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Complexes of polymers with DNA are called polyplexes. Most polyplexes consist of cationic polymers and their fabrication is based on self-assembly by ionic interactions. One important difference between the methods of action of polyplexes and lipoplexes is that polyplexes cannot directly release their DNA load into the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An adatom is an atom that lies on a crystal surface, and can be thought of as the opposite of a surface vacancy. This term is used in surface chemistry and epitaxy, when describing single atoms lying on surfaces and surface roughness. The word is a portmanteau of "adsorbed atom". A single atom, a cluster of atoms, or... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2010, the FDA approved the combination drug dextromethorphan/quinidine under the brand name Nuedexta for the treatment of pseudobulbar affect (uncontrollable laughing/crying). Dextromethorphan is the actual therapeutic agent in the combination; quinidine merely serves to inhibit the enzymatic degradation of dextrome... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The most established and well-known homoaromatic species are cationic homoaromatic compounds. As stated earlier, the homotropenylium cation is one of the most studied homoaromatic compounds. Many homoaromatic cationic compounds use as a basis a cyclopropenyl cation, a tropylium cation, or a cyclobutadiene dication as t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Earth science, a geochemical cycle is the pathway that chemical elements take in the surface and crust of the Earth. The term "geochemical" tells us that geological and chemical factors are all included. The migration of heated and compressed chemical elements and compounds such as silicon, aluminium, and general al... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Magnetic trapping is created by adding a spatially varying magnetic quadrupole field to the red detuned optical field needed for laser cooling. This causes a Zeeman shift in the magnetic-sensitive m levels, which increases with the radial distance from the center of the trap. Because of this, as an atom moves away from... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Continuous quantum engines are the quantum analogues of turbines. The work output mechanism is coupling to an external periodic field, typically the electromagnetic field. Thus the heat engine is a model for a laser.
The models differ by the choice of their working substance
and heat source and sink. Externally driven... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfur can replace oxygen, either in the carbonyl group or in the bridge. In the former case, the name of the acyl group is enclosed in parentheses to avoid ambiguity in the name, e.g., (thioacetic) anhydride (CHC(S)OC(S)CH). When two acyl groups are attached to the same sulfur atom, the resulting compound is called a ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
F is a water insoluble protein with eight subunits and a transmembrane ring. The ring has a tetrameric shape with a helix-loop-helix protein that goes through conformational changes when protonated and deprotonated, pushing neighboring subunits to rotate, causing the spinning of F which then also affects conformation o... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Alkyllithium reagents form deeply colored derivatives with phenanthroline. The alkyllithium content of solutions can be determined by treatment of such reagents with small amounts of phenanthroline (ca. 1 mg) followed by titration with alcohols to a colourless endpoint. Grignard reagents may be similarly titrated. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nucleotides are initially made with ribose as the sugar component, which is a feature of RNA. DNA, however, requires deoxyribose, which is missing the 2'-hydroxyl (-OH group) on the ribose. The reaction to remove this -OH is catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase. This enzyme converts NDPs (ucleoside-ihosphate) to dNDPs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ryōji Noyori was born in Kobe, Japan. Early in his school days Ryoji was interested in physics. His interest was kindled by the famous physicist Hideki Yukawa (1949 Nobel Prize in Physics winner), a close friend of his father. Later, he became fascinated with chemistry, after hearing a presentation on nylon at an indus... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Nitrile ylides also known as nitrilium ylides or nitrilium methylides, are generally reactive intermediates formally consisting of a carbanion of an alkyl or similar group bonded to the nitrogen atom of a cyanide unit. With a few exceptions, they cannot be isolated. However, a structure has been determined on a particu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Quality of measurements made in chemistry and other areas is an important issue in today's world as measurements influence quality of life, cross-border trade and commerce. In this respect, EN ISO 17025 is the main standard used by testing and calibration laboratories as to appropriately tackle quality management relat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The nature of bonding in the 2-norbornyl cation was the center of a vigorous, well-known debate in the chemistry community through the middle of the twentieth century. While the majority of chemists believed that a three-center two-electron bond best depicted its ground state electronic structure, others argued that al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alexander Killen Macbeth CMG, DSc, FAA was born in Ireland on 11 August 1889 at Drumbuoy, Strabane, second son of William, a butcher, and Sarah Anna.
He was educated at Queen’s University Belfast, and at University College London, where he was an 1851 Exhibition Scholar. He returned to Belfast and then, in 1919, to the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Free Thyroxine Index (FTI or T7) is obtained by multiplying the total T with T uptake. FTI is considered to be a more reliable indicator of thyroid status in the presence of abnormalities in plasma protein binding. This test is rarely used now that reliable free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine assays are routin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hyperfine interactions, the internal magnetic fields of local magnetic isotopes, play a significant role as well in the spin dynamics of radical-pairs. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Generally, in progression to cancer, hundreds of genes are silenced or activated. Although silencing of some genes in cancers occurs by mutation, a large proportion of carcinogenic gene silencing is a result of altered DNA methylation (see DNA methylation in cancer). DNA methylation causing silencing in cancer typica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neurotransmitter release can be measured by determining the amplitude of the postsynaptic potential after triggering an action potential in the presynaptic neuron. Measuring neurotransmitter release this way can be problematic because the effect of the postsynaptic neuron to the same amount of released neurotransmitte... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methanation is an important step in the creation of synthetic or substitute natural gas (SNG). Coal or wood undergo gasification which creates a producer gas that must undergo methanation in order to produce a usable gas that just needs to undergo a final purification step.
The first commercial synthetic gas plant open... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cryosurgery is a minimally invasive procedure, and is often preferred to other types of surgery because of its safety, ease of use, minimal pain and scarring as well as low cost; however, as with any medical treatment, there are risks involved, primarily that of damage to nearby healthy tissue. Damage to nerve tissue i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In many insect species of interest to agriculture, such as those in the order Lepidoptera, females emit an airborne trail of a specific chemical blend constituting that species' sex pheromone. This aerial trail is referred to as a pheromone plume.
Males of that species use the information contained in the pheromone p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ilya Iosifovich Moiseev (; 15 March 1929 – 10 October 2020) was a Soviet and Russian chemist. An expert in both kinetics and the coordination chemistry of transition metals, he made significant advances in metal-complex catalysis. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy or surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a surface-sensitive technique that enhances Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces or by nanostructures such as plasmonic-magnetic silica nanotubes. The enhancement factor can be as much as 10 to 10, which means t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some tetrabutylammonium salts of simple anions include:
*tetrabutylammonium fluoride, a desilylation reagent.
*tetrabutylammonium bromide, a precursor to other tetrabutylammonium salts via salt metathesis reactions.
*tetrabutylammonium iodide, a low cost catalyst.
*tetrabutylammonium triiodide, a common carrier of the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In concert with the primary surface forces described above, there are several circumstantial effects in play. While the forces themselves each contribute to the magnitude of the adhesion between the surfaces, the following play a crucial role in the overall strength and reliability of an adhesive device. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Susceptibility to photo-oxidation varies depending on the chemical structure of the polymer. Some materials have excellent stability, such as fluoropolymers, polyimides, silicones and certain acrylate polymers. However, global polymer production is dominated by a range of commodity plastics which account for the majori... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Monsanto process is an industrial method for the manufacture of acetic acid by catalytic carbonylation of methanol. The Monsanto process has largely been supplanted by the Cativa process, a similar iridium-based process developed by BP Chemicals Ltd which is more economical and environmentally friendly.
This proce... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Around the world, household drinking water purification systems, including a RO step, are commonly used for improving water for drinking and cooking.
Such systems typically include these steps:
* a sediment filter to trap particles, including rust and calcium carbonate
* a second sediment filter with smaller pores
* an... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Assay offices are institutions set up to assay (test the purity of) precious metals. This is often done to protect consumers from buying fake items. Upon successful completion of an assay (i.e. if the metallurgical content is found be equal or better than that claimed by the maker and it otherwise conforms to the preva... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The initial adsorption of the molecule adhesive will also depend on the wetting between the adhesive and membrane. This can be described using Young's equation:
where is the interfacial tension between the membrane and gas or bodily environment, is the interfacial tension between the bioadhesive and membrane, is the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biopolymers can be sustainable, carbon neutral and are always renewable, because they are made from plant or animal materials which can be grown indefinitely. Since these materials come from agricultural crops, their use could create a sustainable industry. In contrast, the feedstocks for polymers derived from petroche... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For a complete list of the 209 PCB congeners, see PCB congener list. Note that biphenyl, while not technically a PCB congener because of its lack of chlorine substituents, is still typically included in the literature. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
At its simplest, the theory holds that when gravity becomes vanishingly weak—levels seen only at interstellar distances—it diverges from its classically understood nature and its strength begins to decay linearly with distance from a mass.
Entropic gravity provides an underlying framework to explain Modified Newtonian ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Burks became an assistant professor of chemistry at St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas, in 2016, where she taught and conducted research until 2020. She then moved to Washington, D.C., to join the faculty at American University as an associate professor of chemistry.
Her current research centers on developing low... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Current methods include liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), mouse bioassay, protein synthesis inhibition assay, and reverse-phase HPLC-PDA (Photo Diode Array) analysis. A cell free protein synthesis assay has been developed which appears to be comparable to HPLC-MS. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Prepared samples are combusted from 1000 up to 1200 degrees C in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. All carbon present converts to carbon dioxide, flows through scrubber tubes to remove interferences such as chlorine gas, and water vapor, and the carbon dioxide is measured either by absorption into a strong base then weighed, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Levonorgestrel is the generic name of the drug and its , , , , , and , while lévonorgestrel is its . It is also known as d-norgestrel, d(–)-norgestrel, or -norgestrel, as well as by its developmental code names WY-5104 (Wyeth) and SH-90999 (Schering AG). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Zuclopenthixol (brand names Cisordinol, Clopixol and others), also known as zuclopentixol, is a medication used to treat schizophrenia and other psychoses. It is classed, pharmacologically, as a typical antipsychotic. Chemically it is a thioxanthene. It is the cis-isomer of clopenthixol (Sordinol, Ciatyl). Clopenthixol... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Plant viruses are viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses can be pathogenic to vascular plants ("higher plants").
Most plant viruses are rod-shaped, with protein discs formi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Woods lamp is a diagnostic tool used in dermatology by which ultraviolet light is shone (at a wavelength of approximately 365 nanometers) onto the skin of the patient; a technician then observes any subsequent fluorescence. For example, porphyrins—associated with some skin diseases—will fluoresce pink. Though the tec... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Krefts dichromaticity index (DI) is a measure for quantification of dichromatism. It is defined as the difference in hue angle (Δh) between the color of the sample at the dilution, where the chroma (color saturation) is maximal, and the color of four times more diluted (or thinner) and four times more concentrated (or ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As only particles that exhibit non-linear velocity experience the SCODA concentrating force, small charged particles that respond linearly to electrophoretic fields are not concentrated. These particles instead of spiraling towards the center of the SCODA gel orbit at a constant radius. If a weak DC field is superimpos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ellipsometry has been used widely for measuring protein adsorption kinetics as well as the structure of the adsorbed protein layer. It is an optical technique that measures the change of the polarization of light after reflection from a surface. This technique requires planar, reflecting surfaces, preferably quartz, si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
# The slope ds/dT of the saturated vapour line in T–s diagram (see Chapter Classification of pure (single-component) working fluids) should be nearly zero, but never positive in the applied pressure ratio of the compressor. This prevents significant moisture (liquid droplet) formation or excessive superheat occurring d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glutamate levels are observed to be elevated during mania. Lithium is thought to provide long-term mood stabilization and have anti-manic properties by modulating glutamate levels. It is proposed that lithium competes with magnesium for binding to NMDA glutamate receptor, increasing the availability of glutamate in po... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gels are used as stationary phase for GPC. The pore size of a gel must be carefully controlled in order to be able to apply the gel to a given separation. Other desirable properties of the gel forming agent are the absence of ionizing groups and, in a given solvent, low affinity for the substances to be separated. Comm... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A thermocouple can be used as a vacuum gauge over the range of approximately 0.001 to 1 torr absolute pressure. In this pressure range, the mean free path of the gas is comparable to the dimensions of the vacuum chamber, and the flow regime is neither purely viscous nor purely molecular. In this configuration, the th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phenylalanine and tyrosine are the precursors used in the phenylpropanoids biosynthesis. The phenylpropanoids are then used to produce the flavonoids, coumarins, tannins and lignin. The first enzyme involved is phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) that converts -phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia. | 1 | Biochemistry |
To help mitigate inbreeding depression for two endangered species, the Black-footed ferret(Mustela nigripes), Revive & Restore facilitates on-going efforts to clone individuals from historic cell lines stored at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Frozen Zoo. The program seeks to restore genetic variation lost from the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. A codon is a series of three nucleotides (a triplet) that encodes a specific amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain or for the termination of translation (stop codons).
There are 64 different codons (61 codons e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Nuffield Commonwealth Fellow 1971–1972 (Cambridge)
*Fulbright Senior Scholar (California Institute of Technology, 1977, and Harvard University, 1986)
*H.G. Smith Memorial Medal 1981 (RACI)
*Member of the Australian Academy of Science 1983
*Flintoff Medal and Prize (RSC) 1990
*Fellow of the Royal Society of London 1990... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Between 1840 and 1843, Joule carefully studied the heat produced by an electric current. From this study, he developed Joules laws of heating, the first of which is commonly referred to as the Joule effect. Joules first law expresses the relationship between heat generated in a conductor and current flow, resistance,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimate for 2017, the world consumes 98.8 million barrels of oil each day.
This table orders the amount of petroleum consumed in 2011 in thousand barrels (1000 bbl) per day and in thousand cubic metres (1000 m) per day:
Source: [http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another widely cited characteristic of gene regulatory network is their abundance of certain repetitive sub-networks known as network motifs. Network motifs can be regarded as repetitive topological patterns when dividing a big network into small blocks. Previous analysis found several types of motifs that appeared mor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
5-Methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine both read as a C in bisulfite sequencing. Oxidative bisulfite sequencing is a method to discriminate between 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at single base resolution. The method employs a specific (Tet-assisted) chemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 4th analytical group of cations includes ions that precipitate as sulfides at pH 9. The reagent used is ammonium sulfide or NaS 0.1 M added to the ammonia/ammonium chloride solution used to detect group 3 cations.
It includes: Zn, Ni, Co, and Mn. Zinc will form a white precipitate, nickel and cobalt a black precip... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
No interaction studies have been conducted except with digoxin, which slightly decreases imidapril levels, possibly because it reduces its absorption from the gut. Other potential interactions are not well studied: Rifampicin reduces the activation of imidapril to its active metabolite imidaprilat. Like other ACE inhib... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In biochemistry there are many instances of acyl groups, in all major categories of biochemical molecules.
Acyl-CoAs are acyl derivatives formed via fatty acid metabolism. Acetyl-CoA, the most common derivative, serves as an acyl donor in many biosynthetic transformations. Such acyl compounds are thioesters.
Names of a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Robinson synthesis is an example of a so-called relay synthesis. As many of the chemical intermediates (all steroids) were already known and available from natural resources all that was needed for a formal synthesis was proof that these intermediates could be linked to each other via chemical synthesis. Starting p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that involves the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Unlike many other biogeochemical cycles, the atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus-based materials do not ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Fatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the lipid macronutrient category. These processes can mainly be divided into (1) catabolic processes that generate energy and (2) anabolic processes where they serve as buil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dialkyl (E)-enones have been most commonly epoxidized using either lanthanide/BINOL systems or a magnesium tartrate catalyst.
For alkyl aryl (E)-enones, both polypeptides and lanthanide/BINOL catalysts give good yields and enantioselectivities. The most common polypeptide employed is poly-L-leucine.
Aryl alkyl (E)-enon... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phosphinites are prepared by alcoholysis of organophosphinous chlorides. For example, treatment of chlorodiphenylphosphine with methanol and base gives methyl diphenylphosphinite:
:ClPPh + CHOH → CHOPPh + HCl
Although they are esters of phosphinous acids (RPOH), phosphinites are not made via such intermediates. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A suitable pH indicator must be chosen in order to detect the end point of the titration. The colour change or other effect should occur close to the equivalence point of the reaction so that the experimenter can accurately determine when that point is reached. The pH of the equivalence point can be estimated using the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, colloquially known as JOC, is a peer-reviewed scientific journal for original contributions of fundamental research in all branches of theory and practice in organic and bioorganic chemistry. It is published by the publishing arm of the American Chemical Society, with 24 issues per y... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To 6.25 g (50 mmol) of 4,4-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one and 0.5 g (5.6 mmol) of cuprous cyanide in 400 mL of diethyl ether at –23° under argon was added 100 mL (~0.75 M in diethyl ether) of 5-trimethylsilyl-4-pentynylmagnesium iodide during 4 hours. Methyl chloroformate (8 mL, 100 mmol) was added and stirring continued ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Activated Ras then activates the protein kinase activity of a RAF kinase. The RAF kinase phosphorylates and activates a MAPK/ERK Kinase (MEK1 or MEK2). The MEK phosphorylates and activates a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).
RAF and MAPK/ERK are both serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. MEK is a serine/tyr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several routes exist for the synthesis of Dextromethorphan. Even though many of the syntheses have been known since the middle of the 20th century, researchers are still working today to further develop the synthesis of Dextromethorphan and, for example, to make it more environmentally friendly.
This includes the synth... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The term surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy implies that it provides the same information that traditional Raman spectroscopy does, simply with a greatly enhanced signal. While the spectra of most SERS experiments are similar to the non-surface enhanced spectra, there are often differences in the number of modes prese... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The EN 13432 industrial standard must be met in order to claim that a plastic product is compostable in the European marketplace. In summary, it requires multiple tests and sets pass/fail criteria, including disintegration (physical and visual break down) of the finished item within 12 weeks, biodegradation (conversion... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Sakaguchi test is a chemical test used to detect presence of arginine in proteins. It is named after the Japanese food scientist and organic chemist, Shoyo Sakaguchi (1900–1995) who described the test in 1925. The Sakaguchi reagent used in the test consists of 1-Naphthol and a drop of sodium hypobromite. The ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dawn Yvonne Sumner is an American geologist, planetary scientist, and astrobiologist. She is a professor at the University of California, Davis. Sumner's research includes evaluating microbial communities in Antarctic lakes, exploration of Mars via the Curiosity rover, and characterization of microbial communities in t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Surprisal analysis was formulated at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem as a joint effort between Raphael David Levine, Richard Barry Bernstein and Avinoam Ben-Shaul in 1972. Levine and colleagues had recognized a need to better understand the dynamics of non-equilibrium systems, particularly of small systems, that are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Myogenin has been shown to interact with:
* MDFI,
* POLR2C,
* Serum response factor
* Sp1 transcription factor, and
* TCF3. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The dissolved copper (Cu) ions are removed from the solution by ligand exchange solvent extraction, which leaves other ions in the solution. The copper is removed by bonding to a ligand, which is a large molecule consisting of a number of smaller groups, each possessing a lone electron pair. The ligand-copper complex i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are other LISICON type solid electrolytes which make use of other elements to achieve higher ionic conductivities. One such material has the chemical formula of LiGeVO, where the value of x is between 0 and 1. There are two compositions, LiGeVO and LiGeVO, which had ionic conductivities of 4*10 S/cm and 10 S/cm,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Industrially, the main methods for producing nitriles are ammoxidation and hydrocyanation. Both routes are green in the sense that they do not generate stoichiometric amounts of salts. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The molality of a solution is defined as the amount of a constituent (in moles) divided by the mass of the solvent (not the mass of the solution):
The SI unit for molality is mol/kg. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In May, a new method using an altered version of HIV as a lentivirus vector was reported in the treatment of 50 children with ADA-SCID obtaining positive results in 48 of them, this method is expected to be safer than retroviruses vectors commonly used in previous studies of SCID where the development of leukemia was u... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The structure of trityl persulfide has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The S-S bond length is 204 picometers and the C-S-S-H dihedral angle is 82°. These parameters are unexceptional. (CH)CSSH behaves as a source of sulfur, illustrated by its reaction with triphenylphosphine to give triphenylphosphine sulfi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One path to the reciprocal lattice of an arbitrary collection of atoms comes from the idea of scattered waves in the Fraunhofer (long-distance or lens back-focal-plane) limit as a Huygens-style sum of amplitudes from all points of scattering (in this case from each individual atom). This sum is denoted by the complex ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Paredes and Quiles concluded that chloroplasts under stress from water deficit rely on processes like the opening of stomata to disperse excess heat accumulated via metabolic processes within plant cells. These metabolic processes are responsible for chemical energy synthesis that can be achieved via chlororespiratory... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chamber construction, testing procedure and testing parameters are standardized under national and international standards, such as ASTM B 117 and ISO 9227. These standards describe the necessary information to carry out this test; testing parameters such as temperature, air pressure of the sprayed solution, preparatio... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Transcriptome analysis is the study of all the RNA transcripts that are produced by the genome of an organism. Linked-read sequencing has been used by researchers to assemble transcript isoforms and alternative splicing events. Information regarding alternative splicing events can provide insights into the regulation o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxidative stress is suspected to be important in neurodegenerative diseases including Lou Gehrigs disease (aka MND or ALS), Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, Huntingtons disease, depression, and multiple sclerosis. It is also indicated in Neurodevelopmental conditions such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. Indirect ev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A diamond anvil cell (DAC) is a high-pressure device used in geology, engineering, and materials science experiments. It enables the compression of a small (sub-millimeter-sized) piece of material to extreme pressures, typically up to around 100–200 gigapascals, although it is possible to achieve pressures up to 770 gi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methylene blue is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), and if infused intravenously at doses exceeding 5 mg/kg, may precipitate serious serotonin toxicity, serotonin syndrome, if combined with any selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or other serotonin reuptake inhibitor (e.g., duloxetine, sibutramine, venl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the first step, holo-retinol binding protein (holo-RBP; simply means RBP bound to retinol, i.e. the RBP-ROH complex) binds to the extracellular portion of STRA6. This facilitates the release of retinol through the transporter. ROH is then transferred to cellular retinol binding protein 1 (CRBP1), an intracellular ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A rare-cutter enzyme is a restriction enzyme with a recognition sequence which occurs only rarely in a genome. An example is NotI, which cuts after the first GC of a 5-GCGGCCGC-3 sequence; restriction enzymes with seven and eight base pair recognition sequences are often also called rare-cutter enzymes (six bp recogni... | 1 | Biochemistry |
BUN is an indication of kidney health. The normal range is 2.1–7.1 mmol/L or 6–20 mg/dL.
The main causes of an increase in BUN are: high-protein diet, decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (suggestive of kidney failure), decrease in blood volume (hypovolemia), congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal hemorrha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All bacterial luciferases are approximately 80 KDa heterodimers containing two subunits: α and β. The α subunit is responsible for light emission. The luxA and luxB genes encode for the α and β subunits, respectively. In most bioluminescent bacteria, the luxA and luxB genes are flanked upstream by luxC and luxD and dow... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organic azides engage in useful organic reactions. The terminal nitrogen is mildly nucleophilic. Generally, nucleophiles attack the azide at the terminal nitrogen N, while electrophiles react at the internal atom N. Azides easily extrude diatomic nitrogen, a tendency that is exploited in many reactions such as the Stau... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the Fajans method, named after Kazimierz Fajans, typically dichlorofluorescein is used as an indicator; the end-point is marked by the green suspension turning pink. Prior to the end-point of the titration, chloride ions remain in excess. They adsorb on the AgCl surface, imparting a negative charge to the particles.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Although a number of algaecides have been effective in killing algae, they have been used mostly in small bodies of water. For large algal blooms, however, adding algaecides such as silver nitrate or copper sulfate can have worse effects, such as killing fish outright and harming other wildlife. Cyanobacteria can also ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Microcins are all RiPPs produced by Enterobacteriaceae with a molecular weight <10 kDa. Many members of other RiPP families, such as microcin E492, microcin B17 (LAP) and microcin J25 (Lasso peptide) are also considered microcins. Instead of being classified based on posttranslational modifications or modifying enzymes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis or SRS-A is a mixture of the leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4. Mast cells secrete it during the anaphylactic reaction, inducing inflammation. It can be found in basophils.
It induces prolonged, slow contraction of smooth muscle and has a major bronchoconstrictor role in asth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Typically a traditional liquid rheostat consists of a steel cylinder (the negative), about in size, standing on insulators, in which was suspended a hollow steel cylinder. This acted as the positive electrode and was supported by a steel rope and insulator from an adjustable pulley. The water pipe connection included ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In flash smelting, the concentrate is dispersed in an air or oxygen stream and the smelting reactions are largely completed while the mineral particles are still in flight. The reacted particles then settle in a bath at the bottom of the furnace, where they behave like calcine in a reverberatory furnace. A slag layer f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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