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Spongin, a modified type of collagen protein, forms the fibrous skeleton of most organisms among the phylum Porifera, the sponges. It is secreted by sponge cells known as spongocytes.
Spongin gives a sponge its flexibility. True spongin is found only in members of the class Demospongiae. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Small redox proteins such as cytochromes and ferredoxins can be investigated on condition that their electroactive coverage (the amount of protein undergoing direct electron transfer) is large enough (in practice, greater than a fraction of pmol/cm).
Electrochemical data obtained with small proteins can be used to meas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermal depolymerization process used to convert wet biomass, and other macromolecules, into crude-like oil under moderate temperature and high pressure. The crude-like oil has high energy density with a lower heating value of 33.8-36.9 MJ/kg and 5-20 wt% oxygen and renewable chemic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While iron oxide used to make nanoparticles is biodegradable, the toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles is still under investigation. Some research has found no signs of damage to cells, while others claim that small (< 2 nm) nanoparticles can diffuse across cell membranes and disrupt organelles.
In addition, very high co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bacteria biooxidation is an oxidation process caused by microbes where the valuable metal remains (but becomes enriched) in the solid phase. In this process, the metal remains in the solid phase and the liquid can be discarded.
Bacterial oxidation is a biohydrometallurgical process developed for pre-cyanidation treatm... | 9 | Geochemistry |
# Accessibility: Run over 200 regularly updated analysis and visualization tools (that support data preprocessing, gene expression analysis, proteomics, Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, flow cytometry, and next-generation sequencing) and create analytic workflows without any programming through a point an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gamma rays detected in a spectroscopic system produce peaks in the spectrum. These peaks can also be called lines by analogy to optical spectroscopy. The width of the peaks is determined by the resolution of the detector, a very important characteristic of gamma spectroscopic detectors, and high resolution enables the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to RNA, proteins can undergo splicing. Although the biomolecular mechanisms are different, the principle is the same: parts of the protein, called inteins instead of introns, are removed. The remaining parts, called exteins instead of exons, are fused together.
Protein splicing has been observed in a wide r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FRET efficiency can also be determined from the change in the fluorescence lifetime of the donor. The lifetime of the donor will decrease in the presence of the acceptor. Lifetime measurements of the FRET-donor are used in fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some animals, including birds, reptiles, and insects such as bees, can see near-ultraviolet wavelengths. Many fruits, flowers, and seeds stand out more strongly from the background in ultraviolet wavelengths as compared to human color vision. Scorpions glow or take on a yellow to green color under UV illumination, thus... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Japan was the first country that allowed the use of sucrose esters as food additives. The Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare approved sucrose esters in 1959. Then, in 1969, FAO/WHO approved the use of sucrose esters.
Sucrose esters were approved and registered by European Food Safety Authority or EFSA under the E ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Studies on evaluating antioxidant capacity can use electrochemical methods.
Detection can be made by recombinant luminescent bacterial sensors. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Trimethyl orthoformate is a useful building block for creating methoxymethylene groups and heterocyclic ring systems. It introduces a formyl group to a nucleophilic substrate, e.g. RNH to form R-NH-CHO, which can undergo further reactions. It is used in the production of the fungicides, azoxystrobin, and picoxystrobin,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* National Museum of Australia
* Australian Museum
* National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
* Art Gallery of New South Wales
* South Australian Museum
* State Herbarium of South Australia
* Art Gallery of South Australia
* State Library of South Australia (literary collections)
* Tasmanian Museum a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces. It includes the fields of surface chemistry and surface physics. Some related practical applications are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes (see below) that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast (more specifically, a prasinophyte). Lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that's not from the rhodoplast lineage. The chloropl... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis in organic chemistry is an important third Taxol synthesis published by the group of Samuel Danishefsky in 1996 two years after the first two efforts described in the Holton Taxol total synthesis and the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis. Combined they provide a good insight in the ap... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Striations or string-like structures, also known as Birkeland currents, are seen in many plasmas, like the plasma ball, the aurora, lightning, electric arcs, solar flares, and supernova remnants. They are sometimes associated with larger current densities, and the interaction with the magnetic field can form a magnetic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acid rain can damage buildings, historic monuments, and statues, especially those made of rocks, such as limestone and marble, that contain large amounts of calcium carbonate. Acids in the rain react with the calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum, which then flakes off.
:CaCO (s) + HSO (aq) CaSO (s) + CO (g... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Ridaforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669), or deforolimus, is another rapamycin analogue that is not a prodrug for sirolimus. Like temsirolimus it can be administered intravenously, and oral formulation is being estimated for treatment of sarcoma. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The emerging understanding of the role of eNSCs in the adult mammalian brain suggested the relevance of these cells to disease. To address this issue, experiments were performed where the activation of eNSCs was induced in models of disease. This allowed the study of the consequences of activating eNSCs in the diseased... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A diketopiperazine (DKP), also known as a dioxopiperazine or piperazinedione, is a class of organic compounds related to piperazine but containing two amide linkages. DKP's are the smallest known class of cyclic peptide. Despite their name, they are not ketones, but amides. Three regioisomers are possible, differing in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
mA is not only found on mRNAs, various non-coding RNAs also contain this mark. For instance, XIST, the lncRNA that initiates X-inactivation, is enriched in mA. These mA are recognized and bound by the YTH domain protein YTHDC1. XIST mediated silencing of the X chromosome is negatively affected when XIST is not modified... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first named alkyl radical was ethyl, named so by Liebig in 1833 from the German word "Äther" (which in turn had been derived from the Greek word "aither" meaning "air", for the substance now known as diethyl ether) and the Greek word ύλη (hyle), meaning "matter". This was followed by methyl (Dumas and Peligot in 18... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The adsorption of water at surfaces is of broad importance in chemical engineering, materials science and catalysis. Also termed surface hydration, the presence of physically or chemically adsorbed water at the surfaces of solids plays an important role in governing interface properties, chemical reaction pathways and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The ability of geckos – which can hang on a glass surface using only one toe – to climb on sheer surfaces has been for many years mainly attributed to the van der Waals forces between these surfaces and the spatulae, or microscopic projections, which cover the hair-like setae found on their footpads.
There were effort... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Robert and John Garton made a commercial start as R. & J. Garton. They launched their first variety, Abundance oat, in 1892.
Generous publicity followed in the press, together with the publication of articles by botanists in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and in the Transactions of the Royal ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nitrogenous compounds have a variety of sources including washout of oxides of nitrogen from the atmosphere, some geological inputs and some from macrophyte and algal nitrogen fixation. However, for many rivers in the proximity of humans, the largest input is from sewage whether treated or untreated. The nitrogen deriv... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In this part of the experiment, Tamm et al. transfected 293 cells with survivin and lysed them to obtain cell lysate. The lysates were incubated with different caspase forms and survivin was immunopercipitated with anti-survivin antibody. The idea behind this is that, if survivin binds physically with the caspase it is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
BEDT-TTF is the short form of bisethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene commonly abbreviated with ET. These molecules form planes which are separated by anions. The pattern of the molecules in the planes is not unique but there are several different phases growing, depending on the anion and the growth conditions. Important... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Highly charged ions interact strongly with water, breaking hydrogen bonds and inducing electrostatic structuring of nearby water, and are thus called "structure-makers" or "kosmotropes". Conversely, weak ions can disrupt the structure of water, and are thus called "structure-breakers" or
"chaotropes". The order ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Since the technique involves the use of SDS-PAGE which utilizes the effect that sodium-dodecyl sulfate has on proteins which is to denature them, there is the possibility of dissociating protein factors that possess multiple subunits through the process. This could end up affecting how well the protein factor binds t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many alkyl amines are produced industrially by the amination of alcohols using ammonia in the presence of solid acid catalysts. Illustrative is the production of tert-butylamine:
:NH + CH=C(CH) → HNC(CH)
The Ritter reaction of isobutene with hydrogen cyanide is not useful in this case because it produces too much... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state. The verb form of sublimation is sublime, or less preferably, sublimate. Sublimate also refers to the product obtained by sublimation. The point at which sublimation occurs rapidly (for furthe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Researchers have investigated the role of surface plasmon resonances present on gold nanorods in the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. They found that with an increase nanorod concentration, the light absorption grew linearly; however, charge extraction was also dependent on the concentration. With an optimize... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The cladiellin family of marine natural products possesses interesting molecular architecture, generally containing a 9-membered medium-sized ring. The synthesis of (−)-cladiella-6,11-dien-3-ol allowed access to a variety of other members of the cladiellin family. Notably, the conversion to cladiell-11-ene-3,6,7-trio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Berry mechanism, or Berry pseudorotation mechanism, is a type of vibration causing molecules of certain geometries to isomerize by exchanging the two axial ligands (see Figure at right) for two of the equatorial ones. It is the most widely accepted mechanism for pseudorotation and most commonly occurs in trigonal b... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Consider a variable to be some function , that is . If increases from to then the change in the value of will be given by . The proportional change, however, is given by:
The rate of proportional change at the point is given by the above expression divided by the step change in the value, namely :
Rate of propor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RNA polymerase III appears to be essential for homologous recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. RNA polymerase III catalyzes the formation of a transient RNA-DNA hybrid at double strand breaks, an essential intermediate step in homologous recombination mediated double-strand break repair. This step protec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Positive material identification (PMI) is the analysis of a material, this can be any material but is generally used for the analysis of metallic alloy to establish composition by reading the quantities by percentage of its constituent elements. Typical methods for PMI include X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical emis... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
E. coli has seven main sigma factors, five of which have a specific anti-sigma factor. The anti-sigma factor binding to its sigma factors depends upon environmental cues. This mechanism blocks the transcription of genes that are unnecessary in new conditions. The table below shows five sigma factors, what process it af... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The skeletal muscle accounts for more than 80 percent of the postprandial whole body glucose uptake and therefore plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Skeletal muscle lipid levels – intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) – correlate negatively with insulin sensitivity in a sedentary population and hence were conside... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Archaeometallurgical experimentation typically takes place in controlled laboratories or tries to remain as authentic as possible by being conducted using only the materials and facilities that were available to the subjects whose technology is trying to be reconstructed. Regardless of location though, the experimentat... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Corrosion inhibitors, such as gas-phase or volatile inhibitors, can be used to prevent corrosion inside sealed systems. They are not effective when air circulation disperses them, and brings in fresh oxygen and moisture. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Due to the energy range typically used in ion scattering experiments (> 500 eV), effects of thermal vibrations, phonon oscillations, and interatomic binding are ignored since they are far below this range (~a few eV), and the interaction of particle and surface may be thought of as a classical two-body elastic collisio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A genomic library is a collection of overlapping DNA fragments that together make up the total genomic DNA of a single organism. The DNA is stored in a population of identical vectors, each containing a different insert of DNA. In order to construct a genomic library, the organism's DNA is extracted from cells and then... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The p-toluene-sulfinyl imines have been used for the highly diastereoselective asymmetric synthesis of α-amino acids, β-amino acids, syn- and anti-2,3-diamino esters, α-amino aldehydes and ketones, β-amino ketones, α-amino phosphonates, aziridine 2-carboxylates, and aziridine 2-phosphonates. Many of these same transfor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When a plant or animal dies or an animal expels waste, the initial form of nitrogen is organic. Bacteria or fungi convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium (), a process called ammonification or mineralization. Enzymes involved are:
* GS: Gln Synthetase (cytosolic & plastic)
* GOGAT: Glu 2-oxog... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoexcitation is the mechanism of electron excitation by photon absorption, when the energy of the photon is too low to cause photoionization. The absorption of the photon takes place in accordance with Planck's quantum theory.
Photoexcitation plays role in photoisomerization. Photoexcitation is exploited in dye-sens... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thaumasite is a calcium silicate mineral, containing Si atoms in unusual octahedral configuration, with chemical formula CaSi(OH)(CO)(SO)·12HO, also sometimes more simply written as CaSiO·CaCO·CaSO·15HO.
Thaumasite is formed under special conditions in the presence of sulfate ions in concrete containing, or exposed to,... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The early work performed by Katz and Schmitt demonstrated that ephaptic coupling between the two adjacent nerves was insufficient to stimulate an action potential in the resting nerve. Under ideal conditions the maximum depolarization observed was approximately 20% of the threshold stimulus. However, conditions can be ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because it contains free iodine, Lugol's solution at 2% or 5% concentration without dilution is irritating and destructive to mucosa, such as the lining of the esophagus and stomach. Doses of 10 mL of undiluted 5% solution have been reported to cause gastric lesions when used in endoscopy. The LD50 for 5% Iodine is 14,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
2-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene and ethyl-2-butynoate undergo a Diels-Alder reaction to generate a precursor which is hydrolyzed to obtain Hagemanns ester. By varying the substituents on the butynoate starting material, this approach allows for different C2 alkylated Hagemanns ester derivatives to be synthesized. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc. According to the ATSDR Toxicological Profile for benzene, between 1978 and 1981, catalytic reformates accounted for approximately 44–50% of the total U... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The KhAB-250 is the provisional naming of an aerial bomb developed by the Soviet Air Force to deliver the chemical weapon sarin.
The KhAB-250 operational weight has been reported as and . 24 could be carried by the Tupolev Tu-22.
The bomb uses a burst charge to detonate on impact with the ground. It contains a payload... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In any study, some of the protein domains, those under investigation, will be varied according to the goals of the study whereas other domains, those that are not themselves being investigated, will be kept constant. For example, in a two-hybrid study to select DNA-binding domains, the DNA-binding domain, BD, will be v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy with the ability to operate at a high fraction of its melting point. Key characteristics of a superalloy include mechanical strength, thermal creep deformation resistance, surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance.
The crystal structure is typically f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Capillary action (sometimes called capillarity, capillary motion, capillary rise, capillary effect, or wicking) is the process of a liquid flowing in a narrow space in opposition to or at least without the assistance of any external forces like gravity.
The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lasers have been used to indirectly generate non-coherent extreme UV (E‑UV) radiation at 13.5 nm for extreme ultraviolet lithography. The E‑UV is not emitted by the laser, but rather by electron transitions in an extremely hot tin or xenon plasma, which is excited by an excimer laser. This technique does not require a ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Gene therapy uses genetically modified viruses to deliver genes which can cure disease in humans. Although gene therapy is still relatively new, it has had some successes. It has been used to treat genetic disorders such as severe combined immunodeficiency, and Lebers congenital amaurosis. Treatments are also being dev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hypolimnetic oxygen depletion can lead to both summer and winter "kills". During summer stratification, inputs or organic matter and sedimentation of primary producers can increase rates of respiration in the hypolimnion. If oxygen depletion becomes extreme, aerobic organisms, like fish, may die, resulting in what is k... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The 5 melanocortin receptors are seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors with differing ligand affinities, tissue and cell type expression, and downstream functions (Figure 2). MC1R is expressed on melanocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes and numerous other immune ce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Across from each single strand of DNA, we typically see adenine pair with thymine, and cytosine pair with guanine to form a parallel complementary strand as described below. Two nucleotide sequences which correspond to each other in this manner are referred to as complementary:
A frayed end refers to a region of a dou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FAM227B is located at 15q21.2 and contains 24 exons. The current size determined for FAM227B is 293,961 base pairs (NCBI). Neighbors of FAM227B on chromosome fifteen include: “ribosomal protein L15 pseudogene”, “galactokinase 2”, “RNA, 7SL, cytoplasmic 307, pseudogene”, “signal peptide peptidase like 2A pseudogene”, “f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The structure of a gel network can be conceptualised as a random graph. This analogy is exploited to calculate the gel point and gel fraction for monomer precursors with arbitrary types of functional groups. Random graphs can be used to derive analytical expressions for simple polymerisation mechanisms, such as step-gr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Compared with single-phase heat transfer, heat transfer with a phase change is an effective way of heat transfer. It generally has high value of heat transfer coefficient due to the large value of latent heat of phase change followed by induced mixing of the flow. Boiling and condensation heat transfers are concerned w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aqueous solutions of transition metals cations react with sulfide sources (HS, NaHS, NaS) to precipitate solid sulfides. Such inorganic sulfides typically have very low solubility in water, and many are related to minerals with the same composition (see below). One famous example is the bright yellow species CdS or "... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vanadium is present in petroleum, especially from Canada, western United States, Venezuela and the Caribbean region, often bound to porphyrine in organometallic complexes. These complexes get concentrated on the higher-boiling fractions, which are then form the base of heavy residual fuel oils. Residues of sodium, prim... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A biofilm is a community of microorganisms adsorbed to a surface. Microorganisms in biofilms are enclosed in a polymeric matrix consisting of exopolysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins. Seconds after a surface (usually metal) is placed in a solution, inorganic and organic molecules adsorb onto the surface. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbon tetrachloride was discovered along with chloromethane and chloroform in oceans, marine algae and volcanoes. The natural emissions of carbon tetrachloride are too little compared to those from anthropogenic sources; for example, the Momotombo Volcano in Nicaragua emits carbon tetrachloride at a flux of 82 grams p... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In this class it is worthwhile to highlight the small non-peptide molecules LM22A-24 and LM11A-31 developed by Longo and Massa. Through the modulation of p75NTR activity, these compounds downregulate degenerative and upregulate trophic signaling. In particular, LM11A-31 was found to inhibit several pathophysiological m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the first step, manganese(II) sulphate (at 48% of the total volume) is added to an environmental water sample. Next, potassium iodide (15% in potassium hydroxide 70%) is added to create a pinkish-brown precipitate. In the alkaline solution, dissolved oxygen will oxidize manganese(II) ions to the tetravalent state.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Betts electrolytic process is an industrial process for purification of lead from bullion. Lead obtained from its ores is impure because lead is a good solvent for many metals. Often these impurities are tolerated, but the Betts electrolytic process is used when high purity lead is required, especially for bismut... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The manufacturing process is similar to that of ordinary coins, except that two blanks (the inner and the outer) are struck at the same time, deforming the separate blanks sufficiently to hold them together. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Surface tension is dependent on temperature. For that reason, when a value is given for the surface tension of an interface, temperature must be explicitly stated. The general trend is that surface tension decreases with the increase of temperature, reaching a value of 0 at the critical temperature. For further details... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Chloroeremomycin is composed of seven amino acids (three non-proteinogenic, and four proteinogenic) and three saccharide units. From N-terminus to C-terminus, the order is: Me--Leu, -Tyr, -Asn, -4-hydroxyphenylglycine (HPG), -HPG, -Tyr, and -3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG). When referring to specific amino acids, thi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chemisorption is a kind of adsorption which involves a chemical reaction between the surface and the adsorbate. New chemical bonds are generated at the adsorbent surface. Examples include macroscopic phenomena that can be very obvious, like corrosion, and subtler effects associated with heterogeneous catalysis, where... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photaki was selected in 1962 by the US Department of Health, Education and Welfare among an international pool of candidates to conduct research by the side of Nobel laureate Vincent du Vigneaud at Cornell University. While in New York, she also delivered a short series of lectures both in Cornell and at the National I... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In humans, fatty acids are formed from carbohydrates predominantly in the liver and adipose tissue, as well as in the mammary glands during lactation. The pyruvate produced by glycolysis is an important intermediary in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and cholesterol. This occurs via the conversion of p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to JAXA, the Ibuki satellite is equipped with a greenhouse gas observation sensor (TANSO-FTS) and a cloud/aerosol sensor (TANSO-CAI) that supplements TANSO-FTS. The greenhouse gas observation sensor of Ibuki observes a wide range of wavelengths (near-infrared region–thermal infrared region) within the infrare... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As early as the 1970s specific property purchasers in the United States undertook studies resembling current Phase I ESAs, to assess risks of ownership of commercial properties which had a high degree of risk from prior toxic chemical use or disposal. Many times these studies were preparatory to understanding the natur... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Transcriptional initiation, termination and regulation are mediated by “DNA looping” which brings together promoters, enhancers, transcription factors and RNA processing factors to accurately regulate gene expression. Chromosome conformation capture (3C) and more recently Hi-C techniques provided evidence that active c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Level 0 modules are the base for MoClo system, where they contain genetic elements like a promoter, a 5' untranslated region (UTR), a coding sequence, and a terminator. For the purpose of Golden Gate Cloning, the internal sequences of level 0 modules should not contain type IIS restriction enzymes sites for BsaI, BpiI,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dmitri Petrovich Konovalov (22 March 1856 – 6 January 1929) was a Russian-Soviet physical chemist who worked on gas-liquid phases of solutions in equilibrium and came up with several rules that were also independently worked on by J. Willard Gibbs and the rules are often called Gibbs-Konovalov rules. They provide the b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The frequency of codons, also known as codon usage bias, can vary from species to species with functional implications for the control of translation. The codon varies by organism; for example, most common proline codon in E. coli is CCG, whereas in humans this is the least used proline codon. | 1 | Biochemistry |
GenGIS merges geographic, ecological and phylogenetic biodiversity data in a single interactive visualization and analysis environment. A key feature of GenGIS is the testing of geographic axes that can correspond to routes of migration or gradients that influence community similarity. Data can also be explored using g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two transport mechanisms are fundamental for nanoelectrochemistry: electron transfer and mass transport. The formulation of theoretical models allows to understand the role of the different species involved in the electrochemical reactions.
The electron transfer between the reactant and the nanoelectrode can be explain... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times; it was regularly mentioned in Russian legends as the material of choice for cold steel. The name булат is a Russian transliteration of the Persian word fulad, meaning steel. This type of steel was used by the armies of nomadic peoples. Bulat steel was ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Crosslinking generally involves covalent bonds that join two polymer chains. The term curing refers to the crosslinking of thermosetting resins, such as unsaturated polyester and epoxy resin, and the term vulcanization is characteristically used for rubbers. When polymer chains are crosslinked, the material becomes mor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Multiferroics are defined as materials that exhibit more than one of the primary ferroic properties in the same phase:
* ferromagnetism – a magnetisation that is switchable by an applied magnetic field
* ferroelectricity – an electric polarisation that is switchable by an applied electric field
* ferroelasticity – a d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hans Max Jahn (4 July 1853 – 7 August 1906) was a German physical chemist who worked on thermochemistry and electrochemistry. As an experimental chemist he identified problems in the contemporary theory of electrolyte conductivity and examined the thermodynamic validity of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation.
Jahn was born in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The secret of bulat manufacturing had been lost by the beginning of the 19th century. It is known that the process involved dipping the finished weapon into a vat containing a special liquid of which spiny restharrow extract was a part (the plants name in Russian, stalnik', reflects its historical role), then holding t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The APE(X)C series included the following machines:
* APE(X)C: Birkbeck College, London, first time operated in May 1952, ready for use at the end of 1953
* APE(N)C: Board of Mathematical Machines, Oslo (N likely stands for Norway), also known as NUSSE
* APE(H)C: British Tabulating Machine Company (It is unclear what H... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In mass spectrometry, liquid junction interface is an ion source or set-up that couples peripheric devices, such as capillary electrophoresis, to mass spectrometry.
See the IUPAC recommendation definition as a means of coupling capillary electrophoresis to mass spectrometry in which a liquid reservoir surrounds the sep... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, (1485–1528), in service of the French crown, (famous for sailing through and thereafter naming the entrance to New York Bay as the "Verrazzano Narrows", including now in the 20th century, a suspension bridge also named for him) sailed past the Chesapeake, but did not en... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
This step is the enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP by phosphoglycerate kinase, forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemical analysis, matrix refers to the components of a sample other than the analyte of interest. The matrix can have a considerable effect on the way the analysis is conducted and the quality of the results are obtained; such effects are called matrix effects. For example, the ionic strength of the solution can ha... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In four dimensions, there are a geometrically chiral finite polytopes. One example is Roli's cube, a skew polytope on the skeleton of the 4-cube. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Wetting is a measure of the thermodynamic compatibility of two surfaces. If the surfaces are well-matched, the surfaces will "desire" to interact with each other, minimizing the surface energy of both phases, and the surfaces will come into close contact. Because the intermolecular attractions strongly correlate with d... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Ring A (12) and ring C (19) reacted together to alcohol 20 in a Shapiro reaction (tBuLi, CeCl) in a similar way as in the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis. Subsequent steps were epoxidation (VO(acac), tBuOH) to 21, reduction (LiAlH) to the diol and alcohol protection (aqueous KOH, BnBr, BuNHSO) to benzyl ether 22, alcoh... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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