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Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Yeast-Artificial-Chromosome], which is then ligated into a bacterial plasmid. By inserting large fragments of DNA, from 100–1000 kb, the inser... | 1 | Biochemistry |
4-nitro phenol is a slightly yellow, crystalline material, moderately toxic.
It shows two polymorphs in the crystalline state. The alpha-form is colorless pillars, unstable at room temperature, and stable toward sunlight. The beta-form is yellow pillars, stable at room temperature, and gradually turns red upon irradi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In addition to hydrogenation reactions, other bonds have been formed using DKR and are highly successful. The aldol reaction has been extensively researched primarily because of the inherent challenge of forming a carbon-carbon bond. Ward and colleagues have been able to use the proline-catalyzed aldol reaction in ta... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Oxamic acid is an organic compound with the formula . It is a white, water-soluble solid. It is the monoamide of oxalic acid. Oxamic acid inhibits lactate dehydrogenase A. The active site of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is closed off once oxamic acid attaches to the LDH-NADH complex, effectively inhibiting it.
Oxamic ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Toda chain equations of motion, in the continuous limit in which the distance between neighbors goes to zero, become the Korteweg–de Vries equation (KdV) equation. Here the index labeling the particle in the chain becomes the new spatial coordinate.
In contrast, the Toda field theory is achieved by introducing a ne... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Zwolinski and Wilhoit defined, in 1972, "gross" and "net" values for heats of combustion. In the gross definition the products are the most stable compounds, e.g. (l), (l), (s) and (l). In the net definition the products are the gases produced when the compound is burned in an open flame, e.g. (g), (g), (g) and (g). In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In heat transfer and thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermal contact with another system if it can exchange energy through the process of heat. Perfect thermal isolation is an idealization as real systems are always in thermal contact with their environment to some extent.
When two solid bodies ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Over time, many parts of the chloroplast genome were transferred to the nuclear genome of the host, a process called endosymbiotic gene transfer.
As a result, the chloroplast genome is heavily reduced compared to that of free-living cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts may contain 60–100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often have m... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Metabolism is also dependent on the species of organism; different organisms have slightly different P450 enzymes that metabolize certain PCBs better than others. Looking at the PCB metabolism in the liver of four sea turtle species (green, olive ridley, loggerhead and hawksbill), green and hawksbill sea turtles have n... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
CellCognition is a free open-source computational framework for quantitative analysis of high-throughput fluorescence microscopy (time-lapse) images in the field of bioimage informatics and systems microscopy. The CellCognition framework uses image processing, computer vision and machine learning techniques for single-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, headed by Victor Sourjik, aims to elucidate general principles of evolutionary optimization of cellular networks and implement these principles in the design of novel networks in microorganisms. Having a single research group, microbial networks is also led by Sourj... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In an effort to explain the surprising stereoselectivities in the systems above, alternative explanations to the Cieplak effect have been proposed. In substituted cyclohexanones, the tendency of small reducing agents to add hydride axially is proposed to be caused by torsional strain instead of hyperconjugation. In an ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hypophosphorous acid (HPA), or phosphinic acid, is a phosphorus oxyacid and a powerful reducing agent with molecular formula HPO. It is a colorless low-melting compound, which is soluble in water, dioxane
and alcohols. The formula for this acid is generally written HPO, but a more descriptive presentation is HOP(O)H... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Railways commonly used salt water load banks in the 1950s to test the output power of diesel-electric locomotives. They were subsequently replaced by specially designed resistive load banks. Some early three-phase AC electric locomotives also used liquid rheostats for starting up the motors and balancing load between m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Kröhnke method is featured in a solvent-free synthesis of triarylpyridines that proceeds via a homo-coupling of two diaryl substituted α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. This strategy offers a facile means for preparation of pyridnyl aryl systems that are important fragments of many useful drug scaffolds.
In 1992... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Unlike other aerial photographic and satellite image interpretation work, these multispectral images do not make it easy to identify directly the feature type by visual inspection. Hence the remote sensing data has to be classified first, followed by processing by various data enhancement techniques so as to help the u... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Arformoterol is indicated for the maintenance treatment of bronchoconstriction in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
As the deep waters sink into the ocean basins, they displace the older deep-water masses, which gradually become less dense due to continued ocean mixing. Thus, some water is rising, in what is known as upwelling. Its speeds are very slow even compared to the movement of the bottom water masses. It is therefore difficu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Facultative anaerobes are able to grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen due to the expression of both aerobic and anaerobic respiratory chains using either oxygen or an alternative electron acceptor. For example, in the absence of oxygen, E. coli can use fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, dimethyl sulfoxide, or trim... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Superhydrophobic coatings can be made from many different materials. The following are known possible bases for the coating:
* Manganese oxide polystyrene (MnO/PS) nano-composite
* Zinc oxide polystyrene (ZnO/PS) nano-composite
* Precipitated calcium carbonate
* Carbon nano-tube structures
* Silica nano-coating
* Fluo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Unlike DNA, which is a highly stable molecule, proteins are a heterogeneous class of molecules with different stability and physiochemical properties. Maintaining the proteins’ folding and function in an immobilized state over long periods of storage is a major challenge for protein microarrays. Cell-free methods provi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Rigveda refers to ayas, and also states that the Dasyus had ayas (RV 2.20.8). In RV 4.2.17, "the gods [are] smelting like copper/metal ore the human generations".
The references to ayas in the Rig Veda probably refer to bronze or copper rather than to iron. Scholars like Bhargava maintain that Rigveda was written i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When measuring water treated with water softeners, high levels of total dissolved solids do not correlate to hard water, as water softeners do not reduce TDS; rather, they replace magnesium and calcium ions, which cause hard water, with an equal charge of sodium or potassium ions, e.g. Ca ⇌ 2 Na, leaving overall TDS un... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A/LCI combines low-coherence interferometry with angle-resolved scattering to solve the inverse problem of determining scatterer geometry based on far field diffraction patterns. Similar to optical coherence domain reflectometry (OCDR) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), a/LCI uses a broadband light source in an in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The 43S is an important intermediate complex during cap-dependent translation initiation. In the canonical model of translation initiation, the 43S PIC is pre-formed as a stable complex and recruited to the 5 cap of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by the eIF4F complex. The 43S PIC then "scans" in the 5 --> 3' directi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This kind of equilibrium constant measures how a substance distributes or partitions itself between two immiscible solvents. It is called the partition coefficient or distribution coefficient. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Under basic, protic conditions, 2,3-epoxy alcohols undergo a rearrangement in which the alcohol oxygen opens the epoxide with inversion of configuration, forming an isomeric 1,2-epoxy alcohol. Overall, the Payne rearrangement represents a migration of the epoxide. Although the migration itself is fully reversible, nucl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The sigma-2 receptor (σR) is a sigma receptor subtype that has attracted attention due to its involvement in diseases such as neurological diseases, neurodegenerative, neuro-ophthalmic and cancer. It is currently under investigation for its potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses.
Although the sigma-2 receptor was i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the major issues that hinders the ncRNA therapy is the stability of the single stranded RNA molecule. RNA is typically single stranded therefore slightly unstable as compared to dsDNA molecules. This however can be overcome by fabricating the single stranded RNA to double stranded RNA(dsRNA). This is quite effec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PSDs can be measured microscopically by sizing against a graticule and counting, but for a statistically valid analysis, millions of particles must be measured. This is impossibly arduous when done manually, but automated analysis of electron micrographs is now commercially available. It is used to determine the partic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The terms isoelectric point (IEP) and point of zero charge (PZC) are often used interchangeably, although under certain circumstances, it may be productive to make the distinction.
In systems in which H/OH are the interface potential-determining ions, the point of zero charge is given in terms of pH. The pH at which th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Guggenheim had proposed an extension of the Debye-Hückel equation which is the basis of SIT theory. The equation can be written, in its simplest form for a 1:1 electrolyte, MX, as
is the mean molal activity coefficient. The first term on the right-hand side is the Debye–Hückel term, with a constant, A, and the ionic s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Magnetic sequencing is a single-molecule sequencing method in development. A DNA hairpin, containing the sequence of interest, is bound between a magnetic bead and a glass surface. A magnetic field is applied to stretch the hairpin open into single strands, and the hairpin refolds after decreasing of the magnetic fiel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An ion beam is a type of charged particle beam consisting of ions. Ion beams have many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation) and other industries. A variety of ion beam sources exists, some derived from the mercury vapor thrusters developed by NASA in the 1960s. The most common ion beams are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Signal peptides function to prompt a cell to translocate the protein, usually to the cellular membrane. In prokaryotes, signal peptides direct the newly synthesized protein to the SecYEG protein-conducting channel, which is present in the plasma membrane. A homologous system exists in eukaryotes, where the signal pepti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The concept for an airborne LIFT instrument was developed by Zbigniew Kolber at Rutgers University in 1998. The first field test was conducted at Biosphere 2 in Arizona in 2002 using a stationary large LIFT setup equipped with a laser operating at a distance of up to 50 meters. The prototype instrument was later refine... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tarenflurbil, Flurizan or R-flurbiprofen, is a single enantiomer of the racemate NSAID flurbiprofen. For several years, research and trials for the drug were conducted by Myriad Genetics, to investigate its potential as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease; that investigation concluded in June 2008 when the company ann... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Initially, this particular lactoperoxidase-catalyzed compound was originally discovered while viewing the specific environment of cystic fibrosis patients' weakened respiratory immune system against bacterial infection.
Symptoms of cystic fibrosis include an inability to secrete sufficient quantities of SCN which resul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MimoDB is a database of peptides that have been selected from random peptide libraries based on their ability to bind small compounds, nucleic acids, proteins, cells, and tissues through phage display. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenethylamine is produced by a wide range of species throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, including humans; it is also produced by certain fungi and bacteria (genera: Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Pseudomonas and the family Enterobacteriaceae) and acts as a potent antimicrobial against certain pathogenic strains of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Prior to World War II, the center of organic chemistry research and industrial production was Germany. Students interested in pursuing a career in organic chemistry needed to learn German to read articles and textbooks, and often went to graduate school in Germany. When the war broke out, an effort to jumpstart a nativ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Despite its increased efficacy, the edit inserted by PE2 might still be removed due to DNA mismatch repair of the edited strand. To avoid this problem during DNA heteroduplex resolution, an additional single guide RNA (sgRNA) is introduced. This sgRNA is designed to match the edited sequence introduced by the pegRNA, b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Phred quality score is a measure of the quality of the identification of the nucleobases generated by automated DNA sequencing. It was originally developed for the computer program Phred to help in the automation of DNA sequencing in the Human Genome Project. Phred quality scores are assigned to each nucleotide base ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many coactivators also function as corepressors under certain circumstances. Cofactors such as TAF1 and BTAF1 can initiate transcription in the presence of an activator (act as a coactivator) and repress basal transcription in the absence of an activator (act as a corepressor). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kopin Liu (; born 25 January 1949) is a Taiwanese physical chemist.
Liu is a 1971 graduate of National Tsing Hua University. He moved to the United States to pursue a doctorate at Ohio State University. Liu began his research career at the Georgia Institute of Technology. After one year, he moved to Argonne National La... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) method is a technique in molecular biology for the analysis of genetic markers. It is an extension to the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to more quickly analyse the results.
Like RFLP, CAPS works on the prin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
High-angle grain boundaries, which have large misorientations between adjacent grains, tend to have higher interfacial energy and are more effective in impeding dislocation motion. In contrast, low-angle grain boundaries with small misorientations and lower interfacial energy may allow for easier dislocation transmissi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The von Braun reaction is an organic reaction in which a tertiary amine reacts with cyanogen bromide to an organocyanamide.
An example is the reaction of N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine:
These days, most chemist have replaced cyanogen bromide reagent with chloroethyl chloroformate reagent instead. It appears as though Ol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The use of NHC-Pd-PEPPSI complexes in Negishi cross-coupling has resulted in high turnover numbers and turnover frequencies. Additionally, NHC-Pd complexes can be used to couple sp3 centers to sp3 centers in higher yield than their non-NHC Pd analogs. However, studies of Pd-NHC complexes and their utility in Negishi co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several definitions describe a "molecular machine" as a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical movements in response to specific stimuli. The expression is often more generally applied to molecules that simply mimic functions tha... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In the glycolytic pathway, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is dephosphorylated to form 3-phosphoglyceric acid in a coupled reaction producing two ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. The single phosphate group left on the 3-PGA molecule then moves from an end carbon to a central carbon, producing 2-phosphoglycerate. This p... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Recently, it has been proposed that autapses could possibly form as a result of neuronal signal transmission blockage, such as in cases of axonal injury induced by poisoning or impeding ion channels. Dendrites from the soma in addition to an auxiliary axon may develop to form an autapse to help remediate the neuron's s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
α,β-Unsaturated thioesters are intermediates in several enzymatic processes. Two prominent examples are coumaroyl-coenzyme A and crotonyl-coenzyme A. They arise by the action of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a required co-factor. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Since EosFP can be used in fusion constructs while maintaining functionality of the protein of interest, it is a popular choice for multi-colour labelling studies. In a dual-colour labelling experiment to map the stages of mitosis, HEK293 cells were first stably transfected with tubulin-binding protein cDNA fused to E... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acetogenesis is a process through which acetate is produced by prokaryote microorganisms either by the reduction of CO or by the reduction of organic acids, rather than by the oxidative breakdown of carbohydrates or ethanol, as with acetic acid bacteria.
The different bacterial species capable of acetogenesis are colle... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thyroid hormone binding ratio (THBR) is a thyroid function test that measures the "uptake" of T3 or T4 tracer by thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) in a given serum sample. This provides an indirect and reciprocal estimate of the available binding sites on TBG within the sample.
The results are then reported as a ratio to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The enhancers determining early segmentation in Drosophila melanogaster embryos are among the best characterized developmental enhancers. In the early fly embryo, the gap gene transcription factors are responsible for activating and repressing a number of segmentation genes, such as the pair rule genes. The gap genes a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Schymanski graduated with a B.Sc. in Chemistry and a B.E. in Environmental Engineering from the University of Western Australia in 2003. While at the University of Western Australia, Schymanski combined chemistry and environmental engineering to study contaminated sites that required assessment and remediation. As an u... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Source: [https://scheringstiftung.de/en/programm/lebenswissenschaften/ernst-schering-preis/ Schering Foundation]
*1992 , (Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Germany)
*1993 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, (Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen, Germany)
*1994 Bert Vogelstein, (Onco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An experimental device working according to thermogravitational cycle principle was developed in a laboratory of the University of Bordeaux and patented in France. Such thermogravitational electric generator is based on inflation and deflation cycles of an elastic bag made of nitrile elastomer cut from a glove finger. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The continuum definition of surface free energy is the amount of reversible work performed to create new area of surface, expressed as:
In this definition the number of atoms at the surface is proportional to the area. Gibbs was the first to define another surface quantity, different from the surface free energy , th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The identity of the inverting atom has a dominating influence on the barrier. Inversion of ammonia is rapid at room temperature, inverting 30 billion times per second. Three factors contribute to the rapidity of the inversion: a low energy barrier (24.2 kJ/mol; 5.8 kcal/mol), a narrow barrier width (distance between ge... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The water molecule may either gain or lose a proton. It is said to be amphiprotic. The ionization equilibrium can be written
where in aqueous solution denotes a solvated proton. Often this is written as the hydronium ion , but this formula is not exact because in fact there is solvation by more than one water molecule... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many structures have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Metallacrowns typically contain fused chelate rings in their structure, which imparts them with substantial stability. Metallacrowns have been synthesized with substantial variety. Mixed ligand and mixed ring-metal, and mixed-oxidation sta... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Born equation can be used for estimating the electrostatic component of Gibbs free energy of solvation of an ion. It is an electrostatic model that treats the solvent as a continuous dielectric medium (it is thus one member of a class of methods known as continuum solvation methods).
It was derived by Max Born.
whe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ScBSi has a tetragonal crystal structure with space group P422 (No. 92) or P422 and lattice constants of a, b = 1.03081(2) and c = 1.42589(3) nm; it is
isotypic to the α-AlB structure type. There are 28 atomic sites in the unit cell, which are assigned to 3 scandium atoms, 24 boron atoms and one silicon atom. Atomic co... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Criteria for EBSP selection can be one or a mixture of:
* Selecting from points with low GND density or low Kernel average misorientation (KAM) based on the Hough measured local grain misorientations;
* Selecting from points with high image quality (IQ), which may have a low defect density within its electron interacti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a gridded ion source, DC or RF discharge are used to generate ions, which are then accelerated and decimated using grids and apertures. Here, the DC discharge current or the RF discharge power are used to control the beam current.
The ion current density that can be accelerated using a gridded ion source is limited... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Theoretically, the ATP yield for each oxidation cycle where two carbons are broken down at a time is 17, as each NADH produces 3 ATP, FADH produces 2 ATP and a full rotation of Acetyl-CoA in citric acid cycle produces 12 ATP. In practice, it is closer to 14 ATP for a full oxidation cycle as 2.5 ATP per NADH molecule is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Heme A (or haem A) is a heme, a coordination complex consisting of a macrocyclic ligand called a porphyrin, chelating an iron atom. Heme A is a biomolecule and is produced naturally by many organisms. Heme A, often appears a dichroic green/red when in solution, is a structural relative of heme B, a component of hemoglo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A fire requires heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent. The energy required to overcome the activation energy barrier for combustion is transferred as heat into the system, resulting in changes to the systems internal energy. In a process, the energy input to start a fire may comprise both work and heat, such as when one r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The synthesis and degradation of (p)ppGpp have been most extensively characterized in the bacterial model organism Escherichia coli. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A nitrocellulose slide (or nitrocellulose film slide) is a glass microscope slide that is coated with nitrocellulose that is used to bind biological material, often protein, for colorimetric and fluorescence detection assays. For this purpose, a nitrocellulose slide is generally considered to be superior to glass, bec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Earths night sky is illuminated by diffuse light, called airglow, that is produced by radiative transitions of atoms and molecules. Among the most intense such features observed in the Earths night sky is a group of infrared transitions at wavelengths between 700 nanometers and 900 nanometers. In 1950, Aden Meinel ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Systematic pairwise deletion of genes or inhibition of gene expression can be used to identify genes with related function, even if they do not interact physically. Epistasis refers to the fact that effects for two different gene knockouts may not be additive; that is, the phenotype that results when two genes are inhi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cell signaling involves many different processes and proteins. One of the most studied cell signaling phenomena involving proline is the interactions with p53 and prolyl isomerases, specifically Pin1. The protein p53, along with p63 and p73, are responsible for ensuring that alterations to the genome are corrected and ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The hydrolysis of nitriles is conducted on an industrial scale to produce fatty amides. Laboratory procedures are also available. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, vinylogy is the transmission of electronic effects through a conjugated organic bonding system. The concept was introduced in 1926 by Ludwig Claisen to explain the acidic properties of formylacetone and related ketoaldehydes. Formylacetone, technically , only exists in the ionized form or . Its a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The equatorial plane of a cell-like structure can be imaged using phase contrast microscopy to obtain a video showing the fluctuations of the membrane.
On the video, the contours can be found using image analysis algorithms, which can then be used to determine the power spectrum of the fluctuation modes in real space a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Snapping involves two separate parts of the thread, both containing a bulky group. one part of the thread is then threaded to the macrocycle, forming a semi rotaxane, and end is closed of by the other part of the thread forming the rotaxane. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Cyclisation of 27 took place by alkylation (LiN(TMS), dioxane, microwave irradiation) to tricycle 28. Subsequent steps were cyanohydrin hydrolysis (camphorsulfonic acid), TMS deprotection (KOH) and allylic oxidation (SeO, tBuOH, salicylic acid) to ketone 29, then Upjohn dihydroxylation to triol 30, then acylation (AcCl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
, along with many substituted derivatives like the alkoxy-methyl derivative , can be deposited as a thin film with intrinsic semiconductor properties; said properties arise due to its radical nature and its low reduction potential compared to other metal phthalocyanines. This initially green film exhibits electrochromi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Similar to the dissection procedure, animals are injected with a low dose of a radiolabelled compound. At the chosen time points after injection, PET or SPECT images are acquired, typically also a CT or MR image for anatomical reference. The radioactivity concentration is measured from the PET or SPECT images for the v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photocatalysts must conform to several key principles in order to be considered effective at water splitting. A key principle is that and evolution should occur in a stoichiometric 2:1 ratio; significant deviation could be due to a flaw in the experimental setup and/or a side reaction, neither of which indicate a rel... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Types of deficiency
The so-called optical component surface defects mainly refer to surface rickets and surface contaminants. Surface rickets refer to various processing defects such as pitting, scratches, open bubbles, broken edges, and broken spots on the surface of polished optical components. The main reason is pro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Monoamine precursors are precursors of monoamines and monoamine neurotransmitters in the body. The amino acids -tryptophan and -5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; oxitriptan) are precursors of serotonin and melatonin, while the amino acids -phenylalanine, -tyrosine, and -DOPA (levodopa) are precursors of dopamine, epinephrine... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA Fragmentation plays an important part in forensics, especially that of DNA profiling.
* Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique for analyzing the variable lengths of DNA fragments that result from digesting a DNA sample with a restriction endonuclease. The restriction endonuclease cuts DNA a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using simple algebraic manipulation, it can be stated that increases or decreases monotonically within all range, if or with , respectively.
When and , the activity coefficient curve of component 1 shows a maximum and compound 2 minimum at:
Same expression can be used when and , but in this situation the activity... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Antiaromatic compounds, often being very unstable, can be highly reactive in order to relieve the antiaromatic destabilization. Cyclobutadiene, for example, rapidly dimerizes with no potential energy barrier via a 2 + 2 cycloaddition reaction to form tricyclooctadiene. While the antiaromatic character of cyclobutadiene... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Birch won a scholarship to attend the University of Sydney graduating with a BSc in 1937 and a MSc in 1938. He travelled to the University of Oxford to undertake his D.Phil., graduating in 1940. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) is the organic compound with the formula HOCHCHCHO. It is a bifunctional molecule, containing both a hydroxy and aldehyde functional groups.
The name reuterin is derived from Lactobacillus reuteri, which produces the compound biosynthetically from glycerol as a broad-spectrum antibi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The detection of eRNAs is fairly recent (2010) and has been made possible through the use of genome-wide investigation techniques such as RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq). RNA-seq permits the direct identification of eRNAs by matching the detected transcript to the corres... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ideal gas law can also be derived from first principles using the kinetic theory of gases, in which several simplifying assumptions are made, chief among which are that the molecules, or atoms, of the gas are point masses, possessing mass but no significant volume, and undergo only elastic collisions with each othe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Odum et al. viewed the maximum power theorem as a principle of power-efficiency reciprocity selection with wider application than just electronics. For example, Odum saw it in open systems operating on solar energy, like both photovoltaics and photosynthesis (1963, p. 438). Like the maximum power theorem, Odums stateme... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Second group of TI antigens consists mainly of highly repetitive surface structures (epitopes) of encapsulated bacteria. They do not have an intrinsic B-cell activating activity. The activation of B lymphocytes is caused by cross-linking of a critical number of B cell receptors, which leads to accumulation of BCRs and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Typical nitrones sources are hydroxylamine oxidation or condensation with carbonyl compounds. Secondary hydroxylamines oxidize to nitrones in air over a timescale of several weeks, a process cupric salts accelerate. The most general reagent used for the oxidation of hydroxylamines is aqueous mercury(II) oxide:
However... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Museum Weavers are housed in a barn, featuring more than 50 working looms for weaving. Members of this club meet weekly to learn and practice weaving, rug-making and rope-making. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The very nature of hyrax middens implies that they comprise a mixture of materials, which include animal metabolic products, undigested food, and any allochtonous material blown into the middens or deposited via feet or fur. In terms of organic matter, the existence of such potentially distinct sources (i.e. extraneous... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Due to the polar nature of the water molecule itself, other polar molecules are generally able to dissolve in water. Most nonpolar molecules are water-insoluble (hydrophobic) at room temperature. Many nonpolar organic solvents, such as turpentine, are able to dissolve nonpolar substances. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The LHCGRs become desensitized when exposed to LH for some time. A key reaction of this downregulation is the phosphorylation of the intracellular (or cytoplasmic) receptor domain by protein kinases. This process uncouples Gs protein from the LHCGR. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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