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Traditionally, the recognition of protein-protein interactions was carried out through chemical cross-linking, that involved the use of moderately reactive bifunctional reagent, commonly attached to free amino groups. However, photochemical cross-linking is much more specific due to the short lifetime of the excited in... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Chirality timeline presents a timeline of landmark events that unfold the developments happened in the field of chirality.
Many molecules come in two forms that are mirror images of each other, just like our hands. This type of molecule is called chiral. In nature, one of these forms is usually more common than the oth... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The magnitude of sensory impairment may vary in people of differing weights. The NIAAA defines the term "binge drinking" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aquatic phytoplankton and zooplankton that died and sedimented in large quantities under anoxic conditions millions of years ago began forming petroleum and natural gas as a result of anaerobic decomposition (by contrast, terrestrial plants tended to form coal and methane). Over geological time this organic matter, mix... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Carbenes add to double bonds to form cyclopropanes, and, in the presence of a copper catalyst, to alkynes to give cyclopropenes. Addition reactions are commonly very fast and exothermic, and carbene generation limits reaction rate.
In Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation, the iodomethylzinc iodide typically complexes to an... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Double-stranded DNA is sheared using one of these methods: sonication, enzymatic digestion, or nebulization. Fragments are size selected using Ampure XP beads. Gel-based size selection is not recommended since it can cause melting of DNA double strands and DNA damage due to UV exposure. The size of selected fragments o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tramadol may be used to treat post-operative, injury-related, and chronic (e.g., cancer-related) pain in dogs and cats as well as rabbits, coatis, many small mammals including rats and flying squirrels, guinea pigs, ferrets, and raccoons. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Under the brand names Fortekor (Novartis) and VetACE (Jurox Animal Health), benazepril is used to treat congestive heart failure in dogs and chronic kidney failure in cats and dogs. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Although nonsense-mediated mRNA decay reduces nonsense codons, mutations can occur that lead to various health problems and diseases in humans. A dominant-negative or deleterious gain-of-function mutation can occur if premature terminating (nonsense) codons are translated. NMD is becoming increasingly evident in the wa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anthocyanins have been used in organic solar cells because of their ability to convert light energy into electrical energy. The many benefits to using dye-sensitized solar cells instead of traditional p-n junction silicon cells, include lower purity requirements and abundance of component materials, as well as the fact... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Today, many different types of technologies exist in which splice sites can be located and analyzed for more information. The [http://www.umd.be/HSF3/ Human Splicing Finder] is an online database stemming from the Human Genome Project data. The genome database identifies thousands of mutations related to medical and h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Steric approach control is common in conjugate addition reactions. Thus, in cyclic substrates, a trans relationship between substituents on the α- and β-carbons is common. The configuration at the α-position is less predictable, especially in cases when epimerization can occur. On the basis of steric approach control, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although menopause is a natural barrier to further conception, IVF has allowed people to be pregnant in their fifties and sixties. People whose uteruses have been appropriately prepared receive embryos that originated from an egg donor. Therefore, although they do not have a genetic link with the child, they have a phy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Coal and oil are possible examples of constituents which may have undergone changes over geologic time periods.
*Chalk and limestone are examples of secretions (marine animal shells) which are of geologic age.
*grass and wood are biogenic constituents of contemporary origin.
*Pearls, silk and ambergris are examples of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Industrial science attempts to minimize the hazards of isocyanates through multiple techniques. The EPA has sponsored ongoing research on polyurethane production without isocyanates. Where isocyanates are unavoidable but interchangeable, substituting a less hazardous isocyanate may control hazards. Ventilation and ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In vertebrates the bc complex, or Complex III, contains 11 subunits: 3 respiratory subunits, 2 core proteins and 6 low-molecular weight proteins. Proteobacterial complexes may contain as few as three subunits. | 1 | Biochemistry |
What makes this magnesium blockade of the NMDAR channel particularly significant in terms of LTP induction is that the block is membrane voltage-dependent. The basis of this voltage dependence is relatively straightforward. The NMDAR channel is a transmembrane protein; that is, it spans the cell membrane. As such, it a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both free and protein-bound flavins are photoreducible, that is, able to be reduced by light, in a mechanism mediated by several organic compounds, such as some amino acids, carboxylic acids and amines. This property of flavins is exploited by various light-sensitive proteins. For example, the LOV domain, found in many... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The HSQC experiment is a highly sensitive 2D-NMR experiment and was first described in a H—N system, but is also applicable to other nuclei such as H—C and H—P. The basic scheme of this experiment involves the transfer of magnetization on the proton to the second nucleus, which may be N, C or P, via an INEPT (Insensit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mercury lamps are the most common source of UV radiation due to their high efficiency. However, the use of mercury in these lamps poses disposal and environmental problems. On the contrary, excimer lamps based on rare gases are absolutely non-hazardous and excimer lamps containing halogen are more environmentally benig... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Typical titrations require titrant and analyte to be in a liquid (solution) form. Though solids are usually dissolved into an aqueous solution, other solvents such as glacial acetic acid or ethanol are used for special purposes (as in petrochemistry, which specializes in petroleum.) Concentrated analytes are often di... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sewer network structures are prone to biodeterioration of materials due to the action of some microorganisms associated to the sulfur cycle. It can be a severely damaging phenomenon which was firstly described by Olmstead and Hamlin in 1900 for a brick sewer located in Los Angeles. Jointed mortar between the bricks dis... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Here is a summary of the sequence of events that take place in synaptic transmission from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. Each step is explained in more detail below. Note that with the exception of the final step, the entire process may run only a few hundred microseconds, in the fastest synapses.
#The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dynamic energy budget theory presents a quantitative framework of metabolic organization common to all life forms, which could help to understand evolution of metabolic organization since the origin of life. As such, it has a common aim with the other widely used metabolic theory: the West-Brown-Enquist (WBE) metabolic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proteins are complex, high-molecular weight biopolymers. They are inherently chiral being composed of L-amino acids and possess ordered 3D-structure. They are known to bind/interact stereoselectively with small molecules reversibly, making them extremely versatile CSPs for chiral separation of drug molecules. Hermansso... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide is used for epoxidation and hydroxylation reagents in conjunction with metal catalysts. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In aquatic toxicology, the sediment quality triad (SQT) approach has been used as an assessment tool to evaluate the extent of sediment degradation resulting from contaminants released due to human activity present in aquatic environments (Chapman, 1990). This evaluation focuses on three main components: 1.) sediment c... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A system akin to the Bessemer process has existed since the 11th century in East Asia. Economic historian Robert Hartwell writes that the Chinese of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) innovated a "partial decarbonization" method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast. Sinologist Joseph Needham and historian of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lipolysis can be regulated through cAMPs binding and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphorylate lipases, perilipin 1A, and CGI-58 to increase the rate of lipolysis. Catecholamines bind to 7TM receptors (G protein-coupled receptors) on the adipocyte cell membrane, which activate adenylate cyclase. This ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The thermo-dielectric effect is the production of electric currents and charge separation during phase transition.
This interesting effect was discovered by Joaquim da Costa Ribeiro in 1944. The Brazilian physicist observed that solidification and melting of many dielectrics are accompanied by charge separation. A ther... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After determining the transition state structures using either KIE or computation simulations, the inhibitor can be designed according to the determined transition state structures or intermediates. The following three examples illustrate how the inhibitors mimic the transition state structure by changing functional gr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eutrophication can occur naturally, during the late stage of the natural ecological succession that accompanies the infilling of a lake. It then develops slowly, over thousands of years. It develops within only a few decades when triggered by cropland fertilization, industrial contamination, or urban development. Defor... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The herpes simplex virus is a human neurotropic virus. This is mostly examined for gene transfer in the nervous system. The wild type HSV-1 virus is able to infect neurons and evade the host immune response, but may still become reactivated and produce a lytic cycle of viral replication. Therefore, it is typical to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Exposure studies in the copper smelting industry are much more extensive and have established definitive links between arsenic, a by-product of copper smelting, and lung cancer via inhalation. Dermal and neurological effects were also increased in some of these studies. Although as time went on, occupational controls b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like the two-hybrid system, phage display is used for the high-throughput screening of protein interactions. In the case of M13 filamentous phage display, the DNA encoding the protein or peptide of interest is ligated into the pIII or pVIII gene, encoding either the minor or major coat protein, respectively. Multiple c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Unlike the reaction of amines with alcohols the reaction of amines and ammonia with alkyl halides is used for synthesis in the laboratory:
In such reactions, which are more useful for alkyl iodides and bromides, the degree of alkylation is difficult to control such that one obtains mixtures of primary, secondary, and t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Proteins are also known to contain [FeS] centres, which feature one iron less than the more common [FeS] cores. Three sulfide ions bridge two iron ions each, while the fourth sulfide bridges three iron ions. Their formal oxidation states may vary from [FeS] (all-Fe form) to [FeS] (all-Fe form). In a number of iron–sulf... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The adsorption of a very weakly basic or acidic probe molecule can serve to give a picture of Brønsted and Lewis acid–base sites. Infrared spectroscopy of surface sites and adsorbed molecules can then be used to monitor the change in the vibrational frequencies upon adsorption. A very weakly acidic probe molecule can b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The biochemical capacity to use water as the source for electrons in photosynthesis evolved once, in a common ancestor of extant cyanobacteria (formerly called blue-green algae). The geological record indicates that this transforming event took place early in Earths history, at least 2450–2320 million years ago (Ma), a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Reststrahlen effect is used to investigate the properties of semiconductors, it is also used in geophysics and meteorology. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A boundary can be described by the orientation of the boundary to the two grains and the 3-D rotation required to bring the grains into coincidence. Thus a boundary has 5 macroscopic degrees of freedom. However, it is common to describe a boundary only as the orientation relationship of the neighbouring grains. General... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The physical process of sedimentation (the act of depositing sediment) has applications in water treatment, whereby gravity acts to remove suspended solids from water. Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of moving water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans. Settling ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Molten salts (fluoride, chloride, and nitrate) can be used as heat transfer fluids as well as for thermal storage. This thermal storage is used in concentrated solar power plants.
Molten-salt reactors are a type of nuclear reactor that uses molten salt(s) as a coolant or as a solvent in which the fissile material is di... | 8 | Metallurgy |
After he went to Germany from Estonia in 1941 he began his studies of chemistry in 1949 at the University of Tübingen until 1951. He became Dr. rer. nat. in 1954 at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He did his habilitation 1960 at the same university. After a short but very successful career in industry at Ba... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DeepVelo is a neural network–based ordinary differential equation that can model complex transcriptome dynamics by describing continuous-time gene expression changes within individual cells. DeepVelo has been applied to public datasets from different sequencing platforms to (i) formulate transcriptome dynamics on diffe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amoxicillin is susceptible to degradation by β-lactamase-producing bacteria, which are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin. For this reason, it may be combined with clavulanic acid, a β-lactamase inhibitor. This drug combination is commonly called co-amoxiclav. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Input
Protein structures in PDB format, and a probe radius.
Searching
Users can either search for pre-computed result by 4-letter PDB ID, or upload their own PDB file for customized computation. The core algorithm helps in finding the pocket or cavity with capability of housing a solvent, with a default or adjusted dia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proteins are classified into the chemokine family based on their structural characteristics, not just their ability to attract cells. All chemokines are small, with a molecular mass of between 8 and 10 kDa. They are approximately 20-50% identical to each other; that is, they share gene sequence and amino acid sequence ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The project generated widespread media attention and a discussion of appropriate uses of biotechnology. As a result of the controversy, Kickstarter decided to prohibit genetically modified organisms as rewards to project backers.
Though the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has shown no regulatory conc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1787, the French physicist and balloon pioneer, Jacques Charles, found that oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and air expand to the same extent over the same 80 kelvin interval. He noted that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its temperature: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adding elements is usually helpful because of solid solution strengthening, but can result in unwanted precipitation. Precipitates can be classified as geometrically close-packed (GCP), topologically close-packed (TCP), or carbides. GCP phases usually benefit mechanical properties, but TCP phases are often deleterious.... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The biosynthetic route is based on the alkylation of the amino acid tryptophan with dimethylallyl diphosphate (isoprene derived from 3R-mevalonic acid) giving 4-dimethylallyl--tryptophan which is N-methylated with S-adenosyl--methionine. Oxidative ring closure followed by decarboxylation, reduction, cyclization, oxidat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Total viable count (TVC), gives a quantitative estimate of the concentration of microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast or mould spores in a sample. The count represents the number of colony forming units (cfu) per g (or per ml) of the sample.
A TVC is achieved by plating serial tenfold dilutions of the sample until bet... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Photooxygenation of indolizines (heterocyclic aromatic derivates of indole) has been investigated in both mechanistic and synthetic contexts. Rather than proceeding through a Type I or Type II photooxygenation mechanism, some investigators have chosen to use 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) as a photosensitizer, leading to... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lysergic acid is a chiral compound with two stereocenters. The isomer with inverted configuration at carbon atom 8 close to the carboxyl group is called isolysergic acid. Inversion at carbon 5 close to the nitrogen atom leads to -lysergic acid and -isolysergic acid, respectively. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As stated, the quadratic Stark effect is described by second-order perturbation theory. The zeroth-order eigenproblem
is assumed to be solved. The perturbation theory gives
with the components of the polarizability tensor α defined by
The energy E gives the quadratic Stark effect.
Neglecting the hyperfine structure (wh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1978, Hoffmann reported the first asymmetric carbonyl allylation using a chiral allylmetal reagent, an allylborane derived from camphor. Such methods utilize preformed allyl metal reagents. The approach is well developed using allyl boranes
As illustrated by the Keck allylation, catalytic enantioselective additions... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Decantation can be used to separate immiscible liquids that have different densities. For example, when a mixture of water and oil is present in a beaker, after some time a distinct layer between the two liquids is formed, with the oil layer floating on top of the water layer. This separation can be done by pouring oil... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Prickle is also known as REST/NRSF-interacting LIM domain protein, which is a putative nuclear translocation receptor. Prickle is part of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway that establishes planar cell polarity. A gain or loss of function of Prickle1 causes defects in the convergent extension movements of gastrula... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A PPO inhibitor may inhibit two unrelated enzymes abbreviated "PPO". They are:
* Protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors Used as herbicides
* Polyphenol oxidase inhibitors | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2013, OH near-infrared spectra were observed in the night glow in the polar winter atmosphere of Mars by use of the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phosphate esters have the general structure P(=O)(OR) feature P(V). Such species are of technological importance as flame retardant agents, and plasticizers. Lacking a P−C bond, these compounds are in the technical sense not organophosphorus compounds but esters of phosphoric acid. Many derivatives are found in nature... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In Gross-Pitaevskii mean field theory, one replaces the field operators with c-number functions:
. To find the mean-field
ground states, one then minimises the resulting energy with respect to these c-number functions.
For a spatially uniform system spin-one system, there are two possible mean-field ground states.
W... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, molecularity is the number of molecules that come together to react in an elementary (single-step) reaction and is equal to the sum of stoichiometric coefficients of reactants in the elementary reaction with effective collision (sufficient energy) and correct orientation.
Depending on how many molecules c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
:Direct methods in crystallography are a collection of mathematical techniques that seek to determine crystal structure based on measurements of diffraction patterns and potentially other a priori knowledge (constraints). The central challenge of inverting measured diffraction intensities (i.e. applying an inverse Four... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
During the Deep water Horizon oil spill, an estimated 1.84 million gallons of Corexit was used in an attempt to increase the amount of surface oil and mitigate the damage to coastal habitat. BP purchased all of the world's supply of Corexit soon after the spill began. Nearly half (771,000 gallons) of the dispersants w... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Advances to the discovery of LB and LM films began with Benjamin Franklin in 1773 when he dropped about a teaspoon of oil onto a pond. Franklin noticed that the waves were calmed almost instantly and that the calming of the waves spread for about half an acre. What Franklin did not realize was that the oil had formed a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The linked-read sequencing is microfluidic-based, and only needs nanograms of input DNA. One nanogram of DNA can be distributed across more than 100,000 droplet partitions, where DNA fragments are barcoded and subjected to polymerase chain reactions (PCR). As a result, DNA fragments (or reads) that share the same barco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some cyanobacteria can produce neurotoxins, cytotoxins, endotoxins, and hepatotoxins (e.g., the microcystin-producing bacteria genus microcystis), which are collectively known as cyanotoxins.
Specific toxins include anatoxin-a, guanitoxin, aplysiatoxin, cyanopeptolin, cylindrospermopsin, domoic acid, nodularin R (from ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In neurons, action potentials induce neurotransmitter release at axon terminals by opening voltage-gated Ca channels, allowing for Ca influx. As a result, GCaMP is commonly used to measure increases in intracellular Ca in neurons as a proxy for neuronal activity in multiple animal models, including Caenorhabditis elega... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A native of Lahore, Qureshi subsequently attended the Punjab University to study chemistry where he graduated with BSc in chemistry. For his higher studies, he went to United Kingdom to attend Imperial College London. He earned MSc in Chemical Technology and worked towards gaining the DIC in physical metallurgy. At the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A magnetic field can also be used to focus charged particles. The Lorentz force acting on the electron is perpendicular to both the direction of motion and to the direction of the magnetic field (vxB). A homogeneous field deflects charged particles, but does not focus them. The simplest magnetic lens is a donut-shaped ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The LDR is being studied as a byproduct of a concept using a fluid stream for momentum transfer between an approaching spacecraft and another spacecraft, station or Moon base. This method could reduce spacecraft mass while increasing space flight efficiency.
A Liquid Sheet Radiator (LRS), adapted for planetary surfaces... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The theoretical description of contact angle arises from the consideration of a thermodynamic equilibrium between the three phases: the liquid phase (L), the solid phase (S), and the gas or vapor phase (G) (which could be a mixture of ambient atmosphere and an equilibrium concentration of the liquid vapor). (The "gaseo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most widely practiced reactions convert carboxylic acids into esters, amides, carboxylate salts, acid chlorides, and alcohols. Carboxylic acids react with bases to form carboxylate salts, in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl (–OH) group is replaced with a metal cation. For example, acetic acid found in vinegar rea... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a biochemistry and molecular biology technique for isolating and exponentially amplifying a fragment of DNA, via enzymatic replication, without using a living organism. It enables the detection of specific strands of DNA by making millions of copies of a target genetic sequence. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nodes of Ranvier Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and high density of voltage-gated Na+ channels that generate action potentials. A sodium channel consists of a pore-forming α subunit and two accessory β subunits, which anchor the channel to extra-cellular and intra-cellular components. The nodes of Ranvier in the central and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
HABs contain dense concentrations of organisms and appear as discolored water, often reddish-brown in color. It is a natural phenomenon, but the exact cause or combination of factors that result in a HAB event are not necessarily known. However, three key natural factors are thought to play an important role in a bloom... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Zinc smelting is the process of converting zinc concentrates (ores that contain zinc) into pure zinc. Zinc smelting has historically been more difficult than the smelting of other metals, e.g. iron, because in contrast, zinc has a low boiling point. At temperatures typically used for smelting metals, zinc is a gas tha... | 8 | Metallurgy |
HTIR-TC offers a breakthrough in measuring high-temperature processes. Its characteristics are: durable and reliable at high temperatures, up to at least 1700 °C; resistant to irradiation; moderately priced; available in a variety of configurations - adaptable to each application; easily installed. Originally developed... | 8 | Metallurgy |
During the thirteenth century, Mosul, Iraq became home to a school of luxury metalwork which rose to international renown. Artifacts classified as Mosul are some of the most intricately designed and revered pieces of the Middle Ages. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phylogenetic footprinting is a technique that utilizes multiple sequence alignments to determine locations of conserved sequences such as regulatory elements. Along with multiple sequence alignments, phylogenetic footprinting also requires statistical rates of conserved and non-conserved sequences. Using the informat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
BC200 RNA is expressed in the dendrites as ribonucleoprotein particles. Protein synthesis at the synapses of neurons contribute to neuronal plasticity and help prevent neuronal degradation. Small, non-coding RNAs such as BC200 RNA work to repress translation by inhibiting its initiation. During eukaryotic translation, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stomata are holes in the leaf by which pathogens can enter unchallenged. However, stomata can sense the presence of some, if not all, pathogens. However, pathogenic bacteria applied to Arabidopsis plant leaves can release the chemical coronatine, which induce the stomata to reopen. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Transcriptional regulation is one of the most common ways for an organism to alter gene expression. The use of activation and coactivation allows for greater control over when, where and how much of a protein is produced. This enables each cell to be able to quickly respond to environmental or physiological changes and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solar cells degrade over time and lose their efficiency. Solar cells in extreme climates, such as desert or polar, are more prone to degradation due to exposure to harsh UV light and snow loads respectively. Usually, solar panels are given a lifespan of 25–30 years before they get decommissioned.
The International Rene... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ekimov was awarded the 1975 USSR State Prize in Science and Engineering for work on electron spin orientation in semiconductors. He is co-recipient of the 2006 R. W. Wood Prize of the Optical Society of America for "discovery of nanocrystal quantum dots and pioneering studies of their electronic and optical properties"... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metal recovery is the final step in a hydrometallurgical process, in which metals suitable for sale as raw materials are produced. Sometimes, however, further refining is needed to produce ultra-high purity metals. The main types of metal recovery processes are electrolysis, gaseous reduction, and precipitation. For e... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Approaches for delivering unaltered natural products using polymeric carriers is of widespread interest. Dendrimers have been explored for the encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds and for the delivery of anticancer drugs. The physical characteristics of dendrimers, including their monodispersity, water solubility, en... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
When inactive, the PKA apoenzyme exists as a tetramer which consists of two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits. The catalytic subunit contains the active site, a series of canonical residues found in protein kinases that bind and hydrolyse ATP, and a domain to bind the regulatory subunit. The regulatory sub... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This table lists the gas–liquid–solid triple points of several substances. Unless otherwise noted, the data come from the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology).
Notes:
* For comparison, typical atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa (1 atm).
* Before the new definitio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water clarity is a descriptive term for how deeply visible light penetrates through water. In addition to light penetration, the term water clarity is also often used to describe underwater visibility. Water clarity is one way that humans measure water quality, along with oxygen concentration and the presence or absenc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some antibacterial drugs such as penicillin interfere with the production of peptidoglycan by binding to bacterial enzymes known as penicillin-binding proteins or DD-transpeptidases. Penicillin-binding proteins form the bonds between oligopeptide crosslinks in peptidoglycan. For a bacterial cell to reproduce through bi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
High precision iron isotope measurements are obtained either via thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) or multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). | 9 | Geochemistry |
In space plasmas where the electron density is relatively low, the Debye length may reach macroscopic values, such as in the magnetosphere, solar wind, interstellar medium and intergalactic medium. See the table here below: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alkalinity measures the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate, defined as pH 4.5 for many oceanographic/limnological studies. The alkalinity is equal to the stoichiometric sum of the bases in solution. In most Earth surface waters carbonate alkalinity tends to m... | 9 | Geochemistry |
It has been shown that PMCA is capable of detecting as little as a single molecule of oligomeric infectious PrP. PMCA possesses the ability to generate millions infectious units, starting with the equivalent to one PrP oligomer; well below the infectivity threshold. This data demonstrates that PMCA has a similar power... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While passive radiative cooling technologies have proven successful in mid-latitude regions of Earth, to reach the same level of performance has faced more difficulties in tropical climates. This has primarily been attributed to the higher solar irradiance and atmospheric radiation of these zones, particularly humidity... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When the primary beam consists of accelerated electrons, the probe is termed an electron microprobe, when the primary beam consists of accelerated ions, the term ion microprobe is used. The term microprobe may also be applied to optical analytical techniques, when the instrument is set up to analyse micro samples or mi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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