grouped together in threes. Usually with 6, 9 or 12 beats to the bar.
What makes this potentially a bit confusing is that if you clap along to it, you probably clap two beats to a bar rather than six, so you might think it is in 2/4.
Also another thing that makes these time signature confusing - you often have two bars to each line of the song, rather than the single bar to a line you get in 4/4.
An example is "My bonny lies over the ocean":
"My bonny lies over the ocean,
My bonny lies over the sea.
Try putting in the emphasis as before, speak those words and see which syllables are the loudest
This is what you probably get:
My bonny lies over the oc -ean,
My bonny lies over the sea. _
There oc-ean is two emphasized beats one after another, and the _ is a rest, a silence for one beat.
So - if you haven't heard about compound time, you would probably call this rhythm 4/4 like Twinkle Twinkle little star. It has four beats to each line after all. And if you clap to it you would clap to those four beats as well too.
And - you wouldn't be wrong, not really. You could notate it as 4/4, just that it's not the normal way to do it and it would make the score a bit complicated (lots of triplets).
However there's a sort of lilting feel to this song - very like sea waves rising and falling. If you listen carefully, it happens because the syllables often fall into threes, with every third beat emphasized:bonn y lies ov er the oc -ean
Though many of those beats are skipped (much more often than in 4/4 type songs), e.g. in the last word oc -ean - another thing that makes these rhythms confusing for newbies.
To highlight the use of triplets, you count in eighth notes rather than quarter notes (UK quavers). And in songs you often use two measures to a line. That makes six eighth notes to a bar, so you notate it as 6/8.
Again that's just a matter of convention. If it has this triplet feel with the emphasis on the third beat, of the bar then it gets notated with 6/8.
So one bar will be:
bonny lies over the
with six beats, the fourth beat emphasized at the middle of the bar.
If you listen to it again you can hear that there is a strong emphasis in the middle of the line, so it's understandable that it gets divided into two bars. Though - there's also a fairly strong emphasis in the middle of the line for Twinkle Twinkle and many other songs in 4/4 - you could divide those into two bars to perhaps - just not normally done for those.
The alternative notations (which would surprise your performers)
You could notate one bar of 6/8 as 2/4 with lots of triplets in the score.
You could notate two bars of 6/8 as one bar of 4/4 again with lots of triplet eighth notes (UK quavers).
You could also notate two bars of this rhythm in 12/8, as
bonny lies over the oc -ean,
all one bar.
Or break it up further and notate it as four bars of 3/4 even.
But any of these would surprise your performers.
When the rhythm is too fast to conduct in 6/8 it may often be conducted in the same way as 2/4 with two beats to the bar. However even then, though conducted in 2/4 (similarly to the way you clap the rhythm if you clap along) it is still notated as 6/8.
All this is just convention. If you used one of the other ways to notate "My bonny lies over the ocean", e.g. as 2/4 or as 4/4, with triplets, then you would surprise your performers. But the song would sound pretty much the same with any of these notations, at most rather subtle differences in performance.
Perhaps part of the reason why there are few songs in 12/8 is because even when a song feels like 12/8, it is easier to notate it in 6/8.
The Mexican dance "Son Jaliscience" is an example where there's discussion about what time signature is best to notate it.
With all these alternative notations for the same tune which can sound almost the same, it is no wonder that newbies can find it puzzling sometimes to know what exactly the time signature is for a tune.
What is it about music that let's you have all these notations that are really not that different in sound?
Tunes fall into larger and larger patterns in a natural way. Especially, it is normal for bars to fall into two bar patterns. And there's a slight extra emphasis on the first bar in each pair, just like the extra emphasis on the first triplet in 6/8.. Then again, pairs of bars also fall into pairs to make larger four bar patterns, often these pair up again in 8 bar patterns and it is very common to have patterns of 16 bars or more.
Also the other way, bars are often made up of smaller patterns - here 6/8 is made up of two halves each of three beats for instance, which behave a little bit like small bars in their own right.
So with all this pattern in the music, with larger patterns that look a lot like smaller patterns - to some extent it is an arbitrary convention, where you choose to put the bar lines.
Really the confusion here is because musical rhythms are often naturally a bit "fractal" - they look similar on different time scales. So even if you notated My Bonnie or Greensleeves as say 16/4 for a long measure of two lines per bar, with triplet divisions of each quarter note - the score would be a bit unwieldy and hard to read. But you could make a case for it perhaps.
Indeed with 6/8, you can also go the other way and make the bar shorter - you could notate this rhythm as 3/4 with each triplet notated as a very fast bar of 3/4 (or perhaps 3/8). That would be an even more eccentric thing to do - but not exactly wrong, as you would still get the same rhythm from your performers. It would just be a very eccentric thing to do for a tune that falls easily and naturally into 6/8.
You can't really say the musical notation is wrong if the result sounds as intended by the composer.
So anyway, conventionally this song and others like it are normally notated as 6/8, six eighth note (quaver) beats to the bar, so that you beat eighth notes instead of quarter notes. Then conventionally you emphasize not just the first beat of the bar, but also have a weaker emphasis on the fourth beat a well:
Other types of compound time
This sort of thing also happens with nine beats to a bar e.g. for a slip jig. Any rhythm which naturally falls into patterns of three weak beats like this is known as compound time. 12/8 is a bit more rarely used but quite common in classical music, it has twelve beats, falling into four triplets, to each bar. So one bar of 12/8 will sound like the rhythm of one line of bonn y lies ov er the oc -ean.
Now try [how_to_stay_in_time.htm Part 2 How to stay in time ]
Finding the rhythm of a tune without lyrics
A tune without lyrics is a special challenge for a newbie - to pick up where the bar is. Especially when you have all those 2 bar and 4 bar patterns in the music and half bars as well, as mentioned in the last section.
It is easiest to do this with slower tunes to start with so that you can easily count the beats.
The tune is usually written so that a listener will naturally clap along at the basic beat of the piece. So first, try to clap along, until you get the basic beat without worrying yet about the number of beats to the bar.
You may notice that sometimes the music skips a beat so no instruments sound when you clap. That's okay, quite normal and just keep clapping.
Then once you have got used to the basic beat of the piece, try again and this time listen and see if you can hear a pattern to the claps, with some beats emphasized. Once you do that you will probably notice that your pattern of louder or softer claps repeats. That pattern of louder and softer claps when you clap along is the bar.
One you find the bar, then just count to see how many claps you have in each bar. That gives you the top number as 4, 3, 2 (e.g. marches), or whatever.
But look out of course for the triplet feel of compound time and if you find that then instead of writing it as 2/4 use 6/8.
If you find the rhythm ambiguous, as it often is - try listening to the harmony and the melody shape. Often the harmony changes at the start of the bar. Or the melody may be phrased or rise and fall or repeat in a way that brings out the bar line.
You may get syncopation over a measure which is picked out using the harmonies or the melodic phrasing. In 4/4 the second and fourth beats might be stressed louder than the first beat. But it is done in such a way that you can still hear that the first is the bar beat. So that's another thing that may throw one at first.
You may also get accents in the middle of the bar, e.g. in 4/4 then often the middle beat is emphasized, suggesting 2/4. Or you may get the first beat of alternate bars emphasized more, suggesting 8/4 for a 4/4 song.
So, it may still be ambiguous.
Most likely time signatures
If 4 is one of the possibilities (e.g. 2, 4 or 8), then it's probably 4 beats, unless it is a march or a polka when it may be 2 beats to the bar. For some reason, tunes often fall into 4 beat patterns - if you make up a nice tune, with no thought at all to the bar, perhaps you don't even know what a bar is, you are very likely to make up a tune which falls naturally into 4/4.
For most rhythms, the bottom number is /4 by convention, it is normal to notate using quarter notes (crotchets) even for rhythms with e.g. 3 or 5 beats to the bar, unless there is some very good reason to use something else.
If it has a triplet feel to it with 6 or 9 or 12 beats to the bar then the bottom number is /8.
So it is most likely to be one of these time signatures:
2/4, 4/4, 6/8, or 9/8
with 4/4 and 6/8 the most common.
So, if you can notate it as one of those rhythms, that's probably the best thing to do unless you have some special reason for using something else.
Get Bounce Metronome Pro
It's easy to use - just choose a preset rhythm and click on the dial to set the tempo - and has many special features to help with your metronome practise.
Or explore its Video Resources with many videos of various types of rhythm.
I also maintain a big list of other software and on-line metronomes, which you can find here:
I'm Robert Walker, the inventor and programmer for Bounce Metronome Pro. These Many Ways to Use a Metronome pages arise out of the research I did for the program, and feedback from users of the software.
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People With Epilepsy Can Benefit From Smartphone Apps To Manage Their Condition
Study published in the International Journal of Epilepsy wins Elsevier’s Atlas award
While many people with epilepsy can control their seizures with medication, those unpredictable and involuntary changes in behavior and consciousness can be limiting for others. Neurologists writing in the International Journal of Epilepsy evaluated the application of smartphones in epilepsy care.
The paper by Lakshmi Narasimhan Ranganathan and colleagues at the Madras Medical College Institute of Neurology in India has been selected for an Elsevier Atlas Award.
Ranganathan’s team evaluated the mobile applications available for the everyday care of patients with epilepsy. Those apps include seizure diaries as well as medication trackers with reminders to take the next dose of medication. In addition, apps are available to answer any questions patients with epilepsy might have, to detect potential drug interactions and to detect seizures. The latter type of apps senses the irregular motions characteristic of an epileptic seizure and automatically set off an alarm to alert caregivers and doctors.
“Almost all smartphones have a built-in GPS,” Ranganathan said. “They have motion detectors and/or accelerometers. All of those gadgets, if properly integrated into a program, support epilepsy management.”
Ranganathan is already encouraging his patients to take advantage of these technologies. He predicts smartphones will be capable of much more. Already, researchers have shown it is possible to monitor electrical activity in the brain with a headset that sends the electroencephalography (EEG) signal directly to a smartphone. Continuous EEG monitoring could detect the spikes in activity that typically precedes seizures, to alert patients in advance.
The authors say that special sensors integrated into smartphones might allow continuous drug monitoring too. Rather than taking anti-epileptic drugs continuously and suffering from their cognitive side effects, people might take those drugs only when a seizure is coming on.
With almost one percent of people below the age of 20 and three percent of the total population suffering from epilepsy, and 30 percent of those patients refractory to medication, the development and adoption of these apps is of indisputable benefit.
Read the story on Atlas: http://www.elsevier.com/atlas/story/people/theresanappforthat
Notes for Editors:
The article is “Application of mobile phones in epilepsy care” by Lakshmi Narasimhan Ranganathan, Somasundaram Aadhimoolam Chinnadurai, Balasubramanian Samivel, Bhanu Kesavamurthy, Man Mohan Mehndirata.
The article appears as an “Article in Press” in International Journal of Epilepsy, published by Elsevier.
The article is made freely available on ScienceDirect.
Journalists who would like more information or want to interview the authors are welcome to contact: firstname.lastname@example.org
About International Journal of Epilepsy
International Journal of Epilepsy (IJEP) is an international peer-reviewed journal of epilepsy and is published by Elsevier on behalf of the Indian Epilepsy Society.
About Atlas, Research for a better world
Science impacts everyone's world. With over 1,800 journals publishing articles from across science, technology and health, our mission is to share some of the stories that matter. Each month Elsevier’s Atlas will showcase research that can (or already has) significantly impact(ed) people's lives around the world and we hope that bringing wider attention to this research will go some way to ensuring its successful implementation.
With so many worthy articles published the tough job of selecting a single article to be awarded "The Atlas" each month comes down to an Advisory Board. The winning research is presented alongside interviews, expert opinions, multimedia and much more on the Atlas website: www.elsevier.com/atlas
Elsevier is a global information analytics company that helps institutions and professionals progress science, advance healthcare and improve performance for the benefit of humanity. Elsevier provides digital solutions and tools in the areas of strategic research management, R&D performance, clinical decision support, and professional education; including ScienceDirect, Scopus, ClinicalKey and Sherpath. Elsevier publishes over 2,500 digitized journals, including The Lancet and Cell, more than 35,000 e-book titles and many iconic reference works, including Gray's Anatomy. Elsevier is part of RELX Group, a global provider of information and analytics for professionals and business customers across industries. www.elsevier.com
Media contactSacha Boucherie
Sr. Press Officer, Elsevier
+31 20 4853564
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TKAM Literary Analysis
For the past few weeks in English class we have been working on a literary analysis paper for To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. My main focus was allusions, they are used frequently through out the story. Without allusions one would not be able to make connections as well because allusions make references. There are multiple types of allusions, I used historical, literary and biblical. These are the main ones in this novel and help describe events such as Miss Maudie's face when she is talking about grass. She gets upset because one thing of bad grass can ruin a whole town's. The plague is used to help describe her expression. This would be a biblical allusion because it refers back to it. There are many other allusions present in this novel, Harper Lee used them well.
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We know that place-based learning can make a positive difference in kids’ lives. For example, restoring creeks can restore kids. At-risk kids, kids with gang affiliations, kids with low self-esteem: all of these can benefit from accomplishing the restoration of a creek. But sometimes it doesn’t lead to a complete turnaround…
There he was—the kid who was placed in my sheltered biology class to wait out the two weeks till he could be transferred to the continuation high school. Well-groomed and fastidious, doused with aftershave, he walked in and put his head down on the desk as soon as he was assigned a seat. And there his head remained day after day. He was absolutely determined not to do a thing. The day arrived when the class went to the creek bordering the school to work on a restoration, removing some invasive plants and planting native trees, shrubs and forbs. “Tony” asked to stay in the classroom, but I refused— after all, no one else would stay behind. So he came along as we walked down to the creek. Proper planting techniques were demonstrated and tools were distributed. The work began. I brought Tony a shovel and led him to a spot that needed a tree. He balked, I insisted. His clothes would get dirty, but “Not to worry—it’s not muddy.” His hands would blister and get dirty; “You’re in luck, Pal—here’s some work gloves.” And finally Tony went to work. The class was there for an hour and a half, and Tony planted three trees, with a little help from a couple of classmates. As we walked back to class he had a little swagger in his step and was more animated than I had ever seen him.
I wish I could report that Tony turned the corner that day, but no. He kept his head on the desk the few remaining days till he transferred out. Still, he planted three trees, trees that are growing there even now. And I don’t know what that might have meant to Tony. Maybe the experience had some positive value for him. It certainly had positive value for the creek!
And it had a lot of value for the rest of the class. The students were proud of their work and supportive of their team members. They made a positive difference for the environment, their school, and their community. More to come about restoration in our next posting.
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The story of doubting Thomas is full of–you guessed it–doubt. The disciples doubt that they are safe and so lock the doors of the home where they have gathered. The disciples doubt that Jesus is alive and among them. The disciples doubt that there is any purpose in their carrying on the Jesus mission. The story continues with Thomas doubting the word of the other disciples and even doubting his own eyes until he can actually touch Jesus.
Doubt is a tricky thing. Doubt can make us cautious. If I told you I could sell you some ocean front property in Saskatchewan I hope you would doubt my word. Hesitancy and caution are forms of doubt which might protect us from making bad choices. Doubt is a good thing. When we bring doubt into our faith, it creates room for questions, for debate and for discussion. I believe that doubt is an essential part of our faith and allows us to struggle with God in our lives. It forces us to ask questions of the scripture and of the theology that has been passed to us. Some of these questions might be put aside as trivial. Some of these questions might lead us into a place of turmoil where we remain for years as we wrestle with whatever the question is. Sometimes our doubt may lead us away from the faith that we have been taught.
One of the things I love about the United Church is the ways in which we are encouraged to question, to doubt and to wrestle with what our faith means for us personally and what it means for the world in which we find ourselves. The question of doubt and its role in the disciples’ lives is central in this story.
Sometime after Jesus’ death and resurrection, the disciples have gathered in a home. They have huddled inside, locked the doors, and pulled the curtains. They have gathered and yet they are afraid to gather. They doubt that they are safe.
Around the time of Jesus’ death, Caesar published an ordinance. We don’t know the exact date of this publication but it has to do with grave robberies and was discovered as an archeological artifact. The translation reads like this:
“Ordinance of Caesar: It is my pleasure that the graves and tombs—whoever has made them as a pious service for ancestors or children or members of their house—that these remain unmolested in perpetuity. But if any person lay information that another either has destroyed them, or has in any other way cast out the bodies which have been buried there, or with malicious deception has transferred them to other places, to the dishonor of those buried there or has removed the headstones or other stones, in such a case I command that a trial be instituted, protecting the pious services of mortals, just as if they were concerned with the gods. For beyond all else it shall be obligatory to honor those who have been buried. Let no one remove them for any reason. If anyone does so, however, it is my will that he shall suffer capital punishment on the charge of tomb robbery.”
The disciples doubt their own safety and their ability to protect themselves. We don’t know exactly what happened to Jesus’ body. Maybe the disciples knew. Maybe they didn’t know. Maybe some of the disciples suspected others of removing the body. They are all potentially in a lot of trouble with the Romans. They might doubt the trustworthiness of the disciples they are now locked in a room with.
Their doubt might lead to panic. You can imagine the disciples being pretty frazzled by this point in the story. The first thing Jesus says to the disciples when he appears in the room with them is, “Peace be with you.” In other words: Don’t panic. Peace be with you is sometimes translated as keep the peace or be quiet. So when Jesus arrives he is giving the disciples some very practical advice. In the midst of fear and doubt don’t panic but pause and be quiet. In the quiet, listen for God. Breathe in the Holy Spirit. It was good advice that Jesus gave to the disciples and good advice for us too.
In those moments when the world seems like it will fall apart around us we can breathe, listen for God and move forward. Jesus doesn’t just tell the disciples to be calm. He sends them back out into the world in the midst of their doubt. They are not allowed to hide because they are uncertain or because they don’t know what will happen next. Jesus expects that this little pause that fills them with the holy spirit will give them the strength and courage they need to continue his mission.
As the disciples try to figure out what happened on that first Easter morning and deal with their own disbelief they might be angry with each other about someone else’s response, something that someone said or did. They can hold onto that anger and hurt but Jesus is asking them to release it. The responsibility for a new way of living and for their response to these events lays with the disciples themselves and their treatment of each other. They cannot fulfil the Jesus mission if they are angry at each other and busy fighting amongst themselves. They must let go of the hurt that the others have caused them. But how do you forgive when you doubt someone else’s behavior, motives or opinions? Jesus is asking them to put some trust in the other disciples. Many of us know how difficult it is to trust people who have let us down in some way. We might doubt their ability to follow through on something or to behave appropriately. Doubt and trust are intimately linked in this story.
And then we come to Thomas. The other disciples had an experience of Jesus and they tried to explain to him what that experience was like. They asked him to trust that they had had an experience which was real. The experience might have been real for them but for Thomas, who had not been there, the experience was just a story—wishful thinking. The story wasn’t his own experience.
In the early church it was common for people to have visions, dreams and experiences that shaped their faith and their understanding of God. Having those types of experiences became the mark a mature faith. As time went on the church became more institutionalized and creeds developed. Faith came to mean affirming statements of faith rather than experiencing faith. Spiritual practices that allowed people to experience God on their own terms were discouraged and so faith became an intellectual practice rather than an experience.
The intellectualization of faith has meant that, in many cases, people who doubt and question no longer feel able to connect to the faith. I firmly believe that scripture and the stories of faith continue to speak to us but only if we are open to doubt. The doubt is the place where we can make meaning out of the stories and where our faith can come alive for us. Belief, only as an affirmation of creed or doctrine, sets walls around our faith and may actually limit our experience of the Holy as we try to fit God into particular images and structures.
Easter allows our faith to be expansive. It widens the realm of possibility. In the midst of a certainty that death is the end of life, Easter creates doubt. In the doubt is where we meet God. Our faith needs permission to doubt, to be cautious, to learn through our own experience. It is in the midst of our doubt that Jesus invites us to experience the risen Christ.
. Bruce Malina and Richard L. Rohrbaugh, Social Science Commentary on the Gospel of John (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998) pg 282.
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Around 30,000 women and girls experienced slave-like conditions in asylums called Magdalene laundries. The Irish government admitted complicity. DW talks to the co-founder of Justice for Magdalene, who's demanding more.
DW: How did Irish Prime Minister Enda Kenny respond when news broke about the laundries?
Claire McGettrick: A committee was tasked with establishing state involvement with the Magdalene laundries - and that has been proven, without question. But what the prime minister has done is read a series of statistics which, frankly, felt like it was a minimization of what had happened.
Why do you think he was reluctant to give an apology?
There are so few women. Probably less than 1,000 are still alive. It's no skin off his nose to not put this right immediately.
But the problem is this "floodgate situation," and that's really what they're afraid of. The fear is that orphanages and psychiatric institutions are all going to come forward, too. That's not a good reason to deny Magdalene survivors, or survivors of other institutions, what is due to them.
So you're saying that similar conditions existed in psychiatric institutions as well?
I know from my work in adoption activism. I know that many biological mothers think [their children] were in Magdalene laundries. They mistakenly think so because their treatment in orphanages was so, so bad. A book by June Goulding, who was a midwife in a mother and baby home [where illegitimate mothers could raise children until adoptive parents were found] in Bessboro, Cork, describes the girls down on their hands and knees with scissors, having to cut a lawn as punishment.
Survivor testimony is absolutely consistent. They said the doors were locked, the windows were locked, there were bars. They were brought back by the police when they escaped.
But why were conditions so horrific in Ireland in all these institutions?
This is a very special Irish kind of torture. The laundries were originally set up under legislation that covered the UK and Ireland before independence. But it was after 1922 that things started to get worse. Post-1922, when the Irish state was formed, the tendency was to rely on the church to provide social services. In the case of the Magdalene laundries, the Irish state constantly denied that the state was complicit - until we fought to bring it to the table.
The Ireland of that time was very much in the grip of the Catholic Church. The point is, though, that the state let it happen.
So should compensation come from the church or the state?
It is the state's responsibility to recompense these women. The Catholic Church doesn't want to talk to organizations advocating for survivors. They have refused do so. If that door closes you have absolutely no way forward. You cannot break down a closed door to an organization like the Catholic Church.
However, there are mechanisms with which you can engage the state because it is our right as citizens to engage. And it is the state's responsibility as guardian of the people to enforce the law, to say, "No, this cannot happen in our country".
Is there a stigma is attached to these women?
A huge stigma. The women who are in contact with us are utterly terrified of the media, are terrified of being found out. For many of them, their families don't know, their husbands may not know.
[Enda Kenny] thinks the stigma is gone because the report said that the image of the "fallen woman" and the "prostitute" is now obliterated - which is fantastic. But he has prolonged that stigma. He's prolonged suffering, needlessly.
A report released in the first week of February found significant Irish state involvement in the "Magdalene laundries," asylums for orphaned, "wayward" or unmarried women and girls that were in operation between 1922 and 1996. Claire McGettrick is adopted and lives in Cavan, Ireland. She co-founded Justice for Magdalenes in 2003. An adoption rights activist for many years, she most recently co-founded the Adoption Rights Alliance.
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SMR No.: OF005-004001-
Monument Type: Cathedral
The cathedral was the main church of the monastic settlement and along with Temple Ciarán is the earliest stone building on the site. The Irish annals record that it was built by Flann Sinna, king of Ireland and Colmán, abbot of Clonmacnoise in AD909. It is a rectangular church built with roughly coursed rubble with four distinct building phases evident. The earliest 10th/11th-century phase is indicated by the presence of antae at both ends of the church. The next phase appears in the 13th century with the insertion of the W doorway with four orders and the sacristy or chapter house which was added to the E end of the S wall. The sacristy/chapter house which is marked as 'Black Cell' on Blaymire's map 1738 is lit by two single light round headed windows set in widely splayed embrasures. The doorway from the sacristy/chapter house to the church has a pointed arch with concave hood moulding above with diagonal stone tooled jambs indicating early medieval date. In the late 13th/14th-century the S wall was moved northwards with the insertion of a single light gothic style lancet, the rear arch of which still survives at the E end of the S wall. The sacristy/chapter house was extended northwards with the insertion of the double sedilia in the S wall.
The fourth and final phase was in the mid 15th-century when a simple twin light tracery window was inserted into the S wall at the E end replacing the lancet light. During this phase the rib vaulting was inserted at the E end of the church along with the insertion of the N doorway. The pointed limestone door at the W end of the N wall known as Dean Odo's door is in the perpendicular gothic style and is finely decorated with dragons, angels and ogee headed panels. There are three saints carved over the door representing St. Dominick, St Patrick and St. Francis. The sacristy/chapter house had a second floor inserted over the ground floor possibly in the 15th-century with a fireplace and octagonal chimney stack with funnel shaped cap.
All 3D models, videos and images of this cultural heritage object/site are the copyright of the Discovery Programme and can be licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND).
High Resolution Data
3D Capture Method: Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)
3D Capture Description: Phase based terrestrial laser scanning using a Faro Focus 120 laser scanner. The instrument quotes the following specification:
- Distance accuracy up to ±2mm.
- Range from 0.6m up to 120m.
- Measurement rate up to 976,000 points/sec.
- Intensity & RGB. Integrated colour camera.
- Photorealistic 3D colour scans with up to 70 megapixels.
- Parallax-free colour overlay.
Laser scans geo-referenced using RTK GPS with VRSnow corrections
Data Processing Software
Processing of point cloud data: Faro Scene & Pointools
Meshing of data: Geomagic Studio 2012
3D Modelling & Texturing: Autodesk Mudbox, Mari, 3D Studio Max
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This news release is available in German.
When Thomas Schöps wants to create a three-dimensional model of the ETH Zurich main building, he pulls out his tablet computer. As he completes a leisurely walk around the structure, he keeps the device's rear-facing camera pointing at the building's façade. Bit by bit, an impressive 3D model of the edifice appears on the screen. It takes Schöps, a doctoral student at the Institute for Visual Computing, just 10 minutes to digitise a historical structure such as the main building.
He developed the software running on the device in cooperation with his colleagues from the group led by Marc Pollefeys, Professor of Informatics. Development was carried out as part of Google's Project Tango, in which the internet company is collaborating with 40 universities and companies. ETH Zurich is one of them.
The ETH scientists' method works by purely optical means. It is based on comparing multiple images, which are taken on the tablet by a camera with a fisheye lens, and uses the principle of triangulation in a manner similar to that applied in geodetic surveying. Or, to put it simply: the software analyses two images of a building's façade that were taken from different positions. For each piece of image information, each pixel in an image, it searches for the corresponding element in the other. From these two points and from the camera's known position and viewing angle, the software can determine how far each picture element is from the device and can use this information to generate a 3D model of the object. Long gone are the days when the models were restricted to the outlines of buildings and basic features such as window openings and doorways. Instead, they now even show architectural details such as the arrangement of bricks in a stone façade.
The new software offers some key advantages over existing methods. One advantage is that it can be used in sunlight. "Other systems work using a measuring grid of infra-red light," explains Torsten Sattler, another postdoc in Pollefeys' group who is also participating in the project. In the infra-red method, the device projects a grid of infra-red light onto an object; this grid is invisible to the human eye. An infra-red camera captures the projected image of the grid and uses this to generate a three-dimensional map of the object. "This technique works well indoors," says Sattler. But he goes on to say that it is poorly suited to outdoor shots in sunlight. This is because sunlight also contains infra-red components, which severely interfere with the measurements. "Outdoors, our method has clear advantages. Conversely, infra-red technology is better suited to indoor use in rooms whose structures are less pronounced, such as rooms with uniform, empty walls."
The ETH scientists programmed the software for the latest version of the Project Tango mobile device. "These tablets are still in the development phase and are not yet intended for end users, but they have been available for purchase by interested software developers for a few months now, also in Switzerland. The first apps for them have already been developed; however, at the present moment the device is out of stock," says ETH doctoral student Schöps.
A fisheye lens and rigorous quality control
Pollefeys' working group already developed a 3D scanner for smartphones two years ago. This was intended for smaller objects. The current project allows even whole buildings to be mapped for the first time, thanks to the fisheye lens and the device's high processing power. "In future, this could probably even be used to survey entire districts," says Sattler.
As the researchers have found, the mapping of large objects is plagued by calculation errors in respect of the 3D coordinates. "It isn't that easy to differentiate between correct and incorrect information," explains Sattler. "We solved the problem by programming the software to scrupulously delete all dubious values." Real-time feedback is essential to ensuring that the 3D model does not become a patchwork. Thanks to a preview mode the user always knows for which building areas they have collected enough information and which still require scanning.
This real-time feedback is possible because, thanks to its high processing power, all of the calculations are performed directly on the tablet. This also paves the way for applications in augmented reality, says Sattler. One example is a city tour in which a tourist carries a tablet as they move around a city in real life. If they view a building 'through' their tablet, additional information about the building can be displayed instantly on the screen. Other potential applications include the modelling of buildings, the 3D mapping of archaeological excavations, and virtual-reality computer games.
Furthermore, the technology could be integrated into cars to allow them to automatically detect the edge of the road, for example, or the dimensions of a parking space. Accordingly, the current project has also utilised findings from the EU's V-Charge project for the development of self-parking cars, in which Marc Pollefeys' group was also involved.
The software now developed at ETH forms part of Google's Project Tango. "Our software is now part of Google's software database. Of course, we hope that Google will make our technology available to end users and include it as standard in the next version of the Tango tablet," says Sattler. "Obviously, our dream is that some day every mobile device will include this function, allowing the development of apps that utilise it." A large computer manufacturer recently announced its intention to put a smartphone with the Google Tango technology platform on the market this coming summer.
Schöps T, Sattler T, Häne C, Pollefeys M: 3D Modeling on the Go: Interactive 3D Reconstruction of Large-Scale Scenes on Mobile Devices. Contribution to the International Conference on 3D Vision, Lyons, 19-22 October 2015
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma seems to have higher incidence rates when people live in areas near facilities that release the chemical benzene.
A new study published on July 29 in Cancer, the American Cancer Society's journal, looked at the geographic patterns of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases across the state of Georgia between 1999 and 2008. They specifically looked at how close people were living near facilities like petroleum refineries and manufacturing plants. These places are known to release benzene into the air.
"Our study is the first to examine the relationship between passive benzene exposure and the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the state population level," said Catherine Bulka, a research analyst at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, said in a press release. "Our findings are limited without similar studies to corroborate our results, but we hope that our research will inform readers of the potential risks of living near facilities that release carcinogens into the air, groundwater, or soil," she added.
According to the American Cancer Society, benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid chemical with a sweet odor. Although it is naturally produced in volcanoes and forest fires, it is more commonly the result of human activities. It is one of the 20 most widely used chemicals in the U.S., and is part of crude oil, gasoline and cigarette smoke.
Benzene evaporates quickly into the air, which makes it easier for people to breathe. It can also be absorbed through the skin.
Studies have shown that benzene can raise risk for cancer, specifically blood cell cancers like leukemia. Leukemia rates have been observed to be elevated among workers exposed to chemical, and it has been tied to cancer in lab animals like rats and mice.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of cancers that affects the lymphocytes, or white blood cells. There will be an estimated 69,740 new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 2013 and 19,202 deaths this year, according to the National Cancer Institute.
The researchers discovered that metro-Atlanta region, Augusta, and Savannah had the highest rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma when population size, age, sex and race demographics were taken into account. Incidence was also significantly higher near benzene release sites in the metro-Atlanta area and one site in Savannah.
For every mile further away from the benzene release site, the rate of non- Hodgkin lymphoma dropped 0.31 percent.
"There is fair amount of data now indicating benzene does cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma, but it's still not universally accepted," Dr. Richard B. Hayes, a professor of epidemiology and environmental medicine at New York University who was not involved in the study, said to LiveScience. "The evidence is growing, suggesting that benzene is associated with increased risk of lymphoma just as it is with leukemia."
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40 years after young people lost their lives for the right to decent education, it is ironic that some communities think nothing of mortgaging the future of young people in a bid to score political points.
By Rebecca Sibanda: Legal Assistant, Centre for Constitutional Rights
16 June – Youth Day – is commemorated annually in South Africa in remembrance of the schoolchildren who died at the hands of the apartheid police in 1976. The protests were in response to Bantu Education and the imposition of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in schools. The movement spread like wildfire across the nation and this year marks the 40th anniversary of what is now referred to as the Soweto Uprising.
The Soweto Uprising serves as a reminder of the importance of education to young people. It is thus important to reflect on the significance of the day for youth and for education today. Section 29 of the Constitution enshrines the right to education and provides that “everyone has the right to basic education”. Basic education is covered in the years leading up to and including matriculation.
Over the past few months the media has been awash with reports of violent protests that have had an adverse impact on the right to education. The most notable of these are the Vuwani protests (in Limpopo), which took place in May, and saw the torching of over 25 schools in the area, with close to 100 other schools being affected by the violence. Between 20 000 and 60 000 learners were affected. The reason for the protests was the Municipal Demarcation Board’s decision to merge parts of Vuwani and Malamulele to form a new municipality – reportedly without much public consultation.
Disgruntled members of the community torched the schools as an expression of their displeasure over the Municipal Demarcation Board’s decision. This action has taken a heavy toll on leaners who are, as a result, unable to attend school. It has further meant that over 2000 matric learners may fail to write their final examinations because of the disruption of their classes. This is despite the Department of Basic Education’s (DBE) delivery of mobile classrooms, desks and textbooks in an attempt to alleviate the situation.
To date the damage to the schools stands at an estimated R175 million. All this took place in Limpopo, a province with a troubled history regarding access to educational resources. In the much-publicised Limpopo textbooks case, the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) held in December 2015 that each learner has the right to a full complement of textbooks at the commencement of the school year. According to a Statistics SA report published in 2015, Education Series I, Focus on schooling in Limpopo, only 10.8% of schools in Limpopo had access to a library, 25% had an administration block, less than 7.8% had a laboratory, and less than 67.4% had access to piped water. These figures point to a province failing its young people in the realisation of their constitutionally enshrined rights.
It is not the first time that community protests have negatively impacted on the rights of young people. In 2014, in Kuruman in the Northern Cape, protests in five villages – arising from demands for the tarring of a road – resulted in the closure of schools, affecting close to 17 000 learners. Learners were essentially held ransom to the demands of their communities. As in Vuwani, this negatively affected their right to education.
In February 2016, it was reported that more than 50 schools in Port Elizabeth closed down due to a shortage of teachers and as a result, overcrowding in schools. Parents demanded attention from the Department of Education and when they did not receive it, some parents kept their children at home in further protest. This stay-away lasted over three weeks. Other schools sent their students home for fear of their safety.
These examples are just a few of the reported protests in which the rights of young people were subjugated by the demands of the community at large.
Today, the image of Hector Pieterson’s young body being carried after a gunshot injury during the Soweto Uprising has become synonymous with Youth Day. Whilst there are no iconic images of wounded children to symbolise the plight of learners affected by the protests that have infringed on their rights, the deprivation of education should shake society to its core, in the same way that the image of Hector Pieterson does.
Section 17 of the Constitution protects the right to assembly, demonstration, picket and petition. This right involves peaceful and unarmed gatherings. It does not give protesters the right to disrupt education and to deprive young people of their constitutional right to education.
40 years after young people lost their lives for the right to decent education, it is ironic that some communities think nothing of mortgaging the future of young people in a bid to score political points. It is unacceptable that protesting communities use learners as pawns and that young people have become collateral damage. The anniversary of the June 16 Soweto Uprising serves as a reminder of the importance of education, particularly with regard to the key role that it plays in transforming lives and changing communities for the better.
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How can I “sneak” in more fruits & vegetables into kids’ meals?
It is good that you are trying to get your kids to eat more healthfully. It is true that kids are not always thrilled about eating fruits and vegetables. To get your kids excited about good nutrition I would first be a good role model. Show your children by example that fruits and vegetables are delicious and let them see how much you enjoy eating them. Now think about making food fun! Make snack time play time and have kids make pizza faces. Use whole wheat English muffins and top with pizza sauce then use green pepper for a smiling mouth and black olives for the eyes. Cut cherry tomatoes in half for the ears and throw in broccoli for hair. To get kids to eat more fruit think about making fruit kabobs or have kids cut fruits into fun shapes using a cookie cutter. Utilize foods that you already know kids like and add fruits and vegetables to them. For example, cut up a banana and add to a peanut butter sandwich or toss peas into macaroni and cheese. If your kids like chip dip, cut up veggies instead and modify and make your own dip (low fat mayo and sour cream mixed with a little powdered ranch dressing). You can also “sneak” fruits and vegetables into dishes by adding mushrooms and peppers to spaghetti sauce. Puree strawberries, blueberries and raspberries and combine with yogurt (and maybe a little ice cream) for a healthy “milkshake”. Shred carrots and broccoli and combine with ground turkey when you are making a meatloaf and puree cauliflower and onions and add to a casserole dish.Login to Favorite
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The Sound of Philosophy
musical ideas of Milton Babbitt and John Cage.
Milton Babbitt and John Cage, two of the most notorious postwar American
composers, are often thought to be antipodal figures. Babbitt is straight,
Jewish, politically conservative, and southern, a skeptical rationalist
who talks like a mathematician on speed. Cagewho died in 1992was
gay, goyish, politically left, and Californian, a genial fruitcake whose
enthusiasms ran toward astrology, mushrooms, Zen, and anarchist politics.
Babbitts music is fastidiously organized, each of his notes carefully
placed within multiple nested rhythmic and melodic patterns. Cages
music, by contrast, is scrupulously disorganized, composed randomlyfor
instance by tossing coins or tracing astronomical maps onto music paper.
Not surprisingly, Babbitt is an academic, and has many students who
teach at music departments throughout the country. Cage, who never graduated
from college, was an auto-didact (more or less), and has had at least
as much influence on visual arts and popular music as on the world of
academic musical composition.
Yet behind these differences there lurks a fascinating, and more fundamental
similarity. Leave aside the fact that even expert listeners sometimes
have difficulty distinguishing Babbitts sophisticated musical
puzzles from Cages mystical soundscapes. The important point is
that Babbitt and Cage straddle the line between philosophy and art.
Beginning with specific philosophical ideas, each developed an utterly
original style of musical composition that reflects those ideas almost
perfectlyand in the process thwarts almost every conventional
musical value. This poses a real problem for music criticism. For beyond
talking about how this music sounds, it is natural to want to talk about
why it sounds the way that it does. (And, indeed, about what
role ideas should play in our appreciation of music.) This means that
the critic of Babbitt and Cages music needs to be a critic of
their philosophieswhich is to say, a philosopher himself.
In fact, if Babbitt and Cage
are to be believed, it is almost beside the point to talk about whether
their music sounds good or sounds bad. For both composers
would admit that their music does not "sound good" in the
ordinary sense: instead, they would challenge that notion, and replace
it with highly philosophical views that are meant to undermine our ordinary
is to deny the importance of taste: first, by questioning whether lay
listeners have the cognitive capacities to render aesthetically relevant
opinions about his music; and, second, by intimating that some expert
value-judgments may themselves be insignificant. Babbitt famously drew
an analogy between music and mathematics. The non-mathematical layman
who attends a mathematics lecture on "Pointwise Periodic Homeomorphisms"
may find that he does not enjoy the experience:
Under duress, our layman discloses precise reasons for his failure
to enjoy himself; he found the hall chilly, the lecturers voice
unpleasant, and he was suffering the digestive aftermath of a poor
dinner. His interlocutor understandably disqualifies these reasons
as irrelevant to the content and value of the lecture, and the development
of mathematics is undisturbed.
The development of mathematics
is left undisturbed for two reasons: one, because the layperson who
does not understand the content of the lecture is simply not in a position
to render competent judgments about it; and two (though this consequence
is implied, and not explicitly drawn by Babbitt), because judgments
of personal taste are much less important in mathematics than in music.2
(Mathematics, for all its beauty, is about discovering facts and establishing
truths; while music, despite its complexity, is about moving people
through the medium of sound.) Consistent with this vision of musical
works as sonic theorems, Babbitt eliminated from his compositions almost
every trace of musical expression. Instead, the main features of his
compositionsthe pitches, rhythms, dynamics, and even the large-scale
formal propertiesare part of a complex rational structure. His
music is like a giant cryptogram, dense with interrelationships but
devoid of emotional significance.
Cages approach to the problem of taste was very different. Rather
than denying the relevance of our aesthetic preferences, he acknowledged
them, but encouraged us to see his music as part of an important spiritual
struggle to overcome value judgments in general:
The value judgment when it is made doesnt exist outside the
mind but exists within the mind that makes it. When it says this is
good and that is not good, its a decision to eliminate from
experience certain things. [D. T. Suzuki, from whom Cage took courses
at Columbia University in the early 1950s] said Zen wants us to diminish
that kind of activity of the ego and to increase the activity that
accepts the rest of creation. And rather than taking the path that
is prescribed in the formal practice of Zen Buddhism itself, namely,
sitting cross-legged and breathing and such things, I decided that
my proper discipline was the one to which I was already committed,
namely, the making of music. And that I would do it with a means that
was as strict as sitting cross-legged, namely, the use of chance operations,
and the shifting of my responsibility from the making of choices to
that of asking questions.
In other words: to say that Cages randomly composed music "sounds
bad" is to engage in the un-Zen practice of making value judgments.
Instead, we are supposed to use Cages random music as an opportunity
to get beyond our likes and dislikes. By abandoning traditional
composition, using random procedures rather than making intentional
choices, Cage virtually ensured that we would approach his music as
part of his quasi-Buddhist project of overcoming our values. Like Babbitt,
he cemented the link between his music and his philosophy by eliminating
from his music those qualities that have been the traditional focus
of listeners attention.
Many critics have for this reason concluded that Babbitt and Cage cannot
be understood as composers in the traditional sense. Instead, it is
argued, they belong to a different artistic species entirelymusical
philosophers, perhaps, or composer- theorists, and their work is to
be evaluated in correspondingly more intellectualized terms. (Indeed,
the editors of the New York Times at one point insisted that
a critic describe Cage as a "music philosopher" rather than
as a composer.) This is sensible, but it raises some interesting problems.
For while Cage and Babbitts music is intimately linked to the
ideas that produced it, there areas we shall seereasons
to be deeply suspicious of those ideas. This means that if we are to
appreciate Babbitt and Cage as "musical philosophers," it
will be despite major reservations about whether their ideas are in
fact correct. And this, in turn, should lead us to ask about the relationship
between our appreciation of a philosophical idea and its truth. Thus
we may find that in thinking about Babbitt and Cage, we recapitulate
in the aesthetic realm an important debate about the nature and purpose
of philosophy itself.
ALMOST ALL OF BABBITTS music is composed out of arrangements
("rows") of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale. Each
note is allowed to appear once and only once, as in Example
1[requires Adobe Acrobat Reader] (and taken from Arnold Schoenbergs
Fourth String Quartet, op. 37).
Following Schoenbergs practice,
Babbitts rows may appear in four different forms: (1) transposed:
for example, the same interval pattern as Example 1one
semitone down, then four semitones downbut starting on any of
the twelve-notessay, F
sharp instead of D; (2)
backwards (i.e. B, F
etc., though again the pattern may start on any note, such as A or C
sharp); (3) "inverted"
or upside down (so that D, instead of moving down one semitone
to C sharp
and then down 4 semitones to A would move up by a semitone
to E flat,
and then up by four semitones to G); and (4) upside-down and
backwards (or "retrograde-inverted"), combining (2) and (3).
These rows are then assembled, somewhat like a musical jigsaw puzzle,
into complicated vertical structures that themselves contain exactly
one note of every different kind.
2 [requires Adobe Acrobat Reader], a simplified piece of pseudo-Babbitt
of my own construction. Observe that each of the four instruments plays
twelve notes, exactly one note of every kind. The second violin plays
an inverted version of the first violins melody: where the first
violin moves down by one semitone, and then up by five semitones, the
second violin moves up one, and then down by five (and so on). The viola
plays the same interval pattern as the second violin, but backwards
(from back to front: up one, down five, etc.) and starting on a different
note. The cello plays the same interval pattern as the first violin,
but again backwards and beginning on a different note. Observe also,
that each of the first three measures (and measures 4-5, considered
as a pair) contains exactly one note of every kind, though these notes
are drawn from the four independent rows that each individual instrument
plays. Thus each instrument makes a series of 12-note statements containing
exactly one pitch of every kind. Meanwhile, the music can be broken
into discrete segments of time, in which the total number of pitches
played by all the instruments contains exactly one pitch of every kind.
The resulting music might be compared to a tapestry, where each note
has its place in two different musical "threads"the
"horizontal" instrumental lines (corresponding rows themselves),
and the "vertical" collection of notes found in each measure
(called "aggregates" by Babbitt).
Remarkably, Babbitt has applied
the same structure to other musical domains, such as rhythm and dynamics.
Consider, for example, all the notes marked "pp" (pianissimo)
in Example 2. These fall on (starting from 0) the 11th, 10th, 3rd,
7th, 6th, and 2nd sixteenth notes of their respective measures. (The
example contains a fifth staff of numbered sixteenth notes which should
make this clear.) If we were to number the 12 pitches of the chromatic
scale, starting with C = 0, and proceeding through C
sharp = 1, D = 2, and so
on, we would find that the first violin plays a series of pitches that
begins 11 (B), 10 (B
flat), 3 (E
flat), 7 (G), 6 (F
sharp), and 2 (D)corresponding
exactly to the sequence of sixteenth notes on which the "pp"
notes fall. (This correspondence continues throughout the example: the
series of "p" (piano) notes correspond to the second
violins pitches, the "f" (forte) notes to the
violas, and the "ff" (fortissimo) notes to the
If you are confused by the complexity of this system, dont be:
the important point is that Babbitt uses the most important musical
parameterspitch, rhythm, dynamics, and (in many pieces) timbreto
delineate a complex abstract system by which pitch and rhythmic relationships
mirror each other. The traditional concerns of music compositionexpressiveness,
melodic continuity, and dramaare addressed only after these prior
constraints have been satisfied.
The value of these procedures stands or falls on two questions: Are
the resulting structures musically intelligiblein other words,
do they lead to perceptible features of the music that can be understood
through listening? (I am assuming here that musical structure must be
perceptible in order to be relevant; inaudible features of the notation,
such as the color of the paper on which the music is written, are of
minimal relevance to the aesthetic quality of the work.) And more importantly:
do these structures lead to music that people find pleasurable or otherwise
compelling? Babbitts answer to the first question is that his
structures can be heard, but only by people who are specially trained
and have exceptional musical gifts. This is, in his view, why most people
do not like his music:
Why should the layman be other than bored and puzzled by what he
is unable to understand, music or anything else? It is only the translation
of this boredom and puzzlement into resentment and denunciation that
seems to me indefensible. After all, the public does have its own
music, its ubiquitous music: music to eat by, to read by, to dance
by, and to be impressed by. Why refuse to recognize the possibility
that contemporary music has reached a stage long since attained by
other forms of activity? The time has passed when the normally well-educated
man without special preparation could understand the most advanced
work in, for example, mathematics, philosophy, and physics. Advanced
music, to the extent that it reflects the knowledge and originality
of the informed composer, scarcely can be expected to appear more
intelligible than these arts and sciences to the person whose musical
education usually has been even less extensive than his background
in other fields.
But the credibility of this assertion depends on there actually being
some substantial group of specialist musicians who are able to follow
aurally the mechanics of Babbitts music. (Just as there is
a substantial body of specialists who are able to understand lectures
on Pointwise Periodic Homeomorphisms.) If mathematics could only be
understood when it was written down, then both laymen and professional
mathematicians would find mathematics lectures to be boring. Similarly,
if Babbitts musical structures are only intelligible on paper,
then both specialists and laypersons should be equally baffled by the
experience of listening to Babbitts music. Conversely,
if experts really do enjoy Babbitts music on Babbitts terms,
then this must be because it is possible to perceive the structures
that are at the heart of his compositional method.
On this score, history has not
been kind to Babbitt. The study of music perception, in its infancy
when Babbitt first developed his techniques, has flourished in recent
decades. Numerous experiments have shed light on the perceptibility
of the operations that are at the heart of Babbitts syntax.4
And almost all of the available evidence suggests that Babbitts
music is well beyond the capacity of even the most expert listeners.
There are many reasons for this: some of the relationships in Babbitts
scores cannot be translated into sounds; some of the relationships present
in the sound cannot be apprehended as such. But the main problem is
the sheer, overwhelming blizzard of information present in Babbitts
scores. Following the relationships in a Babbitt composition might be
compared to attempting to count the cards in three simultaneous games
of bridge, all played in less than thirty seconds. Babbitts music
is poetry written in a language that no human can understand. It is
invisible architecture. The relationships are out there, in the objective
world, but we cannot apprehend them.
OF COURSE THERE IS A SECOND,
and deeper question that we have so far avoided. Even if the
mechanics of Babbitts music might turn out to be perceptible by
some extremely small minority of listeners, or even if we accept the
dubious proposition that musical structures need not be perceptible
to be relevant, one might still ask, what does comprehensibility have
to do with aesthetic appreciation? There are many things in the world
that we understand without enjoyingin my case, country music and
golf. Understanding may be a necessary condition for appreciating music,
but it is not in any way sufficient.5
Babbitts answer to this question takes us to the heart of his
philosophy. Starting in the 1950s, he launched a series of polemical
attacks on the language of music criticism; the aim was to defuse criticisms
of modern music by severely limiting the range of acceptable critical
discourse. Influenced by the logical positivist philosopherswho
asserted that the statements of traditional metaphysics were not so
much false as meaninglessBabbitt suggested that the statements
we typically use to express our enjoyment of music are actually empty:
musical discourse is a never-never land of semantic confusion,
the last resting place of all those verbal and formal fallacies, those
hoary dualisms that have been banished from rational discourse.
if the concertgoer is at all versed in the ways of musical
lifesmanship, he ... will offer reasons for his "I didnt
like it,"in the form of assertions that the work in question
is "inexpressive," "undramatic," "lacking
in poetry," etc., etc., tapping that store of vacuous
[my italic] equivalents hallowed by time for: "I dont like
it and will not or cannot say why."
there is but one kind of language, one kind of method for
the verbal formulation of "concepts" and the verbal analysis
of such formulations: "scientific" language and "scientific"
statements about music must conform to those verbal and methodological
requirements which attend the possibility of meaningful discourse
in any domain.
The suggestion seems to be that statements of valuesuch as "This
piece is more beautiful than that one"are devoid of rational
meaning. (The positivists compared them to the grunts and growls of
non-rational animals. Instead of simply saying "yuck," we
dress up our reaction in fancy aesthetic jargon, but the jargon adds
nothing of substance to the simple "yuck.") By contrast, statements
about musical structure, for example statements about the invisible
architecture of Babbitts compositions, are objective, verifiable,
and hence significant. If we add to this the idea that talk about music
should aspire to the meaningfulness of science (and Babbitt refers to
"that easily disposable, if persistent, dichotomy of arts
and sciences") we obtain the conclusion that unexplained
statements about musical likes and dislikes are simply not important.
This view is completely untenable, even by the standards of the positivist
philosophers who inspired Babbitt. For it was no part of positivism
to transform every aspect of human behavior into a species of science.
No: the positivists recognized (though in some cases grudgingly) that
there are areas of human activity in which scientific values simply
have no role. Ironically, Rudolf Carnap, who wanted to make philosophy
(but not poetry) scientific, once criticized Heidegger precisely
because he tried to express himself through philosophy rather than art.
(As Carnap asked: "When a metaphysician gives verbal expression
to his dualistic-heroic attitude towards life in a dualistic system,
is it not perhaps because he lacks the ability of a Beethoven to express
this attitude in an adequate medium?") Babbitt, by disavowing the
important distinction between art and science, ends up reducing logical
positivism to crass scientismindeed, to one of the more extreme
formulations of scientism that has ever been seriously proposed. Yet
this is the view that has motivated him for almost fifty years, and
we can hear its echoes in every note of his exquisitely complex, brilliantly
organized, and altogether inhuman compositions.
Cage is in some sense a less complicated figure than Babbitt, but this
is in large part because he is more successful. No difficult perceptual
issues dog his theory; no complex technical operations lie at the heart
of his musical syntax. Everything is quite charmingly on the surface.
Inspired by the Buddhist project of eliminating desires, Cage decided
to write music from which his own likes and dislikes had been excluded.
To that end, he generated his music with various impersonal mechanismssuch
as rolling dice, or tossing coins. The point of this endeavor was to
assist audience members in the task of getting beyond their own
tastes. As with Babbitt, Cages music almost transparently represents
the views that produced it, if only because there is little else there
that might distract you from those views. In the case of Cages
most famous piece, there is literally nothing else in it at all:
I think perhaps my own best piece, at least the one I like the most
is the silent piece [titled 4 33"]. It has three
movements and in all of the movements there are no sounds. I wanted
my work to be free of my own likes and dislikes, because I think music
should be free of the feelings and ideas of the composer. I have felt
and hoped to have led other people to feel that the sounds of their
environment constitute a music which is more interesting than the
music which they would hear if they went into a concert hall.
There are, it seems, two sides
to this project: one, the (Buddhist) endeavor of renouncing our likes
and dislikes; and the other, the (Emersonian, Transcendentalist) aim
of learning to love all of nature as if it were a beautifully constructed
work of art. Each is problematic in its own way. On the one hand, tastes
are a very natural part of the human organism, and the project of eliminating
them altogether may seem as unappealing as the project of removing ones
own fingers. Unless we adhere to Cages religious point of viewand
he was always a little vague on whether this was a requirement for enjoying
his musicit is unclear why we should want to get rid of them.
At the same time, our desires are not completely plastic: it may well
be impossible for human beings to come to feel, as Cage exhorted, that
"the sounds of their environment" are "more interesting
than the music which they would hear if they went into a concert hall."6
Or rather: it may be that the only way we can really get ourselves into
anything that resembles this state is by learning to deny, or harden
ourselves to, the real beauties of traditional, composed music. The
first step in loving everything equally is to stop loving the things
of which one is particularly fond. A central question in thinking about
Cages music is whether this first step is also the last.
Nevertheless, Cage was quite
shrewd to choose music as the medium for his quasi-Buddhist message.
Our sense of hearing is psychologically and neurophysiologically an
intermediate one: less directly connected to our emotions than smell
and taste, but more directly connected to them than sight. This means
that experimental musicians have less freedom than experimental painters
but more freedom than experimental cooks. Thus we can well imagine a
painter who worked more or less randomly splashing colors on a
canvas with little regard for how it all fits together. (It is even
possible to imagine that such paintings might come to be worth a lot
of money.) But it is difficult to conceive of a cook who proceeded in
this way. People are very picky about what they eat, and tolerate only
a few of the many possible tastes. Random sequences of musical notes
stand somewhere between these two extremes. We can certainly tolerate
random music, and some people have claimed to find genuine pleasure
in it. But the fact remains that most people consider random music to
be a taste, like clam chowder ice cream, that is not worth acquiring.7
The intermediate quality of musical perception makes it a very natural
arena in which to explore the Buddhist-Transcendentalist project of
overcoming taste. Imagine, by way of contrast, two hypothetical Cages:
one who worked in the medium of cooking and used randomly created food
to help us to try to overcome our own desires; and the second, a painterly
Cage, who randomly splashed paint on canvas with a similar end in mind.
Now Cage the chef would no doubt meet with failure, simply because the
prospect of eating random flavors is completely unappealingmost
of us would much rather engage in traditional Buddhist meditation then
expose ourselves to the prospect of noxious or galling food. But Cage
the painter would likely meet with the opposite sort of failure. For
canvasses with random paint splashes on them can actually turn out to
be reasonably appealing, or at least not unappealing, and it would be
too easy for us to appreciate them on a purely decorative level.
(Too easy, that is, for the paintings to carry the message that we should
try to overcome our own tastes.) Cage the composer managed to find a
medium in which we had some, but not too much, attachment to our tasteand
in this sense it is an ideal arena in which to explore Buddhist renunciation.
We can, then, listen to Cages music (unlike Babbitts) more
or less as he intended it. Listening to Cage, one can tryand one
does try, inevitablynot to dislike what one is listening
to. One can reflect, naturally enough, on the motives that cause the
music to be as it is, and about what it would be like if the ambient
sounds of urban life were just as beautiful as Brahms (it would be distracting,
actually). And one can think about Cage himself, our postwar Thoreau,
isolated in a tiny musical cabin of nondesire and coin-tossing. This
experience is not always pleasant, and it is not for every day, but
it can sometimes be quite powerful. Especially if some Brahms also appears
on the program.
SO HOW ARE WE TO EVALUATE these musical philosophers? Do we say that
Babbitts music is bad because his version of logical positivism
is unconvincing? Or that Cages music is good because Buddhism
is one of the worlds great religions? Should we focus on the remarkable
way both figures tried to translate abstract philosophical thought into
the language of musical tones? And, if so, should we judge that Cage
is a better composer because he made a better translation? Or should
we just forget about philosophy altogether, and simply focus on Babbitt
and Cages music in itself?
This last temptation is particularly strong in Babbitts case.
Many critics have tried to "save" Babbitts music from
his philosophy by arguing that while the theory itself may be dubious,
the music it produced stands on its own terms. (One can, of course,
make the same argument about Cage, and some critics, such as James Pritchett,
do, by arguing that Cage needs to be understood as a composer
rather than musical philosopher. But the pressure is less acute, since
Cages philosophy is less badly in need of repair.) Here I think
there is the risk of falling into a genuine philosophical confusion.
The problem is that there are two seemingly reasonable principles which
suggest that we may not be able to evaluate Babbitt or Cage except by
way of their theory.
1. In the case of simple sensuous
the object of our appreciation is limited by our discriminative capacities.
So, for example, if I claim to like Mozarts 40th Symphony, but
I am absolutely unable to distinguish it from any other Mozart symphony,
then I cannot be said to enjoy the 40th in particular. Instead,
what I enjoy is something like "Mozart symphonies in general,"
or "the Classical Style."
2. In evaluating the successfulness
of an artist, the features that are the cause of our enjoyment must
be non-accidentally related to the artists intentions. So, for
example, if a blind person were to claim to derive enormous pleasure
from running his or her fingers along the surface of the Mona Lisa,
or if some strange creature were to eat the painting and find it tasty,
these facts would not count to establish da Vincis skill as a
The difficulty is that these two principles are liable to work against
each other. In the case of Babbitt, for example, we know that listeners
are unable to discern the structural complexities that characterize
his music. Thus, though they may have pleasant experiences while listening
to Babbitts music, those experiences are probably caused by very
general rhythmic and textural features that Babbitts works share
with a broad class of other musics. (For instance: with hypothetical
versions of Babbitt pieces in which all the pitches have been replaced
with randomly chosen notes, close to but not exactly the same as the
original pitches.) In this sense, they cannot be said to enjoy Babbitts
music as opposed to pieces in this more general class. But these
general features of the work are arguably just accidental byproducts
of the structures that were the primary focus of Babbitts attention.
For it is not as if Babbitt developed his techniques to produce the
effects that they actually have; rather, he generated them in an attempt
to produce different effects altogether, effects that depended
on the appreciation of the musics complex syntactic structure.
(Much in the same way as the flavor of the Mona Lisa is only
accidentally related to the visual experiences that da Vinci intended
to evoke.) So while no argument can show that (some) people do not have
pleasant feelings while listening to Babbitts music, these sorts
of considerations can suggest that these feelings do not necessarily
bear on the question of whether Babbitt himself is a good composer.
Confronted with someone who criticizes da Vinci as a painter, it is
beside the point to respond by saying that the works are nice to nibble
At the same time, it is equally difficult to appreciate Babbitt and
Cage as philosophers. The problem, it seems, is that we cannot
disconnect Babbitt and Cages music from the ideas that produced
it; but at the same time (unless we follow Babbitts positivism
or Cages Buddhism) we cannot fully endorse the philosophical views
of the composers themselves. Thus we are left needing some explanation
of how it is that we can appreciate philosophically a set of
views that we do not ultimately believe to be correct. The answer to
this question is by no means obvious, and there are in fact many philosophers
whoseeing philosophy as part of sciencewould simply deny
that false beliefs are in any way interesting.
I disagree. While it is important
that a composers work be good to listen to, it is not always necessary
that a philosophers beliefs be correct. Quite the contrary: many
of the philosophers that our culture most admires, from Plato and Kant
to Nietzsche and John Rawls, have at least occasionally made questionable
assumptions and suspicious arguments. Philosophy is not science, and
we do not evaluate philosophers simply in terms of the truth of their
views. (Doing so would reduce the philosophical canon by a worrying
degree.) Instead, we value philosophers because they are interesting
thinkers: because they develop compelling visions of the world, or of
humanitys place in it, and because their arguments, though sometimes
wrong, are tempting, or instructive, or otherwise rewarding to think
(Occasionally, of course, we like them because they are right. But even
here they tend to be more right about why their predecessors were wrong
than about how things actually are.) Babbitt and Cage fit neatly into
this tradition of compelling speculations: each propounded radical,
extreme theories about the world and musics place within it, and
each managed to live those ideas, changing the musical world
in the process. Furthermore, Babbitts and Cages views push
us to think very deeply about music (or more generally, art) and its
place in our society. Indeed, I would venture to guess that most contemporary
composers have thought seriously about Babbitt or Cage, and that many
of these have had their views about music changed in the process.
Why? Partly because each composer took such an extreme position, and
defended that view so determinedlyboth in theory, and in their
compositions. This represents a challenge to the rest of usnot
only to say where the two of them went wrong, but also to develop our
own ideas about music to the point where they can rival those of Babbitt
and Cage in their ability to compel conviction. (Babbitt and Cage were
above all seriousadmirably convinced of the fundamental
importance of music composition, and its place in the modern world.)
But partly, also, it is because there seems to be something inherently
fascinating about visionaries as such.
I think that there is nothing
wrong with this. Cage and Babbitt are exciting figures, precisely because
of the way their (otherwise somewhat boring) music reflects their (admittedly
somewhat outlandish) ideas. The two composers belong to a tradition
of exciting, extreme thinkersa tradition that includes serious
philosophers, utopian politicians, philosophical poets, and many other
speculators whose thoughts, though compelling, have not made their way
into the austere canon of recognized science. We should not be shy about
valuing this tradition: the reasonable and the proper can sometimes
be a bit disappointing, and it is often exciting to encounter figures
who have managed to elude these constraints. Visionaries are the outlaws
of the intellectual world, and when, as a freshman in college, I first
met Milton Babbitt, I was instantly captivatedby his charisma,
by the baroque intricacies of his musico-philosophical system, and by
the sheer exhilaration of finding someone who was more original (and
more different) than anyone I had ever met before.11
It may be that philosophy no longer has as much room for these kinds
of radical personalities: the progress of science, coupled with the
pressures of academicization, may be making philosophy less tolerant
of provocative speculation that it used to be. (Contemporary philosophers
do tend to spend more time discussing the radical thoughts of past thinkers
than developing new, provocative thoughts of their own.) And this in
turn may be driving philosophy closer to the sciences. If so, then it
is all the more reason to celebrate those people who, working in the
more tolerant realm of The Arts, are managing to engage in something
like the visionary philosophy of the past. Twenty-five hundred years
ago Diogenes lit his lantern at midday and walked through the marketplace
saying, "I seek an honest man." That was called philosophy
then. Today we would call it performance art.
Dmitri Tymoczko has
written for The Atlantic Monthly, Lingua Franca, and Transition.
His essay on tolerance
and religious diversity appeared in our December/January 1997-98
issue. His essay on Beethoven
and Kant appeared in our December/January 1999-2000 issue.
1 Of course, the critic can always ignore these philosophical views,
treating the music "as music." But since Babbitt and Cages
music is not meant to be music in the ordinary sense, this amounts to
applying a potentially inappropriate standard of evaluation: it is as
if the critic were to insist on treating a basketball game as a strange,
and inadequate form of ballet.
2 We do not usually say of a mathematics paper, the way we ordinarily
do say about a symphony, that it simply doesnt move us.
Instead, we tend to explain our judgments: to say why the papers
conclusions are not correct, or why they are not likely to be significant.
These explanations involve value judgments, of course, but of a very
different sort from those that are involved when someone says that she
prefers chocolate ice-cream to strawberry, or Rimsky-Korsakovs
Scheherezade to Francks D-minor symphony.
3 There are also "rhythmic aggregates" corresponding to the
"pitch aggregates": just as measure 1 contains one pitch of
every kind, so, too, do measures 1, 2, and the first beat of 3 contain
attacks on each of the 12 possible sixteenth notes in the measure. (In
measure one, there are attacks on the 2nd, 5th, 8th, 9th, and 11th sixteenth
notes; in measure two, there are attacks on the 1st, 4th, 6th, 7th,
and 10th sixteenth notes; and on the first beat of measure 3, there
are attacks on the 0th and 3rd sixteenth notes.) The rest of the excerpt
contains a second "rhythmic aggregate."
4 See, for example C. L. Krumhansl, G. J. Sandell, and D. C. Sergeant,
"The Perception of Tone Hierarchies and Mirror Forms in Twelve-tone
Serial Music," Music Perception 5 (1987): 31-78. Other useful
references can be found at http://dactyl.som.ohio-state.edu/Gibson/research.summary.html.
5 Interestingly, Schoenberg sometimes talked as if there was no difference
between understanding and appreciation. For instance, in talking about
dissonances he constantly emphasized the question of their comprehensibility
to the exclusion of issues involving enjoyment. See, for example,
"Composition with Twelve Tones (1)," in Style and Idea
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975 ).
6 Note the typically Cagean contradiction here: even though we are
supposed to abandon our "likes and dislikes" we are still
allowed to judge some works of art as being "more interesting"
than others. I dont know that Cage ever directly addressed this
inconsistency, but I suspect that he had in mind a distinction between
tastes, which are passionate and emotion-driven, and more dispassionate,
intellectual value-judgements (such as "interestingness").
7 Another important fact is that music is temporal. We look
at a painting for as long as we want, but we listen to a piece of music
for as long as it lasts. This is no doubt one reason why there is a
smaller audience for avant-garde cinema than for avant-garde painting.
8 As distinguished from more complex forms of contextually mediated
enjoyment. I may value my friends painting for reasons that have
nothing to do with how that painting looks, just as I may value a wedding
ring for reasons that are independent of my respect for the jewelers
craftsmanship. What I am considering here is a more restricted kind
of sensuous enjoyment that abstracts away from these sorts of historical/contextual
9 Note that this is a condition on the evaluation of artists, not about
the more general task of determining whether a given artwork is enjoyable
or not. This is of course a large and controversial issue. Unless we
take intentions into consideration, though, we are unable to account
for the fact that most people think that there is an important difference
between the artist who produces good art deliberately, and the
one who does so only accidentally.
10 Saying exactly what makes philosophy great is as difficult as specifying
what makes great literature (or, for that matter, what makes a mathematical
proof beautiful). It is clear that cogent rational arguments are important,
but there are other values at work as well.
11 Of course, not everyone feels this way. I would argue, however,
that our culture as a whole seems to. If we want to explain philosophy
as a tradition, or cultural practice, then we need to invoke the inherent
fascination that radical, visionary speculation seems to have.
Originally published in the October/
November 2000 issue of Boston Review
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Many students will return to schools across the country this month. In two Appalachian counties in South Central Kentucky, nearly 2,000 students will be targeted for HPV awareness and vaccination. The Prevent Cancer Foundation gave the Lake Cumberland District Health Department a 2013 Community Grant for their “Spread the Word” HPV/cervical cancer prevention project. This project aims to increase the HPV vaccination initiation and completion rates among middle and high school students in Kentucky, where HPV vaccination rates of 31 percent are even lower than the national rate of 35 percent.
HPV vaccinations are given as a series of three shots over six months. They come in two forms: Cervarix and Gardasil. While both forms protect against cervical cancer in women, Gardasil also protects against genital warts and cancers of the anus, vagina, and vulva. HPV vaccines are primarily for girls and boys aged 11 or 12, but they are also recommended for women through age 26 and men through age 21 who were unable to get vaccines at an earlier age.
Based on a 2013 survey, 20 percent or less of the targeted students in Kentucky have completed the vaccination process of three doses, and less than 40 percent have even started the process. With the goal of increasing initiation and completion rates by 25 percent, this project will work to increase accessibility through at least three school-based vaccination clinics at every school. Packets with cervical cancer prevention materials will be given to every student at the first of the school year. School nurses will track the participant’s vaccination status and notify students when their next vaccination is due.
The Lake Cumberland District Health Department is building on prior success with school-based HPV education and health clinics. During the past year, 75 percent of eligible students chose to receive HPV vaccines – 94 percent of that number received their first dose, 93 percent received their second dose, and 66 percent received all three doses.
The Prevent Cancer Foundation is proud to support the Lake Cumberland District Health Department as it works with school-based health clinics in Russell and Casey County to provide vaccines and raise awareness of HPV and its link to cervical cancer. “We look forward to working with the Prevent Cancer Foundation to spread the word about cervical cancer and HPV vaccinations,” stated Carol Huckelby of the Lake Cumberland District Health Department.
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In easter 1999 I saw 'The Abyss'. When one of the characters where breathing liquid another wiever noticed that this is impossible. I
corrected him. It is possible to breathe in liquid. We have all done so for nine months.
This kind of liquid got medical use. It's name is perflubron. When a respiratory failure occurs perflubron is used. Acute
respiratory failure has many reasons, premature birth, infection, traumatic shock, severe burns, and inhalation of toxic substances.
As the lung becomes less able to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood, acidosis and oxygen starvation threaten all organs.
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a severe, life-threatening form of respiratory failure, is characterized by loss of normal lung function.
RDS affects approximately 200,000 patients annually in the United States.
The first reported "liquid breathing" experiments in the 1960's tried to make an alternative method for supporting distressed lungs.
Researchers found that mice could survive several hours with their lungs filled with an oxygenated saline solution; subsequent use
of oxygenated silicone oils met with some success, but these fluids were ultimately found to be toxic. The most significant finding of this
period was the potential for use of perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids. These liquids are clear, colorless, odorless, no conducting, and
nonflammable; they are approximately twice as dense as water, and are capable of dissolving large amounts of physiologically important gases
(oxygen and carbon dioxide). PFCs are generally very chemically stable compounds, remaining unchanged in body tissues.
The first physiological tests of PFCs demonstrated that mice and rats submersed in oxygenated fluids could survive for long periods.
These findings led to extensive lung physiology studies of liquid breathing using "tidal" or "total" liquid ventilation.
This technique involves the complete filling of the lungs with a PFC and, by use of a special liquid ventilator machine, recirculation of the
PFC between the patient's lungs and various mechanical components that perform gas exchange, filtration and temperature control. The first
clinical study of premature babies was performed in 1989. While these studies demonstrated improvement in the patients' lung compliance
and gas exchange, further clinical studies were not pursued due to the lack of a clinically applicable liquid ventilator system and a
A breakthrough occurred in 1991, when it was discovered that liquid ventilation could be performed effectively in normal pigs without
the use of a liquid ventilator. Sustained, highly efficient gas exchange was achieved by simply filling the lung with a PFC to a prescribed
level, and then reconnecting the conventional gas ventilator. This discovery, along with expanded studies sponsored by Alliance Pharmaceutical
Corp., established the feasibility of a simplified, practical method of liquid ventilation that could lead to clinical applications. The PLV
technique has now been shown to produce significant improvements in lung function and viability in numerous animal studies of diseased or
injured lungs. By opening closed alveoli and keeping them open with lower ventilator pressures and reduced oxygen settings, and by increasing
the flow of blood to the more open portions of the lung, selected PFCs can apparently minimize lung damage and enable earlier cessation of
If this technique could be perfected is could be useful for divers and submarine escape. As we have seen this liquid has an important
For medical use perflubron is sold by Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp. under the name LiquiVent.
Einar Herstad-Hansen © 2002 - 2017
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, when the former fell back to Boonsboro
also fell back from a position now greatly exposed and formed on Shelby
made an advance against the enemy and checked him for a short time, then fell back before the weight of numbers, which seemed to swarm over the hills, while Shelby
took new position about the college.
was ordered back to meet the enemy south of the college and Newburg
, which he did, until Shelby
could reform behind his line on a ridge overlooking a valley, which separated the ridge from the town.
, in turn, fell back, after several volleys from his shotguns (falling short and ineffectual), and formed on Shelby
's left, MacDonald
going into line on his left.
The enemy had now reached the college hill, and played his batteries of twelve guns upon the Confederate
line, answered by Bledsoe
with spirit, and by the little howitzers under Shoup
, which had gone into battery on the ridge.
This artillery duel was kept up for half an hour, while ladies and little children, who had fled from their pretty homes in Newburg
, crouched in terror as the artillery played over them, down in the valley between the contending lines, their bedding having been thrown out by the enemy, and houses dismantled.
It was a most touching scene—the reality of ruthless war.
had information that the enemy was advancing by a route on the right, threatening his rear, and he ordered the command to retire down the Cove creek
road, receiving the enemy by regiments in successive formation along the road.
Seeing this movement of the Confederates
, the enemy advanced with great boldness, infantry, artillery and cavalry, but being checked until the last crest of the mountain was reached and the train was secure beyond it. There Shoup
's little battery, gallantly sending defiance to the foe as he advanced, was partially disabled, and the guns, with the assistance of
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| 0.98295
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The new Vital Signs report, released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has reported that of 250 pregnant women confirmed with Zika infection in 2016, approximately 1 in 10 of them had a fetus or infant with virus-related birth defects. This report is the first of its kind, to present an analysis from a sample of US women with a definite case of Zika infection during pregnancy.
Credit: Tacio Philip Sansonovski / Shutterstock.com
It is difficult to test for Zika, as once infected, there is a short timeframe where the individual must be tested in order to obtain a positive laboratory outcome to show infection. In addition, many infected people are asymptotic, which means that they are unaware of the need for testing. On these grounds, CDC is examining all pregnant women with proof of Zika infectivity.
Zika infection during pregnancy can severely harm the brain of the developing fetus, and result in a smaller head size, known as microcephaly. If congenital Zika syndrome develops, this can lead to a pattern of birth defects that include abnormalities of the brain, vision loss or difficulty in hearing, problems in motility, or other virus-related health issues that may not show at birth.
Anne Schuchat, M.D, CDC Acting Director, mentions that:
Zika virus can be scary and potentially devastating to families. Zika continues to be a threat to pregnant women across the US. With warm weather and a new mosquito season approaching, prevention is crucial to protect the health of mothers and babies. Healthcare providers can play a key role in prevention efforts”
The report concludes the serious hazard posed by the Zika infection during pregnancy and the need for pregnant women to take extra care in preventing their exposure to the virus, whether via a mosquito host or sexually transmitted. The report also highlights the significance of the healthcare professionals in testing all pregnant women for the Zika virus, and examining and evaluating all babies born to women infected with Zika during their pregnancy.
The data for this report spans January 15 and December 27, 2016. The Zika pregnancy registry collected data from all the states in the US and from Washington DC., except the territory of Puerto Rico, which has its own surveillance system to monitor Zika pregnancies in their area. The CDC report also highlights potential gaps in the clinical assessment of babies with the possibility of Zika infection present at birth.
The report concludes that in 2016, 44 states reported evidence of Zika virus in about 1,300 pregnant women. Most of these women got infected while traveling to areas reported with cases of Zika. Of the 1,000 babies born in that year, more than 50 had Zika-related birth defects.
Among pregnant women infected with the Zika virus, fetus or baby with virus-related birth defects is reported in about 1 out of 10 babies, whereas evidence of infections during the first trimester of pregnancy is prone to 15%— the highest risk for Zika-related birth defects. While 1 in 3 babies with possible congenital Zika viral infection had no report of Zika testing at the time of birth, 1 in 4 infants were reported to have received brain imaging post birth.
Peggy Honein, Ph.D, the co-lead of Zika Response Pregnancy and Birth Defects Task Force, said that CDC advises pregnant women to avoid traveling to Zika-risk places and refrain from having sex with partners who have traveled to Zika-infected areas.
CDC continues to work closely with health departments on the US Zika Pregnancy Registry to follow up infants with possible congenital Zika virus infection and better understand the full range of disabilities that can result from this infection."
Peggy Honein, co-lead of Zika Response Pregnancy and Birth Defects Task Force.
CDC encourages physicians to instruct families on Zika prevention, and make available all required checks and follow-up support to infants and families.
CDC is continuously updating regulations for healthcare professionals on testing and the clinical care for pregnant women and infants affected by Zika. It is also examining new infections and is working towards recognizing the long-term results of the Zika virus.
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http://www.news-medical.net/news/20170405/Zika-related-birth-defects-reported-by-1-in-10-US-based-pregnant-women-infected-by-the-virus-in-2016.aspx
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As Digital Asset Specialist at the Museum, I have the pleasure of working with our Research Scientist Emeritus, Dr. Bob Brill, as he digitizes some of the materials in his personal archive. Dr. Brill’s history with the Museum stretches back almost 40 years, and he has traveled all over the world for his work conducting chemical analyses and other scientific investigations of ancient glass. It should come as no surprise, then, that he has shared some incredible materials and stories with me.
One such gem is this slide (bib no. 127878). At first glance, it may not look like much – four green glass circles. These aren’t just any pieces of glass, however. These are four green glass beads excavated from San Salvador Island, the Bahamas, from the site of Christopher Columbus’s first landfall in the New World.
Christopher Columbus’s journal entry from October 12, 1492, records that land was (finally) spotted on the horizon at sunrise. This land is now believed to be San Salvador Island. Columbus’s ships sailed around the island later that day, and Columbus noted that local inhabitants rode out in boats to greet them. The European sailors traded small trinkets with them, he wrote, including small glass beads, shoe buckles, snippets of coins, and bits of broken crockery. While these items had little value to the Europeans, to the native inhabitants of the Bahamas, who lacked glassmaking technology and metallurgy, such things would have been remarkable.
Almost 500 years later, in the 1970s, an excavation was underway at San Salvador Island. At the place traditionally held to be Columbus’s landing site, archaeologists uncovered small glass beads, including the ones shown in Dr. Brill’s slide; coinage that was later dated to 1472; and shoebuckles. The lead in the glass beads was shown to have come from Spain.
Although four green glass circles don’t seem impressive at first glance, these beads actually have incredible historical significance – they were likely among the first items ever traded between residents of the New World and the Old. And they’re also a reminder to never judge an image (or a slide!) by your first impression.
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This book was first published in 1931, yet it still retains the qualities for readers today that made it a worldwide best seller for so many years. Pearl Buck was born in the United States but raised in China by missionary parents, so she identified with the Chinese and spoke the language fluently.
The story concerns Wang Lung the farmer, and traces his life from early marriage on, encompassing his rise to prosperity through hard work and trusting in the land, the source of his livelihood. He lives through famine and times of social upheaval. We are with him throughout his struggles, sympathizing with his willingness to endure as long as he has his connection with the earth, with the rhythm of its seasons and harvests. Events encountered later have more to do with his family and their relationships. Buck’s portrayal of these situations is both skillful and sparing, letting the reader imagine what is left unsaid from his or her own life experience.
Pearl Buck won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1938, and this award caused some controversy. Some critics of the award citied the author's tendency to give too much prominence to her message, which often resulted in a more superficial treatment of her characters. She wrote profusely, producing two or three books a year. Many of these are not memorable, but some of them are, and The Good Earth is one of her best efforts.
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The best way to think about a country's debt burden is to compare it to the size of the economy, or gross domestic product. The nominal debt can be a big number, but if the sum of the goods and services a country produces is bigger, governments will have little trouble generating the revenue necessary to finance its obligations. Economists start to worry when the debt approaches 90 per cent of GDP. That's why Finance Minister Jim Flaherty and his provincial counterparts are talking austerity: the combined federal and provincial debt is now about 88 per cent. But every jurisdiction is unique. Japan's debt has exceeded 150 per cent of GDP for years. The country can get away with it because Japanese are big purchasers of government debt, a steady source of demand that keeps borrowing costs low. But economists question how long this can last. Domestic demand has limits, and Japan's debt is now twice the size of its economy.
Discover content from The Globe and Mail that you might otherwise not have come across. Here we’ll provide you with fresh suggestions where we will continue to make even better ones as we get to know you better.
You can let us know if a suggestion is not to your liking by hitting the ‘’ close button to the right of the headline.
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https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/as-the-budget-looms-how-heavy-is-canadas-debt-burden/article643792/?from=643809
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WHAT DO DATA ANALYSTS DO?
Data analysts translate numbers into plain English Every business collects data, whether it's sales figures, market research, logistics, or transportation costs. A data analyst's job is to take that data and use it to help companies make better business decisions. This could mean figuring out how to price new materials for the market, how to reduce transportation costs, solve issues that cost the company money, or determine how many people should be working on Saturdays.
HOW MUCH DO DATA ANALYSTS MAKE?
This depends on experience and what type of data analyst you are. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) financial analysts made a median hourly rate of $35.75, or $74,350 annually in 2010. Market research analysts made $29.12 an hour, or $60,570 annually, and operations research analysts made $34.12 per hour, or $$70,960 annually.
WHAT ARE THE EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS?
A bachelor's degree is needed for most entry-level jobs, and a master's degree will be needed for many upper-level jobs. Most analysts will have degrees in fields like math, statistics, computer science, or something closely related to their field. Strong math and analysis skills are needed.
Depending on the field you go into, certification is available.
JOB SKILLS AND REQUIREMENTS
- Analytical Skills: Data analysts work with large amounts of data: facts, figures, and number crunching. You will need to see through the data and analyze it to find conclusions.
- Communication Skills: Data analysts are often called to present their findings, or translate the data into an understandable document. You will need to write and speak clearly, easily communicating complex ideas.
- Critical Thinking: Data analysts must look at the numbers, trends, and data and come to new conclusions based on the findings.
- Attention to Detail: Data is precise. Data analysts have to make sure they are vigilant in their analysis to come to correct conclusions.
- Math Skills: Data analysts need math skills to estimate numerical data.
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http://www.snagajob.com/job-descriptions/data-analyst/
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Drivers for renewable energy – environment or economy?
By E Uken, Energy Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Electricity+Control, November 2013 (pages 50 - 54)
Download the full article on Drivers for renewable energy - environment or economy? in PDF format.
The majority of people living in developed countries support the notion of using renewable energy to save the environment from global warming. Developing nations generally cannot afford to commit themselves to a drastic energy switch.
The vision of the South African Department of Energy (DoE) is ‘to make adequate and affordable energy available to developing communities through a mix of renewable energy sources at a reasonable cost’.
This approach is a realistic and affordable one. There is room for all renewable energy sources and they should be allowed to compete with one another, including conventional sources of energy. All power producers should be given a fair chance to develop and compete – technically and economically. Instead of pushing out existing systems, the country is allowing renewable energy to make a sizeable contribution of up to 42% into the additional supply that will be required in coming years. The environment is bound to benefit from the introduction of renewable energy sources, once they start developing seriously in South Africa along affordable business principles.
- An abundance of wind and sun is not all that is required to render renewable energy viable.
- To what extent are humans responsible for climate change?
- Is the climate change debate a political tool?
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Definitions of celt
n. - One of an ancient race of people, who formerly inhabited a great part of Central and Western Europe, and whose descendants at the present day occupy Ireland, Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, and the northern shores of France. 2
n. - A weapon or implement of stone or metal, found in the tumuli, or barrows, of the early Celtic nations. 2
The word "celt" uses 4 letters: C E L T.
No direct anagrams for celt found in this word list.
List shorter words within celt, sorted by length
All words formed from celt by changing one letter
Browse words starting with celt by next letter
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http://www.morewords.com/word/celt
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The education models adopted across Africa today have been built on top of an old process that was designed to produce workers. However, in the world that we live in today, we are expected to synthesize new tasks. We are expected to create, not just produce. This is only possible when we have trained ourselves to think.
There is a huge opportunity to improve the educational systems in Africa to refocus young adults to thinking and learning skills instead of just the learning of skills. The ability to just learn new tasks isn’t enough. This is why the Lapid Leaders Experience is tailored to grow the thinking capabilities of the youth we work with. Check out this video by one of the Lapid Leaders who talks about how she learned to thinking and how this has benefited her.
“What happens when school is real life, and not just preparation for real life”.
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Things to be aware of is distributing the equations correctly. Once we do that we distribute the letters and combine like terms according to x^2 and x and whole numbers. Once we have all that we plug in the rest intro our matrix. Be wary of numbers being correct and multiplied correctly.
Things to pay close attention to the numbers being multiplied. It's also highly advised to pay close attentions to make sure the numbers are inputted correctly. Make sure to plug in the numbers into your calculator correctly for the rref.
Things to be wary of in the video is the placement of your numbers and make sure you're always looking at the correct rows. More things to be wary of is making sure you distribute the negative correctly. Another thing to pay close attention is to plug in the numbers correctly into the calculator.
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If only humans could benefit from new research like mice do.
Another groundbreaking finding while studying mice – this one out of Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and published in the journal Nature Neuroscience – “has completely eliminated chronic pain behavior.”
The new findings represent a significant breakthrough in understanding that a region of the brain, which regulates feelings of happiness, sadness and addiction, is remodeled by chronic pain. More importantly, the researchers have created a two-drug combination that restores this region, resulting in dramatically reduced pain symptoms.
The two-drug combination includes a Parkinson’s drug, L-dopa, and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. When combined, the drugs target the brain’s circuits in the nucleus accumbens, and eliminate chronic pain behavior. The study authors noted “the key is administering the drugs together and shortly after injury,” which leaves open the question of whether such treatments could benefit people suffering in pain for long periods of time.
“It was surprising to us that chronic pain actually rewires the part of the brain controlling whether you feel happy or sad,” said corresponding author D. James Surmeier, chair of physiology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in a press release. “By understanding what was causing these changes, we were able to design a corrective therapy that worked remarkably well in the models. The question now is whether it will work in humans.”
“The study shows you can think of chronic pain as the brain getting addicted to pain,” said A. Vania Apkarian, professor of physiology at Feinberg, and co-author of the study. “The brain circuit that has to do with addiction has gotten involved in the pain process itself.”
“It is remarkable that by changing the activity of a single cell type in an emotional area of the brain, we can prevent the pain behavior,” said Marco Martina, associate professor of physiology at Feinberg and also a co-author of the study.
Well, the mice in Evanston, Illinois, are surely feeling better, just as the mice in London are enjoying their “recipe for painlessness.” But will humans ever get a crack at experiencing this new drug combination?
The good news is, yes. The new research has scientists excited enough to begin pursuing a clinical trial in humans. Information regarding when such a clinical trial will begin is currently unavailable.
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According to the 2000 Census, Sunflower County, Mississippi has a population of 34,369 people. Of those, 9,927 (26%) are White, 24,010 (71%) are Black, and 448 (1%) are Latino. However, 4,692 (or 14% of the 34,369 people) are not residents by choice but are people in prison.
Even though prisoners cannot participate in the local community, the Census Bureau nevertheless counts them as residents of the county where they are incarcerated.
A more accurate description would not include the prisoners. This would give Sunflower County a population of 29,677 with a demographic that is 30% White, 69% Black, and 1% Latino.
The numbers for Whites, Blacks and Latinos may not add up to the total number because we have not included racial groups other than Whites and Blacks and because the Census Bureau considers "Latino" to be an ethnicity, not a race. Most of the people reported as being Latino are also counted as being White or Black.
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Hydrochloric acid is manufactured in two specifications. Food grade hydrochloric acid is used to make ingredients and additives. Industrial grade hydrochloric acid is used in metal pickling, petroleum refining, manufacturing pigments, dyes and chemicals, as well as water treatment.
Hydrochloric acid is used to manufacture various pigments and dyes.
Hydrochloric acid is mainly used in the production of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). HFCS is found in soft drinks, which accounts for 70-75 per cent of the demand. Hydrochloric acid is also used in other food processing applications including the production of hydrolysed vegetable protein and soy sauce. It helps produce artificial sweeteners and citric acid.
Hydrochloric acid is used in the pre-treatment and extraction of gelatine.
The leather industry uses hydrochloric acid for de-liming, tanning and dying of hides.
Hydrochloric acid is used to remove rust, scale and undesirable carbonate deposits in oil wells. This encourages the flow of crude oil or gas to the well. The various hydro-treating processes in a refinery include hydrodesulphurisation, hydroisomerisation, dearomatization and hydrocracking.
One of the main uses for hydrochloric acid is the pickling of carbon, alloy and stainless steels. It is also used in aluminium etching, metal prefixing for galvanising and soldering, and metal cleaning.
Hydrochloric acid works as an effective neutralisation agent for alkaline (high pH) effluent. It also helps in the regeneration of cationic resin bed.
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The German Army decided that, as they thought the 7.92 mm cartridge was too powerful, they needed to develop a new cartridge. The cartridge they developed was the 7.92x33mm round. In 1942, Haenel and Walther were both tasked with creating rifles that utilized this new ammunition. This led to the development of two new automatic carbines; the MKb 42(H) and the MKb 42(W) (the "H" and "W" suffixes standing for "Haenel" and "Walther" respectively, indicating each weapons manufacturer). After vigorous trials, the Haenel model was found to be the better model. It was shortly thereafter fielded by the Wehrmacht in the Eastern Front. The MKb 42(W) was abandoned and no further MKb 42(W) rifles were produced, with Walther turning their attention to the production of P38 handguns. Today, MKb 42(W) rifles are collector's pieces and usually found only in museums and exhibitions.
- ↑ http://world.guns.ru/assault/de/mkb42-h-e.html
- ↑ The Illustrated World Encyclopedia of Guns, p.385
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Teenage track star Dutee Chand has found herself at the heart of a controversy confounding athletes around the globe. On the surface, the debate contends to address unfair advantages in athletics; on deeper inspection, the arguments expose biases underlying gender categories in international competitions.
Dutee Chand trains hard and runs fast. In September, she clinched the gold medal for the 100 meter sprint at the National Open Athletics Championships in Kolkata. With medals in her relay race and the 200 meter dash as well, her reentry into competitive track and field has been triumphant. However, her comeback arises during a lull in the turbulent gender scrutiny she underwent last year that initially barred her from competing. Upon revelation of Chand’s hyperandrogenism — a naturally occurring condition that induces higher production of androgens in female-sexed bodies — she was deemed unfit (or purportedly, “too fit”) to compete with other women.
Sports arbitrators, including FIFA, the International Olympics Committee and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), have instituted rigid policies regarding the eligibility requirements for female athletes. These regulations customarily exclude hyperandrogenic women from competing with women whose testosterone levels fall under the threshold of a standardized norm, in a dubious effort to eliminate biological “advantages.”
Under the codes of IAAF, disqualified intersex athletes can reenter competition if they undergo body-altering medical interventions (surgery to reduce testosterone production or a regime of hormone-suppressing drugs). Today’s biomedical policing of intersex athletes burgeons from a dark genealogy of gender verification exams that pathologized nonbinary bodies. For most of the 20th century, all female athletes in international contests underwent testing to prove the “appropriate” hormones and chromosomes that would allow them to compete.
Unlike their peers, male athletes have not been subject to such panoptic inspection. Contrary to the unfair advantage that high levels of testosterone supposedly imparts on women, too much “femininity” in male athletes is perceived to be a handicap and thus, irrelevant to arbitration of advantages. This assumption fails to critique the possibility that the conflation of women and weakness is a self-fulfilling prophecy imbedded in cultural expectations of passivity and lack of funds and opportunities for female athletes — rather than a biologically determined fact. Katrina Karkazis of Stanford University’s Center for Biomedical Ethics argues, “there is no [scientific] evidence that successful athletes have higher testosterone levels than less successful ones.”
IAAF’s testosterone policy hinges on this inkling of an impervious boundary between the male and female sex, which, as scientists, feminists and anthropologists have pointed out, is a socially fabricated bifurcation. The imposition of two diametric boxes for sex identity obscures the range of variation in human anatomy; we can be male or female, and nothing in between, outside, oscillating or otherwise. Karkazis asserts that “scientifically, there is no clear or objective way to draw a bright line between male and female,” because testosterone levels vary widely, depending on a range of non-generalizable factors.
Culture and science do not exist in parallel vacuums, but rather mutually influence one another, particularly in demarcating “natural” and “normal.” The “objective” processes of scientific research are laden with cultural biases that have led to the pathologization of bodies that “deviate” from normative standards. Today, intersex babies often undergo “corrective” surgery moments after birth (frequently without their parents’ knowledge or consent) to placate a social discomfort with nonbinary persons. These “corrective” interventions are cosmetic measures that aim to situate people more neatly into categories and often result in psychological damage for the individual. Cultural queasiness with intersexuality and the “corrective” surgeries work in a positive feedback loop, exacerbating medical surveillance and intolerance of intersex individuals.
Scores of athletes have been stripped of medals and disqualified because of variances that inevitably exist in the infinitely diverging array of female anatomy. Yet, IAAF avows that a fundamental limit of testosterone divulges the distillable essence of “woman” — a measure that confines the admissibility for participation in female athletics. In codifying the corporeal limitations of “woman,” IAAF policies reaffirm perilously narrow-minded conceptions of sex and gender. The scrutiny and marginalization of intersex athletes becomes standardized through the ensnaring, co-constitutive effects of sexist stereotypes and gender binaries.
Furthermore, this highly regulated and essentialized femininity is rooted in centuries of white supremacy. Dissected and molded by the white male gaze, the archetypal female is a racialized concept, stemming from the desire for a docile, submissive, diminutive and reproductive homemaker to serve the active, willful, colonial male. The standardized boundaries of “woman” (physically, psychologically and socially) develop from a racist patriarchal organization of control that leaves little room for deviance from the idealized, compliant, white female.
Women who do not conform to racialized gender stereotypes often fall under suspicion. The hyper-monitoring of racialized women in arbitrations of gender testing in sports typifies this vestige of colonial racism; most women whose gender has been called into question by athletic adjudicators have been women of color and/or women from the Global South. These women face increased body policing, medicalization, and exclusion from opportunities when failing to comply. Courts disproportionately negate the agency of female athletes of color to self-identify, thereby propagating racism within athletic arenas and gender constructions.
Nonetheless, last summer Dutee Chand won a lawsuit that temporarily overturns IAAF’s testosterone policy. The Court of Arbitration for Sport decided that Chand has the right to compete with her natural body, based on the absence of scientific proof demonstrating that testosterone enhances athletic abilities. Within track and field competitions, the hyperandrogenism exclusion has been lifted for two years, during which the IAAF must evidence their claim or give it up.
Common estimates indicate that one in 2000 people are intersex, meaning that the delineations of binary boxes fall short for millions across the globe. To institutionalize an incompetent binary system within international athletics is to disregard, reject, erase, disparage and deny the existence and the exigencies of millions of athletes — past, present and future. The inadequacy and destructiveness of these categorizing schemes becomes evident in the exclusion of passionate athletes like Dutee Chand who deserve the opportunity to compete without forcibly transforming their bodies.
We are all affected by the reinforcement of gender binaries that stem from racist and misogynist ideologies and serve to squash us into restraining categories of preconfigured identities. Testosterone testing helps no one — least of all the intersex athletes whose dreams are sidelined, careers are cut short and identities are refuted through the imposition of capricious borderlines. Dutee Chand’s victory is a leap towards undoing the damaging confines of gender testing in sports, but much work remains to bring justice to the multiplicity of sex and gender identities. We all have a stake — let’s start pushing.
Kate Poor is a senior in the College of Arts and Sciences. She may be reached at email@example.com. Triple Jump appears alternate Mondays this semester.
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NATO seems more united today than it has been at any time since the end of the Cold War. An aggressive Russia, unbowed by Western economic sanctions after its annexation of Crimea and intervention in eastern Ukraine, has driven NATO member countries closer together. However, if given the opportunity, an aggressive Russia could also put NATO in a position that could strain its cohesion and ultimately undermine its existence. One place where that could happen is in the Baltics states of Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia.
At the time, NATO’s European governments were unconcerned. Russia, they believed, no longer posed a real threat. So, rather than make the costly outlays needed to protect the Baltic states, they cut their defense budgets. It was little surprise, then, that Europe’s conventional military forces saw their numbers and combat readiness fall. Today, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom would each be hard pressed to rapidly deploy a single combat-ready armored brigade. NATO’s reduced fighting capacity was also evident in its air campaign over Libya in 2011. After less than a month of combat, European air forces ran short of precision-guided munitions.
Moreover, given how easily Russia could sever the land and air routes into the Baltics, one might have expected NATO to have boosted its amphibious capacity in case it needed to send reinforcements across the Baltic Sea. Instead, NATO’s combined sealift capacity, excluding U.S. amphibious forces, has fallen to such a low level that it can ferry little more than two infantry brigades. Even worse, almost all of that capacity is based far from the Baltic Sea. And even if NATO could transport those brigades to the Baltics (through what might be a gauntlet of Russian air and missile strikes from Kaliningrad) it is doubtful whether they would be enough to stop a mechanized Russian invasion.
Peril of the Interregnum
Should NATO prove too unprepared to help the Baltics, Russia could achieve a quick victory. That would mean that NATO would have to mount a counteroffensive to liberate the region in order to fulfill its treaty obligations. But before it could do so, the Alliance would need time to fully mobilize its armed forces. During that interregnum, between Russia’s victory and NATO’s counteroffensive, NATO leaders would have time to contemplate what was to come.
They would have a lot to consider. Since the only land route into the Baltics runs through the 100-km wide Suwalki Gap, a narrow corridor between Lithuania and Poland, NATO ground forces would have little choice but to mount a frontal attack. Massed Russian artillery could turn the gap into a killing zone. Meanwhile, Russia’s coastal defense batteries and attack helicopter battalions could inflict heavy losses on any amphibious assault.
The conflict could also escalate beyond the Baltics. As a prelude to any counteroffensive, NATO commanders would naturally want to use their air power to attrit Russian forces and logistical capacity as well as suppress Russia’s supporting artillery, air defense, and coastal defense batteries. That would require strikes against targets on not only Baltic soil, but also possibly Russian soil. Moscow could seek reciprocity. It could launch air or missile strikes on similar targets in Western Europe and the United States. Russia could even escalate to a nuclear confrontation. In effect, it could thrust upon NATO leaders the decision: “Is Tallinn worth Berlin?”
Ultimately, the near certainty of high casualties, the uncertainty of battlefield success, and the possibility of a wider war might cause NATO leaders to think twice about liberating the Baltics. Russian information operations would likely exacerbate those concerns to sow doubt and division within NATO countries. If NATO leaders were to hesitate during the interregnum and agree to a settlement that left any part of the Baltics in Russian hands, then no NATO member could fully trust NATO’s security guarantee again. The rationale for NATO would be lost and its future existence put at risk.
The Tripwire Fix
NATO faced a similar danger during the Cold War. At that time, the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies had amassed such enormous conventional forces that they threatened to overwhelm those of the Alliance. Observers wondered whether the United States would risk a nuclear confrontation with the Soviet Union if it quickly occupied Western Europe. The question put to American leaders was: “Is Bonn worth Washington?” NATO responded by stationing large U.S. military forces close to the frontline, in part, to act as a tripwire. They would incur the first casualties of any Soviet invasion. Those losses would bind the United States and its nuclear arsenal to the defense of Western Europe, and thus deter the Soviet Union from invading it in the first place.
NATO appears to be trying a similar tactic in the Baltics states. For years, NATO has rotated tiny military contingents through the region. But over the last year, their sizes have grown. Currently, a German-led battle group of 1,000 soldiers is in Lithuania. Later this year, a Canadian-led battle group will be in Latvia and a British-led one will visit Estonia. Though still too small to stop a Russian invasion, they could serve as a tripwire to bind the rest of Europe to the defense of the Baltics. However, that only works if NATO can prevent Russia from achieving a quick victory, since the prospect of a costly counteroffensive could still render NATO’s tripwire ineffective.
Most exposed to the Russian threat, NATO’s Eastern European members are leading the way. Poland created a new Territorial Defense Force of reservists who will number 53,000 in two years. It also ordered 128 upgraded Leopard 2PL main battle tanks. All three Baltic countries have acquired new light armored vehicles. Better yet, they are beginning to acquire the firepower needed to slow a Russian advance. Lithuania recently bought PzH2000 self-propelled howitzers, and Estonia is in discussions to purchase K9 long-range artillery.
The rest of NATO needs to do the same. After all, one of the key reasons why NATO was so important in the most successful unfought war of the last century, the Cold War, was because its member countries were conscious to brook no ambiguity about the Alliance’s combat readiness to take on its main adversary.
Nicholas de Larrinaga, “Estonia begins K9 artillery negotiations with South Korea,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, Feb. 7, 2017; Nicholas de Larrinaga, “Lithuania receives first PzH 2000 howitzers,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, Jun. 28, 2016.
As NATO expanded eastwards after the Cold War, the geography that the Alliance needed to defend changed significantly (See map). Rather than a relatively narrow front in Central Europe (dashed line), NATO now had to contend with a far wider front across Eastern Europe (solid line) stretching its defense capabilities. When the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined the Alliance in 2004, they created an even greater operational challenge for NATO.
Lay of the Land
Sitting on the Alliance’s eastern edge, all three Baltic countries border Russia, NATO’s most likely adversary. But only one, Lithuania, is connected to any other NATO country. Lithuania’s border with Poland, just 100 km wide and with a single highway running through it, forms a bottleneck that NATO planners call the Suwalki Gap (named after a nearby Polish town). Worse still, on one side of the gap is Kaliningrad, a large Russian military enclave, and on the other side is Belarus, a close Russian ally.
Figuring out how to overcome that problematic geography became more pressing for NATO after 2007, when Russia suspended its participation in the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe treaty, which had limited the number of troops and equipment that NATO and Russia could station in continental Europe. Since then, Russia has steadily strengthened its military forces across its western regions, including Kaliningrad. One recent study estimates that if Russia were to invade the Baltics today it could mobilize 25 battalions of armor, airborne, and mechanized infantry (supported by ten battalions of artillery, six of attack helicopters, and five of short-range ballistic missiles). By contrast, the Baltic countries could field only 11 battalions of light infantry, most of which are reserve units. Plus, without any fighter aircraft of their own, Baltic forces would be completely exposed to Russian air power.
Clearly, without NATO support, the Baltics could offer little serious resistance to a Russian invasion. From St. Petersburg, a Russian column could advance into Estonia to seize Tallinn. From Pskov, another column could advance into Latvia to take Riga and pivot south into Lithuania. Simultaneously, Russian forces in Kaliningrad could seal off likely avenues for NATO reinforcements. A Russian thrust toward Marijampolė would close the Suwalki Gap and another toward Klaipėda would close NATO’s most accessible Baltic port. To ensure battlefield success, Russia could use its strategic reserve of airborne and Spetsnaz forces.
From the Sea
Should Russia sever the land and air routes into the Baltics, NATO may be forced to send its reinforcements across the Baltic Sea. However, doing so would face serious hurdles. First, NATO lacks enough military sealift to transport the volume of troops and equipment necessary to stop a Russian assault. As a work-around for its sealift shortage, NATO could commandeer car ferries and other civilian shipping. But NATO could not as easily work around the threat of Russian long-range anti-ship cruise missiles. Launched from K-300P Bastion-P coastal defense batteries in Kaliningrad, such missiles could inflict heavy casualties on any NATO reinforcements.
Since the U.S. Navy would not likely want to expose an aircraft carrier battle group to such a threat in the confined waters of the Baltic Sea, the job of escorting NATO’s troop transports would then fall on smaller warships with less sophisticated anti-ship cruise missile defenses. That could put already scarce troop transports at higher risk.
Even worse, if Russian forces were to capture all the ports in the Baltics, NATO might have to mount an amphibious assault to reestablish itself on land. That would be difficult to pull off, despite the spectacle of NATO’s Baltic Operations (Baltops) exercises. Amphibious assaults have never been easy; but they are even more difficult today, given that modern precision-guided munitions could make short work of landing craft, helicopters, and even MV-22 aircraft.
Given the potential for Russia to interdict their seaborne forces, NATO commanders would naturally want to suppress Russian coastal defense batteries. After all, a successful missile strike on a single transport could result in the loss of hundreds of troops and their equipment. Multiple missile strikes could swiftly sap the combat strength of any NATO relief force.
At first glance, the suppression of Russian coastal defense batteries (and the air defense systems protecting them) would appear to be a straightforward affair. NATO air forces based in Germany and Poland could easily reach and strike Russian positions in Kaliningrad. However, were NATO air forces to do so, they would be hitting targets on Russian soil. That, in turn, could prompt Russia to expand the conflict beyond the Baltics. NATO could expect retaliatory Russian strikes on its German and Polish air bases.
In addition, one could reasonably expect NATO commanders to want to stem the flow of Russian forces and supplies into the Baltics, either to slow a Russian invasion or as a prelude to a NATO counteroffensive. To be most effective, that would require NATO strikes on Russian logistical facilities near St. Petersburg and Pskov. Such strikes would hit targets deep into Russian territory. That could also prompt Russia to escalate. It could launch retaliatory strikes against NATO logistical facilities in Antwerp, Hamburg, and Rotterdam. Russia could even use submarine-launched land-attack cruise missiles to hit targets in the United States, like Naval Station Norfolk or Pope Air Force Base, which normally support U.S. operations abroad.
Ultimately, Russia could threaten to use nuclear weapons. Indeed, in 2016, Russia moved Iskander 9K720 intermediate-range nuclear-capable missiles into Kaliningrad. It may have done so, in part, to ensure that NATO leaders think twice before attacking targets there, since a strike on Russian nuclear forces could quickly escalate into a nuclear confrontation. In any case, even if armed with conventional warheads, those missiles could hit and devastate targets as far away as Germany.
The best way for NATO to overcome its operational challenge in the Baltics is to make sure it never manifests itself. To do that, NATO must convince Russia that it could not achieve a quick victory in the region. Already NATO has rotated small air and ground detachments through the Baltic countries to stiffen their defenses as well as to create a tripwire to guarantee a forceful NATO response in case of a Russian attack.
But more needs to be done before Russia is really convinced. Forward-deployed NATO battle groups need to be stronger—strong enough to hold open avenues for NATO reinforcements. Moreover, NATO countries need to revive their conventional war-fighting capabilities and maintain them at a higher state of combat readiness than they do now. Finally, NATO forces need to be able to react more quickly to Russian actions. That means Western governments need to give NATO’s commander the authority to not only put their national military forces on alert, but also order them into the field for limited periods. In short, NATO should, once again, adhere to the old aphorism that “if you want peace, prepare for war.”
David A. Shlapak and Michael W. Johnson, Reinforcing Deterrence on NATO’s Eastern Flank: Wargaming the Defense of the Baltics (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2016), pp. 4-5.
Should Belarus allow them to do so, Russian forces could also pass through Belarusian territory to advance on Vilnius from Minsk.
Brooks Tigner, “Kaliningrad becoming a more dangerous military threat for NATO, say officials,” Jane’s Defence Weekly, Nov. 10, 2016.
In early 2015, Western leaders thought they had Russia cornered. A year earlier they imposed on Russia economic sanctions, which ranged from restrictions on access to Western capital markets to bans on the export of oil-production technology, to punish it for its role in dismembering Ukraine. Those sanctions and the Russian boycotts that followed threw Russia’s economy into turmoil. With some justification, President Barack Obama declared that “Russia is isolated with its economy in tatters” in January 2015. But two years later, Russia has stabilized its economy, annexed Crimea, and kept its “little green men” in eastern Ukraine. What went awry?
In financial terms, Russia felt the most damaging impact of the West’s economic sanctions within the first year of their imposition. Suddenly, Russian companies, holding dollar and euro-denominated debt, had to repay their loans without the ability to refinance them. Russian banks targeted by Western sanctions saw their overseas assets frozen. That created a cash crunch. Many companies were forced to suspend operations and slash jobs; some even required government capital injections to survive. But they did survive.
Commodity Price Stabilization
Unfortunately for Russia, the West’s economic sanctions coincided with a steep drop in global oil prices. That, more than anything else, exacerbated Russia’s economic woes, since much of the country’s economy depends on the production of commodities, primarily oil. Oil prices plummeted from over $100 per barrel to under $35 per barrel in late 2015. But then they began to recover the following year. So too did the prices of other major commodities that Russia produces, including iron, aluminum, and copper. No doubt global economic growth, which boosted commodity prices, helped Russia to better ride out Western sanctions.
But the stabilization of commodities prices did not save Russia’s economy. With economic sanctions darkening the country’s outlook, the value of the Russian ruble was cut in half. At first, Russia’s central bank tried to defend it, consuming $200 billion in foreign exchange reserves in the effort. But ultimately, Russia’s central bank took a leaf from the International Monetary Fund’s market-based playbook and allowed the Russian ruble to float. That freed Russia’s central bank from having to defend the ruble and prevented an even greater outflow of hard currency that would have further undermined Russia’s economy.
Moreover, since commodities are generally priced in dollars, the sharply devalued ruble meant that though Russian companies faced falling prices for their goods, the dollars they did receive could be converted into more rubles. That softened the economic blow—enough so that Russian energy companies could continue to reinvest in their businesses. As a result, despite the sanctions on oil-production technology, Russia is able to produce more oil today than it did before the sanctions were imposed.
With shortages of imported goods and more rubles in circulation, inflation became a real threat. Rising prices ate away at the purchasing power of ordinary Russians. But rather than reflexively enact price controls, Russia’s central bank used another market-inspired lever. It raised interest rates, up to 17 percent by December 2014. Credit naturally dried up, further depressing the Russian economy. But fortunately for Russia, inflation was quickly brought under control. That allowed Russia’s central bank to gradually lower interest rates to 10 percent, giving Russian companies much-needed breathing room to recover.
In the depths of its economic recession, Moscow could have increased government spending to boost economic activity. But with falling revenues from Russian oil production, a surge in spending would have pushed Russia’s government budget deep into the red and fueled a potential economic crisis. Instead, Moscow exercised fiscal discipline. It held its spending in check and ran a budget deficit of only 3 percent of Russia’s GDP last year. When more funds were needed, Moscow raised taxes and dug into its two sovereign wealth funds, draining a third of their assets before oil prices stabilized.
The West’s economic sanctions have bent but did not break the Russian economy, despite its structural vulnerabilities. What steadied it was a combination of several factors, the most important of which were the stabilization of global commodity prices and the market-oriented policies implemented by Russian authorities. They made Russia’s economy more resilient and prevented an even deeper recession.
Hey mom there’s something in the backroom I hope it’s not the creatures from above What if people knew that these were real I’d leave my closet door open all night I know the CIA would say What you hear is all hearsay I wish someone would tell me what was right – Blink-182 “Aliens Exist”
As Russian President Vladimir Putin aims his country’s missile defenses westward toward an ambiguous adversary, North Korea’s Kim Jong-un chipped a ballistic missile into Mr. Putin’s eastern backyard. On Sunday, 14 May, a North Korean ballistic missile launched from the Paekun-ri (aka Paegun) missile base located northwest of Pyongyang flew 700 kilometers in thirty minutes to land in the Sea of Japan—a mere 97 kilometers from Vladivostok, where Russia’s Pacific Fleet is home ported. The following day, the North Korean government identified the missile as a Hwasong-12, which first appeared in public at a mid-April military parade in Pyongyang. The official Rodong Sinmum news agency issued photographs purporting to show the launch, accompanied by a lengthy statement, which reads in part:
The most perfect weapon systems in the world will never become the eternal exclusive property of the U.S., [Kim Jong-un] said, expressing the belief that the day when the DPRK uses the similar retaliatory means will come. He continued that on this occasion, the U.S. had better see clearly whether the ballistic rockets of the DPRK pose actual threat to it or not. If the U.S. awkwardly attempts to provoke the DPRK, it will not escape from the biggest disaster in the history, he said, strongly warning the U.S. not to disregard or misjudge the reality that its mainland and Pacific operation region are in the DPRK’s sighting range for strike and that it has all powerful means for retaliatory strike.
The successful launch of the Hwasong-12 is important in and of itself, and also for what it may signify. Some experts question whether two earlier North Korean test launches conducted in October 2016 were in fact part of an intercontinental missile program and not tests of medium-range ballistic missiles.
It bears further consideration that the Hwasong-12 came within 100 kilometers of Vladivostok, and did so at a time when Mr. Putin was in Beijing attending the Chinese government’s “One Belt” (aka “Silk Road”) forum. According to one public report, Russia, only a few weeks earlier, deployed its S-400 Triumph [NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler] air defense missile system to the border with North Korea south of Vladivostok.
Russia’s Far East
After Sunday’s Hwasong-12 launch, Mr. Putin said laconically, “There’s nothing good in this.” He elaborated that while “the launch did not pose a direct threat to us, it undoubtedly will further provoke conflict and isn’t a good thing.” He called the test “unacceptable” according to Regnum, continuing, “We need to return to dialogue with North Korea, stop threatening it, and find ways to solve these problems peacefully.”
We are categorically opposed to the expansion of the nuclear powers club, including on the Korean peninsula. We consider [the North Korean missile test] counterproductive and dangerous. On the other hand, so are gross violations of international law, regime change, and promoting an arms race with threats to invade.
The “no direct threat” line was echoed in Nezavisimaya gazeta, which wrote:
North Korea’s missiles fly in unpredictable ways. They do not always impact where their flight guidance system directs them. In principle, they can fall on Russian territory, something that would lead to unpredictable consequences. But Russian air defense and anti-missile defenses are on constant alert. If these missiles threaten our territory, they will be intercepted and destroyed.
It quoted a frequently cited Russian military analyst, Viktor Litovkin, who added:
The fact is North Korea doesn’t target its missiles towards Russia, it aims them toward the Sea of Japan. It therefore doesn’t pose a direct threat to us militarily, though politically, it certainly violates all applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Mr. Litovkin echoed the Russian Defense Ministry, which said, “The missile attack warning system tracked the North Korean missile before it fell into the Sea of Japan. As a result, the Russian military remained fully in control of the situation.” As time progressed, the reported impact spot moved farther from the Russian coastline. The Russian Defense Ministry identified the point of impact as “500 kilometers from the Russian coast,” and some Russian media outlets downplayed its proximity to Vladivostok, for example, electing to use the Japanese Defense Ministry’s Japan-centric identification of the impact point.
Oleg Zhdanov—a politolog or ideologist whose extreme nationalist commentaries appear in publications like Russkaya vesna (“Russian Spring”)—accused the United States of using “North Korea as a pretext” to achieve “their main goal—they deployed a strike group with Tomahawks aboard near the borders of the Russian Federation . . . Russia, in fact, today is isolated. I understand the next step is to declare that Russia is a source of a military threat.” He continued:
On the one hand, while it monitors North Korea, the United States’ Tomahawk strike group continues to blockade the Russian Federation, at the point where all the ballistic missiles located in Russia’s Far Eastern region aimed at the United States are controlled. There are destroyers on the Baltic side, where [the United States] established an aviation-strike force that can fly to Moscow and back with a single aerial refueling. In Poland and Romania, [the United States] deployed antiballistic missile systems and troops, and transferred a tank division to Poland. In Syria and Afghanistan, Russia was given a clear understanding that any military movements would be brutally suppressed by high precision weapons.
Joining in the Kremlin effort to deflect attention from the North Korean missile test, the Russian Federal Assembly’s official Parlamentskaya gazeta (“Parliamentary Newspaper”) published survey findings, which said that while “39% of Russians consider the North Korean nuclear threat to be real . . . The real threat of the use of nuclear weapons, according to Russians, comes from the United States (50%) and al-Qaida (32%).”
With a land border running over 20 thousand kilometers (12,577 miles), Russia today resembles Charles Dickens’ c.1858 description of Prussia:
It is the awkwardest state on the face of the globe. Its breadth bears no proportion to its length, and its possessions are divided from each other by foreign states. She cannot defend her whole line of frontier.
Mr. Putin faces the perennial challenge of defending a largely indefensible border in Russia’s Far East. As far back as 2009, Russia reportedly deployed an S-400 Triumph [NATO reporting name: SA-21 Growler] air defense missile system near Nakhodka (the red dot on the map above) to counter the then rising threat from North Korean ballistic missiles.
In August 2016, the Russian language news portal Gazeta asked military analyst Mikhail Khodarenok the question “What is the state of Russia’s missile defense?” He responded:
With the completion of the full deployment of the missile attack warning system (including the space echelon) and the adoption of the development-stage AMD A-235 Nudol missile system, Russia will regain the positions largely lost in the 1990s.
Regaining a position lost over two decades ago is useful only insofar as the threat landscape remained largely unchanged. As last weekend’s North Korean missile test makes clear, however, that threat landscape has changed ineluctably.
A few weeks ago, Mr. Putin spoke at the restored memorial cross marking where the Governor-General of Moscow, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, was assassinated in February 1905 just steps from the Kremlin’s Nikolskaya Tower. Calling the memorial cross a reminder “of the price that had to be paid for disunity,” Mr. Putin said, “We must protect and defend Russia.” Speaking in November 2016, Mr. Putin said he would protect Russia without “indulging in a frenzied military buildup” (predavat’sya militaristskomu ugaru) against threats arising from “the creation of a United States missile defense system in Europe and NATO’s enlargement eastward;” in 2007, Maksim Agarkov assessed that such threats had “drawn [Russia] into an arms race.”
Crashing into the sea less than 100 kilometers from Vladivostok, North Korea’s Hwasong-12 exposed the fatal porosity of Russian missile defenses in the East. Mr. Putin’s pointless commitment to a westward-facing ballistic missile defense has served to emphasize Russia’s wide-open back door. It is a Russian Maginot Line, and an unaffordable one at that.
The national missile defense is our Maginot Line. It would give us a false sense of security and be completely ineffective in countering threats that simply go around it . . . The Maginot Line of national missile defense will not only encourage countries to go around it, or to overwhelm it, it could also become the Trojan Horse that lets our enemies into the nuclear club.
Mr. Putin would have been wise to heed the above warning by Senator Richard Durbin, articulated during a 1999 Senate debate. The false promise of Mr. Putin’s European Maginot Line has been exposed by a single North Korean Hwasong-12 missile flying unimpeded to within 100 kilometers of Vladivostok. Yaroslav Shimov’s claims that “at the moment, Russia is fairly inactive in the Far East, as opposed to Europe, where the opposite is true” is as true militarily as it is politically. Notwithstanding Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu’s late March declaration that Russia will “complete its air defense system to protect Russia’s air and sea borders” by year’s end—and Russian demands that “North Korea refrain from further provocative actions”—last weekend’s missile test bolsters Mr. Putin’s internal critics, who assert Russia’s “Far East has been left unprotected” behind Mr. Putin’s western-facing Maginot Line.
The translation of all source material is by the author unless otherwise noted.
“Kim Jong Un Guides Test-Fire of New Rocket.” Rodong Sinmum [published online 15 May 2017]. http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/. Last accessed 15 May 2017. According to the report, “A test-fire of new ground-to-ground medium long-range strategic ballistic rocket Hwasong-12 was successfully carried out on Sunday by scientists and technicians in the field of rocket research, who are bravely advancing toward a new goal to be proud of in the world, true to the far-sighted idea of Kim Jong Un, chairman of the Workers’ Party of Korea, chairman of the State Affairs Commission of the DPRK and supreme commander of the Korean People’s Army, for building a nuclear power. Kim Jong Un guided the test-fire on the spot.”
“North Korea’s 2017 Military Parade Was a Big Deal. Here Are the Major Takeaways.” The Diplomat [published online 15 April 2017]. http://thediplomat.com/2017/04/north-koreas-2017-military-parade-was-a-big-deal-here-are-the-major-takeaways/. Last accessed 15 May 2017.
“Failed North Korean missile launch was possibly an ICBM capable of reaching the U.S. mainland.” Chosunilbo [published online in Korean 28 October 2016]. http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/10/28/2016102800238.html. Last accessed 15 May 2017.
“SPOTTED: Putin ‘moves military forces’ to North Korea border as world prepares for WAR.” Express [published online 18 April 2017]. http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/792225/Russia-Putin-North-Korea-nuclear-Trump. Last accessed 15 May 2017.
“Nichego khoroshego: Putin prokommentiroval novyy raketnyy pusk KNDR.” RIA Novosti [published online in Russian 15 May 2017]. https://ria.ru/world/20170515/1494304896.html. Last accessed 15 May 2017.
“Putin: «Nuzhno vozvrashchat’sya k dialogu s KNDR».” Regnum [published online in Russian 15 May 2017]. https://regnum.ru/news/polit/2274888.html. Last accessed 15 May 2017.
“Putin: Pusk rakety KNDR ne predstavlyal opasnosti dlya Rossii.” Life [published online in Russian 15 May 2017]. https://life.ru/t/новости/1007780/putin_pusk_rakiety_kndr_nie_priedstavlial_opasnosti_dlia_rossii. Last accessed 15 May 2017.
“Kim grozit obrushit’ mech na golovy amerikantsev.” Nezavisimaya gazeta [published online in Russian 16 May 2017]. http://www.ng.ru/world/2017-05-16/7_6988_kndr.html. Last accessed 16 May 2017.
“V Minoborony Rossii prokommentirovali ocherednoye ispytaniye raket v KNDR.” Tsargrad [published online in Russian 15 May 2017]. https://tsargrad.tv/news/v-minoborony-rossii-prokommentirovali-ocherednoe-ispytanie-raket-v-kndr_63333 . Last accessed 15 May 2017. The missile attack warning system is commonly known by its Russian language acronym, SPRN (Sistema preduprezhdeniya o raketnom napadenii).
“Vladimir Putin: Pusk severokoreyskoy rakety Rossii ne ugrozhal, no konflikt provotsiroval.” Vladnews [published online in Russian 16 May 2017]. http://vladnews.ru/2017/05/16/127547/vladimir-putin-pusk-severokorejskoj-rakety-rossii-ne-ugrozhal-no-konflikt-provociroval.html. Last accessed 16 May 2017.
The Japanese Defense Ministry stated that it had “determined the missile fell into the Sea of Japan 450 km from Okushiri Island in Hokkaido Prefecture,” according to Izvestia. See: “Minoborony Yaponii ustanovilo mesto padeniya severokoreyskoy rakety.” Izvestia [published online in Russian 16 May 2017]. http://izvestia.ru/news/706934. Last accessed 126 May 2017.
For example, Mr. Zhdanov wrote in a commentary published in Russkaya vesna that the eastern Ukrainian city of Mariapol is “mentally prepared” to leave Ukraine and join the DPR,” the latter an acronym for the separatist Donetsk People’s Republic [Russian: Donétskaya Naródnaya Respúblika. Ukrainian: Donets’ka Narodna Respublika]. See: “Mariupol’ i Odessa gotovy vyyti iz sostava Ukrainy, — ukrainskiy ekspert.” Russkaya vesna [published online in Russian 18 April 2017]. http://rusvesna.su/news/1492350071. Last accessed 16 May 2017.
“Severnaya Koreya blefuyet, — ekspert.” Politolog [published online in Russian 15 May 2017]. http://politolog.net/analytics/severnaya-koreya-blefuet-ekspert/. Last accessed 16 May 2017.
“Rossiyane vidyat ugrozu primeneniya KNDR yadernogo oruzhiya — opros.” Parlamentskaya gazeta [published online in Russian 16 May 2017]. Last accessed 16 May 2017.
“The Opinions of Field-Marshal Radfetsky.” Bentley’s Miscellany, v.XLIV. (London: Richard Bentley) 591.
“Chetvertyy polk S-400 zastupit na boevoe dezhurstvo v Nakhodke.” RIA Novosti [published online in Russian 15 August 2012]. https://ria.ru/arms/20120815/724086797.html. Last accessed 15 May 2017. The S-400 is designed to engage aircraft, ballistic and cruise missiles. Russia deployed its first S-400 system in 2007.
“Kuda prodvinulas’ rossiyskaya PRO. Kakovo sostoyaniye rossiyskoy protivoraketnoy oborony.” Gazeta [published online in Russian 27 August 2016]. https://www.gazeta.ru/army/2016/08/27/10162349.shtml?refresh. Last accessed 16 May 2017.
Ibid. According to published reports, Russia’s AMD (antimissile defense) A-235 Nudol ballistic missile completed its first successful test flight on 8 November 2015 (the first two test flights failed).
“Putin prizval berech’ i zashchishchat’ Rossiyu.” RIA Novosti [published online in Russian 4 May 2017]. https://ria.ru/politics/20170504/1493662148.html. Last accessed 16 May 2017.
“Putin poobeshchal zashchitit’ Rossiyu bez «militaristskogo ugara».” Vedomosti [published online in Russian 30 November 2016]. http://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2016/06/30/647451-putin-militaristskogo-ugara. Last accessed 16 May 2017.
Cited in Keir Giles (2014). European Missile Defense and Russia. (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College Press) 13.
Congressional Record- Senate (17 March 1999) 4760.
Yaroslav Shimov (2017). “Politika dvukh maniy.” Inosmi [published online in Russian 12 February 2017]. http://inosmi.ru/politic/20170212/238712546.html. Last accessed 17 May 2017.
“Shoygu: diviziya VS RF na Dal’nem Vostoke sozdayetsya isklyuchitel’no dlya zashchity Rossii.” Tass [published online in Russian 20 March 2017]. http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/4108902. Last accessed 17 May 2017.
“Yaponiya i Rossiya potrebuyut ot KNDR vozderzhat’sya ot provokatsionnykh deystviy.” Tass [published online in Russian 20 March 2017]. http://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/4108799. Last accessed 17 May 2017.
“Dal’niy Vostok ostavlen bez zashchity.” Voprosik [published online in Russian 28 March 2016]. http://voprosik.net/dalnij-vostok-ostavlen-bez-zashhity/. Last accessed 17 May 2017.
The views expressed are the author’s own and do not reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Army War College, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Col. Hamilton served as the Russia policy advisor in the U.S. delegation to the International Syria Support Group in the summer of 2016.
The recent U.S. cruise missile attack in Syria disrupted—at least for the near term—any prospect of a “reset” in the U.S.-Russia relationship and brought into sharp focus the incompatibility of Washington’s interests in Syria with those of Moscow. For Russia, Syria represents one of two pillars of its strategy in the Middle East, the other being Iran. Moscow has staked its regional strategy on an alliance with these two states as counterweights to the U.S.-aligned Sunni regimes that dominate most of the region. Syria is of particular importance in this strategy because it hosts naval and air bases that enable a Russian military presence in the Levant and the Mediterranean. This presence is important to Russia for military reasons and because it demonstrates Moscow’s revival as an important player on the global stage.
Additionally, Russia’s bitter experience with the Sunni insurgency in Chechnya leads it to view the Sunni-led uprising against the Alawite Shia—but largely secular—Assad regime as another case of Sunni terrorism that directly threatens Russian interests. To Russians, the U.S. insistence that some of the Sunni groups fighting the Syrian regime are moderate opposition—and therefore deserve to be differentiated from the terrorist groups ISIS and Jabhat Fatah al-Sham—rings hollow. Despite the fact that these groups are signatories to the February 2016 cessation of hostilities in Syria, Russian official statements rarely refer to them as moderate opposition, instead often labelling them terrorists or “so-called moderate opposition.”
Syria also figures prominently in Russia’s geopolitical calculus for what it represents: a chance for Russia to take a stand against what it sees as a U.S.-engineered series of regime changes that target the stability of Russia itself. From the “Color Revolutions” in the former Soviet Union to the Arab Spring uprisings, many Russians believe the U.S. is carrying out a deliberate and comprehensive program of enforced democratization, with Russia as its ultimate target. Reflecting this belief, Russian representatives to the International Syria Support Group (ISSG) in Geneva remarked to their U.S. counterparts on multiple occasions in 2016 that Russians are not fond of the “Iraq model.”
References to the “Iraq model” convey two Russian concerns about the potential outcome in Syria, both of which revolve around the UN plan for political transition there. In the Russian view, this plan, which calls for “fresh elections” 14-18 months after the achievement of a durable cease-fire, is a recipe for chaos and renewed civil war. This fear is not unreasonable. After all, voters in a country that has experienced a six-year conflict that morphed into a bitter ethnic and sectarian civil war with considerable interference by outside powers can hardly be expected to have sufficient trust in the democratic process to refrain from casting their votes along those same ethnic and sectarian lines. And the political institutions of a country riven by such ethnic and sectarian violence can hardly be expected to contain the grievances this violence has stoked, especially if those institutions themselves are divided along ethnic and sectarian lines. So the first Russian concern with the “Iraq model”—that is, democratization imposed from without, in a country with deep divisions in identities—is its potential to plunge the country into renewed civil war.
A second Russian concern, not expressed openly but deeply held, is that if a democratically elected government in Syria does manage to hold itself and the country together, it will turn Syria from a strategic partner of Russia into an adversary. This is because any democratically elected government in Syria, a country with a 74% Sunni majority, is likely to align itself with the other Sunni regimes in the region and against Russia. In this case, Russia stands to lose one of the two pillars of its regional strategy, along with its air base at Latakia (Hmeymim) and its naval base at Tartus. Since it sees renewed civil war or an adversarial regime as the two most likely outcomes of the UN transition plan for Syria, Russia routinely works to undermine this plan while supporting it officially.
So Russian objectives in Syria can be summarized as preserving a Russia-friendly regime, striking a blow against what it sees as Sunni terrorism, and ending the string of what it believes are U.S.-inspired regime changes in states friendly to Russia. Prior to the chemical attack at Khan Shaykhun on April 4, these objectives were not fundamentally incompatible with those of the U.S. under the Trump administration. Even the Obama administration, which had earlier taken a much harder line on the Assad regime, had near the end of its tenure signaled a willingness to consider an extended transition period that preserved a privileged position for the Alawites, if not Assad himself. Since taking office, the Trump administration had prioritized the defeat of ISIS over all other goals in Syria, including that of free elections in accordance with the UN transition plan. So there appeared to be room for an agreement in Syria that met the minimum acceptable outcome for both the U.S. and Russia.
The murder of some 85 people in Khan Shaykhun changed the U.S. position almost overnight and removed the possibility of any agreement over Syria in the near term. We may never know whether Russia was complicit in the Syrian regime’s chemical attack. But we do know that Russian diplomatic and military support for the regime emboldened it and may have encouraged it to take drastic action in an effort to accelerate the military victory it is pursuing. One thing that has become clear since the beginning of the Russian intervention in Syria in 2015 is that, whereas the U.S. and the UN are trying to end the war in Syria, Russia and the Syrian regime are trying to win the war there. Even before Khan Shaykhun, in the pursuit of a military victory over the insurgency, Russia and the regime had withheld humanitarian aid to opposition-held areas and bombed civilian infrastructure, including hospitals. But Khan Shaykhun was an even more obvious violation of international law and left the new U.S. administration, which had come into office explicitly rejecting many traditional U.S. foreign policy ideals based in international law and the liberal world order, repulsed by the carnage and driven to military action in response.
It remains to be seen whether the U.S. strike will deter further use of chemical weapons by the Syrian regime. It also remains to be seen whether the strike signals a change in the level of U.S. involvement in Syria. What is clear is that although U.S. and Russian objectives in Syria were not fundamentally incompatible before April 4, any space for a deal over Syria has vanished for the time being, and many more people will die before the prospect of another deal re-emerges, if it ever does.
This group was formerly named Jabhat al-Nusra and was the Al Qaeda affiliate in Syria. In the summer of 2016, it changed its name and allegedly cut ties with Al Qaeda, but remains classified as a terrorist organization by the U.S. and the UN.
The Russian Ministry of Defense website’s Syria page (http://syria.mil.ru/en/index/syria.htm) has numerous examples of this tendency. In direct conversations with U.S. officials, the tendency for Russians to refer to these groups as “terrorists” is even more pronounced.
Elections in these conditions contain many of the aspects of a “Prisoner’s Dilemma.” In other words, if one ethnic or sectarian group refrains from casting its votes along ethnic or sectarian lines, but the others do not, the group that refrained from ethnic or sectarian voting will be deprived of representation, while its competitor groups will not. The incentive for every group in this type of environment is therefore to vote along ethnic or sectarian lines, which ensures the election of a divided government.
The Foreign Policy Research Institute, founded in 1955, is a non-partisan, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization devoted to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests. In the tradition of our founder, Ambassador Robert Strausz-Hupé, Philadelphia-based FPRI embraces history and geography to illuminate foreign policy challenges facing the United States. More about FPRI »
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posted by Sarah .
A large turntable rotates about a fixed vertical axis, making one revolution in 6.00 s. The moment of inertia of the turntable about this axis is 1200 kg * mg^2. A childe of mass 40.0 kg, initually staning at the center of the turntable, runs out along a radius. What is the angular speed of the turntable when the child is 2.00 m from the center, assuming that you can treat the child as a paarticle?
KE (original) = (1/2)Iω2
KE (new) = (1/2)I'w'2
where I'=1200 + mr2
I' = 1200 + 160 = 1360
Setting KE (original) = KE (new)
the only unkown is ω' for which you can solve.
Note: ω=2π/6 rad/s = π/3 rad/s.
KE (original) = (1/2)Iù2
(1/2)(1360)(PI/3)^2 = 744.9475
do i do the same for new... the "w" looks different
I put w' instead of ω', but they are meant to be omega's. ω' is different from ω.
Note also that I changes to I'.
KE (original) = (1/2)I(PI/3)2
KE (new) = (1/2)(1360)w'2
right??? now im confused because i don't have I and i don't have w^2
I' is the sum of the turn-table + the child. The contribution of the child is simply mr2, since it can be considered as a particle.
So I' = 1200 kg * mg^2 + 40 kg * 22 kg * mg^2
= 1320 kg * mg^2 (as already worked out above).
The only unknown is now omega2 which can be obtained by equating KE before and after the child's participation, i.e.
KE original = KE new
Oops, I' should be 1360 as you had it.
I is given in the question, 1200 kg * mg^2, so the only unknown is omega (w) in the equation.
That is not right at all guys -_-
I' w' = I'' w''
anyone know the answer?
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20 years ago ALICE started its amazing adventure in the wonderland of strong interactions and the study of extraordinary forms of matter like the Quark Gluon Plasma.
CERN’s ion programme has a long history and was initiated in 1986 with the acceleration of oxygen ions at 60 and 200 GeV/nucleon, and continued with sulphur ions at 200 GeV/nucleon up to 1993. The results of the light-ion programme strongly supported its continuation with heavier-ion beams. In particular, the energy densities reached during the collisions appeared to be high enough to be interesting, and many of the suggested signatures for the onset of a quark–gluon plasma phase turned out to be experimentally accessible. The experience gained was instrumental in assessing the feasibility of experiments with lead ions and for indicating the necessary detector modifications. Seven experiments participated in the lead-age adventure.
Following the previous successes of the heavy-ion physics programme at CERN the idea of a heavy-ion dedicated experiment that would study lead-lead collisions at the new energy scale of the LHC was discussed. During the previous years, the experience gained was instrumental in assessing the feasibility of experiments with lead ions and for indicating the necessary detector modifications that were needed to move with the lead-age adventure at the new scale of the LHC.
The first appearance of ALICE was in the Evian meeting back in 1992. Jurgen Schukraft recalls that: "We had to do enormous extrapolations because the LHC was a factor of 300 higher in centre-of-mass energy and a factor of 7 in beam mass compared with the light-ion programme, which started in 1986 at both the CERN SPS and the Brookhaven AGS." A Letter of Intent for a new experiment at the LHC was submitted on 1 March 1993 to the LHC Committee that was formed shortly after the Evian meeting. It marks the first official use of the name ALICE and it was signed by 230 people coming from 42 institutes around the world. It was clearly describing the proposal of the ALICE Collaboration for building a dedicated heavy-ion detector to exploit the unique physics potential of nucleus-nucleus interaction at LHC energies and where the formation of a new phase of matter, the quark gluon plasma is expected. The submission of the letter of intent was followed by a detailed technical proposal that was submitted two years later in 1995 and shortly endorsed by the LHCC and the CERN management.
ALICE studies strong interactions by using particles – created inside the hot volume of the Quark Gluon Plasma as it expands and cools down – that live long enough to reach the sensitive detector layers located around the interaction region. The physics programme at ALICE relies on being able to identify all of them – i.e. to determine if they are electrons, photons, pions, etc – and to determine their charge. This involves making the most of the different ways that particles interact with matter. Over twenty years, ALICE has developed a wide range of R&D activities, confronted many challenges in designing and building new detectors that could cope with the physical challenges at the new energy scales. One should also refer to the big data challenge as heavy-ion collisions produce petabytes of data that need to be stored and later analysed in order to get new physics results.
Following the first run, ALICE successfully reported on the formation of QGP and offered a new insight on the nature of strong interacting matter at extreme densities. The existence of such a phase and its properties are a key issue in QCD for the understanding of confinement and of chiral-symmetry restoration. Wherever you look, from the energy loss of fast quarks to quarkonia, from the details of the dynamical evolution of the system to the very first study of charmed hadrons and the loss of energy, the interplay between collective features of the medium and jet production, to name just a few, the ALICE results stand out for their quality and relevance. Following the recent proton-lead run that opens new horizons for the heavy-ion community at CERN, ALICE is now looking forward to a series of upgrades during the LS1.
Paolo Giubellino notes: “This has been the result of many years of work and dedication of all of us, and we can all be proud of now sharing this remarkable harvest. It has been an enormous effort, but we can now say it was really worth it, and all share the happiness for this wealth of results. We all contributed to this accomplishment, and we should all draw from it even more motivation to go forward for the next many years to come!"
We thought that this issue of ALICE MATTERS should be a special issue dedicated to the ALICE anniversary. Of course it is hard to fill twenty years of history in a few articles but we tried to come up with some stories from the early days of the collaboration. Of course there is a long list of names and we hope to include all of them in the ALICE timeline on which we are currently working.
I would like to finish this short review with one quote by Andree Gide which I am taking from Emanuele Querchigh “One does not discover new lands without consenting to lose sight of the shore for a very long time”*. Happy Birthday ALICE and wishing you to find many more islands in the wonderland of quarks and gluons!
March 2004: Permanent closure of back doors
now blocked by muon spectrometer.
The Images were taken from a presentation given by Jurgen Schukraft at a CERN Colloquium in 2007 (29/11/2007) and hence I would like to thank Jurgen for kindly sending me this material. The full video of the talk is available here
*According to Quercigh the same quote made by Howell Pugh thirty-one years ago, at the beginning of the SPS heavy-ion adventure. See also: H.G. Pugh, in Ref. , 1 (1981).
ALICE: The heavy-ion challenge
An ALICE Timeline
CERN Courrier July/August 1994
Emanuele Quercigh, FOUR HEAVY-ION EXPERIMENTS AT THE CERN-SPS— A TRIP DOWN MEMORY LANE, Acta Physica Polonica B.
E. Quercigha,& K. Safarik , Ion physics at the SPS: the experimental challenge, Physics Reports 403–404 (2004) 51–56
CERN Courrier, May 1992
ALICE enters new territory in heavy-ion collisions
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Clones, also known as Simulagents, were biogenetically grown creatures that took various forms of complexity from being simple lumps of protoplasm to highly sophisticated living beings. Clones were often generated from the cells of a previously existing creatures, developing as an exact duplicate -- such duplicates typically had their own personality, and in time may regain the genetic memories of their donors. Other clones were generated from the generic cells of a species, developing into a representation of that species instead of a duplicate of a specific individual.
Legend of Zor
The technology related to cloning was linked to the discovery of the Flower of Life on Optera by the Tirolian scientist Zor. His communion with the Regess led him to uncover the secret of the planet and develop a powerful energy source known as Protoculture. This new science of Robotechnology fuelled the ambitions of the power hungry senators on Tirol who eventually declared themselves the Robotech Masters. When Zor genetically engineered Pollinators to complete the life cycle of the Flower of Life, Nimuul and his kin tasked him with creating newly formed beings. Thus, the art of cloning was introduced into Tirolian society with armies being used as enforcers and others grown to be servants to the powerful elite Masters. Eventually, this science was used to breed an entirely new race of giant beings known as the Zentraedi who were sent to Fantoma to mine it of its untapped mineral wealth. A combination of this and the tyrannical reign of the Robotech Masters led to revolts on Tirol that were brutally suppressed by the Zentraedi who were being used as a military force. Thus, cloning was used to not only propagate Tirolian society but also breed endless legions of Zentraedi who served in the Imperial Zentraedi Forces.
In the aftermath, the Invid began to conquer the Tirolian empire and the loss of the Protoculture Matrix meant that the Masters power reserves were depleting. Thus, they created a clone of Zor known as Zor Prime where they accessed his cellular memory to locate the SDF-1. They would later abandon Tirol in order to retrieve the Protoculture Matrix and Cabell would create his own clone of Zor called Rem. Rem's true origins would be hidden from him by Cabell though many would comment on his likeness to Zor.
During the war against the Regent, the Robotech Expeditionary Force attempted to make peace talks with the alien warlord. However, fearing a trap, he decided to have a clone of himself grown by using an older egg and shaping it to be a perfect replica of his form. This clone was used to spearhead the peace talks which were simply a delaying tactic and an attempt to gather more information. However, the clone would later be killed at the hands of the evolved Tesla. During the continued war between the Sentinels and the Regent, a strike force of Karbarrans conducted a commando raid on Optera in order to assassinate the Invid ruler. Ultimately, they managed to engage him and kill him only for the dead being to be revealed as another clone of the Regent.
Second Robotech War
The Robotech Masters and their entire clone population was relocated to the Tirolian Motherships where they travelled to Earth in order to retrieve Zor's. During this time, the clones were kept under control by the harmonic resonances of the Cosmic Harp played by Musica of the Muses Triumvirate. The soothing song played by Musica kept the clones content and productive. Eventually, the clone armies of the Robotech Masters would engage the Army of the Southern Cross over the course of the Second Robotech War. However, a combination of a lack of Protoculture along with an increase in contact with Humans led to erratic behavior emerging amongst the clones. Eventually, dissension followed and the Masters ordered all the invalids that had a bio-index below 70% to be discarded or terminated as they were a drain on resources. However, the Masters were killed at the hands of Zor Prime with the Tirolian clones being left behind as their leaders were defeated leading to a cessation in hostilities as the Second Robotech War came to an end.
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Youth Prevention Program
Developing skills among youth focused on HIV and STD prevention is critical in D.C. because of the high prevalence of HIV and STDs. Chlamydia and gonorrhea rates are on the rise in the community. The lack of awareness and high level of risk behaviors that young women are engaged in underlies the importance of this program in addressing these issues. Further, lack of access to regular health care, lagging comprehensive sexual health education and services, early sexual début, older sexual partners among youth (>18), stigma, and lack of socio-cultural support structures are some of the factors affecting rising HIV and STD infection rates among youth.
Our Youth HIV/STD Prevention Program builds the life skills of low-income, at-risk girls and young women of color ages 12-25 living in Wards 5, 6, 7 & 8 with the highest HIV and STD incidence rates in D.C. The program improves their health outcomes, communication skills, and sense of self worth with activities focusing on self esteem building, self-efficacy, and enhancing value identification. It combines several effective or evidence-based interventions:
1.) Sisters Informing Healing Living and Empowering (SiHLE): CDC group intervention for sexually active girls ages 14-18;
2.) Between Us Girls (BUG): TWC designed group intervention for girls ages 13-19. BUG aims to empower youth so they can address the major milestones in their lives ranging from puberty, sexual activities, healthy relationships to self-care and so much more;
3.) Remind. Encourage. Prevent. Protect. (REPP): Community level education/outreach campaign in a service learning framework; and
4.) SisterAct/Intergeneration: TWC designed targeted group level interventions for girls and their female family members focused on strengthening intergenerational communication and skills building on the topic of sexual and reproductive health and well-being.
Program interventions combine to promote and strengthen resiliency. By breaking negative patterns of behavior youth can address protective and risk factors, which are determinants of health, thereby reducing negative health outcomes over their lifespan. These interventions combine to empower, educate, and encourage youth to protect themselves now in order to grow into healthy adults.
Would you like to learn more? Contact Chantil Thomas, Youth Program Team Leader at 202.483.7003 or email@example.com.
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Platelet rich plasma, is concentrated blood plasma (composition of blood) that contains approximately five times the number of platelets found in normal circulating blood in our bodies.
Apart from red blood cells and white blood cells, our blood also contains cells called platelets. The function of platelets is to promote healing and aid in the clotting of blood at the site of a wound. Platelets contain growth factors that promote regeneration of the cells in the body. PRP has been used in medicine for the last twenty years. The benefits of platelets and the regeneration of tissue is widely known and accepted in medical literature. The use of PRP to treat hair loss has the potential to change the way hair loss is treated around the world as it’s a revolutionary, new treatment for hair loss and only specialized clinics can offer.This technique is being used in America and Europe for both hair loss as well as facial rejuvenation.
If the hair follicles or hair roots are healthy, the growth of the hair is healthy. Hair follicles survive on the nutrition they get from blood supply. If we introduce platelets by administering PRP in the area of damaged hair follicles, it amplifies the body’s naturally occurring wound healing mechanism. Some doctors around the world believe PRP can be used to stimulate the growth of hair follicles preventing hair loss.
Procedure of PRP Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy is a specialised, three stage technique. Firstly, blood is taken from the client; it is then centrifuged to separate out the plasma. This plasma is then either injected or infused using a dermaroller into the area to be treated. As your own blood (and plasma) is used, it is a relatively safe technique with very little chance of rejection or reaction to the plasma.
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From Latin oblongus.
oblong (comparative more oblong, superlative most oblong)
- Longer than wide or wider than long; not square.
1967, Sleigh, Barbara, Jessamy, 1993 edition, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, ISBN 0 340 19547 9, page 19:
- The room was quite dark. The oblong window showed the night sky pricked here and there with stars.
- Roughly rectangular or ellipsoidal.
roughly rectangular or ellipsoidal
oblong (plural oblongs)
- Something with an oblong shape.
- A rectangle having length greater than width or width greater than length.
1967, Sleigh, Barbara, Jessamy, 1993 edition, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, ISBN 0 340 19547 9, page 88:
- Jessamy looked round her in a puzzled way, but there was nothing to see but the pale oblong of what looked like a star-pierced sky behind the bars of the nursery window.
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There are probably few things more painful to listen to than a singer who is out of tune. In fact, in last week’s article, “The 16 Keys to a Good Singing Voice”, good pitch control was #1.
So what can you do if you have trouble singing in tune?
There are a number of things which can help you learn to sing in tune, including using a digital tuner, doing pitch ear training, and interactive singing tutors. Today we’ll look at 3 simple exercises you can use to refine your vocal pitch control and practice singing in tune.
Note: Having a piano keyboard or some kind of piano phone app will be useful for providing note pitches.
Background: Semitones and Tones
In music we tend to group notes into different bands of pitch which are called octaves. Each octave includes every note in sequence (e.g. from A up through to G♯) leading up to the starting note again in a higher register. If a man and a woman sing the same song, they will most likely be singing the same notes but in different octaves, to suit the range of their different voices.
In the keyboard example below, two octaves are marked, from C up to the next C, and up to another C again. Octaves are made up of much smaller intervals called semitones and tones, which can also be called half-steps and whole-steps respectively.
If you look at any piano keyboard, including in the diagram above, notes are laid out in order with each note sounding higher to its left-hand neighbour and lower than its right-hand neighbour. A semitone (or “half-step”) means two adjacent notes. A tone (or “whole-step”) means two notes which have another one in between them.
The diagram above shows semitones between an E and an F (bottom), and between an F and F♯ (top). Notice these notes are adjacent, i.e. with no notes in between them. There are tones shown between D and E (bottom) which have a D♯ between them, and between F♯ and G♯ (top) which have a G in between them. These concepts of semitone and tone steps can be applied in any octave or musical scale.
In this tutorial we’re going to work towards being able to sing notes which are a semitone or tone apart accurately and reliably. First though, we need to free up our voice and explore the full range of pitches our voice can produce.
That’s right: despite what the piano keyboard might suggest, there are actually pitches in between semitones…
Singing In Tune
In the Western musical scale there aren’t officially any notes closer together than a semitone. In most cases playing pitches between these semitone notes is considered to be out-of-tune. So for example, if you were playing a stringed instrument (where different pitches are sounded by touching strings along the fingerboard) and you played a note between an E and an E♭, then you would be out of tune and would need to adjust accordingly. Guitar players sometimes bend strings to achieve this effect.
When it comes to singing, producing notes is more like a stringed instrument than a piano, as it is possible to sing notes in between semitones. This means that you can sing out of tune, and you will have to adjust. Unfortunately with the voice, learning how to sing different notes is even more subtle than placing a finger in the right position on a string. However, the upside to singing is that it is just as much mental as physical, and your hearing skills play a much more direct part in singing.
For this reason, with singing it is essential to have a good ear so that you can pitch notes correctly. So before learning to sing semitones and tones, let’s try an exercise to help you “free” your voice in order to sing the whole range of pitches available.
Freeing up your voice? Sigh!
When people start out singing, a common problem is not knowing how to use their muscles to produce different notes. A good way to overcome this is to free up your voice rather than restricting it to certain notes (like with a piano where you press a key and the note just sounds).
Exercise 1: Sighing through your range
To free up your voice, simply breathe in, and then as you breathe out perform a vocalised sigh. You’ll notice this sounds like a pitch sweeping downwards, but it will probably feel more natural than regular singing exercises. Try and make your sigh as vocalised as possible so it’s close to actually singing. Repeat this, starting from different places in your range.
By doing these sighs, you’re allowing your voice box to get used to working the muscles used to change pitch. There are two vocal folds in the voice box, which come together when you talk or sing, and move apart when you’re breathing in. When you change pitch in your voice, the vocal folds change shape very subtly, so the key is to get your voice used to being able to make those changes.
Getting more precise
As you get comfortable moving through different parts of your range, you will probably find you open up your voice to singing more notes than before, expanding your range. Then it’s time to start focusing back within certain boundaries.
Exercise 2: Pitch sweeps
Pick a specific note from the range you’re able to sing. Use the piano to help you make sure it’s a correctly-tuned note (not in between semitones). Then you’re going to slide up to the same note one octave lower. If this is too far for your range, choose a note a fifth lower instead (count down 7 semitones).
This is a lot like the sighing exercise from before, but this time it’s more controlled and with a specific start and end note in mind.
The technical term for a slide is portamento. However, this portamento is going to be really slow. It doesn’t matter whether you sing this to an “ah” sound or just hum. The key to this exercise is to keep it slow and pay attention to how far you are moving down the octave. You can also do this starting on the low note, ascending.
To refine your sense of pitch further you can also play each semitone up the scale so you get an idea of the notes you are passing as you sweep your pitch. Make sure you keep your own slide smooth though!
Finally, it’s time to get even more precise, using semitones and tones. The exercise is similar to before: we will sing through an octave in your range, but this time progress by steps, either semitones or tones. That means singing 13 semitones or 7 tones.
Exercise 3: Singing semitones and tones
Semitones will be easier because you only rising in very small amounts, and again you can use the piano to help you. Singing tones is a lot harder and may sound quite strange at first, as scales using only tones are not very common in music. Examples of singing a scale of semitones (also known as a chromatic scale) and singing a scale of tones can be found below:
Keep paying attention to the details of pitch
The three exercises above should help you to:
- Free up your voice
- Widen your comfortable range
- Improve your vocal pitch control
- Hone your sense of tuning
- Train your ear for semitones and tones
Being able to sing semitones and tones will be a huge help to your overall pitching and improving your musical ear. Keep working on pitch sweeps for accurate tuning and on semitones and tones for accurate note movement.
Your singing practice may move on to more advanced exercises, but remember to practice these fundamentals too. Singing a complex piece is no use if it sounds out of tune to the listener! It’s a great example of the musical principle that the details can be just as important as the overall sound!
Free Course: Learn to Sing!
Did you know there are four phases to learning to sing?
We have a short email course which explains each of the phases and how you can improve – from “tone deaf” to singing confidently with a great-sounding voice.
The course is free and you can unsubscribe at any time if you change your mind. Just enter your details below:
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A Day in History
One of many wrong things claimed before this year’s election was that there was no way 2012 could be as historic as President Barack Obama’s 2008 election as America’s first African-American president.
In fact, 2012 was always destined to go down in history as the year Americans re-elected their first black president or the year they kicked him in the teeth and threw him out of office.
The outcome was never really as much in doubt as those in denial wanted you to believe.
Despite some recent unpleasantness, Wisconsin not only continued to be a progressive Democratic state in presidential elections, but again made state and national history by electing Congresswoman Tammy Baldwin as its first woman senator and the first openly gay U.S. senator.
Those positive outcomes arose despite tens of millions of dollars in outside money clotting the airwaves with vile, distorted political attacks. The reason was a growing, permanent change in the American electorate.
It’s a change Democrats long recognized and continually incorporated into their party. And it’s one Republicans futilely resisted either out of narrow-mindedness or because they’re blinded by real hatred. It’s why Democratic conventions look like America and Republican conventions don’t.
Republican Mitt Romney won nearly 60% of the white vote last Tuesday, dominated by males. The last Republican to do that, George Bush the elder, won the presidency by a landslide. This year, Romney got crushed—332 electoral votes to 206.
That’s because Obama won just about every other conceivable demographic—all of the groups Republicans have been systematically driving away from their party.
Obama won 93% of African-American voters, 71% of Latinos, 73% of Asian-Americans (!) and 55% of women. Obama also ran especially strong among college-educated whites and young voters under 30.
When people ask how President Obama could win Wisconsin by seven percentage points just months after Republican Gov. Scott Walker successfully beat back a statewide recall, the answer is pretty simple. The Wisconsin electorate that votes in presidential elections is much larger, much more Democratic and far more diverse than those who vote in off-year or special elections.
Republican attacks saying that polls showing Obama and Baldwin ahead overrepresented Democrats were either ignorant or intentionally dishonest. More Democrats than Republicans have voted in every Wisconsin presidential election since the 1988 Dukakis-Bush race.
Instead of trying to open up the Republican Party to the country’s fastest-growing constituencies, the party’s brazenly un-American response has been to pass laws trying to reduce voting by people of color, seniors and college students. That just makes those Americans mad.
And who could have predicted so many male Republican candidates would express such incredibly stupid thoughts about rape during an election campaign?
That includes Republican vice presidential candidate Paul Ryan, who described rape as simply another form of conception. Ryan and the Republican platform oppose abortion in all cases, even to save the life of the mother. So much for being pro-life.
You can expect much of the Wisconsin media to continue cheerleading shamelessly for Ryan, but his national political ambitions have dimmed. Not only did Ryan fail to carry Wisconsin for the Republicans, he couldn’t even carry his hometown of Janesville.
Even more damaging, Ryan got exposed as a charlatan. Before his nomination, Ryan had a largely unexamined media image as some kind of bright, young intellectual in the Republican Party.
In the harsh light of the national campaign, reporters began noticing many of the things Ryan said weren’t true, including almost his entire convention speech. An Internet search of “When did Paul Ryan become a liar?” produces millions of hits.
Both Tommy Thompson and the media showed how out of touch they were with the changing electorate by expecting the four-term governor to cruise to election over Baldwin.
It couldn’t have been a worse year for Thompson to run, not as the ordinary guy he’d been as governor, but as the multimillionaire he’d become since leaving office.
Romney, Thompson’s presidential candidate, made a quarter of a billion dollars closing companies and outsourcing jobs, and the party’s only real economic strategy was to fight for continued tax cuts for millionaires and billionaires.
Ultimately, voters chose Baldwin as the positive candidate of the future, providing a strong, new voice for ordinary Wisconsinites instead of looking to the past.
Across the country, the new electorate kept surprising commentators looking backward by continuing the national movement toward marriage equality and even legalizing marijuana, a commonly used substance classified as a dangerous drug by generations that have used it without any more serious consequences than increased Oreo consumption.
If a growing multiracial electorate is really going to force
politicians to abandon hypocrisy and start upholding America’s professed ideals
of equality and tolerance, this year could just be the beginning of the
political history we can all make together.
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The Monnig Meteorite Collection is one of the largest-university based collections in the world, providing amazing research opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students.
If you are interested in the graduate research opportunities available at TCU through the Monnig Meteorite Collection, please contact the Curator, Dr. Rhiannon Mayne.
Dr. Rhiannon Mayne – Curator
Dr. Mayne’s research is focused on understand differentiation (melting to form a core, mantle, crust structure in a planetary body), which is an extremely important process in both planetary and asteroidal formation in the early history of our Solar System. The Earth is an active planet and much of the evidence of its early history, including differentiation, has been erased by later processes. We cannot understand the formation of our planet and its evolution through time if we are unable to reconstruct its earliest days. Planetary geologists, like Dr. Mayne, solve this problem by studying meteorites. The vast majority of meteorites come from the main asteroid belt that lies between Mars and Jupiter. Unlike the Earth and the other rocky planets (Mercury, Venus, and Mars), the asteroids, and the meteorites that derive from them, have not undergone significant reprocessing since their formation and they record the conditions and processes that were taking place in the early Solar System history.
Dr. Mayne primarily studies the mineral makeup (mineralogy) and geochemistry of asteroidal meteorites, but also incorporates both laboratory-collected spectra, and ground-based telescope data into her research. These datasets allow her to take a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding the question of how differentiation progressed in the early Solar System.
Samuel Crossley – M.S. Graduate Student
Sam is studying the petrogenesis of Stannern-trend eucrites using experimental petrology. Eucrites are basaltic rocks presumably from the surface of the asteroid 4-Vesta, the Stannern-trend eucrites possess anomalous geochemical features that suggest that they are not products of simple petrogenetic processes, such as fractional crystallization or partial melting of chondritic precursor. In their GCA paper, Barrat et al. (2007) suggested that Stannern-trend eucrites could be produced via a partial melting of a eucritic crust, with the partial melt then assimilating with a eucritic magma chamber. We are utilizing experimental and analytical apparati in a collaborative effort with the Smithsonian Institution and other academic organizations in order to perform melt experiments and test the assimilation theory.
Julia Gregory – M.S. Graduate Student
For Julia’s thesis, she is working with the ungrouped pallasite Choteau. Pallasites are one of the most beautiful groups of meteorites, characterized by having both silicate and metal phases. After its discovery in 2011, Choteau was labeled as ungrouped due to its unusual chemistry that was different from the established pallasite groups. She has been working with this meteorite for more than a year now, throwing every test and analysis at it to figure out how Choteau fits in with the rest of the pallasites. Thus far, we have found a mineral only seen in a pallasite once before, and have potentially grouped Choteau with two other unclassified pallasites to make a new subgroup.
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Slovenia officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a nation state in Central Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast and Hungary to the northeast. The capital and largest city of this country is Ljubljana.
Christmas Celebrations in Slovenia :
Christmas is the most popular religious and family holiday in Slovenia. It has a long tradition of veneration and celebration, filled with the archaic Indo-European heritage, interwoven with later Christian performances. Christmas, which means in Slovene “little god” is connected with celebration of the myth of the Sun god and his son. It is set at the time of the winter solstice, when the old sun dies and is again re-born. It is the period around 25th December, when the old Indo-European peoples celebrated the new year, the start of a new cycle on the ‘birthday of the invincible Sun God – Dies natalis Solis invicti.
The creation of nativity scenes is a tradition in Slovenia that dates back several hundred years. Though the creation of nativity scenes to display in the home is common, live, publicly viewable nativity scenes have grown in popularity. The best-known live nativity scenes are those in Postojna Cave and at Ljubljana’s Franciscan Church on Prešeren Square. Christmas trees are decorated in Slovenia, more often now with purchased decorations than with homemade decorations like in olden times. Evergreen decorations and wreaths are also seen in Slovenia during Christmas time.
Slovenia’s Santa Claus tradition pulls from many other European traditions. Children in Slovenia can receive gifts from St. Nicholas, Baby Jesus, Santa Claus, or Grandfather Frost. St. Nicholas visits on St. Nicholas Day, December 6. Santa Claus or Baby Jesus visits on Christmas, and Grandfather or Father Frost may appear at the New Year.
The Christmas holiday is also marked by the burning of incense, the preparation of special foods, like the Christmas loaf called potica, the sprinkling of holy water, and the telling of fortunes. Traditionally, a pig was slaughtered before Christmas, so pork may be prepared for the Christmas meal.
Slovene people speak of three Christmases: the real one and two little Christmases (on New Year’s Day and the Three Kings). On these days, every family burned incense and the smoke brought magic power and, at the same time, expelled demons. Christmas is thus a truly hallowed and magical time.
We wish all readers Merry Christmas 2016 & Prosperous New Year 2017 !!!
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Crisis Intervention Services officials were busy spreading a message during Sexual Assault Awareness Month. Charisa Wotherspoon tells KNIA/KRLS News that they spent much of April promoting the “Shatter the Silence, Prevent the Violence” motto.
Wotherspoon explains that it’s important for people to realize that sexual assault can and does happen anywhere – from large urban areas to small communities. She says we need to examine the issues that lead to sexual assault and deal with them, rather than try to ignore them.
On the prevention side, she says it starts with education. Wotherspoon explains that they talked with high school students who thought that sexual assault may not be against the law if the couple involved in married. She hopes that through proper education, sexual assault cases will decrease over time.
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Specifically, that bright dot in the center of this image is Hercules A, a galaxy located over two billion light-years from Earth. But what really dominates the scene are the two gargantuan jets of plasma shooting out of Hercules A.
The plasma jets themselves are each over a million light-years long, meaning you could lay ten copies of the entire Milky Way end-to-end inside each one of the jets. The jets themselves aren't visible in the wavelengths we're used to — they only show up when this area of space is imaged in radio waves. The image above is a mix of a visible light image taken by the Hubble Telescope, which shows Hercules A in the center, and a radio image taken by the Very Large Array radio telescope in New Mexico, which reveals the plasma jets.
We don't know exactly what creates these remarkable plasma bursts, but it's probably related to just how gigantic Hercules A's central supermassive black hole is. Both galaxy and black hole are proportionally larger than their Milky Way equivalents — Hercules A is estimated to be a thousand times more massive than our galaxy, while the supermassive black hole is also thought to be about a thousand times more massive than our own Sagittarius A*. The constant inflow of mass into the black hole of Hercules A likely provides the unimaginable amount of energy needed to power these jets.
Via NASA. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, S. Baum & C. O'Dea (RIT), R. Perley and W. Cotton (NRAO/AUI/NSF), and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).
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Previous Challenge Entry (Level 1 – Beginner)
Topic: Illustrate the meaning of "Don't Cut off Your Nose to Spite Your Face" (without using the actual phrase or litera (02/14/08)
TITLE: The Debt for Sin
By mary mcdonald
LEAVE COMMENT ON ARTICLE
SEND A PRIVATE COMMENT
ADD TO MY FAVORITES
They hung Him high, and stretched Him wide; they pierced Him in His side. Out of that side blood and water came streaming down. It went into the earth way down in the ground!
Huge rocks split, gross darkness covered the land, greatly shaken was the earth! Unusual was His death! But unusual was His birth! Why more than twelve legions of angels at any given notice were ready to crack the sky but Jesus kept on dying, He was dying for you and I.
I can imagine seeing Him as he yielded up the ghost! Jesus! The Son of God was dead! With the crown of thorns that they placed up on His head. Standing there looking up at Jesus with trembling and great fear, the people cried “ This truly was the Son of God that walked among here!”
But oh Glory Hallelujah “In three days
I shall rise” Don’t you remember the words that Jesus said? That’s why the angel spoke these words “ Why seek the living among those who are dead?”
Grave where is your victory, death what happen to your sting? Jesus rose with all powers in His hands, Why, He can do anything! He proved that life is stronger than death, love is stronger than hate and the truth is stronger than a lie.
The joy that He gives overwhelms our sorrows that make us hang down our heads and cry. And so this invitation stand open to Whosoever will, you may freely come. For God So Loved The World, That’s why He gave His only begotten Son!
The opinions expressed by authors may not necessarily reflect the opinion of FaithWriters.com.
If you died today, are you absolutely certain that you would go to heaven? You can be right now. CLICK HERE
JOIN US at FaithWriters for Free. Grow as a Writer and Spread the Gospel.
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Is BEAD valid for Scrabble? Words With Friends? Other games?!
Definitions of BEAD in various dictionaries:
- noun - a small ball with a hole through the middle
- noun - a shape that is spherical and small
- noun - a beaded molding for edging or decorating furniture
- verb - form into beads, as of water or sweat, for example
- verb - decorate by sewing beads onto
- verb - string together like beads
- A rosary.
- A prayer.
- A drop of moisture: beads of sweat.
- A bubble of gas in a liquid.
- A small metal knob on the muzzle of a firearm, such as a rifle, used for sighting.
- A strip of material, usually wood, with one molded edge placed flush against the inner part of a door or window frame.
- A decoration consisting of a usually continuous series of small spherical shapes, as on a convex molding.
- A projecting rim or lip, as on a pneumatic tire.
- A line of continuouslyapplied ductile material, such as solder or caulking compound.
- A globule of fused borax or other flux used in a bead test.
- verb - to adorn with beads (round pieces of glass)
There are 4 letters in BEAD: A B D E
Scrabble results that can be created with an extra letter added to BEAD
To search all scrabble anagrams of BEAD, to go: BEAD?
Rearrange the letters in BEAD and see some winning combinations
Contextual use of BEAD
What's nearby BEAD
Lookup in Wiki for BEAD
Anagrammer is a game resource site that has been extremely popular with players of popular games like Scrabble, Lexulous, WordFeud, Letterpress, Ruzzle, Hangman and so forth. We maintain regularly updated dictionaries of almost every game out there. To be successful in these board games you must learn as many valid words as possible, but in order to take your game to the next level you also need to improve your anagramming skills, spelling, counting and probability analysis. Make sure to bookmark every unscrambler we provide on this site. Explore deeper into our site and you will find many educational tools, flash cards and so much more that will make you a much better player. This page covers all aspects of BEAD, do not miss the additional links under "More about: BEAD"
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reflection paper (minimum of 3 full pages)
there is 3 powerpoint presentation read them and write minimum of 3 pages double space.
One of the most important components of your final reflection paper is your articulation of why this has been a meaningful learning experience for you. The final paper is not a laundry list. It must include some critical thinking, soul searching and reflection. This includes reviewing, your mid-term reflection paper, not copying, and doing an honest assessment of your learning. Showing up and “putting in the hours” in class does not constitute a learning experience. Include:
a) A detailed explanation of what you have learned and how it relates to you, personally.
b) Specific examples of insight, progress, learning etc.
c) Explanation of difficult or negative experiences and what you learned from them.
d) Description of how you might be “changed” somehow by the experiences.
e) Must include resources and references from the course.“
a reflection paper on literature or another experience, the point is to include your thoughts and reactions to the reading or experience. You can present your feelings on what you read and explain them. You also can use a reflection paper to analyze what you have read. Like any other paper or essay, it should be cohesive and refer directly to the specific passage or quote in the material that inspired this feeling and APA format with cover page.
You can include personal experience in a reflection paper, but do not depend on it; base your reactions and reflections on the material that is your subject…”
the information taken from the slides should be sited as the following
Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Heterosexism.pptx March 2011.pptx
Section 9 Ageism and Adultism.pptx
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Amiens had been earlier in the hands of the Germans and its fall to the Allies had to be held. Losing it meant that the area... a major hub of railways, could be used by the Germans to move men and equipment about very quickly.
The Allied plan called for complete secrecy and movement by night of massive amounts of troops and equipment along a front of about 50 miles long, and along the left edge of the shaded area above. Troops were to be rested when, at same time, the enemy was not. And the enemy was looking elsewhere for them. This was because the Allies sent a far lesser amount of soldiers off in another direction with the intent of misleading where the next battle was going to take place.
The Allies also tried something new. Instead of "ranging" the guns when first firing, ie determining the distance and elevation for firing, they resorted to mathematics and brain power. Coupling both, so that when the signal to start the battle was given, instead of having 500 guns shooting too short of the target, or beyond, now they would shoot AT THE TARGET. And that they did, on at least 500 of the 530 they faced. Imagine the effects of causing them serious grief within minutes! Minutes in an unexpected attack.
The Allies went into this battle with 32 Divisions on the attack against 14 German divisions. The enemy were unnumbered and outgunned and soon found out the hard way.
Four Divisions of Canadians fought here with the French Army on their right and the Australian Army of their left. In the midst of one of the Canadian divisions was the 13th and within that was the Private John Croak, the former troubled Newfoundlander.
The battle started at about 4.30 a.m. on the 8th of August. There was a blinding fog which caused real problems for the tanks and carriers who could not follow the troops closely for fear on not seeing them and running them over. So the men moved as infantry do, by foot. Along with the foot solders were the cavalry and artillery and above their heads were the planes. An amazing 1900 Allied planes against only 365 German planes. On the ground it is understandable when you hear that the earth shook that day. Once the fogs lifted the tanks advanced over 100 meters every 3 minutes.
The Canadians and the Australians spearheaded the charge and in fact gained more ground than the other armies. Canada with an amazing 8.1 miles of ground gained that first day, Australians close behind at 6.8 miles, then followed by the French at 5 miles and the Brits at 2 miles gained. Five German divisions where whipped out and nine took heavy losses. By the end of the battle the Allies would capture some 29,000 POW's 338 powerful field guns and liberated 116 towns and villages. But with the high cost of over 22,000 dead, wounded, POW's or missing. Their captured ground is the shaded area in the above sketch.
The decisive win for the Allies caused such morale problems for the Axis powers that men were losing the will to win and where thus easier to conquer. This first day of what was to become know as the beginning of "Canada's 100 Days," but by something else for the Germans. Their high command labeled it the Black Day for the German Army."
In the midst of all of this John Croak, soon after the battle began, got separated from his platoon while operating in the area near Hangar Wood, shown above. He stumbled across a machine gun pit and on his own attacked it, captured the gun and also the gun crew. Not long after he was advancing and saw a series of machine gun crews in a long trench, jumped in and started to shoot and bayonet the enemy. While he took out yet 3 more MG's he was shot and within minutes his war was instantly over. As was his life of only 26 years.
In September of 1918 Pte John Bernhard Croak was awarded the Victoria Cross by the King of England. Above is the citation from the London Gazette dated 27 September. The award of course was posthumous, and was sent back to Canada and presented to his mother at a very special ceremony at Government House in Halifax Nova Scotia by then Lt. Governor MacCallum.
The above issue of the gazette may well be rather unique in itself. While most issues cover a variety of topics, this one was issued for the only purpose of awarding Victoria Crosses. It awarded nine. AND SEVEN went to Canadians. One for actions in the very same battle and location where John was killed.
In July 1918 a new grave yard was started at Domart, just a few miles to the west of where Pte Croak gave his life. (Domart is shown in above sketch.) Today he rests there along with 160 other Commonwealth heroes. And 58 of these were from Canada.
There is a monument in a Glace Bay Nova Scotia Cemetery and a memorial park in the same area in honor of John Croak.
Inscribed on this hero's grave are the profound words... "Do you wish to show your gratitude? Kneel down and pray for my soul."
Certainly something to think about as we reflect on the fact that 132 years ago last Sunday this Canadian hero was born.
Now it is your turn to take a few minutes and send me your thoughts on these blogs.
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Today is Human Rights Day, the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Some thoughts on this day, cross-posted on IntLawGrrls:
Dora “Alicia” Recinos Sorto of El Salvador was shot dead in November 2009 while on her way home from doing laundry at a nearby river. She was eight months pregnant and holding her two-year-old child when she was killed. She had been active in opposing a mining operation in her community due to concerns about the mine’s health and environmental impacts.
Attacks on environmental activists throughout Latin America are on the increase, according to the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL). On 25 October 2010, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) held a hearing on the situation faced by environmental activists in Central America. CIEL provides background information as well as a link to a webcast of the hearing here.
People who work to defend human rights are subjected to killing, death threats, torture, kidnapping, arbitrary arrest and detention, prosecution, defamation, burglary, and more. This year’s theme for Human Rights Day — December 10 — is human rights defenders who act to end discrimination.
Human rights defenders are targeted not only by governments but also by private individuals and entities. In her August 2010 report, UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya (above; photo source: A1Plus.am) focused on state obligations under international law with respect to human rights violations against defenders by non-state actors.
People working to end rights abuses targeting gay men, lesbians, transgender and bisexual individuals are among those who work at great personal risk. Today, in the ECOSOC Chamber of the United Nations in New York, the Permanent Missions of Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Croatia, France, Gabon, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, The United States of America and the Delegation of the European Union will hold a High Level Panel Discussion on “Ending Violence and Criminal Sanctions on the basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.” UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon will deliver opening remarks and Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu will deliver a special video address.
The Association for Women in Development (AWID), in collaboration with the Women Human Rights Defenders International Coalition, recently issued a new reference tool, List of Materials and Resources for Women Human Rights Defenders, which lists:
- research materials dealing with the security and protection of defenders;
- manuals on how to document and monitor violations of women’s rights;
- information on how to conduct trial observations;
- manuals on the rights and mechanisms available to women human rights defenders at risk;
- materials that address specific themes particularly relevant to women defenders, such as sexual orientation, religious fundamentalisms and conflict.
– Stephanie Farrior
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Many parents (myself included) want their kids to listen. We want to make a request and hear something along the lines of, “Sure, Ok Mom/Dad. No problem.” Sounds blissful, doesn’t it? It’s certainly an attainable goal and there are many ways to help our kids want to cooperate (please see previous posts on the topic of cooperation). So what gets in the way? Why does it seem so hard to gain our kids cooperation?
In addition to it being a kids job to test limits and boundaries, the reality is that often, quite often, our agendas and our kids agendas simply don’t match up. They want one thing, we want another. Rather than see it for what it commonly is – a mismatch in itineraries, we may feel defeated, challenged, threatened etc. That’s when our self-talk kicks in – “Did he really just “disobey” me?” “How did I get such a “defiant” child?” “What’s WRONG with her?”
As discussed in a previous post, that inner chatter sets in motion all kinds of emotions as well as mistaken beliefs about why our child is behaving the way he is. We begin to feel out of control. And what is a natural reaction to feeling out of control? You guessed it, try to GAIN control. Often, this is when parents turn to punishment.
Parents I work with in my coaching practice come to me when what they have tried just isn’t working or has stopped working….the reward charts, the time-outs, the spanking, the yelling, nagging and lecturing, the removal of privileges and so on. These amazing parents want to know why – why their punishment isn’t working and they are eager to gain the insight into how they can create a more calm, less chaotic relationship and home environment.
To help parents understand why punishment doesn’t work, we often begin by discussing the brain science of it all. Thanks to the incredible field of neuroscience, including “whole-brain” experts such as Dan Siegel, MD and Tina Bryson, Ph.D, we have empirically based research that supports the answers to these very important questions. Here’s what we know:
The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain responsible for impulse control, emotional regulation, self-awareness, logical reasoning, decision making, planning, along with other higher order functions. This part of the brain is not said to be fully developed until early adulthood. In fact, some have documented not until the age of 25! So, it’s no wonder that kids have a difficult time “controlling themselves,” as the part of their brain responsible for sound decision making and impulse control, for example, is still “under construction.”
Punishment, by nature, involves blame, shame and/or pain. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines punishment as, “suffering, pain or loss that serves as retribution.”
When a child experiences punishment, in the form of yelling, threats, “consequences,” and the like, the brain perceives these behaviors as a threat and goes into survival mode, otherwise know as fight, flight or freeze. Behaviorally, this often takes the form of tantrums or back talk, running away or eyeball rolling, retreat or withdrawal, to name a few. When the brain is in this mode, no true learning (of appropriate behavior) can take place. The child’s defenses are activated and the brain becomes enraged vs. engaged.
Punishment may have the illusion of working, as it may stop the (mis)behavior in the moment, but it’s at a cost (the relationship often suffers and the sense of trust is shaken) and does not get to the core of why the behavior is happening in the first place. As a result, we find that children may “listen” more out of fear, rather than out of true respect for and connection to their parents. Furthermore, the behaviors and the negative cycle continues.
Knowing the brain science behind why punishment doesn’t work affords us the opportunity to try a different approach – an approach which is focused more on connecting instead of controlling. In Positive Discipline, we refer to this as “Connection Before Correction.” When misbehavior happens, focusing on connection is one way in which we help our child’s brain move from a reactive state to one which is more open to and accepting of the loving guidance we have and choose to offer. When we connect, through empathy, acceptance of all emotions (not just the positive ones) and mindful presence, our child can be guided in developing the life skills he needs to learn from his mistakes and choose more appropriate behavior in the future. As Jane Nelsen, author of Positive Discipline says, “Kids don’t need to suffer in order to learn.”
Choose connection, which builds trust and a sense of security. The “listening” will follow.
It starts with us.
All the best,
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Organizing Lessons from Civil Rights Leader Ella Baker
north america / mexico |
other libertarian press
Monday March 03, 2008 09:23 by repost: Chris Crass
Ella Baker stressed the need to not only politicize and mobilize people, but to consciously develop people's capacities to be organizers and leaders in the long haul struggle for a better world. While "each one teach one" strategies and training people in the skills of organizing don't grab headlines in the media, it is this work that builds movement and develops a community of empowerment, solidarity and support that we need in order to transform society.
Ella Baker, who was born in North Carolina in 1905, was politicized and radicalized by the poverty of the Great Depression. She participated in self-help programs throughout the 30s and developed an understanding and respect for the process by which people take control over their own lives while also protesting injustices.
In the late 1930s, Baker became a field organizer for the NAACP. She would travel throughout the South and lecture, network and organize with any one person or group of people she could find. She would stay with local branches and help organize membership drives. She would assist local groups that were having either internal or external problems. However, her overall goal of organizing was to bring the NAACP to the grassroots. As an organizer, Baker believed very strongly in the abilities and the knowledge of local people to address their own issues. She believed that the national organization should serve as a system of support to offer assistance and resources to local campaigns and projects. She believed that organizations needed to serve the grassroots that made the organization strong.
In the early 1940's she became the assistant field secretary for the NAACP and by 1943, she was named the national director of branches. Baker describes her years of organizing with the NAACP and what she tried to accomplish as follows: "My basic sense of it has always been to get people to understand that in the long run, they themselves are the only protection they have against violence and injustice. If they only had ten members in the NAACP at any given point, those ten members could be in touch with twenty-five members in the next little town, with fifty in the next and throughout the state as a result of the organization of state conferences and they, or course, could be linked up with the national. People have to be made to understand that they cannot look for salvation anywhere but themselves".
Baker's organizational style actively worked to keep people informed and empowered, with the goal of people organizing themselves. Baker argued that strong people do not need a strong leader; rather they need an organization that can provide mutual aid and solidarity. Those views on organizing were very different then those of the national NAACP. In fact, Baker became critical of the national NAACP's failure to support the development of self-sufficient local groups, as it failed to help "local leaders develop their own leadership potential". In response to the unsupportive stance of the national NAACP, Baker began organizing regional gatherings to bring people together and help develop local leadership and organizing skills.
Baker worked to organize and support regional gatherings to both develop people's skills and build communities of support and resistance. This is an example of Baker's commitment to bottom up organizing that values the work of developing relationships between people and building trust, respect and power on a grassroots level. She believed in participatory democracy, not just in theory or on paper, but in the messy and complex world of practice: where mistakes are made, decision-making is tough, and the process of growth is slow.
In her essay, "Ella Baker and the Origins of 'Participatory Democracy'", Carol Mueller breaks down Ella's conception of participatory democracy into three parts: (1) an appeal for grassroots involvement of people throughout society in the decisions that control their lives; (2) the minimization of hierarchy and the associated emphasis on expertise and professionalism as a basis for leadership; and (3) a call for direct action as an answer to fear, alienation and intellectual detachment.
The call for direct action was one of Baker's main strategies for creating meaningful social change. She argued that it is the people themselves who create change; that not only does direct action challenge injustice in society, but that ultimately individuals confront the oppression in their own heads and begin the process of self-transformation and self-actualization.
She also believed that as people organize, they will learn from their mistakes and successes and become stronger people in the process: people who believe in themselves and feel a sense of their own power to affect the world around them and make history. If there was a shortage of food due to economic injustice, she would help people to provide food for themselves but she would also help organize folks to protest the economic conditions that deny people food. If the school system isn't providing a satisfactory education, then the community must come together to demand changes and to also provide alternatives ways of learning (i.e. after school programs, study groups, tutoring programs, free schools, homeschooling, etc.). For Baker, direct action was about achieving immediate goals, but it was also deeply connected to developing a sense of power in the people involved. It is this sense of power that would change people far beyond winning the immediate goals and help build a sustainable movement with long-term commitment and vision. It would also hopefully impact people's perceptions of themselves in relationship to the world and open up greater possibilities for happiness and satisfaction.
Ms. Baker had an innovative understanding of leadership, an idea which she thought of in multiple ways: as facilitator, creating processes and methods for others to express themselves and make decisions; as coordinator, creating events, situations and dynamics that build and strengthen collective efforts; and as teacher/educator, working with others to develop their own sense of power, capacity to organize and analyze, visions of liberation and ability to act in the world for justice. Ella believed that good leadership created opportunities for others to realize and expand their own talents, skills and potential to be leaders themselves. This did not mean that she didn't challenge people or struggle with people over political questions and strategies. Rather, this meant that she struggled with people over these questions to help develop principled and strategic leadership capable of organizing for social transformation.
Baker described good leadership as group-centered leadership. Group-centered leadership means that leaders form in groups and are committed to building collective power and struggling for collective goals. This is different than leader-centered groups, in which the group is dedicated to the goals and power of that leader.
Baker's commitment to participatory democracy led her to resign as the national director of branches of the NAACP in 1946. She moved to New York to care for her niece and became the local branch director and immediately began the process of taking the organization to the grassroots; out of the offices and into the streets.
After the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education verdict declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, Baker and the local branch started campaigning against segregation in the New York school system. Additionally, after the court decision, Baker and several other organizers formed the group In Friendship, which provided financial assistance to local leaders in the South who were suffering reprisals for their organizing. In Friendship believed that the time had come for a mass mobilization against the legally sanctioned racial apartheid of Jim Crow society in the South. When the Montgomery Bus Boycott campaign generated local mass participation, national support and international media, In Friendship thought they might have found the spark that they were looking for. The group established contact with the Montgomery Improvement Association who was leading the campaign and began taking notes as well as offering support and advice.
Once the campaign came to an end in 1956, with a major victory against segregation on the city buses, In Friendship put forward a proposal to the local leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr. and others. Ella Baker , Bayard Rustin and Stanley Levinson approached Dr. King with the idea of an organizational structure to help network and build a Southern movement against segregation. They believed that Montgomery had shown that "the center of gravity had shifted from the courts to community action" and that now was the time to strike. In 1957, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was founded. The SCLC was intended to be a network of local leaders and communities coordinating their actions and providing assistance to one another. The SCLC was also formed around the strategy of getting more clergy members to involve themselves and their church communities in the Civil Rights struggle. SCLC started with sixty-five affiliates throughout the South. The leader of the SCLC was Martin Luther King, Jr., but it was Ella Baker who opened and ran the group's office in Atlanta, and she used her connections throughout the South to lay the groundwork for the organization. The two principal strategies of SCLC, laid out at the group's founding conference, were building voter power in the Black community and mass direct action against segregation. Baker spent two and a half years as the acting executive director of SCLC. She ran the Atlanta office and traveled throughout the South building support for the organization. The first project was the Crusade for Citizenship, which aimed at doubling the number of Black votes in the South within a year. With hardly any resources and little support from the other leaders of SCLC, over thirteen thousand people came together in over 22 cities to plan and initiate the campaign.
During her two and half years of organizing with SCLC, her relationship with the leadership began to wane. While Ella continued her work building a bottom up, grassroots powered organization, others in SCLC consolidated their adherence to the strategy of the charismatic leader-centered group style that formed around King. In addition to this, she was never officially made the executive director during her tenure as 'acting' executive director. Baker said that she was never made official because she was neither a minister nor a man. The failure to recognize and respect women's leadership was a major weakness in the SCLC and in other formations of the Civil Rights movement.
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and the Organizing Tradition
In 1960, a massive resurgence of Civil Rights activism and direct action took place amongst students who initiated the sit-in movement, which swept through the South like wildfire. Thousands of students participated in desegregation actions in which Black and some white students would sit at segregated lunch counters requesting to be served and refusing to leave. The sit-ins were dramatic; they brought the tensions of racial apartheid to the surface and often ended with white violence against the sit-in protesters. The sit-in movement erupted out of previously existing autonomous groups and/or networks that had been forming. They were largely uncoordinated beyond the local level and there were no visible public leaders - it was a self-organized movement. Within a year and a half sit-ins had taken place in over one hundred cities in twenty states and involved an estimated seventy thousand demonstrators with three thousand six hundred arrests. Ella Baker immediately realized the potential of this newly developing student movement and went to work organizing a conference to be held in Raleigh, North Carolina in April of 1960.
The conference brought together student activists and organizers from around the South who had participated in the sit-in movement. There were two hundred delegates out of which one hundred twenty were student activists representing fifty-six colleges and high schools from twelve Southern states and the District of Columbia. As the conference was organized by Baker and she was the acting executive director of SCLC, the leadership of SCLC hoped that the students would become a youth wing of the adult organization. However, Baker, who delivered one of the key-note speeches at the conference, urged the students to remain autonomous, form their own organization and set their own goals that would reflect their militancy and passion for social change.
The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee was born out of the Raleigh conference. SNCC (pronounced Snick) was run by the students themselves along with two adult advisors: Ella Baker and Howard Zinn. It would become one of the most important organizations of the 60s. They played a major role in the Freedom Rides, another direct action tactic that dramatically protested segregation. It's organizers started the "jail no bail" strategy of filling the jails and refusing to pay bail until segregation was ended. SNCC also played a principle role in Freedom Summer in Mississippi. That campaign followed their strategy of grassroots community organizing that took them into some of the most formidable areas of the South.
Ella Baker has been referred to as both the mid-wife who helped deliver SNCC and the founder who helped articulate the base principles from which the group developed. For instance, SNCC was committed to group-centered leadership, to mass direct action, to organizing in the tradition of developing people's capacity to work on their own behalf, and to community building that was participatory and involved local people in decision-making with the goal of developing local leaders. In looking to the lessons of Ella Baker's organizing strategies, it is useful to look at SNCC to see how these concepts were experimented with and applied. From the examples of SNCC, we can draw both insights and inspiration for the work that we are doing today.
Charles Payne writes in his book, I've Got the Light of Freedom: "SNCC may have the firmest claim to being called the borning organization [as in inspiring and helping shape other organizations]. SNCC initiated the mass-based, disruptive political style we associate with the sixties, and it provided philosophical and organizational models and hands-on training for people who would become leaders in the student power movement, anti-war movement, and the feminist movement. SNCC forced the civil rights movement to enter the most dangerous areas of the South. It pioneered the idea of young people 'dropping out' for a year or two to work for social change. It pushed the proposition that merely bettering the living conditions of the oppressed was insufficient; that has to be done in conjunction with giving those people a voice in the decisions that shape their lives. As SNCC learned to see beyond the lunch counter, the increasingly radical philosophies that emerged within the organization directly and indirectly encouraged a generation of scholars and activists to reconsider the ways that social inequality is generated and sustained."
One model of organizing in SNCC was the Freedom School used in Mississippi. The Freedom Schools prioritized political education informed by daily reality to connect day-to-day experiences with an institutional analysis. The Freedom Schools focused on building leadership and training organizers. SNCC envisioned the schools to operate as "parallel institutions" or what many anarchists refer to today as "counter-institutions". Charlie Cobb, who first proposed the creation of the Freedom Schools said that the schools were to be "an educational experience for students which will make it possible for them to challenge the myths of our society, to perceive more clearly its realities and to find alternatives and ultimately, new directions for action". Curriculum at the schools ranged from "Introducing the Power Structure", to critiques of materialism in "Material Things and Soul Things". There were classes on non-violence and direct action as well as classes on economics and how the power structure manipulates the fears of poor whites. The lessons learned from the Freedom Schools can help us to envision programs that educate as well as train people to take action.
Ella Baker devoted her time, energy and wisdom to SNCC, which came to embody those principles of participatory democracy and grassroots community organizing that she had helped to develop throughout her lifetime as a radical organizer. Both Baker and SNCC struggled to create collective leadership, to engage in activism that empowered others to become active, to generate change from the bottom up and to experiment with expanding democratic decision making into everyday life.
The history and experiences of SNCC offer much to organizers today, in terms of how we go about our work and how we envision our goals. One organizer from SNCC, Bob Zellner, described being an organizer as similar to a juggling act, "Organizers had to be morale boosters, teachers, welfare agents, transportation coordinators, canvassers, public speakers, negotiators, lawyers, all while communicating with people who range from illiterate sharecroppers to well-off professionals and while enduring harassment from agents of the law and listening with one ear for threats of violence. Exciting days and major victories are rare". Ella Baker described community organizing as 'spade work', as in the hard work gardening when you prepare the soil for seeds for the next season. It is hard work, but it is what makes it possible for the garden to grow.
Charles Payne warns us repeatedly to look at the everyday work that builds movements and creates social change and to draw from those experiences in order to learn the lessons for our work today. He writes, "Overemphasizing the movement's more dramatic features, we undervalue the patient and sustained effort, the slow, respectful work, that made the dramatic moments possible".
From here, he develops an analysis of how sexism operates in organizing efforts. He explores why it is that in most histories of social movements, the profound impact of women is rarely mentioned. In the Civil Rights movements it was women and young people who were the backbone of the struggle. On this Payne writes, "We know beyond dispute that women were frequently the dominant force in the movement. Their historical invisibility is perhaps the most compelling example of the way our shared images of the movement distort and confuse the historical reality. There is a parallel with the way in which we typically fail to see women's work in other spheres. Arlene Daniels, among others, has noted that what we socially define as 'work' are those activities that are public rather than private and those activities for which we get paid. In the same way, the tendency in the popular imagination and in much scholarship has been to reduce the movement to stirring speeches - given by men - and dramatic demonstrations - led by men. The everyday maintenance of the movement, women's work, overwhelmingly, is effectively devalued, sinking beneath the level of our sight".
As organizers today, it is crucial that we look at our own work and consider what activities we place value on. How do we treat the people making the grand speeches and leading the rallies? And how do we treat the people making the phone calls, facilitating the meetings, distributing the flyers, raising money, taking time out to listen to the troubles of other organizers, coordinating child-care, cooking all day, patiently answering dozens of questions from new volunteers or potential supporters, or working really hard to make other people in the group or project feel listened to, respected, heard, valued and supported?
Whose names do we remember and whose work do we praise? As organizers we are not just putting together actions; we are helping to build community, helping to build supportive and loving relationships between people, helping to sustain and nourish alternative values of cooperation and liberation in this fiercely competitive and individualistic society.
This was the strength of Ella Baker's work, a strength that I think we can learn enormously from: her attention to group development. Ella Baker stressed the need to not only politicize and mobilize people, but to consciously develop people's capacities to be organizers and leaders in the long haul struggle for a better world. While "each one teach one" strategies and training people in the skills of organizing don't grab headlines in the media, it is this work that builds movement and develops a community of empowerment, solidarity and support that we need in order to transform society. Ella Baker's legacy is one that both inspires and informs our day-to-day efforts. The challenge before us is to make sense of her legacy in relationship to our work today.
This is an excerpt from an essay written by Chris Crass on organizing lessons to be learned from the life long revolutionary organizing work of Ella Baker.
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Wikipedia.
Related to canker: citrus canker, canker sore
canker,small sore on the inside of the mouth. A canker appears as a shallow, whitish ulcer surrounded by a thin, red area. It is tender, sometimes painful, and may occur singly or as one of a group of sores. Cankers develop on the inner surfaces of the lips or cheeks, on the gums, under the tongue, or on the roof of the mouth. The cause is unknown, but cankers have been associated with friction, injury, allergy, and viral infection. They generally heal by themselves in a few days but can be recurrent.
a disease of cultivated and wild plants characterized by extreme, irregular proliferation of stems, branches, roots, and, less commonly, other organs, resulting in the formation of excrescences and tumors. Bacteria and fungi are the most common causative agents of canker. Some cankers heal very slowly or not at all. The use of the term “canker” is arbitrary. The most widespread and harmful cankers affecting crops are potato wart, crown gall, apple black rot, and bacterial canker of tomatoes.
Potato wart is a serious quarantine disease caused by an intracellular parasite—the pathogenic fungus Synchytrium endobioticum of the class Phycomycetes. The disease is characterized by the formation of fleshy nodular growths on the tubers and stolons and, less commonly, on the stems and leaves. The growths are sometimes larger than the tubers. A severely infected tuber is commercially worthless, and, as a rule, infected tubers cannot develop at all. The disease sharply decreases crop yield.
The causative agent of potato wart overwinters in the soil and plant residues in the form of spores. The spores germinate in spring, forming monociliated zoospores that penetrate the plants. The causative agents are spread by the tubers, postharvest residues, and manure; the spores remain viable even after passing through the intestinal tract of animals. Control measures include cultivation of potato varieties resistant to the disease, such as Kameraz, Berlichingen, and Priekul’skii Early. Other measures include keeping the fields in bare fallow, controlling solenaceous weeds, feeding affected potatoes to cattle only after they have been boiled, and disinfecting the soil with fungicides.
Crown gall, which affects fruit crops, is most dangerous in nurseries, especially when young plants are infected. The causative agent is the rodlike bacterium Bacterium tumefaciens, which can infect not only pomes and drupaceous plants (apple, pear, cherry, apricot, sweet cherry) but also willows, roses, chrysanthemums, beets, tomatoes, and sunflowers. The bacterium penetrates plants at the sites of injury to the root system and releases growth substances, such as indoleacetic acid and gibberellin-like substances, that intensify cell division and give rise to primary galls. Secondary galls often appear some distance away from the primary ones; they are usually sterile, since they result from the metabolic products of the bacteria moving through the tissues. The galls hinder the movement of juices, especially when the main root or the root collar (crown) is affected.
Control measures include establishing nurseries on plots where plants susceptible to crown gall were not grown for two or three years, growing healthy planting stock, discarding and burning seedlings with large galls on the main roots and root collar, and pruning away growths on the lateral roots and disinfecting the cut portions with copper sulfate or naphthenate.
Apple black rot, or apple canker, is a very dangerous disease. It most seriously affects weakened pomes (apple, pear, quince, medlar); less commonly, it affects drupaceous plants, persimmon, English walnut, and other plants in old neglected orchards. The causative agent, the pycnidial fungus Sphaeropsis malorum, penetrates plants at the sites of injury and attacks the bark, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Brown sunken spots appear on the bark, which gradually spread in concentric circles around the branches and trunk, causing them to wither. The affected areas resemble gooseflesh, owing to the formation of minute pycnidia under the epidermis. Apple canker is manifested on the leaves in the form of cinnamon-brown spots and on the fruits as black rot. Severely infected plants die in three or four years. The scion and stock must be compatible if the disease is to be prevented. It is recommended that disease-resistant varieties (Bel’fler-kitaika, Pepin Shafrannyi, Borovinka, Papirovka, Pepinka Litovskaia) be grafted into the crowns of vigorously growing stock with powerful root systems.
Control measures include uprooting dead trees, pruning overgrown branches, trimming away affected bark and then applying fungicides, applying tree coating to the wounds, collecting and burning rotted fruits and infected leaves, and coating boles and boughs with lime water.
Bacterial canker of tomatoes is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium michiganense, which may be transmitted by seeds, infected residues, wind, and insects. Pruning during the growing season also causes the disease to spread. Canker of tomatoes attacks the fruits, stems, and vascular system, causing the branches and leaves to wither. Control measures include treatment of seeds, disinfection of soil with fungicides, thorough cleansing of the young crops before pruning, destruction of postharvest residues and replowing plots.
Cankers affecting trees may be caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas remifaciens (poplar and ash canker), the bacterium Pseudomonas pini (pine canker), the rust fungi Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini, the ascomycetous fungus Dasyseypha willkommii (European larch canker), and the bacterium Erwinia multivora (blight canker).
REFERENCESPeresypkin, V. F. Sel’skokhoziaistvennaia fitopatologiia. Moscow, 1969.
Zhuravlev, I. I., and D. V. Sokolov. Lesnaia fitopatologiia. Moscow, 1969.
Pospelov, S. M., M. V. Arsen’eva, and G. S. Gruzdev. Zashchita rastenii. Leningrad, 1973.
M. I. KHOKHRIAKOV
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6Big Question: How do inventors inspire our imaginations Big Question: How do inventors inspire our imaginations? Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
7Vocabulary Words parapet reproachfully permit experiment scoundrel More Words to Knowparapetreproachfullyexperimentsuggestedtheoryadmiringlypermitscoundrelsubjectworthless
8How do inventors inspire our imaginations? MondayQuestion of the DayHow do inventors inspire our imaginations?
9Today we will learn about: Build ConceptsAuthor’s PurposeStory StructureBuild BackgroundVocabularyFluency: Model Tone of VoiceGrammar: Past, Present, and Future TensesSpelling: SchwaInventors and Their Inventions
11Fluency: Model Tone of Voice Listen as I read “What’s the Big Idea, Ben Franklin?”As I read, notice how I use my tone of voice to show surprise, amazement, or other emotions in the descriptions of his many and varied inventions.Be ready to answer questions after I finish.
12Fluency: Model Tone of Voice What is the author’s purpose in writing this selection?What kind of person do you think Ben Franklin was?
13Concept Vocabulary experiment – trial or test to find out something suggested – put forward; proposedtheory – an explanation based on observation and reasoning(Next Slide)
14Concept Vocabulary(To add information to the graphic organizer, click on end show, type in your new information, and save your changes.)
15Build Concept Vocabulary experiment, suggested, theory IdeasMethodsInventors and Their Inventions
16Author’s Purpose, Story Structure Turn to page 262 - 263.
17W (What would you like to learn?) Prior Knowledge What do you know about inventors, including who they are, what they do, what they are like, and so on?K (What do you know?)W (What would you like to learn?)L (What did you learn?)
18Prior KnowledgeThis week’s audio explores flight. After you listen, we will discuss what you learned and what information you found most surprising.
20Vocabulary Words admiringly – with wonder, pleasure, and approval permit – to let; allowscoundrel – an evil, dishonorable personsubject – person under the power, control, or influence of anotherworthless – without value; good-for- nothing; useless
21More Words to Knowparapet – a low wall at the edge of a balcony, roof, or bridgereproachfully – with disapproval(Next Slide)
24once i write a story about a king Once I wrote a story about a king.king wrong was a funny ferry tellKing Wrong was a funny fairy tale.
25Past, Present, and Future Tenses I will give that bag of gold to the person who brings me a pair of wings.Will give is a future tense verb. It shows what will happen. Brings is a present tense verb. It tells about present action.
26Past, Present, and Future Tenses The tense of a verb shows when something happens.Verbs in the present tense show action that happens now.Most present-tense singular verbs end with –s or –es.Most present-tense plural verbs do not end with –s or –es.The king enters the hall. His subjects bow.
27Past, Present, and Future Tenses Verbs in the past tense show action that has already happened.Most verbs in the past tense end in ed.Long ago, a fairy enchanted the princess.Verbs in the future tense show action that will happen. Add will (or shall) to most verbs to show the future tense.She will sleep now.
28Past, Present, and Future Tenses Some regular verbs change spelling when –ed is added. For verbs ending in e, drop the e and add –ed: liked, loved.For verbs ending in a consonant and y, change the y to i and add –ed: hurried, carried.For most one-syllable verbs that end in one vowel followed by one consonant, double the consonant and add –ed: stopped, napped
29Past, Present, and Future Tenses Irregular verbs change spelling to form the past tense:is/wasmake/madesee/sawsit/sattake/tooktell/toldthink/thoughtwrite/wroteare/werebring/broughteat/atefind/foundfly/flewgo/wenthave/had
30Past, Present, and Future Tenses Identify the tense of each underlined verb. Everyone wants a cure for boredom.presentI will award a prize for the best invention.futureNina competed for the prize last year.pastHer invention is clever.
31Past, Present, and Future Tenses Identify the tense of each underlined verb. It received second prize.pastIt will ring when you yawn.futureNina tried the machine on me.
32Past, Present, and Future Tenses What is the correct present, past, and future tense ? Verb: askPresent: He asksPast: He askedFuture: He will askVerb: liftPresent: We liftPast: We liftedFuture: We will liftVerb: flyPresent: It fliesPast: It flewFuture: It will fly
35Why does the King wish to fly so much? TuesdayQuestion of the DayWhy does the King wish to fly so much?
36Today we will learn about: Context CluesAuthor’s PurposeStory StructureCause and EffectVocabularyFluency: Choral ReadingGrammar: Past, Present, and Future TensesSpelling: SchwaTime for Science: The First FlightInventors and Their Inventions
37Vocabulary Strategy: Multiple-Meaning Words Pages 264 - 265.
40Fluency: Choral Reading Turn to page 268.As I read the parts of the King and Queen, notice how I change my voice for each of the characters.We will practice as a class doing three choral readings of the parts.
42in this kingdem the king surved every one In this kingdom the king served everyone.he payed taxes to his loyel subjectsHe paid taxes to his loyal subjects.
43Past, Present, and Future Tenses The tense of a verb shows when something happens.Verbs in the present tense show action that happens now.Verbs in the past tense show action that has already happened.Verbs in the future tense show action that will happen.
46How is reading a book like taking a journey? WednesdayQuestion of the DayHow is reading a book like taking a journey?
47Today we will learn about: Author’s PurposeStory StructureContext CluesVocabularyFluency: Model Tone of VoiceGrammar: Past, Present, and Future TensesSpelling: SchwaTime for Science: Scientific ProcessInventors and Their Inventions
50Fluency: Model Tone of Voice Turn to page 271.As I read, notice how my voice not only changes for each character, but for the different emotions displayed by the characters.Now we will practice together as a class by doing three choral readings.
52every one will celabrat the queens’ birthday Everyone will celebrate the queen’s birthday.a carnivle of actors performd tomorrowA carnival of actors will perform tomorrow.
53Past, Present, and Future Tenses The tense of a verb shows when something happens.Verbs in the present tense show action that happens now.Verbs in the past tense show action that has already happened.Verbs in the future tense show action that will happen.
54Past, Present, and Future Tenses Verb tenses should be logical and consistent in a piece of writing. If you are writing about a past event, use past tense for all verbs.Incorrect: The people cheered for the king as he pass by.Correct: The people cheered for the king as he passed by.
55Past, Present, and Future Tenses Review something you have written to see if you can improve it by making verb tenses consistent.
58ThursdayQuestion of the DayWhat abilities or personal qualities do you think make a person a great inventor?
59Today we will learn about: Narrative Nonfiction/Text FeaturesReading Across TextsContent-Area VocabularyFluency: Partner ReadingGrammar: Past, Present, and Future TensesSpelling: SchwaTime for Science: Insects
64what book is you reading What book are you reading?alice in wonderland is about a girls wild dreamAlice in Wonderland is about a girl’s wild dream.
65Past, Present, and Future Tenses The tense of a verb shows when something happens.Verbs in the present tense show action that happens now.Verbs in the past tense show action that has already happened.Verbs in the future tense show action that will happen.
66Past, Present, and Future Tenses Test Tip: Unlike most verbs, the irregular verb be has two past tense forms: was and were.Singular nouns and I, she, he, and it take was as the past form.Plural nouns and you, we, and they take were.Incorrect: You was late.Correct: You were late.
69How do inventors inspire our imaginations? FridayQuestion of the DayHow do inventors inspire our imaginations?
70Today we will learn about: Build Concept VocabularyAuthor’s PurposeContext CluesGrammar: Past, Present, and Future TensesSpelling: SchwaAdvertisementInventors and Their Inventions
71Author’s PurposeThe author’s purpose is the reason or reasons an author has for writing. The purpose may change during a selection, but most selections have one main purpose.An author may write to persuade you, to inform you, to entertain you, or to express ideas or feelings. The kinds of ideas and the way the author states them help you see the author’s purpose.
72MetaphorA metaphor is a comparison between two unlike things that are alike in at least one way.The similarity in a metaphor is implied. There are no comparison words such as like or as.While a simile says that one thing is like something else, a metaphor says that one thing is something else.A symbol is a person, place, or object that has meaning in itself but suggests other meanings as well.
73Multiple Meaning Words Some words have two or more meanings or accepted spellings. One way to figure out which meaning is correct is to use context clues.Write two meanings for multiple- meaning words from Wings for the King and then place check marks next to the correct meanings for the play.
75AdvertisementAdvertisements are found in a variety of sources, such as magazines, newspapers, catalogues, and the Internet.The purpose of an advertisement is to sell goods or services. Advertisers use many propaganda techniques to sell products.
76AdvertisementLoaded words affect the consumer by creating certain emotions or making value judgments.A slogan can have catchy words that appeal to people’s emotions rather than logic. It is easily remembered.A generality is a vague statement. It doesn’t give specific details or supporting facts and evidence.
77AdvertisementA bandwagon statement claims that a lot of people are buying the product. Bandwagon means “everyone else is doing it.”A testimonial is an endorsement of a product from a celebrity or well- known person.
79spence don’t want a speeking part in the play Spence doesn’t want a speaking part in the play.the stage directions say to set on the throne and rise the scepterThe stage directions say to sit on the throne and raise the scepter.
80Past, Present, and Future Tenses The tense of a verb shows when something happens.Verbs in the present tense show action that happens now.Verbs in the past tense show action that has already happened.Verbs in the future tense show action that will happen.
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Source: “Le Grand ensemble: entre pérennité et demolition.” Exhibition, Ecole Nationale Superieure d’Architecture Paris-Belleville
In my entries on France I have been discussing the sluggish and often restricted developments of some of the country’s modern projects, known in French as cité. I want to step back now and put these developments (which culminated in the Grand Ensemble) into the context of twentieth century France. To do so I am using the example of Sarcelles, a Parisian satellite, and its position in response to Haussman’s Paris.
Haussman began the production of modern housing in Paris already in the 19th century. His plan for Paris is well known for the boulevards that cut through the medieval city, but he also standardized construction, making it affordable to rapidly build new housing (this is why the houses of the wealthy are explicitly stylistically different—it highlights them as custom made). But the modernized construction process still upheld a class-based hierarchy, one that the modernists behind the Grand Ensemble of the mid 20th century wanted to destroy.
The social hierarchy was embedded in the built form, organized by the section of the building. Basically, the first floor of the building is for the most important people, and the further up in the section you lived (no elevators), the lower your status. In a typical commercial district, the ground floor housed shops, while the shopkeeper, or perhaps the doorkeeper, lived in a mezzanine level squished between the shop and the first floor, where the nobility lived. Here the highest ceilings are located, visible through tall windows on the street that open onto generous balconies. Above the noble floor are two or three “apartment similar,” for regular people. The top one may have a smaller balcony, making it more prestigious than the other “similars” but not as nice as the noble. Finally, in the attic, lived the maid. The coldest and longest trek, this space was the lowest on the social ladder.
The response: all floors made the same. Identical apartments, regardless of their position in the building, were a key component in the high rise slab buildings. The creation of the elevator should have further equalized the spaces, because the walk to the top was no longer an ordeal.
Building organization in Haussman’s and earlier was based on courtyards. The perimeter on the street was built, while the building protectively wrapped the private green space within.
The new modernist planned projects inverted this relationship. It provided ample light and air to all residents (a problem of the medieval city), but it also eliminated private open space, placing buildings individually in a fluid ground plane that was intended for everyone.
When seen as response to the particular evils of Haussman’s Paris, these buildings that now are known for drab monotony make more sense. Certainly some of the problems and the differences could not be accounted for in advance, but following where they came from places them much more into the history of the place, rather than in opposition to it. Now that the situation has shifted, and the towers are the existing condition against which both residents and city officials are reacting, a new approach is necessary.
(upper photo) Source: “Le Grand ensemble: entre pérennité et demolition.” Exhibition, Ecole Nationale Superieure d’Architecture Paris-Belleville
Nicknamed the American City, a consequence of the city’s streets lined with midcentury towers, Sarcelles is an isolated island at Paris’ fringe. It was built in the 1950s and its inhabitants are mostly immigrants and occupy the lower economic brackets of French society.
Nicknamed the American City, a consequence of the city’s streets lined with midcentury towers, Sarcelles is an isolated island at Paris’ fringe. It was built in the 1950s and its inhabitants are mostly immigrants who occupy the lower economic brackets of French society.
Sarcelles deals with many of the problems that Toulouse Le Mirail grapples, but in this city there seems to be more happening to improve the condition, perhaps because of its proximity to Paris and the increasing property values in the suburbs as Paris continues to sprawl. The major project happening right now is a renovation of the western portion of Sarcelles’ main boulevard. Previously designed as a thoroughfare that sharply divided the heart of the commercial district, the city is now narrowing the street and creating parking along the edges, as well as designating more space for pedestrian movement among planted trees. It is a method often seen around the US as cities work to revitalize their centers.
There were few inhabitants’ interventions, and the small commercial additions located off the main drag were boarded up, no longer in use. The most active area in the town was at the train station, where there is a thriving market. Like most of the residents of Sarcelles, I took the train to get there. Because I had read about the city’s problems and its attempts to revitalize, I was surprised to arrive in the middle of such activity. The market begins at the exit of the station, and extends west for about half a kilometer, parallel to Sarcelles’ main commercial drag. The street it occupies is a residential one that weaves between apartment slabs. I followed the market into the city and had to cut through a green space to get to the main commercial street. On the way back I tried to follow the commercial street over to the train stations. I walked through a fairly scary parking lot accessed by a well hidden and steep ramp sans sidewalk.
This seems like an opportunity. In a city whose residents primarily use the train, and who already have established a new (and successful) commercial area, rather than rework the old auto/pedestrian area (far away from the train station), it would make sense to strengthen the connections between the market and the commercial district, and to connect both to the train station. The residents of Sarcelles have been its regeneration; the city could simply build from their initiative.
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MySpace, with 144 million users, has more people than Tokyo, Seoul, New York City, Mexico City and Mumbai put together. Facebook’s 52 million users are more than the populations of Spain or South Africa. This explosion of online social networking attests to the phenomenal growth of connectivity. New forms of connectivity in the future will not just be with each other, but with objects and new forms of information. Examples include a pill that calls to remind you to take it, gene social networking and mind reading robots. Some experts think that by 2020 the term ‘virtual reality’ will become outdated – as ubiquitous network connectivity may soon form an additional cyberspace layer on top of the physical world, which we may be able to see by simply donning special specs. Web 3.0 – ‘the thinking web’ where Artificial Intelligence understands and proactively organises information – is also on the horizon. Perhaps the next big networking story will be devoid of the human element altogether and be between machines?
This is part of Outsights 21 Drivers for the 21st Century ™, a future-orientated scan of the 21 key forces shaping this century.
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Towering 817 meters (2,680 feet) over the surrounding New Brunswick wilderness, the summit of Mount Carleton looks out over a sweeping vista that stretches from Maine to Quebec’s Gaspé Peninsula.
Mount Carleton is a peak within the Notre Dame Mountains, a range within the Appalachian Mountains that runs from Vermont’s Green Mountains (itself a subset of the Appalachian Mountains) to the mighty Chic-Chocs of Quebec (ditto). Like the rest of the Appalachians, Mount Carleton is an ancient mountain made of 400-million-year-old volcanic rock relentlessly weathered into its current softened form. It is the tallest mountain in Canada’s (largely non-mountainous) Maritime provinces, which consist of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
The peak was named in 1899 after New Brunswick’s first lieutenant governor, Thomas Carleton. Carleton was a British military officer who served with distinction during the American Revolutionary War, helping lift the siege of Quebec City. After being appointed lieutenant governor of New Brunswick in 1786, he helped to re-settle the many Loyalists leaving the newly non-British territories “down south.”
If you’re wondering why the mountain was named after the province’s first lieutenant governor — as opposed to, say, the first governor — then you’re probably not Canadian, as “lieutenant governors” in Canada are provincial royal representatives carrying out the monarchs constitutional and ceremonial duties, rather than figureheads who have little to do until the governor dies or is hounded out of office by some sordid scandal.
Mount Carleton is located within Mount Carleton Provincial Park, which is easily accessible by road, despite the dearth of nearby towns or villages. Two reasonably demanding hiking trails provide visitors access to the summit, which takes 1.5-2.5 hours to reach (depending on your speed, and whether you take the shorter, direct trail or the longer, old fire road route). A fire tower still stands at the top of the mountain, which was used by forest fire spotters from 1923 to 1968.
Know Before You Go
From Route 180 in north-central New Brunswick, turn south on Route 385. Enter the park and follow the signs to the end of Bald Mountain Brook Road. Hike the Mount Carleton Trail 4.4 km to the summit, following the signs and blue blazes.
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Slam poetry is spoken-word poetry with attitude. A poetry slam is a contest for performers of this spoken word art in which poets are judged for their ability to convey a mood or feeling with their words, imagery and vocal style. Slam poetry began in Chicago in the 1980s, and now it’s so widespread that even some high schools have slam poetry teams that compete with other schools.
WOULDN’T IT BE GREAT IF WE COULD ORGANIZE THIS EVENT IN OUR SCHOOL TOO. A CONTEST OF SLAM POEMS FIRST IN OUR SCHOOL AND THEN AMONG OTHER SCHOOLS? I KNOW, I AM A DAYDREAMER, YET…I CANNOT STOP HOPING FOR A MORE CREATIVE WAY OF TEACHING, FOR A MORE CREATIVE SCHOOL. HELP ME MAKE MY DREAMS COME TRUE!
Slam was born as a way of expressing oneself briefly, powerfully and impactfully.
Important tip: slam poems themselves rarely work well alone on the page, divorced from the actuality—or even the memory—of the poet’s voice, breath, and body.
Let’s watch this video from ted.com giving us useful tips to write our slam poem.
Misconceptions about slam:
1) Slam poetry is solely the domain of urban youth and hip-hop culture (like Eminem doing the dozens! Isn’t he a slam poet?)
2) Slam poetry is the same as beat poetry, which is the same as beatnik poetry (and therefore, if you go to a poetry slam, there will be snapping, berets, and soup bowls of coffee)
3) Slam poetry was a fad that died in the ’90s after Maggie Estep (like Doc Martens, ska, swing dancing, and baby-doll dresses)
4) Slam poets actually engage in physical combat, slamming one another to the ground and putting each other in headlocks.
It is extremely important to observe spoken word poets and learn from their performances. Observe what they put into their performance and how they grab the attention of the audience. Look at what gestures they make when performing a poem and determine what will work best for your individual performance. Do not copy another person’s style, however. It is important to find your own performance style to express yourself. Rehearse the poem several times before performing in front of a live audience so you feel more comfortable.
Watch two great spoken performers that can teach us great lessons: slamming is about being ourserlves, loving ourselves the way we are, standing up and speaking out.
What are the issues these two poets raise? How do they make their point? How do they raise awareness? What aspect of their performance did you like the most? Why?
Here you find the script to Sarah Kay’s spoken word performance:
If you want to read and listen to other poems by Sarah’s click here to access her webpage.
Here you can find the words of Shane’s poem “To This Day”:
If you have an ipad or a tablet, you can download the App. It is free and it is great. I love it! Hope you will like it too.
Should you like to know more about this spoken word artist, click here to get to his webpage.
What would you like to slam about?
Let’s take one step at a time.
Let’s make things easier (at least this is my objective!) for you.
I chose a nice slam poem dealing with the issue of discrimination. It is performed by a young poet, so closer to you in age, thus hopefully more appealing to you. The text will help you with the appreciation of the scope of this performance.
Please mind the gap.
Yes please mind the gap between you and me.
The gap caused solely by ethnicity
And the hue of the skin that covers me
200 years after the abolition of slavery
So please mind the gap.
Your skin protects you
And my skin does what?
My skin betrays me cos it’s not what they want.
They being you, members of this ‘multicultural’ society,
Where skin tone nor background is not what we see.
May I disagree, or would that be seen as aggression because it’s coming from me?
So please mind the gap
Content of character is only looked at after the fact that I’m from Africa.
Stacked up on that slave boat like a box of cargo,
Not knowing for how long they were stuck or where they were gonna go.
Harriet Tubman and Martin Luther King cried so freedom songs we could sing.
And here we are, back on platform one,
wishing a freer future for our sons.
So please mind the gap.
Yes, please mind the gap between you and me.
The gap that doesn’t need to be.
The Lord said come as you are: gentile, Jew, slave or free,
Black, white or Indian Cherokee.
What traits of slam poetry can you identify?
Now watch the following performance. What does Katie Makkai denounce with her slam? What does she want to share with the audience? What important point does she make? Do you share her view? Why (not)? Is the theme of her slam close to you? Why (not)?
The text under the video will help you should you struggle with the understanding of her performance.
When I was just a little girl I asked my mother WHAT WILL I BE? WILL I BE PRETTY? WILL I BE PRETTY? WILL I BE PRETTY? What comes next? All right. Will I be rich, which is almost pretty depending on where you shop. And the pretty question infects from conception passing blood and breath into cells the word hangs from our mothers’ hearts in a shrill fluorescent floodlight of worry. WILL I BE WANTED? WORTHY? PRETTY? But puberty left me this fun house mirror dry ad, teeth set at science fiction angles, crooked nose, face donkey-long and pockmarked when the hormones went finger painting MY POOR MOTHER. HOW COULD THIS HAPPEN? YOU’LL HAVE PORCELAIN SKIN AS SOON AS WE CAN SEE A DERMATOLOGIST, YOU SUCKED YOUR THUMB THAT’S WHY YOUR TEETH LOOK LIKE THAT, YOU WERE HIT IN THE FACE WITH A FRISBY WHEN YOU WERE SIX OTHERWISE YOUR NOSE WOULD HAVE BEEN JUST FINE, DON’T WORRY, WE’LL GET IT ALL FIXED, SHE WOULD SAY. Grasping my face, twisting it this way, then that as though it were a cabbage she might buy. But this is not about her, not her fault, she too was raised to believe the greatest asset she could bestow upon her awkward little girl was a marketable façade. By sixteen I was pickled with ointments, medications, paroxides, teeth coralled into steel prongs laying in a hospital bed face packed with gauze cushioning the brand new nose the surgeon had carved. Belly gorged on two pints of my own blood I had swallowed under anaesthesia and every convulsive twist of my gut like my body screaming at me from the inside out, “WHAT… DID YOU LET THEM DO TO YOU?” All the while this never ending chorus droning on and on like the IV needle dripping liquid beauty into my blood WILL I BE PRETTY? WILL I BE PRETTY? like my mother unwinding the giftwrap to reveal the bouquet of daughter her 10 thousand dollars bought her – pretty pretty: And now I have not seen my own face in ten years. I HAVE NOT SEEN MY OWN FACE IN TEN YEARS. But this is not about me. This is about the self-mutilating circus we have painted ourselves clowns in, about women who will prowl thirty storeys in six malls to find the right cocktail dress but who haven’t a clue where to find fulfilment or how to wear joy wandering through life shackled to a shopping bag beneath the tyranny of those two pretty syllables, about men wallowing on bar stools drearily practising attraction and everyone who will drift home tonight crestfallen because not enough strangers have found you suitably fuckable. This is about my own someday daughter when you approach me already stung, stained with insecurity begging MUM WILL I BE PRETTY? Will I be pretty? I will wipe that question from your mouth like cheap lipstick and answer NO. The word PRETTY is unworthy of everything you will be and no child of mine will be contained in five letters, you will be pretty INTELLIGENT, pretty CREATIVE, pretty AMAZING, but you will never be merely pretty!
Katie Makkai, National Poetry Slam, 2002
By now you have been able to grasp lots of important features of slam poetry. Let’s recap them in a neat and clear way for you all:
Slam Poetry doesn’t need to be a specific form of poetry. With that in mind, here are some common factors you’ll find in slam poems.
Make it original. It begins with an idea, feeling or story that the writer feels compelled to express. Writers can look to their personal experiences for ideas or take inspiration from the news, from songs, or from other poems or writings. The poet should express his/her feelings in his/her own voice, however, even when using another’s work as a starting point.
Time. Each poet has 3 minutes to perform. The poet should ask if the poem is working as intended. If not, slam poet Gayle Danley advises cutting the fat. Remove any phrases, references or digressions that weigh the poem down.
Simple & Relatable. Your poem should be able to reach your audience the first time it’s heard. Read and perform it for family & friends before competing. Ask them what is clear and what is not. Choose themes and subjects that many people can relate to, like relationships, politics, religion, insecurity, family-social issues, etc. Your poem should be clear and convey a message.
Rhythmic & Passionate. Your poem should have a rhythm that shows through your passionate performance. A slam poem moves the audience through different moods. How the poem is performed is at least as important as the content if not more! The poet needs to use dynamic words, imagery and performance styles to captivate an audience. Repetition is a popular and effective method for grabbing attention. Rhyming words are pleasing to the ear and can add cohesion to a piece. The writer should choose language that conveys an opinion or expresses an attitude.
Before you engage in your first slam, I would love you to watch the artist Prince Ea. Listen carefully to his performance (the text will help you) and then do your slam in reply to his (if you disagree with him) or in support of his (if you agree with his point).
The world is coming to an end
The air is polluted, the oceans contaminated
The animals are going extinct, the economy’s collapsed
Education is shot, police are corrupt
Intelligence is shunned and ignorance rewarded
The people are depressed and angry
We can’t live with each other and we can’t live with ourselves
So everyone’s medicated
We pass each other on the streets
And if we do speak it’s meaningless robotic communication
More people want 15 seconds of fame
Than a lifetime of meaning and purpose
Because what’s popular is more important than what’s right
Ratings are more important than the truth
Our government builds twice as many prisons than schools
It’s easier to find a Big Mac than an apple
And when you find the apple
It’s been genetically processed and modified
Presidents lie, politicians trick us
Race is still an issue and so is religion
Your God doesn’t exist, my God does and he is All-Loving
If you disagree with me I’ll kill you
Or even worse argue you to death
92% of songs on the radio are about sex
Kids don’t play tag, they play twerk videos
The average person watches 5 hours of television a day
And it’s more violence on the screen than ever before
Technology has given us everything we could ever want
And at the same time stolen everything we really need
Pride is at an all time high, humility, an all time low
Everybody knows everything, everybody’s going somewhere
Ignoring someone, blaming somebody
Not many human beings left anymore, a lot of human doings
Plenty of human lingerings in the past, not many human beings
Money is still the root of all evil
Yet we tell our kids don’t get that degree
The jobs don’t pay enough
Good deeds are only done when there’s a profit margin
Videos of the misfortunes of others go viral
We laugh and share them with our friends to laugh with us
Our role models today
60 years ago would have been examples of what not to be
There are states where people can legally be discriminated against Because they were born a certain way
Companies invest millions of dollars hiring specialists to make Little girls feel like they need “make up” to be beautiful Permanently lowering their self esteem
Because they will never be pretty enough
To meet those impossible standards
Corporations tell us buy, buy, buy, get this, get that
You must keep up, you must fit in
This will make you happy, but it never does for long
So what can we do in the face of all of this madness and chaos?
What is the solution? We can love
Not the love you hear in your favorite song on the radio
I mean real love, true love, boundless love
You can love, love each other
From the moment we wake up to the moment we go to bed
Perform an act of kindness because that is contagious
We can be mindful during every interaction
Planting seeds of goodness
Showing a little more compassion than usual
We can forgive
Because 300 years from now will that grudge you hold against Your friend, your mother, your father have been worth it?
Instead of trying to change others we can change ourselves
We can change our hearts
We have been sold lies
Brainwashed by our leaders and those we trust
To not recognize our brothers and sisters
And to exhibit anger, hatred and cruelty
But once we truly love we will meet anger with sympathy
Hatred with compassion, cruelty with kindness
Love is the most powerful weapon on the face of the Earth
Robert Kennedy once said that
Few will have the greatness to bend history
But each of us can work to change a small portion of events
And in the total of all those act
Will be written in the history of a generation
So yes, the world is coming to an end
And the path towards a new beginning starts within you
What are the issues he raises? Which one to you feel closer? How does he leave the listener? Dejected? Hopeful? How does he achieve his goal? How did you feel during his performance? What did you think? How did you feel at the end? How are you feeling now? Can he inspire you? How?
NOW IT IS YOUR TURN, IT’S TIME YOU SLAM YOUR OWN SLAM.
Choose a topic dear to you and go for it.
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Often you want to set the fixed colors for particular range of your dataset to be sure that the visual output is correctly represented. This is particularly useful for time series data, where the range or your dataset might drastically change during the course of the simulation.
To do that in R, we need to set the “breaks” parameter in plotting functions such as image or heatmap.2.
# gplots contains the heatmap.2 function library(gplots) # create 50x10 matrix of random values from [-1, +1] random.matrix <- matrix(runif(500, min = -1, max = 1), nrow = 50) # following code limits the lowest and highest color to 5%, and 95% of your range, respectively quantile.range <- quantile(random.matrix, probs = seq(0, 1, 0.01)) palette.breaks <- seq(quantile.range["5%"], quantile.range["95%"], 0.1) # use http://colorbrewer2.org/ to find optimal divergent color palette (or set own) color.palette <- colorRampPalette(c("#FC8D59", "#FFFFBF", "#91CF60"))(length(palette.breaks) - 1) heatmap.2( random.matrix, dendrogram = "row", scale = "none", trace = "none", key = FALSE, labRow = NA, labCol = NA, col = color.palette, breaks = palette.breaks )
Enjoy plotting! mintgene
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Definition of unskilled
1 : not skilled in a branch of work : lacking technical training an unskilled worker
2 : not requiring skill unskilled jobs
3 : marked by lack of skill produced unskilled poems
Examples of unskilled in a Sentence
an unskilled handling of the facial features in the portrait explains why it is attributed to “school of Velázquez” and not to the master himself
hired unskilled workers because they would work for lower wages
Recent Examples of unskilled from the Web
The Chicago Fed said one manufacturing firm raised wages 10 percent to attract better applicants and improve retention of unskilled workers.
But low-wage, unskilled laborers such as janitors, landscapers and entry-level health workers are often asked to sign them, too.
Schröder’s administration will sponsor a program to train 30,000 unskilled workers to fill vacant information technology jobs.
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'unskilled'. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
First Known Use of unskilled
UNSKILLED Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of unskilled for English Language Learners
: not having special skills : without training or education
: not requiring special skills or training
UNSKILLED Defined for Kids
Definition of unskilled for Students
1 : not having skill unskilled workers
2 : not needing skill unskilled jobs
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up unskilled? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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Article 1 Establishment
Article 2 Definitions
Article 3 Objectives
Article 4 Functions
Article 5 Seat
Article 6 Membership
Article 7 Rights And Obligations Of Members
Article 8 The Governing Council
Article 9 Functions Of The Governing Council
Article 10 Observers
Article 11 Technical Advisory Committee
Article 12 Co-Ordinator And Staff
Article 13 Finances
Article 14 Legal Status, Privileges And Immunities
Article 15 Co-Operation With Donor Governments And With Other Organizations And Institutions
Article 16 Signature, Ratification, Accession, Entry Into Force And Admission
Article 17 Amendment
Article 18 Withdrawal And Dissolution
Article 19 Interpretation And Settlement Of Disputes
Article 20 Depositary
Article 21 Annex
Agreement On The Network Of
Aquaculture Centers In Asia And The Pacific
8th January 1988
The Contracting Parties,
Conscious of the paramount importance of fisheries as an essential sector of development in the Asia-Pacific region;
Recognizing that aquaculture plays a vital role in the promotion and better use of fishery resources;
Recognizing that the establishment and maintenance of a network of aquaculture centres in the region can make a significant contribution to the development of aquaculture;
Considering that the success of such a network will depend largely on close regional co-operation;
Considering that co-operation in this field can best be achieved through the establishment of an intergovernmental organization carrying out its activities in collaboration with other governments as well as organizations and institutions that may be able to provide financial and technical support;
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1 ESTABLISHMENT
The Contracting Parties hereby establish the Organization for the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific (NACA) with the objectives and functions set out hereinafter.
For the purpose of this Agreement:
‘Aquaculture’ means the farming of aquatic organisms.
‘Donor Government’ means a government, other than a Member Government, which makes a substantial contribution to the activities of the Organization and has concluded an agreement pursuant to Article 15 of this Agreement.
‘Member’ means a government which is a contracting party to this Agreement.
‘National centre’ means an aquaculture institution designated by a Member to serve as national focal point for linkage with NACA.
‘Organization’ means the Organization for the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific (NACA).
‘Regional centre’ means an aquaculture institution in the Asia-Pacific region selected by the Members to serve as a lead centre to share in the regional activities and responsibilities of NACA.
Article 3 OBJECTIVES
1. The objectives of the Organization shall be to assist the Members in their efforts to expand aquaculture development mainly for the purpose of:
(a) increasing production;
(b) improving rural income and employment;
(c) diversifying farm production; and
(d) increasing foreign exchange earnings and savings.
2. In order to facilitate the achievement of the foregoing objectives, the Organization shall:
(a) consolidate the establishment of an expanded network of aquaculture centres to share the responsibility of research, training and information exchange essential to aquaculture development in the region;
(b) strengthen institutional and personal links among national and regional centres through the exchange of technical personnel, technical know-how and information;
(c) promote regional self-reliance in aquaculture development through Technical Co-operation among Developing Countries (TCDC); and
(d) promote the role of women in aquaculture development.
In order to achieve its objectives, the Organization shall:
(a) conduct disciplinary and interdisciplinary research on selected aqua farming systems for adaptation or improvement of technologies, and for the development of new technologies;
(b) train and upgrade core personnel needed for national aquaculture planning, research, training, extension and development;
(c) establish a regional information system to provide appropriate information for development planning, research and training;
(d) assist Members in strengthening their national centres linked to the regional centres;
(e) assist the national centres of Members in testing and adapting existing technology to local requirements and in the training of technicians, extension workers and farmers at the national level;
(f) transfer to the Members appropriate aquaculture technologies and techniques developed at regional centres;
(g) facilitate the exchange of national experts, technical know-how and information within the framework of TCDC;
(h) develop programmes for the promotion of women’s participation in aquaculture development at all levels;
(i) assist Members in feasibility studies and project formulation; and
(j) undertake such other activities related to the objectives of the Organization as may be approved by the Governing Council.
1. The Seat of the Organization shall be determined by the Governing Council, subject to the consent of the Member concerned.
2. The Host Government shall provide free of charge or at a nominal rent, such accommodation and facilities as are necessary for the efficient conduct of work at the Seat of the Organization.
3. If necessary, the Governing Council may establish subsidiary offices, subject to the consent of the Members concerned; in so doing account should be taken of the possibility of utilizing accommodation in existing centres.
1. The Members of the Organization shall be the Contracting Parties to this Agreement.
2. The original Members of the Organization shall be the Governments in Asia and the Pacific invited to the Conference of Plenipotentiaries at which this Agreement was adopted, which have ratified the Agreement or have acceded thereto. A list of invited Governments is given in the Annex to this Agreement.
3. The Governing Council of the Organization may, by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the Members, authorize any Government not referred to in paragraph 2 above, which has submitted an application for membership, to accede to this Agreement as in force at the time of accession, in accordance with Article 16, paragraph 3.
RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERS
1. Members shall, in accordance with this Agreement, have the right:
(a) to attend the meetings of the Governing Council and other appropriate meetings that may be called by the Organization;
(b) to obtain on request, free of charge within reasonable limits, information available within the Organization, on matters of their concern, including guidelines for obtaining technical assistance, and collaboration in the study of their problems; and
(c) to receive free of charge publications and other information that may be distributed by the Organization.
2. Members shall, in accordance with this Agreement, have the following obligations:
(a) to settle their financial obligations towards the Organization;
(b) to collaborate in determining the technical activities of the Organization;
(c) to provide, promptly, information reasonably requested by the Organization, to the extent that this is not contrary to any laws or regulations of the Members;
(d) to undertake assignments that may be mutually agreed between individual Members or groups of Members and the Organization;
(e) to accord to the Organization and its Members, in so far as it may be possible under the constitutional procedures of the respective Members, facilities which are deemed essential for the successful functioning of the Organization; and
(f) to collaborate, in general, in the fulfilment of the objectives and functions of the Organization.
THE GOVERNING COUNCIL
1. The Organization shall have a Governing Council on which each Member shall be represented. The Governing Council shall be the supreme body of the Organization.
2. The Governing Council shall adopt its own Rules of Procedure.
3. The Governing Council shall hold an annual session at such time and place as it shall determine.
4. Special sessions of the Governing Council may be convened by the Co-ordinator at the request of not less than two-thirds of the Members.
5. The Governing Council may, in its Rules of Procedure, establish a procedure whereby the Chairman of the Governing Council may obtain a vote of the Members on a specific question without convening a meeting of the Council.
6. The Governing Council shall elect its Chairman and other officers.
7. Each Member shall have one vote. Unless otherwise provided in this Agreement, decisions of the Governing Council shall be taken by a majority of the votes cast. A majority of the Members shall constitute a quorum.
8. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) shall be invited to be represented at meetings of the Governing Council in an advisory capacity.
9. Donor Governments may be represented at meetings of the Governing Council in accordance with an agreement concluded with the Organization under Article 15 of this Agreement.
FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNING COUNCIL
The functions of the Governing Council shall be:
(a) to determine the policy of the Organization and to approve by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the Members its programme of work and its budget, giving due consideration to the conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Advisory Committee referred to in Article 11;
(b) to assess, by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the Members, the contribution of Members as provided in Article 13;
(c) to establish special funds to enable the acceptance of additional resources for the development of programmes and projects;
(d) to lay down general standards and guidelines for the management of the Organization;
(e) to evaluate the progress of work and activities of the Organization including the auditing of accounts, in accordance with policies and procedures established for the purpose by the Governing Council, and to give guidance to the Co-ordinator on the implementation of its decisions;
(f) to formulate and adopt the Financial Regulations and the Administrative Regulations, and to appoint auditors;
(g) to appoint the Co-ordinator of the Organization and to determine his conditions of service;
(h) to adopt rules governing the settlement of disputes, referred to in Article 19;
(i) to approve formal arrangements with governments as well as other organizations or institutions, including any headquarters agreement concluded between the Organization and the Host Government;
(j) to adopt the Staff Regulations which determine the general terms and conditions of employment of the staff;
(k) to approve agreements for co-operation to be concluded pursuant to Article 15; and
(l) to perform all other functions that have been entrusted to it by this Agreement or that are ancillary to the accomplishment of the approved activities of the Organization.
Non-member Governments, organizations and institutions that are able to make a significant contribution to the activities of the Organization may, in accordance with the Rules of Procedure adopted under Article 8, paragraph 2, be invited to be represented at sessions of the Governing Council as observers.
TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
1. The Governing Council shall establish a Technical Advisory Committee composed of one representative designated by each Member of the Organization.
2. The representatives designated on the Technical Advisory Committee shall be persons with special competence and expertise in the field of aquaculture.
3. The Technical Advisory Committee shall meet at least once a year and at any time at the request of the Governing Council.
4. At its annual meeting the Committee shall designate one of the Committee members as Chairman who shall convene the next annual meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee.
5. The Technical Advisory Committee shall advise the Governing Council on all technical aspects of the activities of the Organization.
6. At each session, the Technical Advisory Committee shall adopt a report, which shall be submitted to the Governing Council.
7. FAO shall be invited to be represented at Sessions of the Technical Advisory Committee. Where appropriate, representatives of Donor Governments and of other organizations or institutions shall also be invited to be represented at such sessions.
CO-ORDINATOR AND STAFF
1. The Organization shall have a Co-ordinator appointed by the Governing Council.
2. The Co-ordinator shall be the legal representative of the Organization. He shall direct the work of the Organization under the guidance of the Governing Council in accordance with its policies and decisions.
3. The Co-ordinator shall submit to the Governing Council at each regular session:
(a) a report on the work of the Organization, as well as the audited accounts; and
(b) a draft programme of work and a draft budget for the following year.
4. The Co-ordinator shall:
(a) prepare and organize the sessions of the Governing Council and all other meetings of the Organization and shall provide the secretariat therefor;
(b) ensure co-ordination among Members of the Organization;
(c) organize conferences, symposia, regional training programmes and other meetings in accordance with the approved programme of work;
(d) initiate proposals for joint action programmes with regional and other international bodies;
(e) be responsible for the management of the Organization;
(f) ensure the publication of research findings, training manuals, information print-outs and other materials as required;
(g) take action on other matters consistent with the objectives of the Organization; and
(h) perform any other function as may be specified by the Governing Council.
5. Staff members and consultants shall be appointed by the Co-ordinator in accordance with the policy, general standards and guidelines laid down by the Governing Council and in accordance with the Staff Regulations. The Co-ordinator shall promulgate Staff Rules, as required, to implement the foregoing.
1. The financial resources of the Organization shall be:
(a) the contributions of the Members to the budget of the Organization;
(b) the revenue obtained from the provision of services against payment;
(c) donations, provided that acceptance of such donations is compatible with the objectives of the Organization; and
(d) such other resources as are approved by the Governing Council and compatible with the objectives of the Organization.
2. Members undertake to pay annual contributions in freely convertible currencies to the regular budget of the Organization.
3. A Member which is in arrears in the payment of its financial contributions to the Organization shall have no vote in the Governing Council if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the two preceding calendar years. The Governing Council may, nevertheless, permit such a Member to vote if it is satisfied that the failure to pay was due to conditions beyond the control of the Member.
4. Unless otherwise agreed by the consensus of the Members of the Organization, each Member’s financial liability to the Governing Council and to other Members and for the acts of omission and commission of the Governing Council shall be limited to the extent of its obligation to make contributions to the budget of the Organization.
LEGAL STATUS, PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES
1. The Organization shall have juridical personality and such legal capacity as may be necessary for the fulfilment of the Organization’s objectives and for the exercise of its functions.
2. The Organization shall be accorded the privileges and immunities necessary to perform its functions provided for in this Agreement. In addition, the representatives of Members and the Co-ordinator and staff of the Organization shall be accorded the privileges and immunities necessary for the independent exercise of their functions with the Organization as generally accorded to international organizations in each country.
3. Each Member shall accord the status, privileges and immunities referred to above by applying, mutatis mutandis, to the Organization, the representatives of Members, and to the Co-ordinator and staff of the Organization the privileges and immunities provided for in the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 21 November 1947.
4. Privileges and immunities are accorded to the representatives of Members and to the Co-ordinator and staff of the Organization not for the personal benefit of the individuals themselves, but in order to safeguard the independent exercise of their functions in connection with the Organization. Consequently, a Member not only has the right but is under a duty to waive the immunity of its representatives in any case where, in the opinion of the Member, the immunity would impede the course of justice, and where it can be waived without prejudice to the purpose for which the immunity is accorded. If the Member does not waive the immunity of the representative, the Member shall make the strongest efforts to achieve an equitable solution of the matter. Similarly, the Co-ordinator not only has the right, but is under a duty to waive the immunity of a staff member where, in the opinion of the Co-ordinator, the immunity would impede the course of justice, and where it can be waived without prejudice to the purpose for which the immunity is accorded. If the Co-ordinator does not waive the immunity of the staff member, he shall make the strongest efforts to achieve an equitable solution of the matter. The immunity of the Co-ordinator may only be waived by the Governing Council.
5. The Organization shall conclude a headquarters agreement with the Host Government, and may conclude agreements with other States in which offices of the Organization may be located, specifying the privileges and immunities and facilities to be enjoyed by the Organization to enable it to fulfill its objectives and to perform its functions.
CO-OPERATION WITH DONOR GOVERNMENTS AND WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS
1. The Contracting Parties agree that there should be a close working relationship between the Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). To this end the Organization shall enter into negotiations with FAO with a view to concluding an agreement pursuant to Article XIII of the FAO Constitution. Such agreement should provide, inter alia, that the Director-General of FAO may appoint a Representative who shall be entitled to participate in all meetings of the Organization in an advisory capacity, without the right to vote.
2. The Contracting Parties agree that there should be co-operation between the Organization and Donor Governments whose contribution would further the activities of the Organization. To this end, the Organization may enter into agreements with such Donor Governments wherein provision may be made for their participation in certain activities of the Organization.
3. The Contracting Parties agree that there should be co-operation between the Organization and other international organizations and institutions, especially those active in the fisheries sector, which might contribute to the work and further the objectives of the Organization. The Organization may enter into agreements with such organizations and institutions. Such agreements may include, if appropriate, provision for participation by such organizations and institutions in activities of the Organization.
SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION, ACCESSION, ENTRY INTO FORCE AND ADMISSION
1. This Agreement shall be open for signature by the Governments in Asia and the Pacific listed in the Annex hereto, in Bangkok on 8th January 1988 and, thereafter, at the Headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Rome until 7th January 1989. Governments which have signed the Agreement may become a party thereto by depositing an instrument of ratification. Governments which have not signed the Agreement may become a party thereto by depositing an instrument of accession.
2. Instruments of ratification or accession shall be deposited with the Director-General of FAO, who shall be the Depositary of this Agreement.
3. Subject to Article 6, paragraph 3 of this Agreement, and at any time after the entry into force thereof, any Government not referred to in paragraph 1 above may apply to the Director-General of FAO to become a member of the Organization. The Director-General of FAO shall inform Members of such application. The Governing Council shall then decide on the application in accordance with Article 6 and if a favourable decision is taken, invite the Government concerned to accede to this Agreement. The Government shall lodge its instrument of accession, whereby it consents to be bound by the provisions of this Agreement as from the date of its admission, with the Director-General of FAO within ninety days of the date of the invitation by the Governing Council.
4. This Agreement shall enter into force, with respect to all Governments which have ratified it or acceded thereto, on the date when instruments of ratification or accession have been deposited by at least five Governments listed in the Annex.
1. The Governing Council may amend this agreement by a three-quarters majority of the Members. Amendments shall take effect, with respect to all Contracting Parties, on the thirtieth day after their adoption by the Governing Council, except for any Contracting Party which gives notice of withdrawal within thirty days of receipt of notification of the adoption of such amendments, subject to the condition that any obligation incurred by the Member vis-a-vis the Organization shall remain valid and enforceable. Amendments adopted shall be notified to the Depositary forthwith.
2. Proposals for the amendment of this Agreement may be made by a Member in a communication to the Depositary, who shall promptly notify the proposal to all Members and to the Co-ordinator of the Organization.
3. No proposal for amendment shall be considered by the Governing Council unless it was received by the Depositary at least one hundred and twenty days before the opening day of the session at which it is to be considered.
WITHDRAWAL AND DISSOLUTION
1. At any time after the expiration of three years from the date when it became a party to this Agreement, any Member may give notice of its withdrawal from the Organization to the Depositary. Such withdrawal shall take effect twelve months after the notice thereof was received by the Depositary or at any later date specified in the notice, provided, however, that any obligation incurred by the Member vis-a-vis the organization shall remain valid and enforceable.
2. The Organization shall cease to exist at any time decided by the Governing Council by a three-quarters majority of the Members. The disposal of any real property belonging to the Organization shall be subject to the prior approval of the Governing Council. Any assets remaining after the land, buildings and fixtures have been disposed of, after the balance of any donated funds that have not been used has been returned to the respective donors, and after all obligations have been met, shall be distributed among the Governments which were Members of the Organization at the time of the dissolution, in proportion to the contributions that they made in accordance with Article 13, paragraph 2, for the year preceding the year of the dissolution.
INTERPRETATION AND SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES
1. Any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Agreement which cannot be settled by negotiation, conciliation or similar means may be referred by any party to the dispute to the Governing Council for its recommendation. Failing settlement of the dispute, the matter shall be submitted to an arbitral tribunal consisting of three arbitrators. The parties to the dispute shall appoint one arbitrator each; the two arbitrators so appointed shall designate by mutual consent the third arbitrator, who shall be the President of the tribunal. If one of the parties does not appoint an arbitrator within two months of the appointment of the first arbitrator, or if the President of the arbitral tribunal has not been designated within two months of the appointment of the second arbitrator, the Chairman of the Governing Council shall designate the arbitrator or the President, as the case may be, within a further two-month period.
2. The proceedings of the arbitral tribunal shall be carried out in accordance with the rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).
3. A Member which fails to abide by an arbitral award rendered in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article may be suspended from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership by a two-thirds majority of the Members.
The Director-General of FAO shall be the Depositary of this Agreement. The Depositary shall:
(a) send certified copies of this Agreement to the Governments invited as participants to the Conference of Plenipotentiaries, and to any other Government which so requests;
(b) arrange for the registration of this Agreement, upon its entry into force, with the Secretariat of the United Nations in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations;
(c) inform the Governments invited as participants to the Conference of Plenipotentiaries and any Government that has been admitted to membership in the Organization of:
(i) the signature of this Agreement and the deposit of instruments of ratification or accession in accordance with Article 16;
(ii) the date of entry into force of this Agreement in accordance with Article 16, paragraph 4;
(iii) notification of the desire of a Government to be admitted to membership in the Organization; and admissions, in accordance with Article 6;
(iv) proposals for the amendment of this Agreement and of the adoption of amendments, in accordance with Article 17; and
(d) convene the first session of the Governing Council of the Organization within six months after the entry into force of this Agreement, in accordance with Article 16, paragraph 4.
The Annex shall constitute an integral part of this Agreement.
Done at Bangkok this eighth day of January 1988 in a single copy in the English language. The original text shall be deposited in the archives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome.
LIST OF GOVERNMENTS INVITED TO THE CONFERENCE OF PLENIPOTENTIARIES
(Article 6, paragraph 2)
People’s Republic of China
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Republic of Korea
Papua New Guinea
United States of America
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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, occurs when the force at which your blood presses against the inside of your arteries is too great. Over time, hypertension can increase your risk for cardiovascular problems such as heart disease, stroke, and heart attack, as well as damaging your kidneys. But
Tag: high blood pressure
What is vascular dementia? It refers to a spectrum of cognitive impairments resulting from damage to blood vessels in the brain.
Stroke, either a significant singular stroke or multiple smaller strokes, is a major cause of vascular dementia (VaD), but any disease process that damages blood vessels in the brain
Gout is so painful that its sufferers say you can’t really grasp how bad it is unless you’ve experienced it. A form of arthritis, gout is marked by attacks of severe joint pain, swelling, warmth and redness. Although medication is often used to help manage gout, dietary changes may help,
Could a sugary-drink habit—or the diet beverages you may consume instead—harm your brain? One recent study showed that regularly drinking sugary beverages, like soda and fruit drinks, was associated with signs of brain aging and declining memory. A second study showed that frequently drinking artificially-sweetened (diet) beverages was associated with
A new report from the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that U.S. heart failure rates are rising. The number of Americans who have the condition increased from about 5.7 million between 2009 and 2012 to about 6.5 million between 2011 and 2014, according to the AHA’s Heart Disease and Stroke
A 2016 study (JAMA Ophthalmology, July) suggests that visual impairment and blindness in the U.S. will double over the next 35 years, as eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy take their toll. Other 2016 research (Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, May) found that
Dementia causes can be a mystery, but there’s no doubt the condition is too prevalent. About 5.4 million Americans are thought to have some degree of dementia, and its destructive effects on our cognitive abilities come at huge cost to our overall wellbeing—and that of our loved ones.
Whether your goal is to lose weight or to improve your health as a result of a diabetes or heart disease diagnosis, you must begin with your diet. For complete nutrition, make sure your meal plan includes plenty of vegetables, fruit, lean protein, and whole grains. Unfortunately, however, we often
Since gout is often thought of as a man’s disease, many women lack awareness of gout symptoms—foot pain, in particular—which means that many women have gout but aren’t aware they have it.
“Although women are less likely than men to suffer from gout, a woman’s chance of developing gout increases significantly
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Compiled by Dr. Tina Herzberg of the University of South Carolina Upstate from a hand-out developed by Gallaudet University and Instructional Strategies for Braille Literacy, edited by Wormsley & D’Andrea
Reading aloud to a child can be a lot of fun! It also familiarizes the child with the language of books and helps develop vocabulary. If your child is visually impaired, here are just a couple of tips that may enrich the experience for you and your child.
- Spend time talking about the book before beginning.
- Talk about words and concepts in the book that your child might not be familiar with.
- Help the child relate the story to their previous experiences.
- Briefly describe what is happening in the pictures.
Let your child guide you through the story.
- For infants and toddlers, it may be showing them how to hold a book and turn the page. It may be easier to begin with board books or twin vision books.
- For pre-schoolers, this may mean letting them turn the pages as you briefly describe the pictures and read the story. For their favorite books, encourage them to “read” or tell you about familiar parts of the book.
- Act out or retell the story together after you have read it.
- Read the story over and over if your child asks.
- Most importantly, have fun together!
This article was originally posted on the BrailleSC website, which was funded by a grant from the US Department of Education with support from the University of South Carolina Upstate and The Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities.
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