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Nitrification in nature is a two-step oxidation process of ammonium () or ammonia () to nitrite () and then to nitrate () catalyzed by two ubiquitous bacterial groups growing together. The first reaction is oxidation of ammonium to nitrite by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) represented by members of Betaproteobacteria... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Similar to ρ values for Hammett plots, the polar sensitivity factor ρ* for Taft plots will describe the susceptibility of a reaction series to polar effects. When the steric effects of substituents do not significantly influence the reaction rate the Taft equation simplifies to a form of the Hammett equation:
The pola... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The movement of terrestrial carbon in the water cycle is shown in the diagram on the right and explained below:
# Atmospheric particles act as cloud condensation nuclei, promoting cloud formation.
#Raindrops absorb organic and inorganic carbon through particle scavenging and adsorption of organic vapors while falling t... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) is a nuclear protein that specifically interacts with the hormone-dependent activation domain AF2 of nuclear receptors. Also known as RIP140, this protein is a key regulator which modulates transcriptional activity of a variety of transcription factors, including the estro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Invalid if other proteins or immunoglobulins compete with TBG, including familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sutula, Chester Louis, Structure, molecular orientation and mechanically induced reorientation of molecules in multimolecular films of long-chain n-hydrocarbon derivatives, 155 (1959) | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
From 1965 — Associate Research Fellow of the Kiev Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, where he received a PhD degree in medical sciences. Since 1971, research activities related to Romain Efimovicha connected with VNIIGINTOKS (now the Institute of ecological hygiene and toxicology behalf L. I. Medved). Over... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Association of Public Analysts (APA) is a UK professional association for public analysts. It was founded in 1954, although an earlier body, the Society of Public Analysts, was founded in 1874, became the Society for Analytical Chemistry, and was one of the bodies which merged to form the Royal Society of Chemistr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
One possible treatment for cancer involves monoclonal antibodies that bind only to cancer-cell-specific antigens and induce an immune response against the target cancer cell. Such mAbs can be modified for delivery of a toxin, radioisotope, cytokine or other active conjugate or to design bispecific antibodies that can b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since a sequence of single-stranded DNA needs to find its complementary strand to reform a double helix, common sequences renature more rapidly than rare sequences. Indeed, the rate at which a sequence will reassociate is proportional to the number of copies of that sequence in the DNA sample. A sample with a highly-re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermogalvanic cells can be used to extract a useful quantity of energy from waste heat sources even when the temperature gradient is less than 100C (sometimes only a few tens of degrees). This is often the case in many industrial areas. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The other case of special importance is when a molecule D dissociates into two atoms upon adsorption. Here, the following assumptions would be held to be valid:
# D completely dissociates to two molecules of D upon adsorption.
# The D atoms adsorb onto distinct sites on the surface of the solid and then move around and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrogen is produced by hydrogenases and nitrogenases enzymes in many microorganisms, some of which are being studied for their potential for biofuel production. These H-metabolizing enzymes are found in all three domains of life, and out of known genomes over 30% of microbial taxa contain hydrogenase genes. Fermentati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Conduction in a gas requires charge carriers, which can be either electrons or ions. Charge carriers come from ionizing some of the gas molecules. In terms of current flow, glow discharge falls between dark discharge and arc discharge.
*In a dark discharge, the gas is ionized (the carriers are generated) by a radiati... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In some compounds the metal-ligand bonds may not all be at the same distance. For example in PbCl, the coordination number of Pb could be said to be seven or nine, depending on which chlorides are assigned as ligands. Seven chloride ligands have Pb-Cl distances of 280–309 pm. Two chloride ligands are more distant, with... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol α. More accurately, degree of dissociation refers to the amount of solute dissociated into ions or radicals per mole. In case of very strong acids and bases, degree of dissociation wi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The molar concentration is defined as the amount of a constituent (in moles) divided by the volume of the mixture :
The SI unit is mol/m. However, more commonly the unit mol/L (= mol/dm) is used. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An example is the auxin mediated derepression of the auxin response factor family of transcription factors in plants. These auxin response factors are repressed by Aux/IAA repressors. In the presence of auxin, these Aux/AII proteins undergo ubiquitination and are then degraded. This derepresses the auxin response facto... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When drained, soils containing Reduced Inorganic Sulfides such as pyrite may become extremely acidic (pH SO):
The product Fe(OH), iron(III) hydroxide (orange), precipitates as a solid, insoluble mineral by which the alkalinity component is immobilized, while the acidity remains active in the sulfuric acid. The process ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There are relatively few published examples of demonstrations or recreation of the experiment. Two physicists in the University of Washington system reported on demonstrations to students and colleagues and produced directions for re-creating the experiment in 1985 as part of an investigation into the role of the exper... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Iron stress repressed RNA (IsrR) is a cis-encoded antisense RNA which regulates the expression of the photosynthetic protein isiA. IsiA expression is activated by the Ferric uptake regulator protein (Fur) under iron stress conditions. IsiA enhances photosynthesis by forming a ring around photosystem I which acts as an ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Born on September 16, 1944, in the village of Novachene, Sofia Province. In 1969 he graduated from Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Geology and Geography, specialty geology-geochemistry. From 1969 to 1975 he worked in the uranium mine "Eleshnitsa" as a deputy director. In 1975 he won a competition fo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the physical sciences, an interface is the boundary between two spatial regions occupied by different matter, or by matter in different physical states. The interface between matter and air, or matter and vacuum, is called a surface, and studied in surface science. In thermal equilibrium, the regions in contact are ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To make this kind of race possible, a considerable number of problems had to be solved beforehand, such as the choice of the track and its preparation, the improvement of monitoring and control devices, in particular the sensitivity of current measurements, the evaporation of a large number of very different molecules ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Iron oxides are reduced in the following sequence:
O → FeO → FeO
Each transition from one oxide to the next is due to two simultaneous high-temperature reduction reactions by carbon monoxide CO or dihydrogen H:
These temperatures differ from those predicted by the Ellingham diagram. In reality, there is ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* 2021, ACS Carothers Award
* 2019, DuPont Company Lavoisier Medal
* 2018, elected to the National Academy of Engineering
* 2018, named Fellow of the SPIE
* 2016, Perkin Medal, from the Society of Chemical Industry
* 2014, ACS Heroes of Chemistry, from the American Chemical Society (one of thirteen scientists from th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tenuifolins are bio-active terpenoids. Tenuifolins inhibit beta-amyloid synthesis in vitro. Tenuifolins have nootropic activity in vivo via acetylcholinesterase inhibition and increased norepinephrine and dopamine production. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ferrotitanium is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and titanium with between 10 and 20% iron and 45–75% titanium and sometimes a small amount of carbon. It is used in steelmaking as a cleansing agent for iron and steel; the titanium is highly reactive with sulfur, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, forming insoluble compounds ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As shown in the diagram, a number of baffles are used throughout to remove possible stray light being reflected off the sides of the beamline tube. The use of only one mirror minimizes the loss of photon flux which is most important in the VUV region where reflectivity is poor relative to the visible wavelength range.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bragg diffraction occurs when radiation of a wavelength comparable to atomic spacings is scattered in a specular fashion (mirror-like reflection) by planes of atoms in a crystalline material, and undergoes constructive interference. When the scattered waves are incident at a specific angle, they remain in phase and co... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Two-dimensional chromatography represents the most thorough and rigorous approach to evaluation of the proteome. While previously accepted approaches have utilized elution mode chromatographic approaches such as cation exchange to reversed phase HPLC, yields are typically very low requiring analytical sensitivities in ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Stable isotope labeling involves the use of non-radioactive isotopes that can act as a tracers used to model several chemical and biochemical systems. The chosen isotope can act as a label on that compound that can be identified through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). Some of the most comm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some trans-spliced snRNAs have been observed to have a N,N,7-trimethylguanosine cap. This particular modification to the guanosine cap is rare in snRNAs. Trans-splicing is a phenomenon in which exons from two different primary RNA transcripts are ligated together. These rare variants have been seen during development i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Spectral hemispherical transmittance in frequency and spectral hemispherical transmittance in wavelength of a surface, denoted T and T respectively, are defined as
where
*Φ is the spectral radiant flux in frequency transmitted by that surface;
*Φ is the spectral radiant flux in frequency received by that surface;
*Φ is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Liquids are sometimes used in measuring devices. A thermometer often uses the thermal expansion of liquids, such as mercury, combined with their ability to flow to indicate temperature. A manometer uses the weight of the liquid to indicate air pressure.
The free surface of a rotating liquid forms a circular paraboloid ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In protic solution exchangeable protons such as those in hydroxyl or amine group exchange protons with the solvent. If DO is solvent, deuterons will be incorporated at these positions. The exchange reaction can be followed using a variety of methods (see Detection). Since this exchange is an equilibrium reaction, the m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some examples of biologically important molecular motors:
* Cytoskeletal motors
** Myosins are responsible for muscle contraction, intracellular cargo transport, and producing cellular tension.
** Kinesin moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubules, in anterograde transport.
** Dynein produces th... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Ascorbic acid can also react with organic acids as an alcohol forming esters such as ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbyl stearate. | 1 | Biochemistry |
For binary mixtures of two chemically independent components, so that . In addition to temperature and pressure, the other degree of freedom is the composition of each phase, often expressed as mole fraction or mass fraction of one component.
As an example, consider the system of two completely miscible liquids such ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although the Caspian Sea is endorheic, its main tributary, the Volga, is connected by important shipping canals with the Don River (and thus the Black Sea) and with the Baltic Sea, with branch canals to Northern Dvina and to the White Sea.
Another Caspian tributary, the Kuma River, is connected by an irrigation canal w... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The disulfide chain allows the mono-BOC-cystamine to be easily cleaved, allowing removal of the tagging residue when desired.
Mono-BOC-cystamine is used as a crosslinker for the synthesis of cleavable photo-cross-linking reagent.
Mono-BOC-cystamine is used as a crosslinker for the synthesis of a biodegradable cystamine... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Industrial facilities are utilizing light-activated resin as a sealant for leaks and cracks. Some light-activated resins have unique properties that make them ideal as a pipe repair product. These resins cure rapidly on any wet or dry surface. | 5 | Photochemistry |
This method uses in vivo and silico ctDNA fragment length selection to enrich the variant proportion in the plasma. The method is decided on size selection criteria based on blood ctDNA fragment length properties, so it may not generalize well for other non-invasive sampling methods. Furthermore, it employs supervised ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures consist of molecules that are linked only as a consequence of their topology. Some non-covalent interactions may exist between the different components (often those that were used in the construction of the system), but covalent bonds do not. Supramolecular chemistry, an... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Wood is a natural growth material that possesses excellent mechanical properties, including high strength, good durability, high moisture content, and high specific gravity. Wood can be classified in two types of wood, softwood and hardwood. While each type is different—e.g., the longitudinal cells in softwood are shor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Modern applications of the Wilfley table (and other wet shaking tables) are predominantly observed in the following roles:
# Laboratories. Small shaking tables are an excellent tool for see if a material will be responsive to gravity separation techniques
# Gold rooms. Wilfley tables typically act as rougher tables on ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hermann Senftleben (April 8, 1890, in Bremen – 1975 in Recklinghausen) was a German physicist and physical chemist. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, endo–exo isomerism is a special type of stereoisomerism found in organic compounds with a substituent on a bridged ring system. The prefix endo is reserved for the isomer with the substituent located closest, or "syn", to the longest bridge. The prefix exo is reserved for the isomer with the subst... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Till early 1970s, it was often recommended for use in victims of rape in order to avoid pregnancy. The idea stemmed from the fact that, in the laboratory, Lugols iodine appeared to kill sperm cells even in such great dilutions as 1:32. Thus it was thought that an intrauterine application of Lugols iodine, immediately... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The ultrasensitivity (sigmoidality) of a Goldbeter–Koshland module can be measured by its Hill Coefficient:
where EC90 and EC10 are the input values needed to produce the 10% and 90% of the maximal response, respectively.
In a living cell, Goldbeter–Koshland modules are embedded in a bigger network with upstream and do... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tertiary alcohols react with hydrochloric acid to produce tertiary alkyl chloride. Primary and secondary alcohols are converted to the corresponding chlorides using thionyl chloride and various phosphorus chloride reagents.
Primary and secondary alcohols, likewise, convert to alkyl bromides phosphorus tribromide, for e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 (PKM1/M2), also known as pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme (PKM), pyruvate kinase type K, cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein (CTHBP), thyroid hormone-binding protein 1 (THBP1), or opa-interacting protein 3 (OIP3), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PKM2 gene.
PKM2 is an is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Melid, also known as Arslantepe, was an ancient city on the Tohma River, a tributary of the upper Euphrates rising in the Taurus Mountains. It has been identified with the modern archaeological site of Arslantepe near Malatya, Turkey.
It was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name Arslantepe Mound on 26 July ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
H–D exchange was measured originally by the father of hydrogen exchange Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang using density gradient tubes. In modern times, H–D exchange has primarily been monitored by the methods: NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and neutron crystallography. Each of these methods have their advantages and dr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One primary application of the Bland–Altman plot is to compare two clinical measurements each of which produced some error in their measures. It can also be used to compare a new measurement technique or method with a gold standard, as even a gold standard does not—and should not—imply it to be without erro... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
After earning her PhD, Simon was offered a position at DuPont’s Pioneer Research Lab in Buffalo, New York. Here, she worked to develop new catalysts to change the properties of synthetic polymers. This work led to the development of two polymers which would later be named Dacron and Orlon.
After completing her work wit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first successful solid-hybrid dye-sensitized solar cells were reported.
To improve electron transport in these solar cells, while maintaining the high surface area needed for dye adsorption, two researchers have designed alternate semiconductor morphologies, such as arrays of nanowires and a combination of nanowire... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Henry adsorption constant is the constant appearing in the linear adsorption isotherm, which formally resembles Henrys law; therefore, it is also called Henrys adsorption isotherm. It is named after British chemist William Henry. This is the simplest adsorption isotherm in that the amount of the surface adsorbate i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The four most common Maxwell's relations are:
More relations include the following.
Other differential equations are: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The inductive effect can be explained with Bents rule. The inductive effect is the transmission of charge through covalent bonds and Bents rule provides a mechanism for such results via differences in hybridisation. In the table below, as the groups bonded to the central carbon become more electronegative, the central ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Molecular-weight size markers can be broken up into two categories: molecular weight markers vs. molecular ladder markers. Markers are either stained or unstained, and depending on the circumstance, one may be more appropriate than another. Molecular-weight size markers can also be biochemically altered. The conjugatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the laboratory, triflic acid is useful in protonations because the conjugate base of triflic acid is nonnucleophilic. It is also used as an acidic titrant in nonaqueous acid-base titration because it behaves as a strong acid in many solvents (acetonitrile, acetic acid, etc.) where common mineral acids (such as HCl o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Some cyanobacteria, the so-called cyanobionts (cyanobacterial symbionts), have a symbiotic relationship with other organisms, both unicellular and multicellular. As illustrated on the right, there are many examples of cyanobacteria interacting symbiotically with land plants. Cyanobacteria can enter the plant through th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Bioactivity databases correlate structures or other chemical information to bioactivity results taken from bioassays in literature, patents, and screening programs. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mg is essential for plant growth and is present in higher plants in amounts on the order of 80 μmol g dry weight. The amounts of Mg vary in different parts of the plant and are dependent upon nutritional status. In times of plenty, excess Mg may be stored in vascular cells (Stelzer et al., 1990; and in times of starvat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Discrete dipole approximation codes
* Codes for electromagnetic scattering by cylinders
* Codes for electromagnetic scattering by spheres | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Inhaled anesthetics inhibit nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and potentiate neuromuscular blockage with nondepolarising NMBAs. It depends on the type of volatile anesthetic (desflurane > sevoflurane > isoflurane > nitrous oxide), the concentration and the duration of exposure. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoreceptor proteins are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms. Some examples are rhodopsin in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebrate retina, phytochrome in plants, and bacteriorhodopsin and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria. They mediate light respons... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfuric acid is used in large quantities by the iron and steelmaking industry to remove oxidation, rust, and scaling from rolled sheet and billets prior to sale to the automobile and major appliances industry. Used acid is often recycled using a spent acid regeneration (SAR) plant. These plants combust spent acid with... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Incongruent melting occurs when a solid substance being partially melted does not melt uniformly, so that the chemical composition of neither the resulting liquid nor the resulting solid is the same as that of the original solid. For example, melting of orthoclase (KAlSiO) produces leucite (KAlSiO) in addition to a mel... | 9 | Geochemistry |
*AMPP Annual Conference
*Area Conferences
*Coatings+ (will retire after 2021)
*CORROSION (will retire after 2022) | 8 | Metallurgy |
ISO 31-8 is the part of international standard ISO 31 that defines names and symbols for quantities and units related to physical chemistry and molecular physics. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to its high abundance in plants (generally 40% of the total protein content), RuBisCO often impedes analysis of important signaling proteins such as transcription factors, kinases, and regulatory proteins found in lower abundance (10-100 molecules per cell) within plants. For example, using mass spectrometry on pla... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Several general trends are recognized in determining the structure of Fe–Ni clusters. Larger clusters, containing both iron and nickel, are most stable with Fe atoms located in the inner parts of the cluster and Ni metals on outside. In other terms, when iron and nickel form body-centered cubic structures the preferred... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first CGC was reported by Shapiro and Bercaw for a scandium complex. The following year patents were issued to The Dow Chemical Company and Exxon for applications in alkene polymerization. and today are made at the billion pound scale. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is a technique applied to the spectroscopy of atoms and small molecules. In practice, a tunable laser can be used to access an excited intermediate state. The selection rules associated with a two-photon or other multiphoton photoabsorption are different from the select... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Foxfire is the bioluminescence created by some species of fungi present in decaying wood. While there may be multiple different luciferins within the kingdom of fungi, 3-hydroxy hispidin was determined to be the luciferin in the fruiting bodies of several species of fungi, including Neonothopanus nambi, Omphalotus olea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The expressions for the T-matrix resulting from both methods can be related to certain class of variational principles. In the case of first iteration of MCFV method we get the same result as from Schwinger variational principle with trial function . The higher iterations with N-terms in the continuous fraction reprodu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nonclassical carbocations are stabilized by charge delocalization from contributions of neighbouring or bonds, which can form bridged intermediates or transition states. Nonclassical ions have been extensively studied with the 2-norbornyl system, which as “naked” ion unambiguously exhibit such a bridged structure. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To calculate the elastic response of a rubber sample, the three chain force models (regimes Ia, Ib and II) and the network morphology must be combined in a micro-mechanical network model. Using the joint probability distribution in equation () and the force extension models, it is possible to devise numerical algorithm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In ion exchange chromatography, the Gibbs–Donnan effect is observed when the pH of the applied buffer and the ion exchanger differ, even up to one pH unit. For example, in anion-exchange columns, the ion exchangers repeal protons so the pH of the buffer near the column differs is higher than the rest of the solvent. As... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Computations in continuum mechanics often require that the regular time derivation operator
is replaced by the substantive derivative operator
This can be seen as follows.
Consider a bug that is moving through a volume where there is some scalar,
e.g. pressure, that varies with time and position:
If the bug during t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although the problem was first found in brass, any alloy containing copper will be susceptible to the problem. It includes copper itself (as used in pipe for example), bronzes and other alloys with a significant copper content. Like all problems with hairline cracks, detection in the early stages of attack is difficult... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Rearrangement reaction of 6-membered cyclic dienones generate phenols through the dienone–phenol rearrangement: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Walden was born in Rozulas in the Russian Empire (now Stalbe parish, Pārgauja municipality, Latvia) in a large Latvian peasant family. At the age of four, he lost his father and later his mother. Thanks to financial support from his two older brothers who lived in Riga (one was a merchant and another served as a lieute... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Methylene blue has been used as a placebo; physicians would tell their patients to expect their urine to change color and view this as a sign that their condition had improved. This same side effect makes methylene blue difficult to use in traditional placebo-controlled clinical studies, including those testing for its... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
B. Jill Venton is a professor of chemistry at University of Virginia, where she serves as the department chair since 2019. Venton's research focuses on developing analytical chemistry methods to enable detection of molecules in the brain. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A heat number is an identification coupon number that is stamped on a material plate after it is removed from the ladle and rolled at a steel mill.
Industry quality standards require materials to be tested at the manufacturer and the results of these tests be submitted through a report, also called a mill sheet, mill... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In obstructive jaundice, no bilirubin reaches the small intestine, meaning that there is no formation of stercobilinogen. The lack of stercobilin and other bile pigments causes feces to become clay-colored. | 1 | Biochemistry |
CAPS is the common name for N-cyclohexyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid, a chemical used as buffering agent in biochemistry. The similar substance N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid (CAPSO) is also used as buffering agent in biochemistry. Its useful pH range is 9.7-11.1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal-alkene complexes can be viewed as the smallest metallacycles, but they usually are not classified as metallacycles. In the Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model, one resonance structure for the M(η-alkene) center is the metallacyclopropane. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An Ion Gun typically refers to an instrument that generates a beam of heavy ions with a well defined energy distribution. The ion beam is produced from a plasma that has been confined within a volume. Ions of a particular energy are extracted, accelerated, collimated and/or focused. The ion gun is composed of an ion so... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Steven M. Bachrach is an organic chemist who took up the position of Dean of Science at Monmouth University in 2016. Bachrach had previously been the Dr D. R. Semmes Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. Bachrach is the author of the textbook Computational Organic Chemistry... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A hormone response element (HRE) is a short sequence of DNA within the promoter of a gene, that is able to bind to a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription. The sequence is most commonly a pair of inverted repeats separated by three nucleotides, which also indicates that the receptor bin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Temperatures throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous are generally thought to have been relatively warm, and consequently dissolved oxygen levels in the ocean were lower than today—making anoxia easier to achieve. However, more specific conditions are required to explain the short-period (less than a million years) ocea... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Chloroeremomycin was discovered by Eli Lilly in the 1980s. In the 1990s, researchers at Eli Lilly developed biphenyl-chloroeremomycin, now known as oritavancin, as a functionalized derivative of chloroeremomycin to combat rising antibacterial resistance to vancomycin. The chloroeremomycin gene cluster was sequenced by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The vast majority of cyclic compounds are organic, and of these, a significant and conceptually important portion are composed of rings made only of carbon atoms (i.e., they are carbocycles). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In chemistry, chemical stability is the thermodynamic stability of a chemical system.
Thermodynamic stability occurs when a system is in its lowest energy state, or in chemical equilibrium with its environment. This may be a dynamic equilibrium in which individual atoms or molecules change form, but their overall numbe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chemical synthesis of tramadol is described in the literature. Tramadol has two stereogenic centers at the cyclohexane ring. Thus, may exist in four different configurational forms:
* (1R,2R)-isomer
* (1S,2S)-isomer
* (1R,2S)-isomer
* (1S,2R)-isomer
The synthetic pathway leads to the racemate (1:1 mixture) of (1R... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ouabain can be found in the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of the Acokanthera schimperi and Strophanthus gratus plants, both of which are native to eastern Africa. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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