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A related term "clarke of concentration" or "concentration clarke", synonym: "concentration factor (mineralogy)", is a measure to see how rich a particular ore is.
That is, the ratio between the concentrations of a chemical element in the ore, and its concentration in the whole Earth's crust (i.e. "clarke") .
If the co... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Expression of phosphocholine-modified and unsubstituted C. elegans paucimannosidic glycans is reportedly development stage-specific, implying important roles in nematodal development. In support, C. elegans hex-2 gene knock-out mutants displayed reduced paucimannosidic protein levels and altered sensitivity towards nem... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerases (PARPs) can function in DNA repair of single strand breaks as well as double strand breaks. In single-strand break repair (base excision repair) the PARP can either facilitate removal of an oxidized sugar or strand cleavage. PARP1 binds the single-strand breaks and pulls any nearby base exci... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Not only is PHY closely related to Substance P (SP), but it also has a higher affinity for the mammalian neurokinin receptors that Substance P can bind to. Researchers can make use of this behavior of PHY to study the behavior of smooth muscle - a tissue where NK1 can be found. Shiina et al. (2010) used PHY to show th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Asymmetric hydrogenations operate by conventional mechanisms invoked for other hydrogenations. This includes inner sphere mechanisms, outer sphere mechanisms and the σ-bond metathesis mechanisms. The type of mechanism employed by a catalyst is largely dependent on the ligands used in a system, which in turn leads to ce... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many human-made chemicals are derived from fossil fuels (such as petroleum or coal) in which is greatly depleted because the age of fossils far exceeds the half-life of . The relative absence of is therefore used to determine the relative contribution (or mixing ratio) of fossil fuel oxidation to the total carbon dio... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Primer-design software uses algorithms that check for the potential of DNA secondary structure formation and annealing of primers to itself or within primer pairs. Physical parameters that are taken into account by the software are potential self-complementarity and GC content of the primers; similar melting temperatur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Atmospheric methane is the methane present in Earths atmosphere. The concentration of atmospheric methane is increasing due to methane emissions, and is causing climate change. Methane is one of the most potent greenhouse gases. Methanes radiative forcing (RF) of climate is direct, and it is the second largest contribu... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
All the reactions associated with synthesis of biomolecule converge into the following pathway, viz., glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, exist as an amphibolic pathway, meaning that they can function anabolically as well as catabolically.
Other important amphibolic pathways are the Embden-Mey... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since directing groups are ligands, their effectiveness correlates with their affinities for metals. Common functional groups such as ketones usually are only weak ligands and thus often are poor DGs. This problem is solved by the use of a transient directing group. Transient DGs reversibly convert weak DGs (e.g., ket... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Even remote substituents on the benzene ring can affect the electron density on the aromatic ring and in turn influence the selectivity. In the hydrogenation of ketones using CBS catalysts, the ketone coordinates to the boron atom with the lone pair on the oxygen atom. In the following example, the inductive influence ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In normal cellular operations, there is a balance between the production of lipids, and their oxidation or transport. In lipotoxic cells, there is an imbalance between the amount of lipids produced and the amount used. Upon entrance of the cell, fatty acids can be converted to different types of lipids for storage. Tri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the measured particles are smaller than λ/20, the form factor P(θ) can be neglected (P(θ)→1). Therefore, the Zimm equation is simplified to the Debye equation, as follows:
Note that this is also the result of an extrapolation to zero scattering angle. By acquiring data on concentration and scattering intensity, the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Schilling test has multiple stages. As noted below, it can be done at any time after vitamin B supplementation and body store replacement, and some clinicians recommend that in severe deficiency cases, at least several weeks of vitamin repletion be done before the test (more than one B shot, and also oral folic aci... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ultraviolet lamps are used to sterilize workspaces and tools used in biology laboratories and medical facilities. Commercially available low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps emit about 86% of their radiation at 254 nanometers (nm), with 265 nm being the peak germicidal effectiveness curve. UV at these germicidal wavelength... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cancer research has been ongoing for centuries, trying to elucidate the origin of its cause. As cancer research evolves with time, the scientific community tends to pay more attention to cell metabolism and how to target these metabolic needs and changes that cells undergo during carcinogenesis. There is growing eviden... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reductive elimination generally occurs more rapidly from a more sterically hindered metal center because the steric encumbrance is alleviated upon reductive elimination. Additionally, wide ligand bite angles generally accelerate reductive elimination because the sterics force the eliminating groups closer together, whi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pewter, being a softer material, can be manipulated in various ways such as being cast, hammered, turned, spun and engraved.
Given that pewter is soft at room temperature, a pewter bell does not ring clearly. Cooling it in liquid nitrogen hardens it and enables it to ring, but also makes it more brittle. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Corrosion in space is the corrosion of materials occurring in outer space. Instead of moisture and oxygen acting as the primary corrosion causes, the materials exposed to outer space are subjected to vacuum, bombardment by ultraviolet and X-rays, and high-energy charged particles (mostly electrons and protons from sola... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In crystallography, a fractional coordinate system (crystal coordinate system) is a coordinate system in which basis vectors used to the describe the space are the lattice vectors of a crystal (periodic) pattern. The selection of an origin and a basis define a unit cell, a parallelotope (i.e., generalization of a paral... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Common applications of BLI include in vivo studies of infection (with bioluminescent pathogens), cancer progression (using a bioluminescent cancer cell line), and reconstitution kinetics (using bioluminescent stem cells).
Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center have shown that bioluminescence imaging can be used ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Antibody is famous for its high affinity and selectivity, so it is the good way to detect AMPylated proteins. Recently, ɑ- AMP antibodies is used to directly detect and isolate AMPylated proteins (especially AMPylated tyrosine and AMPylated threonine) from cells and cell lysates. AMPylation is a post-translational modi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the first experiments with laser heating, temperature came from a calibration of laser power made with known melting points of various materials. When using the pulsed ruby laser this was unreliable due to the short pulse. YAG lasers quickly become the standard, heating for relatively long duration, and allowing obs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In December 2021, the FDA came up with a draft guidance for the use of ASO drug products. This draft guidance was directed towards sponsor-investigators who are developing individualized investigational antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) drug products for severely debilitating or life threatening diseases. Severely debil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A thermodynamic cycle is constructed as a sequence of stages or steps. Each stage consists of a thermodynamic operation followed by a thermodynamic process. For example, an initial thermodynamic operation of a cycle of a Carnot heat engine could be taken as the setting of the working body, at a known high temperature, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemical thermodynamics, an exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the change in the free energy is negative (there is a net release of free energy). This indicates a spontaneous reaction if the system is closed and initial and final temperatures are the same. For processes that take place in a closed syste... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Baking powder is used to cause the dough for breads and cakes to "rise" by creating millions of tiny carbon dioxide bubbles. Baking powder is not to be confused with baking soda, which is sodium bicarbonate (). Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and acidic salts. The bubbles are created bec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The substance loosely called selenium sulfide (with the approximate formula SeS) is the active ingredient in some anti-dandruff shampoos. The selenium compound kills the scalp fungus Malassezia, which causes shedding of dry skin fragments. The ingredient is also used in body lotions to treat Tinea versicolor due to inf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In creating the Flory–Stockmayer Theory, Flory made three assumptions that affect the accuracy of this model. These assumptions were:
# All functional groups on a branch unit are equally reactive
# All reactions occur between A and B
# There are no intramolecular reactions
As a result of these assumptions, a convers... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is the most common fatty acid β-oxidation disorder and a prevalent metabolic congenital error It is often identified through newborn screening. Although children are normal at birth, symptoms usually emerge between three months and two years of age, with some... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chromatin remodeling plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression by providing the transcription machinery with dynamic access to an otherwise tightly packaged genome. Further, nucleosome movement by chromatin remodelers is essential to several important biological processes, including chromosome assembly ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An unusual triad is found in sedolisin proteases. The low pK of the glutamate carboxylate group means that it only acts as a base in the triad at very low pH. The triad is hypothesised to be an adaptation to specific environments like acidic hot springs (e.g. kumamolysin) or cell lysosome (e.g. tripeptidyl peptidase). | 1 | Biochemistry |
It may be used in generic labels and store brands, Benylin DM, Mucinex DM, Camydex-20 tablets, Robitussin, NyQuil, Dimetapp, Vicks, Coricidin, Delsym, TheraFlu, Charcoal D, Cinfatós and others. It has been used in counterfeit medications. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Enantiopure compounds consist of only one of the two enantiomers. Enantiopurity is of practical importance since such compositions have improved therapeutic efficacy. The switch from a racemic drug to an enantiopure drug is called a chiral switch. In many cases, the enantiomers have distinct effects. One case is that ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP), also known as deoxycytidylic acid or deoxycytidylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a deoxynucleotide, and one of the four monomers that make up DNA. In a DNA double helix, it will base pair with deoxyguanosine monophosphate. | 1 | Biochemistry |
HeSE has been used to study the diffusion rates and mechanisms of atoms and molecules (adsorbates) at surfaces. A non-exhaustive list of the research themes associated with HeSE diffusion measurements include:
nuclear quantum effects in the surface diffusion of atomic hydrogen;
benchmarking the adsorbate/surface free ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thiols are easily deprotonated. Relative to the alcohols, thiols are more acidic. The conjugate base of a thiol is called a thiolate. Butanethiol has a pK of 10.5 vs 15 for butanol. Thiophenol has a pK of 6, versus 10 for phenol. A highly acidic thiol is pentafluorothiophenol (CFSH) with a pK of 2.68. Thus, thiolates ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aerobic exercise provokes a systemic cytokine response, including, for example, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and IL-10 (Interleukin 10) and the concentrations of chemokines, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, and MCP-1 rise after vigorous exercise. IL-6 was identified as a myokine bas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another measure of human faecal contamination is the proportion of the two 3β-ol isomers of the saturated sterol form. 5α-cholestanol is formed naturally in the environment by bacteria and generally does not have a faecal origin. Samples with ratios greater than 0.7 may be contaminated with human faecal matter; samples... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Sucrose of fatty acid esters (E 473) is used for surface treatment of some climacteric fruits such as peaches, pears, cherries, apples, bananas, etc. E473 is allowed for application on fruit surfaces in the EU at whatever level is needed to achieve a technical effect (‘quantum satis’) and has limited allowance in the U... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fluoride salts, like all salts, cause corrosion in most metals and alloys. FliNak is different from FLiBe in the sense that is a basic melt—or it has an excess of fluorine ions. As FLiNak melts, all three components are alkali fluorides and therefore disassociate into positive and negative ions. The concentration of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many modifications have been reported that influence the reactivity of this reagent. The compound adopts a complex cluster structure (the adjacent picture is a simplified cartoon), and additives that modify the cluster affect the reactivity of the reagent. For example, DMF, DMSO, hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), and 18... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bioluminescence in bacteria can be regulated through a phenomenon known as autoinduction or quorum sensing. Quorum sensing is a form of cell-to-cell communication that alters gene expression in response to cell density. Autoinducer is a diffusible pheromone produced constitutively by bioluminescent bacteria and serves ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Cooper M. B., “Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in Australian Industries”, EnviroRad report ERS-006 prepared for the Australian Radiation Health and Safety Advisory Council (2005).
* Agrawal, K. K. Sahu, B. D. Pandey, "Solid waste management in non-ferrous industries in India", Resources, Conservation ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for magnesium in 1997. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) is used instead. The current EARs for magnesium for women and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In spectroscopy and radiometry, vector radiative transfer (VRT) is a method of modelling the propagation of polarized electromagnetic radiation in low density media. In contrast to scalar radiative transfer (RT), which models only the first Stokes component, the intensity, VRT models all four components through vector... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The slow block to polyspermy in the sea urchin is mediated by the PIP secondary messenger system. Activation of the binding receptors activates PLC, which cleaves PIP in the egg plasma membrane, releasing IP into the egg cell cytoplasm. IP diffuses to the ER, where it opens Ca channels. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Each endocytic pathway focuses on a particular component, and FEME is primarily involved in transporting receptors. These include receptors for acetylcholine and IL-2. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1955, Ron Giovanelli published explicit expressions for several cases of interest which are touted as exact solutions to the radiative transfer equation for a semi-infinite ideal diffuser. His solutions have become the standard against which results from approximate theoretical treatments are measured. Many of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The detoxification of endogenous reactive metabolites such as peroxides and reactive aldehydes often cannot be achieved by the system described above. This is the result of these species' being derived from normal cellular constituents and usually sharing their polar characteristics. However, since these compounds are ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Association of Applied Geochemists (AAG) is an international society that seeks to advance the study and application of geochemistry and represents scientists working in that field. | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Orbifold signature:
* Coxeter notation: [(∞,2),∞] or [∞,(2,∞)]
* Lattice: rectangular
* Point group: D
* The group pmg has two rotation centres of order two (180°), and reflections in only one direction. It has glide reflections whose axes are perpendicular to the reflection axes. The centres... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are currently three methods in use that involve precisely targeting a DNA sequence in order to introduce a double-stranded break. Once this occurs, the cell's repair mechanisms will attempt to repair this double stranded break, often through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which involves directly ligating the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Progesterone is commercially produced by semisynthesis. Two main routes are used: one from yam diosgenin first pioneered by Marker in 1940, and one based on soy phytosterols scaled up in the 1970s. Additional (not necessarily economical) semisyntheses of progesterone have also been reported starting from a variety of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nevado joined the University of Zurich as an Assistant Professor in 2007. Her research has concentrated on catalysis and the development of selective, sustainable approaches to develop new materials. In particular, Nevado is interested in new approaches to construct C–C and C–X bonds based on transition metal catalysts... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic synthesis, reagent control is an approach to selectively forming one stereoisomer out of many, the stereoselectivity is determined by the structure and chirality of the reagent used. When chiral allylmetals are used for nucleophilic addition reaction to achiral aldehydes, the chirality of the newly generated... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Several other scales have been proposed for the ranking of the donor properties of ligands. The HEP scale ranks ligands on the basis of the C NMR shift of a reference ligand. Lever's electronic parameter ranking is related to the Ru(II/III) couple. Another scale evaluated ligands on the basis of the redox couples of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RNA splicing errors can have drastic effects on how proteins function, including the hormones secreted by the endocrine system. These effects on hormones have been identified as the cause of many endocrine disorders including thyroid-related pathological conditions, rickets, hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and congenital... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NCS is produced from succinimide by treatment with Cl+ sources, such as bleach (sodium hypochlorite), and t-butylhypochlorite, and even chlorine.
Electron-rich arenes are readily monochlorinated by NCS. Aniline and mesitylene are converted to the respective chlorinated derivatives. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The M muscarinic receptors are located at many places in the body. They are located in the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, as well as in the lungs. Because the M receptor is G-coupled and mediates an increase in intracellular calcium, it typically causes contraction of smooth muscle, such as that observed during b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some provitamins are:
* "Provitamin A" is a name for β-carotene, which has only about 1/6 the biological activity of retinol (vitamin A); the body uses an enzyme to convert β-carotene to retinol. In other contexts, both β-carotene and retinol are simply considered to be different forms (vitamers) of vitamin A.
* "Provi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
La confusion sexuelle or mating disruption, was first discussed by the Institut national de la recherche agronomique in 1974 in Bordeaux, France.
Winemakers in France, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, and Italy were the first to use the method to treat vines against the larvae of the moth genus Cochylis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Source:
n-Butyllithium (14.0 mL of a 2.5 M solution in hexane, 35 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 2,6-dimethylanisole (4.95 mL, 35 mmol) in 60 mL of tetrahydrofuran at 0°, and the resulting solution was stirred at 0° for 1 hour and then at ambient temperature for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
CpG DNA methylation has showed a role to regulate the alternative splicing in social insects. In honey bees (Apis mellifera), CpG DNA methylation seems to regulate the exon skipping based on the first few genomic studies after honey bee genome was available. CpG DNA methylation regulated alternative splicing more exten... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* They are considered to be among the strongest of all types of chemical bonds. This often causes ionic compounds to be very stable.
* Ionic bonds have high bond energy. Bond energy is the mean amount of energy required to break the bond in the gaseous state.
* Most ionic compounds exist in the form of a crystal struct... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Yttrium in the Solar System was created through stellar nucleosynthesis, mostly by the s-process (≈72%), but also by the r-process (≈28%). The r-process consists of rapid neutron capture by lighter elements during supernova explosions. The s-process is a slow neutron capture of lighter elements inside pulsating red gia... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, a halogen bond (XB) occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Like a hydrogen bond, the result is not a formal chemical bond, but ra... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Trimethylsilyl iodide (iodotrimethylsilane or TMSI) is an organosilicon compound with the chemical formula (CH)SiI. It is a colorless, volatile liquid at room temperature. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Essential in synergetics is the order-parameter concept which was originally introduced in the Ginzburg–Landau theory in order to describe phase transitions in thermodynamics. The order parameter concept is generalized by Haken to the "enslaving-principle" saying that the dynamics of fast-relaxing (stable) modes is com... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Berthelots reagent is an alkaline solution of phenol and hypochlorite, used in analytical chemistry. It is named after its inventor, Marcellin Berthelot. Ammonia reacts with Berthelots reagent to form a blue product which is used in a colorimetric method for determining ammonia. The reagent can also be used for determ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mappae clavicula is a medieval Latin text containing manufacturing recipes for crafts materials, including for metals, glass, mosaics, and dyes and tints for materials. The information and style in the recipes is very terse. Each recipe consists of the names of the ingredients and typically about two sentences on c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Formate dehydrogenases are a set of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide, donating the electrons to a second substrate, such as NAD in formate:NAD+ oxidoreductase () or to a cytochrome in formate:ferricytochrome-b1 oxidoreductase (). This family of enzymes has attracted attention as inspira... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a transcription factor belonging to the STAT protein family, composed of STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAT6. STAT proteins are key activators of gene transcription which bind to DNA in response to cytokine gradient. STAT proteins are a common ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cucurbiturils are efficient host molecules in molecular recognition and have a particularly high affinity for positively charged or cationic compounds. High association constants with positively charged molecules are attributed to the carbonyl groups that line each end of the cavity and can interact with cations in a s... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Thiosulfoxides are orthogonally isomeric with disulfides, having the second sulfur branching from the first and not partaking in a continuous chain, i.e. >S=S rather than −S−S−.
Disulfide bonds are analogous but more common than related peroxide, thioselenide, and diselenide bonds. Intermediate compounds of these also ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ziegler–Natta catalysts of the third class, non-metallocene catalysts, use a variety of complexes of various metals, ranging from scandium to lanthanoid and actinoid metals, and a large variety of ligands containing oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). The complexes are activated using MAO, as is d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the 1960s and 1970s, GFP, along with the separate luminescent protein aequorin (an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of luciferin, releasing light), was first purified from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and its properties studied by Osamu Shimomura. In A. victoria, GFP fluorescence occurs when aequorin interact... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The survival of these bacteria is dependent on the physiochemical conditions of their environment. Although they are sensitive to certain factors such as quality of inorganic substrate, they are able to thrive under some of the most inhospitable conditions in the world, such as temperatures above 110 degrees Celsius an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aggregates may also form from colloids trapped on the surface of rising bubbles. For example, Kepkay et al. found that bubble coagulation leads to an increase in bacterial respiration since more food is available to them. | 9 | Geochemistry |
A mass spectrum of an organic compound will usually contain a small peak of one mass unit greater than the apparent molecular ion peak (M) of the whole molecule. This is known as the M+1 peak and comes from the few molecules that contain a C atom in place of a C. A molecule containing one carbon atom will be expected t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Efforts of federal, state and local governments, working in partnership through the Chesapeake Bay Program along with the Chesapeake Bay Foundation and other nonprofit environmental groups, to restore or at least maintain the current water quality, have had mixed results. One particular obstacle to cleaning up the bay ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Polyamorphism is the ability of a substance to exist in several different amorphous modifications. It is analogous to the polymorphism of crystalline materials. Many amorphous substances can exist with different amorphous characteristics (e.g. polymers). However, polyamorphism requires two distinct amorphous states wit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isotopic ratio relative to the mass of the tracer element in each component;
where, and are the molecular weight of each isotopic expression of the substrate and product. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For the bacteria to use quorum sensing constitutively, they must possess three abilities: secretion of a signaling molecule, secretion of an autoinducer (to detect the change in concentration of signaling molecules), and regulation of gene transcription as a response. This process is highly dependent on the diffusion m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Initial desensitization due to rapid phosphorylation of activated receptors by kinases, which increases affinity for arrestin. Arrestin prevents protein-receptor interaction and the receptor becomes dephosphorylated and inhibited from signaling. This is a sufficient and rapid form of termination of PAR signaling. Irrev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The purpose of both the (primary) bioluminescence (from aequorins action on luciferin) and the (secondary) fluorescence of GFP in jellyfish is unknown. GFP is co-expressed with aequorin in small granules around the rim of the jellyfish bell. The secondary excitation peak (480 nm) of GFP does absorb some of the blue emi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sintering is generally considered successful when the process reduces porosity and enhances properties such as strength, electrical conductivity, translucency and thermal conductivity. In some special cases, sintering is carefully applied to enhance the strength of a material while preserving porosity (e.g. in filters ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Consider a typical chemical reaction in which two reactants A and B combine to form a product C:
This can also be written
The prefactors −1, −2 and 3 (with negative signs for reactants because they are consumed) are known as stoichiometric coefficients. One molecule of A combines with two of B to form 3 of C, so if we ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
4-PPBP is a neuroprotective cyclic amine which binds to sigma receptors.
4-PPBP decreases neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity and ischemia-evoked nitric oxide (NO) production. 4-PPBP provides neuroprotection; this involves the prevention of ischemia-induced intracellular Ca dysregulation. 4-PPBP protects neu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The adsorption and absorption rate of a diluted solute in gas or liquid solution to a surface or interface can be calculated using Fick's laws of diffusion. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
NRC produces certified reference materials of biological tissues, isotopic standards, natural waters, sediments, supplements, and natural health products. With the exception of the ORMS, the river water CRM with elevated mercury, all materials contain natural levels of analytes in their native matrix.
* Biological tiss... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In an aperiodic crystal the structure can no longer be simply described by three different vectors in real or reciprocal space. In general there is a substructure describable by three (e.g. ), similar to supercells above, but in addition there is some additional periodicity (one to three) which cannot be described as a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
UbiD protein domain - ubiquitin—calmodulin ligase - UDP-3-O-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase - UDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine transaminase - undecaprenyl-phosphate 4-deoxy-4-formamido-L-arabinose transferase - untranslated RNA - upstream - upstream activator sequence - upstream DNA - upstream (tran... | 1 | Biochemistry |
He joined the Baltimore Copper Smelting & Rolling Company in 1890, becoming vice president in 1895, and later, president of the company. Under his management, the company became one of the major copper producer of the United States. In 1928, the company merged with five other copper companies, to create the Revere Copp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sericitic alteration or sericitization is a process of mineral alteration caused by hydrothermal fluids invading permeable country rock. Plagioclase feldspar within the rock is converted to sericite (sericite is not a mineral; it is a term that is used to describe any fine-grained white phyllosilicate when a distinctio... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The data stored in SABIO-RK in a comprehensive manner is mainly extracted manually from literature. This includes reactions, their participants (substrates, products), modifiers (inhibitors, activators, cofactors), catalyst details (e.g. EC enzyme classification, protein complex composition, wild type / mutant informat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DOC is conceptually divided into labile DOC, which is rapidly taken up by heterotrophic microbes, and the recalcitrant DOC reservoir, which has accumulated in the ocean (following a definition by Hansell). As a consequence of its recalcitrance, the accumulated DOC reaches average radiocarbon ages between 1,000 and 4,00... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A potentiometric selectivity coefficient defines the ability of an ion-selective electrode to
distinguish one particular ion from others. The selectivity coefficient, K is evaluated by means of the emf response of the ion-selective electrode in mixed solutions of the primary ion, B, and interfering ion, C (fixed interf... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In condensed matter physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive motion. The system cannot lose energy to the environment and come to rest because it is already in its quantum ground state. Time crystals were first proposed theoretica... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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