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Laser spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique that uses lasers to be able determine the emitted frequencies of matter. The laser was invented because spectroscopists took the concept of its predecessor, the maser, and applied it to the visible and infrared ranges of light. The maser was invented by Charles Townes and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lupeol has a complex pharmacology, displaying antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antitumor and chemopreventive properties.
Animal models suggest lupeol may act as an anti-inflammatory agent. A 1998 study found lupeol to decrease paw swelling in rats by 39%, compared to 35% for the standardized control comp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term is used in contrast to a latent heat, which is the amount of heat exchanged that is hidden, meaning it occurs without change of temperature. For example, during a phase change such as the melting of ice, the temperature of the system containing the ice and the liquid is constant until all ice has melted. The t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) are members of the class of reversible-deactivation polymerizations which exhibit much of the character of living polymerizations, but cannot be categorized as such as they are not without chain transfer or chain termination reactions.
Sever... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The equation is also usable as a PVT equation for compressible fluids (e.g. polymers). In this case specific volume changes are small and it can be written in a simplified form:
where p is the pressure, V is specific volume, T is the temperature and A, B, C are parameters. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The rhodophyte, or red algae chloroplast group is another large and diverse chloroplast lineage. Rhodophyte chloroplasts are also called rhodoplasts, literally "red chloroplasts".
Rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membra... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Material properties such as strength, chemical reactivity, stress corrosion cracking resistance, weldability, deformation behavior, resistance to radiation damage, and magnetic susceptibility can be highly dependent on the material’s texture and related changes in microstructure. In many materials, properties are tex... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 2016, a new approach was described for producing hybrid photovoltaic wafers combining the high efficiency of III-V multi-junction solar cells with the economies and wealth of experience associated with silicon. The technical complications involved in growing the III-V material on silicon at the required high tempera... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Linear material constitutive relations in physics can be expressed in the form
where are two vectors representing physical quantities and is a second-order material tensor. In matrix form,
Examples of physical problems that fit the above template are listed in the table below.
Using in the matrix implies that . U... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Spinodal decomposition is a mechanism by which a single thermodynamic phase spontaneously separates into two phases (without nucleation). Decomposition occurs when there is no thermodynamic barrier to phase separation. As a result, phase separation via decomposition does not require the nucleation events resulting from... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
O concentrations in the ocean have decreased since the 1980s. Part of this decrease is due to increased ocean heat content (OHC) from global warming decreasing O solubility. As solubility in surface oceans decreases, O out gasses to the atmosphere. Increased AOU is likely also contributing to declining ocean O concent... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Homoaromaticity can better be explained using Perturbation Molecular Orbital Theory (PMO) as described in a 1975 study by Robert C. Haddon. The homotropenylium cation can be considered as a perturbed version of the tropenylium cation due to the addition of a homoconjugate linkage interfering with the resonance of the o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Potential application as long-lasting dyes is based on the enhanced stability of the inner portion of the dumbbell-shaped molecule. Studies with cyclodextrin-protected rotaxane azo dyes established this characteristic. More reactive squaraine dyes have also been shown to have enhanced stability by preventing nucleophil... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Fluoroalkenes and fluorinated alkynes are reactive and many are toxic for example perfluoroisobutene. To produce polytetrafluoroethylene various fluorinated surfactants are used, in the process known as Emulsion polymerization, and the surfactant included in the polymer can bioaccumulate. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Two mechanisms have been proposed for lithium–halogen exchange.
One proposed pathway involves a nucleophilic mechanism that generates a reversible "ate-complex" intermediate. Farnham and Calabrese crystallized an "ate-complex" lithium bis(pentafluorophenyl) iodinate complexed with TMEDA.
The "ate-complex" further react... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are three well-characterized families of opioid peptides produced by the body: enkephalins, β-endorphin, and dynorphins. The met-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by the enkephalin gene; the leu-enkephalin peptide sequence is coded for by both the enkephalin gene and the dynorphin gene. The proopiomelanoco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In enzymology, enzymes that add a fructose group to a molecule are called fructosyl-transferases, beta-D-fructofuranosyl transferases or fructotranferases. Examples are:
* aldose beta-D-fructosyltransferase
* 2,1-fructan:2,1-fructan 1-fructosyltransferase
* 6G-fructosyltransferase
* Inulin fructotransferase (DFA-I-form... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the first step, a delocalized allyloxocarbenium ion (2) is formed, typically with the aid of a Lewis acid like indium(III) chloride or boron trifluoride. This ion reacts in situ with an alcohol, yielding a mixture of the α (3) and β (4) anomers of the 2-glycoside, with the double bond shifted to position 3,4. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
PERK (encoded in humans by the gene EIF2AK3) responds mainly to endoplasmic reticulum stress and has two modes of activation. This kinase has a unique luminal domain that plays a role in activation. The classical model of activation states that the luminal domain is normally bound to 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (G... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid–base imbalance is an abnormality of the human body's normal balance of acids and bases that causes the plasma pH to deviate out of the normal range (7.35 to 7.45). In the fetus, the normal range differs based on which umbilical vessel is sampled (umbilical vein pH is normally 7.25 to 7.45; umbilical artery pH is n... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
acid is a monocarboxylic β-hydroxy acid and natural product with the molecular formula . At room temperature, pure acid occurs as a transparent, colorless to light yellow liquid which is soluble in water. acid is a weak acid with a pK of 4.4. Its refractive index () is 1.42. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A generalized compound is a mixture of chemical compounds of constant composition, despite possible changes in the total amount. The concept is used in the Dynamic Energy Budget theory, where biomass is partitioned into a limited set of generalised compounds, which contain a high percentage of organic compounds. The am... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A lot of emphasis has been given to RNA-Seq data after the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) projects have used this approach to characterize dozens of cell lines and thousands of primary tumor samples, respectively. ENCODE aimed to identify genome-wide regulatory regions in diffe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several approaches to simulate NMR observables of carbohydrates has been reviewed. They include:
*Universal statistical database approaches (ACDLabs, Modgraph, etc.)
*Usage of neural networks to refine the predictions
*Regression based methods
*CHARGE
*Carbohydrate-optimized empirical schemes (CSDB/BIOPSEL, CASPER).
*C... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Metabolic ecology is a field of ecology aiming to understand constraints on metabolic organization as important for understanding almost all life processes. Main focus is on the metabolism of individuals, emerging intra- and inter-specific patterns, and the evolutionary perspective.
Two main metabolic theories that hav... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent discoveries implicating RNA in the pathogenesis of several forms of cancer and neuromuscular diseases have created a paradigm shift in drug discovery. This work combined with advances in structural characterization techniques such as NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography together with computational modeling... | 1 | Biochemistry |
REST/NRSF in conjunction with RE1/NRSE also acts outside the nervous system as regulators and repressors. Current research has linked RE1/NRSE activity with the regulation of the expression of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) gene. An NRSE regulatory region is present in the 3’ untranslated region of the ANP gene ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Neighborhood: Similar genomic context in different species suggest a similar function of the proteins.
* Fusion-fission events: Proteins that are fused in some genomes are very likely to be functionally linked (as in other genomes where the genes are not fused).
* Occurrence: Proteins that have a similar function or ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lactic acid fermentation is used in many areas of the world to produce foods that cannot be produced through other methods. The most commercially important genus of lactic acid-fermenting bacteria is Lactobacillus, though other bacteria and even yeast are sometimes used. Two of the most common applications of lactic ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a simple equilibrium between two species:
where the reaction starts with an initial concentration of reactant A, , and an initial concentration of 0 for product P at time t=0.
Then the equilibrium constant K is expressed as:
where and are the concentrations of A and P at equilibrium, respectively.
The concentratio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the early 1950s, Frohring received patents for Frohring Cement Mixers, a line of compact, portable mixers than can be moved out to a field and operated by hand, electric motor, gasoline motor or tractor motor. In 1953, Frohring patented a neurological research device known as a biothesiometer, used to determine a p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chloroplast gene rbcL, which codes for the large subunit of RuBisCO has been widely used as an appropriate locus for analysis of phylogenetics in plant taxonomy. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Research aimed at engineered resistance follows multiple strategies. One is to transfer useful PRRs into species that lack them. Identification of functional PRRs and their transfer to a recipient species that lacks an orthologous receptor could provide a general pathway to additional broadened PRR repertoires. For exa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dispersions do not display any structure; i.e., the particles (or in case of emulsions: droplets) dispersed in the liquid or solid matrix (the "dispersion medium") are assumed to be statistically distributed. Therefore, for dispersions, usually percolation theory is assumed to appropriately describe their properties.
H... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The starting E. coli culture volume is 15-25 mL of Lysogeny broth (LB) and the expected DNA yield is 100-350 µg. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclohexane is considered a benchmark in determining ring strain in cycloalkanes and it is commonly accepted that there is little to no strain energy. In comparison, smaller cycloalkanes are much higher in energy due to increased strain. Cyclopropane is analogous to a triangle and thus has bond angles of 60°, much lo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
As highly reduced species in solution, Zintl ions offer many and often unexpected, reaction possibilities, and their discrete nature positions them as potentially important starting materials in inorganic synthesis.
In solution, individual Zintl ions can react with each other to form oligomers and polymers. In fact, an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chelation in the intestinal tract is a cause of numerous interactions between drugs and metal ions (also known as "minerals" in nutrition). As examples, antibiotic drugs of the tetracycline and quinolone families are chelators of Fe, Ca, and Mg ions.
EDTA, which binds to calcium, is used to alleviate the hypercalcemia ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kineticists have historically relied on linearization of rate data to extrapolate rate constants, perhaps best demonstrated by the widespread use of the standard Lineweaver–Burk linearization of the Michaelis–Menten equation. Linearization techniques were of particular importance before the advent of computing techniqu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
These effects have been supposed to exist since the time of Michael Faraday.
There have also been observations on the existence of Hall effect in electrolytes. Until these observations, magnetoelectrochemistry was an esoteric curiosity, though
this field has had a rapid development in the past years and is now an activ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dissolved and particulate material in water can cause it to be appear more green, tan, brown, or red. For instance, dissolved organic compounds called tannins can result in dark brown colors, or algae floating in the water (particles) can impart a green color. Color variations can be measured with reference to a standa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
By the time of his retirement in 1906 he had published some 65 chemical papers, most of them in the Spanish language, on such diverse topics as the chemical compositions of Argentine rivers, the medicinal plants of Córdoba Province, Argentina, the incrustation of locomotive boilers, the presence of organic matter in d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 1985, the first public symposium on the Gaia hypothesis, Is The Earth a Living Organism? was held at University of Massachusetts Amherst, August 1–6. The principal sponsor was the National Audubon Society. Speakers included James Lovelock, Lynn Margulis, George Wald, Mary Catherine Bateson, Lewis Thomas, Thomas Berr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Several variations of thermal spraying are distinguished:
*Plasma spraying
*Detonation spraying
*Wire arc spraying
*Flame spraying
*High velocity oxy-fuel coating spraying (HVOF)
*High velocity air fuel (HVAF)
*Warm spraying
*Cold spraying
*Spray and Fuse
In classical (developed between 1910 and 1920) but still widely ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
One of the primary challenges in the study of planetary accretion is the fact that many tracers of the processes occurring in the early Solar System have been eliminated as a result of subsequent geologic events. Because transition metals do not show large stable isotope fractionations as a result of these events and b... | 9 | Geochemistry |
M2DS is one of the several types of X-linked intellectual disability. The cause of M2DS is a duplication of the MECP2 or Methyl CpG binding protein 2 gene located on the X chromosome (Xq28). The MeCP2 protein plays a pivotal role in regulating brain function. Increased levels of MECP2 protein results in abnormal neural... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemical separation processes, a mass separating agent (MSA) is a chemical species that is added to ensure that the intended separation process takes place. It is analogous to an energy separating agent, which aids separations processes via addition of energy. An MSA may be partially immiscible with one or more mixt... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Studies have reported that: 1) the levels of CMTM5-v1 in the malignant tissues of patients with prostate cancer are lower than the levels in their nearby normal prostate gland tissues as well as in the tissues of patients with benign prostate hyperplasia; 2) patients with lower prostate cancer tissue levels of CMTM5-v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Suppose is very large compared to the diffusion process, so A and B react immediately. This is the classic diffusion limited reaction, and the corresponding diffusion limited rate constant, can be obtained from 8 as . 8 can then be re-written as the "diffusion influenced rate constant" as | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2018, Bio-Rad Laboratories filed a lawsuit against 10x Genomics stating that their linked-read technology infringed on three patents which had been licensed from Bio-Rad at the University of Chicago. Bio-Rad was awarded a sum of $23,930,716 by a jury. The 10x Genomics filed a motion for judgement as a matter of law ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (−OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest is phenol, . Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A non-competitive antagonist is a type of insurmountable antagonist that may act in one of two ways: by binding to an allosteric site of the receptor, or by irreversibly binding to the active site of the receptor. The former meaning has been standardised by the IUPHAR, and is equivalent to the antagonist being called a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nutritional value of sea salt and table salt are about the same as they are both primarily sodium chloride. Table salt is more processed than sea salt to eliminate minerals and usually contains an additive such as silicon dioxide to prevent clumping.
Iodine, an element essential for human health, is present only in... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Dry DNPH is friction and shock sensitive. For this reason, it’s supplied damp or ‘wetted’ when a school purchases it from a chemical supplier. If DNPH is stored improperly and left to dry out, it can become explosive.
It is an artificial uncoupler of the electron transport chain (ETC). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The rAAV genome is built of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA), either positive- or negative-sensed, which is about 4.7 kilobases long. These single-stranded DNA viral vectors have high transduction rates and have a unique property of stimulating endogenous HR without causing double strand DNA breaks in the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photocathodes operate in a vacuum, so their design parallels vacuum tube technology. Since
most cathodes are sensitive to air the construction of photocathodes typically occurs after the enclosure has been evacuated. In operation the photocathode requires an electric field with a nearby positive anode to assure electro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polymorphic and polyamorphic substances have multiple crystal or amorphous phases, which can be graphed in a similar fashion to solid, liquid, and gas phases. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are several COF single crystals synthesized to date. There are a variety of techniques employed to improve crystallinity of COFs. The use of modulators, monofunctional version of precursors, serve to slow the COF formation to allow for more favorable balance between kinetic and thermodynamic control, hereby enabl... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-CKA) is a tool compound that acts as a potent and selective competitive antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It produces ketamine-like rapid antidepressant effects in animal models of depression. However, 7-CKA is unable to cross the blood-brain-barrier, and for this reason, is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since gases fill the entirety of the container which they occupy, the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient at constant pressure, , is the only one of interest.
For an ideal gas, a formula can be readily obtained by differentiation of the ideal gas law, . This yields
where is the pressure, is the molar volume (, w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Post-translational modification of histones either by acetylation or crotonylation is important for the active transcription of genes. Histone crotonylation is regulated by the concentration of crotonyl-coA which can change based on environmental cell conditions or genetic factors. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ketone bodies can be used as fuels, yielding 22 ATP and 2 GTP molecules per acetoacetate molecule when oxidized in the mitochondria. Ketone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many enzymes including serine protease, cysteine protease, protein kinase and phosphatase evolved to form transient covalent bonds between them and their substrates to lower the activation energy and allow the reaction to occur. This process can be divided into 2 steps: formation and breakdown. The former step is rate-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The value of fish caught from US commercial fisheries in 2007 was valued at $3.8 billion and of that 73% was derived from calcifiers and their direct predators. Other organisms are directly harmed as a result of acidification. For example, decrease in the growth of marine calcifiers such as the American lobster, ocean ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The compound has been prepared in a multistep process starting with the base hydrolysis of phosphorus pentasulfide:
:PS + 6 NaOH → 2 NaPOS + HS + 2 HO
The salt is isolated as the hydrate NaPOS(HO). It is prone to hydrolysis, especially when it is heated as an aqueous solutions:
:NaPOS + 2 HO → NaPOS +... | 8 | Metallurgy |
LISICONs can be used as the solid electrolyte in lithium-based solid-state batteries, such as solid state nickel–lithium battery. For this application, solid lithium electrolytes require ionic conductivities greater than 10 S/cm, negligible electronic conductivity, and a wide range of electrochemcial stability. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.
Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948. Another protein, hephaestin, is noted for its homology to ceruloplasmin, a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The molar ionic conductivity of each ionic species is proportional to its electrical mobility (μ), or drift velocity per unit electric field, according to the equation
where z is the ionic charge, and F is the Faraday constant.
The limiting molar conductivity of a weak electrolyte cannot be determined reliably by extra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sir John Warcup Cornforth Jr., (7 September 1917 – 8 December 2013) was an AustralianBritish chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions, becoming the only Nobel laureate born in New South Wales.
Cornforth investigated enzymes that catalyse cha... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Silverquant is a labeling and detection method for DNA microarrays or protein microarrays. A synonym is <colorimetric> detection.
In contrast to the classical signal detection on microarrays by using fluorescence, the colorimetric detection is more sensitive and ozone-stable. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the area of metal cluster chemistry, a butterfly cluster compound usually describes tetrametallic clusters containing five M-M bonds. A prototype of this motif is [Re(CO)]. Most butterfly clusters have additional bridging ligands. One example is the pentaphosphide Rh(CO)(PPh) where all Rh---Rh edges are bridged by... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Progesterone (P4) is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens and is the major progestogen in the body. Progesterone has a variety of important functions ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chemokines are functionally divided into two groups:
*Homeostatic: are constitutively produced in certain tissues and are responsible for basal leukocyte migration. These include: CCL14, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL25, CCL27, CXCL12 and CXCL13. This classification is not strict; for example, CCL20 can act also as pro-infla... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A radiocarbon dating study in 2018 found that after the 30-meter isobath, only around 10% of the methane in surface waters can be attributed to ancient permafrost or methane hydrates. The authors suggested that even a significantly accelerated methane release would still largely fail to reach the atmosphere. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Many lichens reproduce asexually, either by a piece breaking off and growing on its own (vegetative reproduction) or through the dispersal of diaspores containing a few algal cells surrounded by fungal cells. Because of the relative lack of differentiation in the thallus, the line between diaspore formation and vegetat... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Sulfur is present in the environment in solids, gases, and aqueous species. Sulfur-containing solids on Earth include the common minerals pyrite (FeS), galena (PbS), and gypsum (CaSO•2HO). Sulfur is also an important component of biological material, including in the essential amino acids cysteine and methionine, the B... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Dialysis is useful for many of the same desalting and buffer exchange applications performed with gel filtration chromatography, as both methods are based on similar molecular weight cut-off limits. Gel filtration has the advantage of speed (a few minutes vs. hours for dialysis) along with the ability to remove contami... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The topographic image of a uniform crystal with a perfectly regular lattice, illuminated by a homogeneous beam, is uniform (no contrast). Contrast arises when distortions of the lattice (defects, tilted crystallites, strain) occur; when the crystal is composed of several different materials or phases; or when the thick... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Charles B. Harris was born in New York City and spent most of his youth in Grosse Pointe. He attended the University of Michigan and received his bachelor's degree in 1963. In 1966 he received his Ph.D. in chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under F. Albert Cotton. The following year, Harris went to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Work is progressing on bypassing the conventional route of atomising wrought feedstock or sponge and the inherent cost associated with the traditional Kroll process. Several of these processes, such as the FFC, MER Corporation, OS, Ginatta and BHP Billiton processes rely on the electrolytic reduction of TiO (a cheap an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Organophosphines are organophosphorus compounds with the formula PRH, where R is an organic substituent. These compounds can be classified according to the value of n: primary phosphines (n = 1), secondary phosphines (n = 2), tertiary phosphines (n = 3). All adopt pyramidal structures. Organophosphines are generally c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In gases, the scintillation process is due to the de-excitation of single atoms excited by the passage of an incoming particle (a very rapid process: ≈1 ns). | 5 | Photochemistry |
In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as disodium pyrophosphate () and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (), among others. Often pyrophosphates are called diphosphates. The parent pyrophosphates are derived from partial... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vitamin D is produced when the skin is exposed to UVB, whether from sunlight or an artificial source. It is needed for mineralization of bone and bone growth. Areas in which vitamin D's role is being investigated include reducing the risk of cancer, heart disease, multiple sclerosis and glucose dysregulation. Exposing ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Located in the East San Francisco Bay, the neighborhood of West Oakland is home to mainly low-income African American and Latino residents who are exposed to a disproportionate amount of airborne toxins as compared to the rest of the surrounding Alameda County. West Oakland's close proximity to highways and the Port of... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Blum studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of Michigan. She participated in multiple teaching and research projects, winning outstanding American Chemical Society student chapter, the UM Alumni Leadership award, and a National Science Foundation fellowship to attend graduate school at the University o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Polychorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, are a type of chemical that was widely used in the 1960s and 1970s, and which are a contamination source of soil and water. They are fairly stable and therefore persistent in the environment. Bioremediation of PCBs is the use of microorganisms to degrade PCBs from contaminated sites, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thiolated polymers designated thiomers are functional polymers used in biotechnology product development with the intention to prolong mucosal drug residence time and to enhance absorption of drugs. The name thiomer was coined by Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch in 2000. Thiomers have thiol bearing side chains. Sulfhydryl li... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Once the DNA is positioned optimally in the concentration gel the SCODA rotating fields are applied. The frequency of the fields can be tuned such that only specific DNA lengths are concentrated. To prevent boiling during the concentration stage due to Joule heating the separation medium may be actively cooled. It is a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers, and is synonymous with polynucleotide. Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid). Although first discovered within the nucle... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Arabinosyl nucleosides are derivatives of the nucleosides. They contain β--arabinofuranose, in contrast to most nucleosides which contain β--ribofuranose. They are used as cytostatics or virostatics. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Crystal structures of the resting or ground states of AR1 (3.4 Å resolution), AR2 (1.8 Å resolution) and AR3 (1.07 and 1.3 Å) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank. Proteins possess seven transmembrane α-helices and a two-stranded extracellular-facing β-sheet. Retinal is covalently bonded via Schiff base to a ly... | 5 | Photochemistry |
To date, the use of rAAV mediated genome engineering has been published in over 2100 peer reviewed scientific journals.
Another emerging application of rAAV based genome editing is for gene therapy in patients, due to the accuracy and lack of off-target recombination events afforded by the approach. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymer surfaces differ from non-polymer surfaces in that the subunits that make up the surface are covalently bonded to one another. Non-polymer surfaces can be bound by ionic bonds, metallic bonds or intermolecular forces (IMFs). In a two component system, non-polymer surfaces form when a positive net amount of energ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
His research has involved study of molecular and interfacial forces. His work is applicable to a wide range of industrial and fundamental science problems. In particular, he has contributed significantly to the understanding of colloidal dispersions, biological systems, and polymer engineering applications. He has stud... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
AFM-IR enables nanoscale infrared spectroscopy, i.e. the ability to obtain infrared absorption spectra from nanoscale regions of a sample.
Chemical compositional mapping AFM-IR can also be used to perform chemical imaging or compositional mapping with spatial resolution down to ~10-20 nm, limited only by the radius of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Tris((1-benzyl-4-triazolyl)methyl)amine (TBTA) is a tertiary amine containing the 1,2,3-triazole moiety. When used as a ligand, complexed to copper(I), it allows for quantitative, regioselective formal Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between alkynes and azides, in a variety of aqueous and organic solvents.
It is bel... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hydrazones are the basis for various analyses of ketones and aldehydes. For example, dinitrophenylhydrazine coated onto a silica sorbent is the basis of an adsorption cartridge. The hydrazones are then eluted and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a UV detector.
The compound carbonyl cyanid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Biogeochemical cycling of elements is an essential component of lithotrophs within microbial environments. For example, in the carbon cycle, there are certain bacteria classified as photolithoautotrophs that generate organic carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide. Certain chemolithoautotrophic bacteria can also produce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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