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The possible tautomerism of favipiravir has been investigated computationally and experimentally. It was found that the enol-like form was substantially more stable in organic solvents than the keto-like form, meaning that Favipiravir likely exists almost exclusively in the enol-like form. In aqueous solution the keto-... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Crystal violet or gentian violet, also known as methyl violet 10B or hexamethyl pararosaniline chloride, is a triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and in Gram's method of classifying bacteria. Crystal violet has antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic (vermicide) properties and was formerly important as ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the European Union, icosapent ethyl is indicated to reduce cardiovascular risk as an adjunct to statin therapy.
In the United States, icosapent ethyl is indicated as an adjunct to maximally tolerated statin therapy to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, and unstable angina r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclohexane is a prototype for low-energy degenerate ring flipping. Two H NMR signals should be observed in principle, corresponding to axial and equatorial protons. However, due to the cyclohexane chair flip, only one signal is seen for a solution of cyclohexane at room temperature, as the axial and equatorial proton ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Suppose that we have a sample consisting of 14 sheets described above, each one of which has an absorbance of 0.0222. If we are able to estimate the absorbing power (the absorbance of a sample of the same thickness, but having no scatter) from the sample without knowing how many sheets are in the sample (as would be t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Friedel's salt is a layered double hydroxide (LDH) of general formula:
or more explicitly for a positively-charged LDH mineral:
or by directly incorporating water molecules into the Ca,Al hydroxide layer:
where chloride and hydroxide anions occupy the interlayer to compensate the excess of positive charges.
In the ce... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Diffraction topography (short: "topography") is a imaging technique based on Bragg diffraction.
Diffraction topographic images ("topographies") record the intensity profile of a beam of X-rays (or, sometimes, neutrons) diffracted by a crystal.
A topography thus represents a two-dimensional spatial intensity mapping (im... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and petrographic analysis can be used to determine the types and distribution of minerals in slag. The minerals present in the slag are good indicators of the gas atmosphere in the furnace, the cooling rate of the slag and the homogeneity of the sl... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In planetary science, any material that has a relatively high equilibrium condensation temperature is called refractory. The opposite of refractory is volatile.
The refractory group includes elements and compounds like metals and silicates (commonly termed rocks) which make up the bulk of the mass of the terrestrial pl... | 9 | Geochemistry |
To follow the transition of dsDNA (double-stranded) to ssDNA (single-stranded), intercalating dyes are employed. These dyes show differential fluorescence emission dependent on their association with double-stranded or single-stranded DNA. SYBR Green I is a first generation dye for HRM. It fluoresces when intercalated ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In metallurgy, the partition coefficient is an important factor in determining how different impurities are distributed between molten and solidified metal. It is a critical parameter for purification using zone melting, and determines how effectively an impurity can be removed using directional solidification, describ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is one assay office at Espoo.
The assay office is privatized and the concession was awarded to Inspecta Corporation is an independent, international qualification requirements fulfilling inspection, testing, measurement and certification services provider. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Little gastrin I is a form of gastrin commonly called as gastrin-17. This is a protein hormone, secreted by the intestine.
Gastrin II has identical amino acid composition to Gastrin I, the only difference is that the single tyrosine residue is sulfated in Gastrin II. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1953, Alfred Day Hershey reported that soon after infection with phage, bacteria produced a form of RNA at a high level and this RNA was also broken down rapidly. However, the first clear indication of mRNA was from the work of Elliot Volkin and Lazarus Astrachan in 1956 by infecting E.coli with T2 bacteriophages an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vesicle fusion is the merging of a vesicle with other vesicles or a part of a cell membrane. In the latter case, it is the end stage of secretion from secretory vesicles, where their contents are expelled from the cell through exocytosis. Vesicles can also fuse with other target cell compartments, such as a lysosome. E... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A carbanion is a organic molecule where a carbon atom is not electron deficient but contain an overall negative charge. Carbanions are strong nucleophiles, which can be used to extend an alkene's carbon backbone in the synthesis reaction shown below.
The alkyne carbanion, , is a reaction intermediate in this reaction. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1965, Chinese scientists first synthesized crystalline bovine insulin (), which was the first functional crystalline protein being fully synthesized in the world. Research on synthesizing bovine insulin started on 1958. Members in the research group were from the Chemistry Department of Beijing University (), Shangh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This occurs when the rate of rainfall on a surface exceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate the ground, and any depression storage has already been filled. This is also called Hortonian overland flow (after Robert E. Horton), or unsaturated overland flow. This more commonly occurs in arid and semi-arid regions, w... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Not all reactions have a single rate-determining step. In particular, the rate of a chain reaction is usually not controlled by any single step. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In complexation catalysis, the term dynamic binding refers to any stabilizing interaction that is stronger at the transition state level than in the reactant-catalyst complex.
Being directly related to transition state stabilization, dynamic binding is the very hearth of complexation catalysis. It was defined by A.J. K... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit. The information is gathered by "feeling" or "touching" the surface with a mechanical probe. Piezoelectric ele... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Application of solar cells as an alternative energy source for vehicular applications is a growing industry. Electric vehicles that operate off of solar energy and/or sunlight are commonly referred to as solar cars. These vehicles use solar panels to convert absorbed light into electrical energy that is then stored in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various elements. Variations in isotopic abundance are measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and can reveal information about the ages and origins of rock, air or water bodies, or pro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The main purpose of such scattering experiments involving polymers is to study unique properties of the sample of interest:
# Determine the polymers "size" - radius of gyration.
# Evaluating the structural and thermo-statistical behavior of a polymer, i.e. freely-jointed chain / freely-rotating chain etc.
# Explore the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the structure of proteins or other biological macromolecules by allowing the solution of the phase problem. In contrast to multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD), SAD uses a single data... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Semiquinones (or ubisemiquinones, if their origin is ubiquinone) are free radicals resulting from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron during the process of dehydrogenation of a hydroquinone, such as hydroquinone itself or catechol, to a quinone or alternatively the addition of a single hydrogen atom with... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since 2008, there is a discussion about a hypothetical precursor state of the quark–gluon plasma, the so-called "Glasma", where the dressed particles are condensed into some kind of glassy (or amorphous) state, below the genuine transition between the confined state and the plasma liquid. This would be analogous to the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All transcriptomic techniques have been particularly useful in identifying the functions of genes and identifying those responsible for particular phenotypes. Transcriptomics of Arabidopsis ecotypes that hyperaccumulate metals correlated genes involved in metal uptake, tolerance, and homeostasis with the phenotype. Int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The families lawyer, Des Collins, said: "Prior to the trial, the council maintained that a thorough investigation had led it to the conclusion that there was no link between the reclamation work and the childrens birth defects. It also maintained that had any convincing evidence been shown that the children had good cl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A daily challenge in attosecond science is to characterize the temporal proprieties of the attosecond pulses used in any pump-probe experiments with atoms, molecules or solids.
The most used technique is based on the frequency-resolved optical gating for a complete reconstruction of attosecond bursts (FROG-CRAB).
The m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Pederson process is a process of refining aluminum that first separates iron by reducing it to metal, and reacting alumina with lime to produce calcium aluminate, which is then leached with sodium hydroxide. It is more environmentally friendly than the more well-known Bayer process. This is because instead of produ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar (1992) Liquid Crystals, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press .
* David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011) Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals, Oxford University Press .
* J. Prost & C.E. Williams (1999) "Liquid Crystals: Between Order and Disorder", pp 289&ndas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the United States, an ADS system (BDS) was developed for the U.S. Postal Service following the 2001 anthrax attacks. The first detection systems in U.S. postal services were installed in 2006. To counter such problems in the future, the United States federal government set up a program called BioWatch, which operate... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some metal carbynes dimerize to give dimetallacyclobutadienes. In these complexes, the carbyne ligand serves as a bridging ligand.
Several cluster-bound carbyne complexes are known, typically with CO ligands. These compounds do not feature MC triple bonds; instead the carbyne carbon is tetrahedral. Tricobalt derivative... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Within statistical mechanics, inexact differentials are often denoted with a bar through the differential operator, đ. In LaTeX the command "\rlap{\textrm{d}}{\bar{\phantom{w}}}" is an approximation or simply "\dj" for a dyet character, which needs the T1 encoding. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pig iron contains much free carbon and is brittle. Before it can be used, and before it can be worked by a blacksmith, it must be converted to a more malleable form as bar iron, the early stage of wrought iron.
Abraham Darbys successful use of coke for his blast furnace at Coalbrookdale in 1709 reduced the price of iro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Chemcatcher® concept was developed by Professors Richard Greenwood and Graham Mills at the University of Portsmouth, together with colleagues from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. The device is patented in a number of countries and the name is a registered trademark in Ireland and the United Kingdom
T.E. ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
To obtain a rough idea of what phases might occur, one can use a model that has some of the same properties as QCD, but is easier to manipulate. Many physicists use Nambu–Jona-Lasinio models, which contain no gluons, and replace the strong interaction with a four-fermion interaction. Mean-field methods are commonly use... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Perhaps surprisingly, the effect of temperature is often greater than the effect of UV exposure. This can be seen in terms of the Arrhenius equation, which shows that reaction rates have an exponential dependence on temperature. By comparison the dependence of degradation rate on UV exposure and the availability of oxy... | 5 | Photochemistry |
EPIC-seq inherits the advantages of high-throughput sequencing: fast sequencing times, high scalability, higher sequencing depths, lower costs, and low error rates. Another advantage of EPIC-seq is that it is non-invasive. This also eliminates the risks of invasive methods done over risky tissues and allows scientists ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Everhardus Ariëns grew up as the sixth of ten children in Wijk bij Duurstede. After a temporary boarding school experience, in 1935 he was admitted to Wageningen, the general university. Then he took a degree in chemistry at the University of Utrecht in which he completed in 1942, although his preference was actually t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Desorption is a physical process that can be very useful for several applications. In this section two applications of thermal desorption are explained. One of them is actually a technique of thermal desorption, temperature programmed desorption, rather than an application itself, but it has plenty of very important ap... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A double bond between two carbon atoms forces the remaining four bonds (if they are single) to lie on the same plane, perpendicular to the plane of the bond as defined by its π orbital. If the two bonds on each carbon connect to different atoms, two distinct conformations are possible, that differ from each other by a ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In order for a cell to be transformed by a virus, the viral DNA must be entered into the host cell. The simplest consideration is viral transformation of a bacterial cell. This process is called lysogeny. As shown in Figure 2, a bacteriophage lands on a cell and pins itself to the cell. The phage can then penetrate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Andrew Handyside (1805–1887) was born in Edinburgh and set up works in Derby where he made ornamental items, bridges and pillar boxes, many of which survive today. | 8 | Metallurgy |
These principles have been applied in multiple natural product targets containing medium and large rings. The syntheses of cladiell-11-ene-3,6,7-
triol, (±)-periplanone B, eucannabinolide, and neopeltolide are all significant in their usage of macrocyclic stereocontrol en route to obtaining the desired structural targe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In vitro, thienamycin employs a similar mode of action as penicillins through disrupting the cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan biosynthesis) of various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa to name a few). Although thienamycin binds to al... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The noncanonical Wnt pathways provide a signal transduction pathway for Wnt that does not involve β-catenin. In the noncanonical pathways, Wnt affects the actin and microtubular cytoskeleton as well as gene transcription. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Besides the well-known Pitzer-like equations, there is a simple and easy-to-use semi-empirical model, which is called the three-characteristic-parameter correlation (TCPC) model. It was first proposed by Lin et al. It is a combination of the Pitzer long-range interaction and short-range solvation effect:
:ln γ = ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
NDR is the normalized measure of sequencing depth, which was downsampled to 2000 folds as a default in the 2000 base pair windows during read preprocessing and quality control steps. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The original definition of Carathéodory was limited to reversible, quasistatic process, described by a curve in the manifold of equilibrium states of the system under consideration. He called such a state change adiabatic if the infinitesimal heat differential form
vanishes along the curve. In other words, at no tim... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The FFC Cambridge process is an electrochemical method for producing Titanium (Ti) from titanium oxide by electrolysis in molten calcium salts. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DLI affects many plant traits. Generalised dose-response curves show that DLI is particularly limiting individual plant growth and functioning below 5 mol·m·d, whereas most traits approach saturation beyond a DLI of 20 mol·m·d. Although not all plants respond in the same way and different wavelengths have various effec... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A Daly detector is a gas-phase ion detector that consists of a metal "doorknob", a scintillator (phosphor screen) and a photomultiplier. It was named after its inventor Norman Richard Daly. Daly detectors are typically used in mass spectrometers. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Inclusions can create problems in the casting when they are large and in too high concentration. Here are examples of problems related to inclusions:
* Pinholes in light gauge foil
* Flange cracks in beverage containers
* Surface streaks in bright automotive trim and lithographic material
* Breakage in wire drawing ope... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Binding of a ligand to a binding site on protein often triggers a change in conformation in the protein and results in altered cellular function. Hence binding site on protein are critical parts of signal transduction pathways. Types of ligands include neurotransmitters, toxins, neuropeptides, and steroid hormones. Bin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Fe-only hydrogenases are particularly common enzymes for synthetic organometallic chemists to mimic. This interest is motivated by the inclusion of high field ligands like cyano and CO (metal carbonyl) in the first coordination sphere of the pertinent di-iron cluster. Free cyano and carbonyl ligands are toxic to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Short-path distillation is a distillation technique that involves the distillate traveling a short distance, often only a few centimeters, and is normally done at reduced pressure. Short-path distillation systems often have a variety of names depending on the manufacturer of the system and what compounds are being dis... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
PG5 has a molecular mass of about 200 MDa or 200,000,000 g/mol. It has roughly 20 million atoms and a diameter of roughly 10 nm. Its length is up to a few micrometers. It is similar in size to a tobacco mosaic virus with comparable length and diameter. PG5 was shown to be resistant against attempts to flatten its struc... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The concept of a nanocar built out of molecular "tinkertoys" was first hypothesized by M.T. Michalewicz at the Fifth Foresight Conference on Molecular Nanotechnology (November 1997). Subsequently, an expanded version was published in Annals of Improbable Research. These papers were supposed to be a not-so-serious contr... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Boryl substituents reveal the potential as both π-electron acceptors and σ-electron donors. The vacant p orbitals enable it to accept the electrons, while low electronegativity reflects the σ donors properties. Computational studies predicted the existence of the boryl-substituted diphosphene and Makoto Yamashita et al... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pigmentation patterns provide one of the most striking and easily scored differences between different species of animals. Pigmentation of the Drosophila wing has proven to be a particularly amenable system for studying the development of complex pigmentation phenotypes. The Drosophila guttifera wing has 12 dark pigmen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Selenium is incorporated into several prokaryotic selenoprotein families in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes as selenocysteine, where selenoprotein peroxiredoxins protect bacterial and eukaryotic cells against oxidative damage. Selenoprotein families of GSH-Px and the deiodinases of eukaryotic cells seem to have a bac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Britannia metal was first produced in 1769 or 1770. James Vickers created it after purchasing the formula from a dying friend. It was originally known as "Vickers White Metal" when made under contract by the Sheffield manufacturers Ebenezer Hancock and Richard Jessop. In 1776 James Vickers took over the manufacturing h... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Where
* is the pressure
* is the identity matrix
* is the deviatoric stress tensor
That is, pulling is positive stress and pushing is negative stress. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because the system must address different depths in the medium, and at different depths the spherical aberration induced in the wavefront is different, a method is required to dynamically account for these differences. Many possible methods exist that include optical elements that swap in and out of the optical path, m... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Atom optics (or atomic optics) "refers to techniques to manipulate the trajectories and exploit the wave properties of neutral atoms". Typical experiments employ beams of cold, slowly moving neutral atoms, as a special case of a particle beam. Like an optical beam, the atomic beam may exhibit diffraction and interfer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oregrounds iron was a grade of iron that was regarded as the best grade available in 18th century England. The term was derived from the small Swedish city of Öregrund, the port from which the bar iron was shipped. It was produced using the Walloon process.
Oregrounds iron is the equivalent of the Swedish vallonjärn,... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cortisone acetate exists in at least five different polymorphs, four of which are unstable in water and change to a stable form. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dentin adhesives were first designed and produced in the 1950s based on a co-monomer chelate with calcium on the surface of the tooth and generated very weak water-resistant chemical bonding (2–3 MPa). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Backscattering can occur in quite different physical situations, where the incoming waves or particles are deflected from their original direction by different mechanisms:
*Diffuse reflection from large particles and Mie scattering, causing alpenglow and gegenschein, and showing up in weather radar;
*Inelastic collisio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The naming of polycyclic alkanes is more complex, with the base name indicating the number of carbons in the ring system, a prefix indicating the number of rings (e.g., "bicyclo"), and a numeric prefix before that indicating the number of carbons in each part of each ring, exclusive of vertices. For instance, a bicycl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Samples are registered through Allocating Agents. At present (November 2021) the following IGSN Allocation Agents register IGSN:
* System for Earth Sample Registration (SESAR)
* Geoscience Australia
* Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Mineral Resources
* Australian Research Data Commons (ARDC... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Another common system uses Greek letter prefixes as locants, which is useful in identifying the relative location of carbon atoms as well as hydrogen atoms to other functional groups.
The α-carbon (alpha-carbon) refers to the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group, such as a carbonyl. The second carbon a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111004173202/http://protinfo.compbio.washington.edu/ppc/ Protinfo PPC] predicts the atomic 3D structure of protein protein complexes.
* IBIS (server) reports, predicts and integrates multiple types of conserved interactions for proteins. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gustavs Vanags (10 March 1891 — 8 May 1965) was a Soviet and Latvian organic chemist, full member of Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences. He was also one of the signers of the Memorandum of Latvian Central Council in 1944. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ancient name of the Étang de Berre was Stagnum Mastromela, according to Pliny the Elder (Book III [34]). | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The early Iron Age in China began before 1000 BCE, with the introduction of ironware, such as knives, swords, and arrowheads, from the west into Xinjiang, before it further diffused to Qinghai and Gansu. In 2008, two iron fragments were excavated at the Mogou site, in Gansu. They have been dated to the 14th century BCE... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Transmethylation is a biologically important organic chemical reaction in which a methyl group is transferred from one compound to another.
An example of transmethylation is the recovery of methionine from homocysteine. In order to sustain sufficient reaction rates during metabolic stress, this reaction requires adequa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Studies of phenotype of mice showed that having a loss of an allele resulted in obesity and poor metabolic profiles. Transgenic expression of the WDTC1 gene in mice showed the opposite effect with mice having less adipose. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Off-resin cyclization is a solid-phase synthesis of key intermediates, followed by the key cyclization in solution phase, the final deprotection of any masked side chains is also carried out in solution phase. This has the disadvantages that the efficiencies of solid-phase synthesis are lost in the solution phase step... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A phosphorus-free growth medium (which actually contained 3.1 ± 0.3 μM of residual phosphate, from impurities in reagents) was used to culture the bacteria in a regime of increasing exposure to arsenate; the initial level of 0.1 mM was eventually ramped up to 40 mM. Alternative media used for comparative experiments co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 2000 Outstanding Graduate Research Award from the Wirt and Mary Cornell Prize
* 2003 American Chemical Society (PMSE Division), Arthur K. Doolittle Award
* 2007 YWCA Rising Star
* 2007 OH Bioscience Thirty in Their 30s Award
* 2012 American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy Outstanding New Investigator Award
* 2012 Am... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quinone methide itself arises by the degradation of tyrosine, leading ultimately to p-cresol. Various quinone methides are directly involved in the process of lignification (creation of complex lignin polymers) in plants.
Quinone methides have been implicated as the ultimate cytotoxins responsible for the effects of su... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cells require a full and functional cellular machinery to live. When they belong to complex multicellular organisms, they need to communicate among themselves and work for symbiosis in order to give life to the organism. These communications between cells triggers intracellular signaling cascades, termed signal transdu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carboxylation of benzyl halides has been reported. The reaction mechanism is proposed to involve oxidative addition of benzyl chloride to Ni(0). The Ni(II) benzyl complex is reduced to Ni(I), e.g., by zinc, which inserts CO delivering the nickel carboxylate. Reduction of the Ni(I) carboxylate to Ni(0) releases the zinc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Metabolic pathways can be targeted for clinically therapeutic uses. Within the mitochondrial metabolic network, for instance, there are various pathways that can be targeted by compounds to prevent cancer cell proliferation. One such pathway is oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) within the electron transport chain (ETC... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Dille–Koppanyi reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify barbiturates. It is composed of a mixture of two solutions. Part A is 0.1 g of cobalt(II) acetate dihydrate dissolved in 100 ml of methanol mixed with 0.2 ml of glacial acetic acid. Part B made up of is 5% isopropylamine (v/v) in methano... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are various methodological approaches to archaeometallurgical studies. The same methods used in analytical chemistry may be used to analyze artifacts. Chemical analysis methods may include the analysis of mass, density or chemical composition. Most methods are non-destructive in nature, such as X-ray spectroscopy... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Aerobic respiration is the most preferred remineralisation reaction due to its high energy yield. Although oxygen is quickly depleted in the sediments and is generally exhausted centimeters from the sediment-water interface. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The total boron (B) is the sum of boron species in a solution. In the environment these species usually include boric acid and borate, for example:
:B = [] + []
where
*B is the total boron concentration
*[] is the dihydrogen borate concentration
*[] is the boric acid concentration
Total boron is an important quantity w... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Thiomers have the ability to form complexes with different metal ions, especially divalent metal ions, due to their thiol groups. Thiolated chitosans, for instance, were shown to effectively absorb nickel ions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A helpful classification scheme for multiferroics into so-called type-I and type-II multiferroics was introduced in 2009 by D. Khomskii.
Khomskii suggested the term type-I multiferroic for materials in which the ferroelectricity and magnetism occur at different temperatures and arise from different mechanisms. Usually ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The General Chapter of the Cistercian monks spread some technological advances across Europe. This may have included the blast furnace, as the Cistercians are known to have been skilled metallurgists. According to Jean Gimpel, their high level of industrial technology facilitated the diffusion of new techniques: "Every... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In surface science, a tensiometer is a measuring instrument used to measure the surface tension () of liquids or surfaces. Tensiometers are used in research and development laboratories to determine the surface tension of liquids like coatings, lacquers or adhesives. A further application field of tensiometers is the m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Angeli–Rimini reaction has recently been applied in solid-phase synthesis with the sulfonamide covalently linked to a polystyrene solid support. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Solvents also have an effect on allylic strain. When used in conjunction with knowledge of the effects of polarity on allylic strain, solvents can be very useful in directing the conformation of a product that contains an allylic structure in its transition state. When a bulky and polar solvent is able to interact wi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Dipole–dipole interactions (or Keesom interactions) are electrostatic interactions between molecules which have permanent dipoles. This interaction is stronger than the London forces but is weaker than ion-ion interaction because only partial charges are involved. These interactions tend to align the molecules to incr... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Bands of alternating light and dark in the positive column are called striations. There is no universal mechanism explaining the striations for all conditions of gas and pressure producing them, but recent theoretical and modelling studies, supported with experimental results, mention the importance of the Dufour effe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a 1,3-dipolar compound or 1,3-dipole is a dipolar compound with delocalized electrons and a separation of charge over three atoms. They are reactants in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.
The dipole has at least one resonance structure with positive and negative charges having a 1,3 relationship which ca... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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