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* Chromatin structure oriented factors:<br />(HMTs (Histone MethylTransferases)):<br /> COMPASS§† – (COMplex of Proteins ASsociated with Set1) – Methylates lysine 4 of histone H3: Is responsible of repression/silencing of transcription. A normal part of cell growth and transcription regulation within RNAP II.
* Set2 – ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DnaA consists mainly in two different forms, the active ATP-form and the inactive ADP. The level of active DnaA within a cell is low immediately after a cell has divided. Although the active form of DnaA requires ATP, the formation of the oriC/DnaA complex and subsequent DNA unwinding does not require ATP hydrolysis.
T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Consider a binary electrolyte AB which dissociates reversibly into A and B ions. Ostwald noted that the law of mass action can be applied to such systems as dissociating electrolytes. The equilibrium state is represented by the equation:
If is the fraction of dissociated electrolyte, then is the concentration of eac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The pH of a natural soil depends on the mineral composition of the parent material of the soil, and the weathering reactions undergone by that parent material. In warm, humid environments, soil acidification occurs over time as the products of weathering are leached by water moving laterally or downwards through the so... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Enantiomers, also known as optical isomers, are two stereoisomers that are related to each other by a reflection: they are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable. Human hands are a macroscopic analog of this. Every stereogenic center in one has the opposite configuration in the other. Two compounds that ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The IUPAC Gold Book defines an intermediate as a compound that has a lifetime greater than a molecular vibration, is formed (directly or indirectly) from the reactants, and reacts further to give (either directly or indirectly) the products of a chemical reaction. The lifetime condition distinguishes true, chemically d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemical activities should be used to define chemical potentials, where the chemical potential depends on the temperature , pressure and the activity according to the formula:
where is the gas constant and is the value of under standard conditions. Note that the choice of concentration scale affects both the activ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CK2 typically appears as a tetramer of two α subunits; α being 42 kDa and α’ being 38 kDa, and two β subunits, each weighing in at 28 kDa. The β regulatory domain only has one isoform and therefore within the tetramer will have two β subunits. The catalytic α domains appear as an α or α’ variant and can either be forme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes (paraffin wax). The chlorination degree of CPs can vary between 30 and 70 wt%. CPs are subdivided according to their carbon chain length into short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs, C) and long-chain CPs (LCCPs, C). Depending on ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Dicyanopolyynes are composed of a chain of carbon atoms with alternating single and triple bonds, terminated by nitrogen atoms. Although not a polyyne dicyanoacetylene () otherwise fits within this series.
* or , (dicyanodiacetylene)
* or , dicyanohexatriyne
* or
* or
* or
* or
* or
* or
* or | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Just like other short-affinity tags (His-tag, FLAG-tag), the Strep-tag can be easily fused to recombinant proteins during subcloning of its cDNA or gene. For its expression, various vectors for various host organisms (E. coli, yeast, insect, and mammalian cells) are available. A particular benefit of the Strep-tag is i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In October 2011, the first clinical trial was announced for the treatment of choroideremia. Dr. Robert MacLaren of the University of Oxford, who lead the trial, co-developed the treatment with Dr. Miguel Seabra of the Imperial College, London. This Phase 1/2 trial used subretinal AAV to restore the REP gene in affected... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A methyl group may rotate around the axis. This is a free rotation only in the simplest cases like gaseous methyl chloride . In most molecules, the remainder R breaks the C symmetry of the axis and creates a potential V(φ) that restricts the free motion of the three protons. For the model case of ethane , this is dis... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, the alkoxy group is an alkyl group which is singularly bonded to oxygen; thus . Denoted usually with apostrophe('). The range of alkoxy groups is vast, the simplest being methoxy (). An ethoxy group () is found in the organic compound ethyl phenyl ether (, also known as ethoxybenzene).
Related to alkoxy ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Like organolithium compounds, Grignard reagents are useful for forming carbon–heteroatom bonds.
Grignard reagents react with many metal-based electrophiles. For example, they undergo transmetallation with cadmium chloride (CdCl) to give dialkylcadmium: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Currently, it is highly unlikely that the presence of unexpected or even unknown GMOs will be detected, since either the DNA sequence of the transgene or its product, the protein, must be known for detection. In addition, even testing for known GMOs is time-consuming and costly, as current reliable detection methods ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Townsend discharge can be sustained only over a limited range of gas pressure and electric field intensity. The accompanying plot shows the variation of voltage drop and the different operating regions for a gas-filled tube with a constant pressure, but a varying current between its electrodes. The Townsend avalanche... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kudernac et al. described a specially designed molecule that has four motorized "wheels". By depositing the molecule on a copper surface and providing them with sufficient energy from electrons of a scanning tunnelling microscope they were able to drive some of the molecules in a specific direction, much like a car, be... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Involvement of mediator in various human diseases has been reviewed. Since inhibiting one interaction of a disease-causing signaling pathway with a subunit of mediator may not inhibit general transcription needed for normal function, mediator subunits are attractive candidates for therapeutic drugs. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Energy associated with the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical proton gradient (ΔpH) across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsibl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The enzymology of proteases provides some of the clearest known examples of convergent evolution. The same geometric arrangement of triad residues occurs in over 20 separate enzyme superfamilies. Each of these superfamilies is the result of convergent evolution for the same triad arrangement within a different structur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once through the observation cell the mixture enters a third syringe that contains a piston that is driven by the flow to activate a switch to stop the flow and activate the observation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the Science journal article, GFAJ-1 is referred to as a strain of Halomonadaceae and not as a new species. The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, the set of regulations which govern the taxonomy of bacteria, and certain articles in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MCAT is also involved in bacterial polyketide biosynthesis. The enzyme MCAT together with an acyl carrier protein (ACP), and a polyketide synthase (PKS) and chain-length factor heterodimer, constitutes the minimal PKS of type II polyketides. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following is a list of structural features that can be elucidated by NMR:
* Chemical structure of each carbohydrate residue in a molecule, including
** carbon skeleton size and sugar type (aldose/ketose)
** cycle size (pyranose/furanose/linear)
** stereo configuration of all carbons (monosaccharide identification)
... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Counter-immunoelectrophoresis and its modification
In comparison to other conventional methods of diagnosis e.g. for viral infection testing, counter-immunoelectrophoresis is a highly specific, simple, and speedy method that does not require sophisticated, expensive tools, input materials, or long-term capacity buildin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sphingosine can be phosphorylated in vivo via two kinases, sphingosine kinase type 1 and sphingosine kinase type 2. This leads to the formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate, a potent signaling lipid.
Sphingolipid metabolites, such as ceramides, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate, are lipid signaling molecules invol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rhabdoviruses are a diverse family of single stranded, negative sense RNA viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, from plants and insects, to fish and mammals. The Rhaboviridae family consists of six genera, two of which, cytorhabdoviruses and nucleorhabdoviruses, only infect plants. Novirhabdoviruses infect fish, a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NIM811 is a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor. Also known as N-methyl-4-isoleucine cyclosporin, it is a four-substituted cyclosporine analogue that binds to cyclophilin, however this binary complex cannot bind to calcineurin, and therefore lacks immunosuppressive activity.
NIM811 is a form of treatment fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The enantiomers of axially chiral compounds are usually given the stereochemical labels (R) and (S), sometimes abbreviated (R) and (S). The designations are based on the same Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules used for tetrahedral stereocenters. The chiral axis is viewed end-on and the two "near" and two "far" substitu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
This method is limited to the measurement of the oxygen consumption due only to carbonaceous oxidation. Ammonia oxidation is inhibited.
The sample is kept in a sealed container fitted with a pressure sensor. A substance that absorbs carbon dioxide (typically lithium hydroxide) is added in the container above the sample... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
can be considered as temperature dependent. It was postulated as the basic expansion the reciprocal-activation reciprocal-temperature relationship, for which can provide a formal mathematical justification by Tolman Theorem. The function when written as the logarithmic derivative of the rate constants with respect to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In genomics, DNA–DNA hybridization is a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between DNA sequences. It is used to determine the genetic distance between two organisms and has been used extensively in phylogeny and taxonomy. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The set of all lines through the origin in three-dimensional space forms a space called the real projective plane. This plane is difficult to visualize, because it cannot be embedded in three-dimensional space.
However, one can visualize it as a disk, as follows. Any line through the origin intersects the southern hemi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
TISAB is very commonly applied to fluoride ion analysis such as in fluoride ion selective electrodes.
There are four main constituents to TISAB, namely CDTA (cyclohexylenedinitrilotetraacetate), sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and acetic acid (ethanoic acid), which are all dissolved in deionised water. Hence, TISAB h... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion or dissimilar metal corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte. A similar galvanic reaction is exploited in primary cells to generate a useful el... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Memory and naïve B cells normally exist in relatively small numbers. As the body needs to be able to respond to a large number of potential pathogens, it maintains a pool of B cells with a wide range of specificities. Consequently, while there is almost always at least one B (naive or memory) cell capable of respondin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A protocell (or protobiont) is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a rudimentary precursor to cells during the origin of life. A central question in evolution is how simple protocells first arose and how their progeny could diversify, thus enabling the accumulation of nove... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Untranslated regions (UTRs) are sections of the mRNA before the start codon and after the stop codon that are not translated, termed the five prime untranslated region (5 UTR) and three prime untranslated region (3 UTR), respectively. These regions are transcribed with the coding region and thus are exonic as they are ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Curtin–Hammett principle has been invoked to explain selectivity in a variety of synthetic pathways. One example is observed en route to the antitumor antibiotic AT2433-A1, in which a Mannich-type cyclization proceeds with excellent regioselectivity. Studies demonstrate that the cyclization step is irreversible in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After the molecules travel the length of the column, pass through the transfer line and enter into the mass spectrometer they are ionized by various methods with typically only one method being used at any given time. Once the sample is fragmented it will then be detected, usually by an electron multiplier, which essen... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As far back as 1966, the ETH group had started to explore, once again in a model system, an alternative strategy of corrin synthesis in which the corrin ring would be closed between rings A and D. The project was inspired by the conceivable existence of a thus far unknown bond reorganization process. This if existing ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ostromislensky died at the age 58. His scientific work did not receive appropriate recognition during his lifetime, but was widely praised afterwards. He was among the first 5 scientists inducted into the International Rubber Science Hall of Fame. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Whereas hyperspectral imaging acquires data as many contiguous spectral bands, full spectral imaging acquires data as spectral curves. A significant advantage of FSI over hyperspectral imaging is a significant reduction in data rate and volume. FSI extracts and saves only the information that is in the raw data. The... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Depending on the dosage form and route of administration, mucoadhesives may be used for either local or systemic drug delivery. An overview on the mucoadhesive properties of mucoadhesives is provided by Vjera Grabovac and Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch. The bioavailability of such drugs is affected by many factors unique to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Old Copper Complex in North America has been radiometrically dated to 9500 BP—i.e., about 7480 BCE—making it one of the oldest known examples of copper extraction in the world. The earliest evidence of the cold-hammering of native copper comes from the excavation at Çayönü Tepesi in eastern Anatolia, which dates be... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In wire and fiber, all crystals tend to have nearly identical orientation in the axial direction, but nearly random radial orientation. The most familiar exceptions to this rule are fiberglass, which has no crystal structure, and carbon fiber, in which the crystalline anisotropy is so great that a good-quality filament... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chromosome III is the third smallest chromosome in S. cerevisiae; its size was estimated from pulsed-field gel electro- phoresis studies to be 300–360 kb
This chromosome has been the subject of intensive study, not least because it contains the three genetic loci involved in mating-type control: MAT, HML and HMR.
In Ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The differential diagnosis for berylliosis includes:
* Sarcoidosis
* Granulomatous lung diseases
** Tuberculosis
** Fungal infections (e.g., histoplasmosis)
** Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
* Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
* Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
* Asthma
Diagnosis of berylliosis is based on history of berylli... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The proof that a spatial displacement can be decomposed into a rotation around, and translation along, a line in space is attributed to Michel Chasles in 1830. Recently the work of Giulio Mozzi has been identified as presenting a similar result in 1763. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hyper Rayleigh scattering optical activity (HRS OA) is arguably the most fundamental nonlinear chiral optical (chiroptical) effect; since other nonlinear chiroptical effects have additional requirements, which make them conceptually more involved, i.e. less fundamental. HRS OA is a scattering effect and therefore it do... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average. The more acid... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The process of space corrosion is being actively investigated. One of the efforts aims to design a sensor based on zinc oxide, able to measure the amount of atomic oxygen in the vicinity of the spacecraft; the sensor relies on drop of electrical conductivity of zinc oxide as it absorbs further oxygen. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in response to membrane potential.
*Voltage-gated sodium channels: This family contains at least 9 members and is largely responsible for action potential creation and propagation. The pore-forming α subunits are very large (up to 4,000 amino acids) and consist of four homologo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The relation between a probe and the mRNA that it is expected to detect is not trivial. Some mRNAs may cross-hybridize probes in the array that are supposed to detect another mRNA. In addition, mRNAs may experience amplification bias that is sequence or molecule-specific. Thirdly, probes that are designed to detect the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In astronomy, the curve of growth describes the equivalent width of a spectral line as a function of the column density of the material from which the spectral line is observed. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An ultrasonic flow meter measures the velocity of a liquid or gas through a pipe using acoustic sensors. This has some advantages over other measurement techniques. The results are slightly affected by temperature, density or conductivity. Maintenance is inexpensive because there are no moving parts.
Ultrasonic flow ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Faced with competition from cheaper British iron production, the Swedish iron industry needed to find a new cheaper method of making iron. In the 1810s, experiments were made with puddling, but this proved unsatisfactory, as it needed coal of which Sweden had none. After visited Britain, he published a report of his... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For a reversible reaction, the equilibrium constant can be measured at a variety of temperatures. This data can be plotted on a graph with on the -axis and on the axis. The data should have a linear relationship, the equation for which can be found by fitting the data using the linear form of the Van 't Hoff equatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Understanding of electrical matters began in the sixteenth century. During this century, the English scientist William Gilbert spent 17 years experimenting with magnetism and, to a lesser extent, electricity. For his work on magnets, Gilbert became known as the "Father of Magnetism." He discovered various methods for p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Miller process is an industrial-scale chemical procedure used to refine gold to a high degree of purity (99.5%). It was patented by Francis Bowyer Miller in 1867. This chemical process involves blowing chlorine gas through molten, but (slightly) impure, gold. Nearly all metal contaminants react to form chlorides b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Schmiegel is listed as an inventor on all eighteen of his patents, and his patents are assigned to his company, Eli Lilly. Schmiegel's chemical work concentrated on supplements to bolster the health of animals (growth promotion), weight control agents, and antidepressants. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Solid ceramic electrolytes – ions migrate through the ceramic phase by means of vacancies or interstitials within the lattice. There are also glassy-ceramic electrolytes. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4 are activated by thrombin. There are species-specific differences in thrombin receptor expression in platelets and other cell types, in which differences in thrombin concentrations may considerably affect platelet activation of distinct PARs. As seen in human platelets, PAR1 and PAR4 are the functi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A common nitrate test, known as the brown ring test can be performed by adding iron(II) sulfate to a solution of a nitrate, then slowly adding concentrated sulfuric acid such that the acid forms a layer below the aqueous solution. A brown ring will form at the junction of the two layers, indicating the presence of the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Deulinoleate ethyl (also known as di-deuterated ethyl linoleate, di-deuterated linoleic acid ethyl ester, 11,11-d-ethyl linoleate, or ethyl 11,11-d-linoleate) is an experimental, orally-bioavailable synthetic deuterated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), a part of reinforced lipids. It is an isotopologue of linoleic a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
MCEF or Major Cdk9-interacting elongation factor is a transcription factor related to Af4. It is the fourth member of the Af4 family (AFF) of transcription factors, involved in numerous pathologies, including Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), abnormal CNS development, breast cancer and azoospermia.
Because it appare... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The third paper of 1864 was concerned with the kinetics of the same equilibrium system. Writing the dissociated active mass at some point in time as x, the rate of reaction was given as
Likewise the reverse reaction of A with B proceeded at a rate given by
The overall rate of conversion is the difference between these ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The advantages of reverse transfection (over conventional transfection) are:
*The addition and attachment of target cells to the DNA-loaded surface can lead to a higher probability of cell-DNA contact, potentially leading to higher transfection efficiency.
*Labour-saving materials (less DNA is required)
*High-throughp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the case of an insertion or a deletion, mapping of the paired-end is consistent with the reference genome. But the read are disconcordant in apparent size. The apparent size is the distance of the BAC sequenced-ends mapped in the reference genome. If a BAC has an insert of length (l), a concordant mapping will show ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
mtDNA can be obtained from such material as hair shafts and old bones/teeth. Control mechanism based on interaction point with data. This can be determined by tooled placement in sample. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The overwhelming majority of aromatic compounds are compounds of carbon, but they need not be hydrocarbons. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
AMGs employ diverse functions including pathways not involved in metabolism despite what the name suggests. They are categorized in two classes based on their presence in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). AMGs do not encompass metabolic genes involved in typical viral functions, such as nucleotide and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The valley or wadi of Nahal Mishmar begins in the Hebron hills, running east towards the Dead Sea. Its western part is shallow, at an altitude of approximately 270 m above sea level, and it proceeds to fall more than 300 meters into the Jordan Rift Valley before emptying into the Dead Sea, over . Nahal Mishmar runs nor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A particularly common α-substitution reaction in the laboratory is the halogenation of aldehydes and ketones at their α positions by reaction Cl, Br or I in acidic solution. Bromine in acetic acid solvent is often used.
Remarkably, ketone halogenation also occurs in biological systems, particularly in marine alga, wher... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Trifluoromethyl sulfone (PhSOCF) and trifluoromethyl sulfoxide (PhSOCF) can be used for trifluoromethylations of electrophiles | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The connectivity theorems are specific relationships between elasticities and control coefficients. They are useful because they highlight the close relationship between the kinetic properties of individual reactions and the system properties of a pathway. Two basic sets of theorems exists, one for flux and another for... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In spectroscopy a band head is the abrupt edge of a spectroscopic band. When a band is described as degrading to the violet, it means that for wavelengths above the band head wavelength, the spectrum is dark as the band comes to a sudden stop(just above/after the head), and below the wavelength the brightness of the ba... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1974 Becky Schroeder was given a US patent for her invention of the "Glow Sheet" which used phosphorescent lines under writing paper to help people write in low-light conditions.
Glow in the dark material is added to the plastic blend used in injection molds to make some disc golf discs, which allow the game to be p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DEAD is an efficient component in Diels-Alder reactions and in click chemistry, for example the synthesis of bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane, which originates from Otto Diels. It has also been used to generate aza-Baylis-Hillman adducts with acrylates.
DEAD can be used for synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Thus, pyrazoline de... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Transitions between scales are always fluent. There is no sharp cut that defines the end of small- and the beginning of medium/pilot scale. However, chromatography columns with an inner diameter (ID) of up to 5 cm are generally considered small scale or laboratory scale columns.
Small scale chromatography columns are m... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Epilepsy is a neurological condition marked by recurring seizures. It occurs when the brain's electrical activity becomes unbalanced, leading to repeated seizures. These seizures disrupt the normal electrical patterns in the brain, causing sudden and synchronized bursts of electrical energy. As a result, individuals ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An N-body treatment accounting for all impact parameters can be performed by taking into account a few simple facts. The main two ones are: (i) The above change in perpendicular velocity is the lowest order approximation in 1/b of a full Rutherford deflection. Therefore, the above perturbative theory can also be done b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Structural variations, such as deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and other rearrangements, are common in human genomes. These variations can have significant impacts on genome functions, and have been implicated in many diseases. Linked-read sequencing technology labels all reads that originate from ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1891, at the Académie des Sciences in Paris, Gabriel Lippmann presented a colour photograph of the Sun's spectrum obtained with his new photographic plate. Later, in 1894, he published an article on how his plate was able to record colour information in the depth of photographic grainless gelatin and how the same pl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The quantitative estimation of stabilization from conjugation is notoriously contentious and depends on the implicit assumptions that are made when comparing reference systems or reactions. The energy of stabilization is known as the resonance energy when formally defined as the difference in energy between the real ch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nucleation is the formation and growth of a new phase with or without the presence of external surface. The presence of this surface results in heterogeneous nucleation whereas in its absence homogeneous nucleation occurs. Heterogeneous nucleation occurs in cases where there are pre-existing nuclei present, such as tin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rhodopin (1,2-dihydro-ψ,ψ-caroten-1-ol) is a carotenoid. It is a major carotenoid of phototropic bacteria such as Rhodomicrobium vannielii and Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling is a subset of metal catalyzed cross-coupling in which a heterogeneous metal catalyst is employed. Generally heterogeneous cross-coupling catalysts consist of a metal dispersed on an inorganic surface or bound to a polymeric support with ligands. Heterogeneous catalysts prov... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the United States, overall availability of IVF in 2005 was 2.5 IVF physicians per 100,000 population, and utilisation was 236 IVF cycles per 100,000. 126 procedures are performed per million people per year. Utilisation highly increases with availability and IVF insurance coverage, and to a significant extent also w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Naming alkanes per standards listed in the IUPAC Gold Book is done according to the Klyne–Prelog system for specifying angles (called either torsional or dihedral angles) between substituents around a single bond:
* a torsion angle between 0° and ±90° is called syn (s)
* a torsion angle between ±90° and 180° is called... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In 1983, Philip P. Power synthesized a transition-metal complex containing P=P double bond (trans–{[2}) via a simple one-step procedure. They mixed Na[Fe(CO)] and dichlorobis(trimethylsilyl)methylphosphine and got dark red-brown crystals, which was the first complex that contained an unbridged P-P double bond. Ea... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Tolman cone angle method assumes empirical bond data and defines the perimeter as the maximum possible circumscription of an idealized free-spinning substituent. The metal-ligand bond length in the Tolman model was determined empirically from crystal structures of tetrahedral nickel complexes. In contrast, the soli... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The nitronium ion is isoelectronic with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, and has the same linear structure and bond angle of 180°. For this reason it has a similar vibrational spectrum to carbon dioxide. Historically, the nitronium ion was detected by Raman spectroscopy, because its symmetric stretch is Raman-active b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Robert Sidney Cahn (9 June 1899 – 15 June 1981) was a British chemist, best known for his contributions to chemical nomenclature and stereochemistry, particularly by the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, which he proposed in 1956 with Christopher Kelk Ingold and Vladimir Prelog. Cahn was the first to report the struct... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The use of ion beams as a particle-beam weapon is theoretically possible, but has not been demonstrated. Electron beam weapons have been tested by the U.S. Navy in the early 20th century, but the hose instability effect prevents these from being accurate at a distance of over approximately 30 inches. See particle-beam ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Organolithium reagents, including n-BuLi are used in synthesis of specific aldehydes and ketones. One such synthetic pathway is the reaction of an organolithium reagent with disubstituted amides:
: RLi + RCONMe → LiNMe + RC(O)R | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Drugs receive regulatory approval and are granted patents for only a single polymorph.
In a classic patent dispute, the GlaxoSmithKline defended its patent for the Type II polymorph of the active ingredient in Zantac against competitors while that of the Type I polymorph had already expired.
Polymorphism in drugs can ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The first attempt of LBMS tried to use a Boltzmann-like equation for force (vectorial) distributions. The approach requires more computational memory but results are obtained in fracture and solid cracking. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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