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In organic chemistry, the Le Bel–Van t Hoff rule states that the number of stereoisomers of an organic compound containing no internal planes of symmetry is 2, where n represents the number of asymmetric carbon atoms. Joseph Achille Le Bel and Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff both announced this hypothesis in 1874 and that ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Since glycans play an important role in intercellular interactions and protein, they serve as viable targets for various therapeutic interactions. Multiple current therapeutics aim to take advantage of their role in signaling pathways, and target their biosynthesis or engineer related glycoproteins. These interactions ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The decomposition process starts after death and can proceed in the water column as the gelatinous organisms are sinking. Decay happens faster in the tropics than in temperate and subpolar waters as a result of warmer temperatures. In the tropics, a jelly-fall may take less than 2 days to decay in warmer, surface water... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Protocol databases correlate results from bioassays to their metadata about experimental conditions and protocol designs. | 1 | Biochemistry |
As a scientific tool, CrysTBox suite is freely available for academic purposes, it supports file formats widely used in the community and offers interconnection with other scientific software. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Assimilation is the process of absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food as part of the nutrition of an organism. In humans, this is always done with a chemical breakdown (enzymes and acids) and physical breakdown (oral mastication and stomach churning). Chemical alteration of substances in the b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Antique Gas & Steam Engine Museum (AGSEM) is a living history museum founded in 1969. It is located on of county-owned land at 2040 N Santa Fe Ave. on the outskirts of Vista, California. The museum is a non-profit 501c(3) organization, run by several paid employees along with volunteer help.
The museum is open a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many specialized methods have been developed for forming unsymmetrical disulfides. Reagents that deliver the equivalent of "" react with thiols to give asymmetrical disulfides:
where is the phthalimido group.
Bunte salts, derivatives of the type are also used to generate unsymmetrical disulfides: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the recent years, fluid inclusion research has been extensively applied to understand the role of fluids in the deep crust and crust-mantle interface. Fluid inclusions trapped within granulite facies rocks have provided important clues on the petrogenesis of dry granulite facies rocks through the influx of CO-rich f... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, and a rash. Severe side effects requiring hospitalization are rare, but include mental health problems such as depression, hallucinations, anxiety and neurological side effects such as poor balance, seizures, and ringing in the ears. Mefloquine is therefore not... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Heck–Matsuda (HM) reaction is an organic reaction and a type of palladium catalysed arylation of olefins that uses arenediazonium salts as an alternative to aryl halides and triflates.
The use of arenediazonium salts presents some advantages over traditional aryl halide electrophiles, for example, the use of phosph... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
At low concentrations of TNP-ATP (≤1 μM), fluorescent intensity is proportional to the concentration of TNP added. However, at concentrations exceeding 1 μM, inner filter effects cause this relationship to no longer be linear. To correct this, researchers must determine the ratio of the predicted theoretical fluorescen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Levich is one of the pioneers in induced-charge electrokinetic field. He calculated the perturbed slip profile around a conducting particle in contact with electrolyte. He also theoretically predicted that vortices induced around this particle once the electric filed is applied. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Iridium-catalyzed transfer-hydrogenative carbonyl allylation method has been applied to the synthesis of polyketide natural products. Some examples are shown below. In every case, the target compound was prepared in significantly fewer steps than was previously achieved. For example, total syntheses of roxaticin, bryos... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1931, Peirce, still president of the Baltimore Copper Smelting & Rolling Co., as well as being President of the Peirce-Smith Converter Company and vice president of the American Smelting & Refining Company, is awarded of the James Douglas medal, for "his numerous improvements in devices for smelting, refining, and r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons requires organization of the nodes of Ranvier, whereas voltage-gated sodium channels are highly populated. Studies show that αII-Spectrin, a component of the cytoskeleton is enriched at the nodes and paranodes at early stages and as the nodes mature, the expression of this mole... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Optimal eastern meadow vole habitat consists of moist, dense grassland with substantial amounts of plant litter. Habitat selection is largely influenced by relative ground cover of grasses and forbs; soil temperature, moisture, sodium, potassium, and pH levels; humidity; and interspecific competition. Eastern meadow vo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly moved into its new building, designed to preserve as much of the original shoreline and vegetation as possible, on the north shore of the lake in 1993. By then, all recreational use of the lake itself had ended. Many residents were too leery of leeches, which thrived in th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Scandium has the smallest atomic and ionic (3+) radii (1.62 and 0.885 Å, respectively) among the rare-earth elements. It forms several icosahedron-based borides which are not found for other rare-earth elements; however, most of them are ternary Sc-B-C compounds. There are many boron-rich phases in the boron-rich corne... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Damage repair is the conversion of a damaged metabolite back to its original state via one or more enzymatic reactions; the concept is similar to DNA repair and protein repair. For example, the promiscuous activity of malate dehydrogenase causes reduction of alpha-ketoglutarate to L-2-hydroxyglutarate. This compound is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemical decomposition, or chemical breakdown, is the process or effect of simplifying a single chemical entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments. Chemical decomposition is usually regarded and defined as the exact opposite of chemical synthesis. In short, the chemical reaction i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In another setting, the chambers are connected side by side horizontally (Zigmond chamber) or as concentric rings on a slide (Dunn chamber) Concentration gradient develops on a narrow connecting bridge between the chambers and the number of migrating cells is also counted on the surface of the bridge by light microscop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aflatoxin total synthesis concerns the total synthesis of a group of organic compounds called aflatoxins. These compounds occur naturally in several fungi. As with other chemical compound targets in organic chemistry, the organic synthesis of aflatoxins serves various purposes. Traditionally it served to prove the stru... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Various classification schemes can be applied. A commonly used scheme is based on the number of carbons and was devised by Jeffrey Harborne and Simmonds in 1964 and published in 1980:
C-C-C Diarylheptanoids are not included in this Harborne classification.
They can also be classified on the basis of their number of ph... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dynamic kinetic resolution has also been applied to the total synthesis of a variety of natural products. After Bäckvall's discoveries in 2007, he employed another enzyme-metal coupled reaction to synthesize the natural product (R)-Bufuralol.
The key step that the literature points out utilizes DKR to convert the chlo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a weak electrolyte. It is partially ionized when in aqueous solution, therefore there exists an equilibrium between un-ionized molecules and constituent ions in an aqueous medium as follows:
:HS H + HS
By applying the law of mass action, we have
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong elect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cobalt oleate can be synthesized by heating a solution of sodium oleate and cobalt(II) chloride to 70 °C. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Homeostatic control can change the PCO2| and hence the pH of the arterial plasma within a few seconds. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood is monitored by the central chemoreceptors of the medulla oblongata. These chemoreceptors are sensitive to the levels of carbon dioxide and pH in the cerebr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The resonance structures below show the 1,3-dipole contribution, in which the two carbon atoms adjacent to the nitrogen have a negative or positive charge. The most common representation of azomethine ylides is that in which the nitrogen is positively charged, and the negative charge is shared between the two carbon at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vinyl and aryl Grignard reagents couple with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a catalytic amount of a copper(I) halide salt. The use of LiCuCl rather than simple copper(I) halide salts (CuX) improves yields of these coupling reactions.
The addition of Grignard reagents to alkynes is facilitated by a catalytic a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, biomonitoring is the measurement of the body burden of toxic chemical compounds, elements, or their metabolites, in biological substances. Often, these measurements are done in blood and urine. Biomonitoring is performed in both environmental health, and in occupational safety and health as a ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
LiHMDS is commercially available, but it can also be prepared by the deprotonation of bis(trimethylsilyl)amine with n-butyllithium. This reaction can be performed in situ.
Once formed, the compound can be purified by sublimation or distillation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Discovered by Tillett and Francis in 1930, it was initially thought that CRP might be a pathogenic secretion since it was elevated in a variety of illnesses, including cancer. The later discovery of hepatic synthesis (made in the liver) demonstrated that it is a native protein. Initially, CRP was measured using the que... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The sweetening properties of Synsepalum dulcificum berries were first noted by des Marchais during expeditions to West Africa in the 18th century. The term miraculin derived from experiments to isolate and purify the active glycoprotein that gave the berries their sweetening effects, results that were published simulta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to a reduction in the rate of protein synthesis, it appears that some species of hypoxia-tolerant fish conserve energy by employing Hochachka's ion channel arrest hypothesis. This hypothesis makes two predictions:
# Hypoxia-tolerant animals naturally have low membrane permeabilities
# Membrane permeability... | 9 | Geochemistry |
P-substituted heavier group 14 analogues (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) of diaminocarbenes are less established. It has been suggested this is due to a high energetic barrier associated with achieving a planar configuration at phosphorus, which would enable p(π)-p(π) overlap between the P lone pair and the empty p orbital of the gro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When writing a Clar structure, the following rules must be satisfied:
#each vertex of the molecular graph representing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon either belongs to a double bond or a circle;
# such double bonds and circles never join;
# there are no rings with three double bonds, since they are always represe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another useful imaging mode is differential interference contrast (DIC), which is usually obtained with a system designed by the Polish physicist Georges Nomarski. This system gives the best detail. DIC converts minor height differences on the plane-of-polish, invisible in BF, into visible detail. The detail in some ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Utilitarian objects; objects of personal adornment
#Casas Grandes, Chihuahua
#Chalchihuites, Zacatecas
#Hervideros, Durango
#La Quemada, Zacatecas
#Navocoyán, Durango
#Chihuahua, Chihuahua
#Schroeder site, Durango
#Venis Meicis, San Luis Potosí
#Zape, Durango
#Babicora, Chihuahua
#Rancho San Miguiel, Chihuahua
#Santa M... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Biological activities of metal ion-binding compounds can be changed in response to the increment of the metal concentration, and based on the latter compounds can be classified as "metal ionophores", "metal chelators" or "metal shuttles". If the biological effect is augmented by increasing the metal concentration, it i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, Nef synthesis is the addition of sodium acetylides to aldehydes and ketones to yield propargyl alcohols. It is named for John Ulric Nef, who discovered the reaction in 1899.
This process is often erroneously referred to as the Nef reaction, which is an unrelated chemical transformation discovered ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Jean Lynch-Stieglitz is a paleoceanographer known for her research on reconstructing changes in ocean circulation over the last 100,000 years. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Electrode potential appears at the interface between an electrode and electrolyte due to the transfer of charged species across the interface, specific adsorption of ions at the interface, and specific adsorption/orientation of polar molecules, including those of the solvent.
In an electrochemical cell, the cathode and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When light leaves one material and enters another it bends, or refracts. The refractive index of a material is a measure of how much light bends when it enters. Differential refractometers contain a flow cell with two parts: one for the sample and one for the reference solvent. The detector measures the refractive i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sirtuin-activating compounds (STAC) are chemical compounds having an effect on sirtuins, a group of enzymes that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteins. They are caloric restriction mimetic compounds that may be helpful in treating various aging-related diseases. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Defined by a cycle of transfers into and out of a system, a cyclic process is described by the quantities transferred in the several stages of the cycle. The descriptions of the staged states of the system may be of little or even no interest. A cycle is a sequence of a small number of thermodynamic processes that ind... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several efficient techniques are available to detect the presence of distonic ions; the most appropriate method will depend on the ions internal energy and lifespan. Collisions between ions and uncharged molecules allow one to detect the location of the radical and charge site in order to confirm that the ion is not ju... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Microdialysis is a minimally-invasive sampling technique that is used for continuous measurement of free, unbound analyte concentrations in the extracellular fluid of virtually any tissue. Analytes may include endogenous molecules (e.g. neurotransmitter, hormones, glucose, etc.) to assess their biochemical functions in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first models which tried to explain the clustering of genes were, of course, focused on operons because they were discovered before eukaryote gene clusters were. In 1999 Lawrence proposed a model for the origin operons. This selfish operon model suggests that individual genes were grouped together by vertical en ho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Masahiro Ishiura, Takao Kondo, Susan S. Golden, Carl H. Johnson, and their colleagues discovered the gene cluster in 1998 and named the gene cluster kaiABC, as "kai" means “cycle” in Japanese. They generated 19 different clock mutants that were mapped to kaiA, kaiB, and kaiC genes, and successfully cloned the gene clus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A bioeffector is a viable microorganism or active natural compound which directly or indirectly affects plant performance (biofertilizer), and thus has the potential to reduce fertilizer and pesticide use in crop production. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solar cells share some of the same processing and manufacturing techniques as other semiconductor devices. However, the strict requirements for cleanliness and quality control of semiconductor fabrication are more relaxed for solar cells, lowering costs.
Polycrystalline silicon wafers are made by wire-sawing block-cast... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Journal of Photochemistry was established in 1972 under founding editor-in-chief Richard P. Wayne. Originally published quarterly, by 1987 frequency had increased to monthly.
In 1986, the 38th Council of the American Society for Photobiology (ASP) established a committee to investigate the proposal that the Europea... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A finery forge is a forge used to produce wrought iron from pig iron by decarburization in a process called "fining" which involved liquifying cast iron in a fining hearth and removing carbon from the molten cast iron through oxidation. Finery forges were used as early as the 3rd century BC in China. The finery forge p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The sialic acid family includes many derivatives of the nine-carbon sugar neuraminic acid, but these acids rarely appear free in nature. Normally they can be found as components of oligosaccharide chains of mucins, glycoproteins and glycolipids occupying terminal, nonreducing positions of complex carbohydrates on both ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the detection sub-process location and property vectors are recorded to allow particle localization for ejection and material classification for discrimination purposes. All detection technologies applied have in common to be cheap, contactless and fast. The technologies are subdivided in transmitting and reflecting... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Biophotons may be detected with photomultipliers or by means of an ultra low noise CCD camera to produce an image, using an exposure time of typically 15 minutes for plant materials. Photomultiplier tubes have been used to measure biophoton emissions from fish eggs, and some applications have measured biophotons from a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Geometric dynamic recrystallization occurs in grains with local serrations. Upon deformation, grains undergoing GDRX elongate until the thickness of the grain falls below a threshold (below which the serration boundaries intersect and small grains pinch off into equiaxed grains). The serrations may predate stresses bei... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For liquid solutions, the osmotic coefficient is often used to calculate the salt activity coefficient from the solvent activity, or vice versa. For example, freezing point depression measurements, or measurements of deviations from ideality for other colligative properties, allows calculation of the salt activity coef... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The compatibility of two different metals may be predicted by consideration of their anodic index. This parameter is a measure of the electrochemical voltage that will be developed between the metal and gold. To find the relative voltage of a pair of metals it is only required to subtract their anodic indices.
To reduc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the hard sphere model, the particles are described as impenetrable spheres with radius ; thus, their center-to-center distance and they experience no interaction beyond this distance. Their interaction potential can be written as:
This model has an analytical solution in the Percus–Yevick approximation. Although hi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
DNA concentration and purification has been achieved directly from tar sands samples resuspended in buffer using the SCODA technique. DNA sequencing was subsequently performed and tentatively over 200 distinct bacterial genomes have been identified. SCODA has also been used for purification of DNA from many other envir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lithium has a diffuse series with diffuse lines averaged around 6103.53, 4603.0, 4132.3, 3915.0 and 3794.7 Å. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is considered to be the simplest and earliest method to detect SNPs. SNP-RFLP makes use of the many different restriction endonucleases and their high affinity to unique and specific restriction sites. By performing a digestion on a genomic sample and determining fragmen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One route to thioesters involves the reaction of an acid chloride with an alkali metal salt of a thiol:
Another common route entails the displacement of halides by the alkali metal salt of a thiocarboxylic acid. For example, thioacetate esters are commonly prepared by alkylation of potassium thioacetate:
The analogous ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In genetics, an isochore is a large region of genomic DNA (greater than 300 kilobases) with a high degree of uniformity in GC content; that is, guanine (G) and cytosine (C) bases. The distribution of bases within a genome is non-random: different regions of the genome have different amounts of G-C base pairs, such that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the major goals of chemistry is the study of material transformations where chemical kinetics plays an important role. Scientists during the 19th century stated macroscopic chemical processes consist of many elementary chemical reactions that are themselves simply a series of encounters between atomic or molecul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In animal communication, an alarm signal is an antipredator adaptation in the form of signals emitted by social animals in response to danger. Many primates and birds have elaborate alarm calls for warning conspecifics of approaching predators. For example, the alarm call of the blackbird is a familiar sound in many ga... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, axial chirality is a special case of chirality in which a molecule contains two pairs of chemical groups in a non-planar arrangement about an axis of chirality so that the molecule is not superposable on its mirror image. The axis of chirality (or chiral axis) is usually determined by a chemical bond that... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In electrochemistry, protein film voltammetry (or protein film electrochemistry, or direct electrochemistry of proteins) is a technique for examining the behavior of proteins immobilized (either adsorbed or covalently attached) on an electrode. The technique is applicable to proteins and enzymes that engage in electron... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Energy expenditure is mainly a sum of internal heat produced and external work. The internal heat produced is, in turn, mainly a sum of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the thermic effect of food. External work may be estimated by measuring the physical activity level (PAL). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Caustic embrittlement is the phenomenon in which the material of a boiler becomes brittle due to the accumulation of caustic substances. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Temperature plays a major role in the conversion of biomass to bio-oil. The temperature of the reaction determines the depolymerization of the biomass to bio-oil, as well as the repolymerization into char. While the ideal reaction temperature is dependent on the feedstock used, temperatures above ideal lead to an incre... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For superconductors the bosons involved are the so-called Cooper pairs which are quasiparticles formed by two electrons. Hence m = 2m and q = −2e where m and e are the mass of an electron and the elementary charge. It follows from Eq. () that
Integrating Eq. () over a closed loop gives
As in the case of helium we defin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Agricola, Georgius, 1556, Translation Hoover, Herbert, 1912, De re metallica, [http://farlang.com/books/agricola-hoover-de-re-metallica Farlang, full streaming version + scientific introduction]
*Craddock, P. T., 1989. Metalworking Techniques. In: Youngs, S. (ed), Work of Angels: Masterpieces of Celtic Metalwork, 6th-... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As part of the Synthetic Yeast 2.0 project, various research groups around the world have participated in a project to synthesise synthetic yeast genomes, and through this process, optimise the genome of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Yeast 2.0 project applied various DNA assembly methods that have be... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Generally, oral CoQ supplementation is well tolerated. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, appetite suppression, and abdominal pain), rashes, and headaches. Some adverse effects, largely gastrointestinal, are reported with intakes. Doses of 100-300 mg per day may induce insomni... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For the C. finmarchicus species specifically, the start of reproduction is linked to the start of the spring bloom. Thus, changes in the timing of the spring bloom would directly influence the reproductive capabilities of C. finmarchicus and alter the food chain from the bottom-up. However, the food chain could also be... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is a gene-editing technology that can introduce double-strand breaks (DSBs) at a target genomic locus. By using a single guide RNA (sgRNA), the endonuclease Cas9 can be delivered to a specific DNA sequence where it cleaves the nucleotide ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When current varies, as it does in AC circuits,
where t is time and P is the instantaneous active power being converted from electrical energy to heat. Far more often, the average power is of more interest than the instantaneous power:
where "avg" denotes average (mean) over one or more cycles, and "rms" denotes root m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sigma-2 receptors have been associated with pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. Tumor cells are shown to over-express sigma-2 receptors, allowing for potential cancer therapies as many sigma-2 receptor mediated cell responses happen only in tumor cells. Tumor ce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Emerin is a 29.0 kDa (34 kDa observed MW) protein composed of 254 amino acids. Emerin is a serine-rich protein with an N-terminal 20-amino acid hydrophobic region that is flanked by charged residues; the hydrophobic region may be important for anchoring the protein to the membrane, with the charged terminal tails being... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, tolyl groups are functional groups related to toluene. They have the general formula , the change of the relative position of the methyl and the R substituent on the aromatic ring can generate three possible structural isomers 1,2 (ortho), 1,3 (meta), and 1,4 (para). Tolyl groups are aryl groups ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
1,3-diaxial strain is another form of strain similar to syn-pentane. In this case, the strain occurs due to steric interactions between a substituent of a cyclohexane ring (α) and gauche interactions between the alpha substituent and both methylene carbons two bonds away from the substituent in question (hence, 1,3-di... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Many template reactions are only stoichiometric, and the decomplexation of the "templating ion" can be difficult. The alkali metal-templated syntheses of crown ether syntheses are notable exceptions. Metal Phthalocyanines are generated by metal-templated condensations of phthalonitriles, but the liberation of metal-fre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1932, it was reported that dinitrogen gas was generated via an unknown mechanism during fermentation in the sediments of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, USA. In 1965, F. A. Richards noticed that most of the ammonium that should be produced during the anaerobic remineralization of organic matter was unaccounted for. As ther... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1709, at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, England, Abraham Darby began to fuel a blast furnace with coke instead of charcoal. Cokes initial advantage was its lower cost, mainly because making coke required much less labor than cutting trees and making charcoal, but using coke also overcame localized shortages of wood, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As RNA integrity has long been known to be a problem in molecular biology studies, there are a few methods that have been used historically to determine the integrity of RNA. The most popular has long been agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining, allowing one to visualize the bands from the rRNA peak... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sum frequency generation spectroscopy uses two laser beams mixed at an interface to generate an output beam with a frequency equal to the sum of the two input frequencies. Sum frequency generation spectroscopy is used to analyze surfaces and interfaces, carrying complementary information to infrared and Raman spectros... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rhee and Pugh introduce ChIP-exo by performing analyses on a small collection of transcription factors: Reb1, Gal4, Phd1, Rap1 in yeast and CTCF in human. Reb1 sites were often found in clusters and these clusters had ~10-fold higher occupancy than expected. Secondary sites in clusters were found ~40 bp from a primary ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The structure of eukaryotic genes includes features not found in prokaryotes. Most of these relate to post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNAs to produce mature mRNA ready for translation into protein. Eukaryotic genes typically have more regulatory elements to control gene expression compared to prokaryotes. Thi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salbutamol has been studied in subtypes of congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with mutations in Dok-7.
It has also been tested in a trial aimed at treatment of spinal muscular atrophy; it is speculated to modulate the alternative splicing of the SMN2 gene, increasing the amount of the SMN protein, the deficiency... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Chemical Weapons Act 1996 was passed in the UK during the time of a Conservative government under John Major. It was adopted on the 03/04/1996 and came into force in 16/09/1996. This act was made so that the UK could be compliant with the 1993 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpilin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dissolved organic matter is a heterogeneous pool of thousands, likely millions, of organic compounds. These compounds differ not only in composition and concentration (from pM to μM), but also originate from various organisms (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacteria) and environments (terrestrial vegetation and soils,... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Values of Henrys law constants for aqueous solutions depend on the composition of the solution, i.e., on its ionic strength and on dissolved organics. In general, the solubility of a gas decreases with increasing salinity ("salting out"). However, a "salting in" effect has also been observed, for example for the effect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who, in 1650, built and designed the worlds first vacuum pump and demonstrated a vacuum using his Magdeburg hemispheres. Guericke was driven to make a vacuum in order to disprove Aristotles long-held supposition that nature... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Process analysis initially involved sampling the variety of process streams or webs and transporting samples to quality control or central analytical service laboratories. Time delays for analytical results due to sample transport and analytical preparation steps negated the value of many chemical analyses for purposes... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
dPCR rose out of an approach first published in 1988 by Cetus Corporation when researchers showed that a single copy of the β-globin gene could be detected and amplified by PCR. This was achieved by diluting DNA samples from a normal human cell line with DNA from a mutant line having a homozygous deletion of the β-glob... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like methane itself, halomethanes are tetrahedral molecules. The halogen atoms differ greatly in size and charge from hydrogen and from each other. Consequently, most halomethanes deviate from the perfect tetrahedral symmetry of methane.
The physical properties of halomethanes depend on the number and identity of the h... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The northern blot is used to study the presence of specific RNA molecules as relative comparison among a set of different samples of RNA. It is essentially a combination of denaturing RNA gel electrophoresis, and a blot. In this process RNA is separated based on size and is then transferred to a membrane that is then p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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