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The proper identification of splice sites has to be highly precise as the consensus splice sequences are very short and there are many other sequences similar to the authentic splice sites within gene sequences, which are known as cryptic, non-canonical, or pseudo splice sites. When an authentic or real splice site is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The US Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for selenium in 2000. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) is used instead. The current EAR for selenium for people ages 14... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Triplet-triplet annihilation combines the energy of two triplet-excited molecules onto one molecule to produce a higher excited state. Since the higher excited state is an emissive singlet state, TTA can be used to achieve photon upconversion which is a process that converts the energy of two photons into one photon of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Minimotif Miner is a program and database designed to identify minimotifs in any protein. Minimotifs are short, contiguous peptide sequences that are known to have a function in at least one protein. Minimotifs are also called sequence motifs or short linear motifs or SLiMs. These are generally restricted to one secon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pioneering structural studies in the 1980s by Aaron Klug's group provided the first evidence that an octamer of histone proteins wraps DNA around itself in about 1.7 turns of a left-handed superhelix. In 1997 the first near atomic resolution crystal structure of the nucleosome was solved by the Richmond group, showing ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, the particle number (symbol ) of a thermodynamic system is the number of constituent particles in that system. The particle number is a fundamental thermodynamic property which is conjugate to the chemical potential. Unlike most physical quantities, the particle number is a dimensionless quantity, sp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Racemic tartaric acid can be prepared in a multistep reaction from maleic acid. In the first step, the maleic acid is epoxidized by hydrogen peroxide using potassium tungstate as a catalyst.
:HOCCHCOH + HO → OCH(COH)
In the next step, the epoxide is hydrolyzed.
:OCH(COH) + HO → (HOCH)(COH) | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Similar to a western blot, the far-western blot uses protein–protein interactions to detect the presence of a specific protein immobilized on a blotting matrix. Antibodies are then used to detect the presence of the protein–protein complex, making the Far-Western blot a specific case of the Western blot. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Explosive boiling can be best described by a p-T phase diagram. Figure on right shows a typical p-T phase diagram of a substance. The binodal line or the coexistence curve is a thermodynamic state where at that specific temperature and pressure, liquid and vapor can coexist. The spinodal line on right is the boundary o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Numerous drugs can raise GGT levels, including barbiturates and phenytoin. GGT elevation has also been occasionally reported following nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (including aspirin), St. John's wort and kava. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enediynes are organic compounds containing two triple bonds and one double bond.
Enediynes are most notable for their limited use as antitumor antibiotics (known as enediyne anticancer antibiotics). They are efficient at inducing apoptosis in cells, but cannot differentiate cancerous cells from healthy cells. Consequen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ca is required to activate the binding. Ca binds to the protein and carbohydrate by non covalent bond. Mannose-binding protein (MBP) contains the C-type CRD. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
β-Glycerophosphate is an inhibitor of the enzyme serine-threonine phosphatase. It is often used in combination with other phosphatase/protease inhibitors for broad spectrum inhibition.
β-Glycerophosphate is also used to drive osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells in vitro.
β-Glycerophosphate is used to b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
EBSD is conducted using an SEM equipped with an EBSD detector containing at least a phosphor screen, compact lens and low-light Charge-coupled device (CCD) or Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) camera. , commercially available EBSD systems typically come with one of two different CCD cameras: for fast measu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The spacing, and the energy of a typical spectroscopic transition, between vibrational energy levels is about 100 times greater than that of a typical transition between rotational energy levels. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The United Nations, through the World Health Organization (WHO) together with the International Labour Organization (ILO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), collaborate on the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) to publish summary documents on chemicals. The IPCS published one such document ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The development of the winnowing barn allowed rice plantations in South Carolina to increase their yields dramatically. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Oxaziridines undergo cycloaddition reactions with heterocumulenes to afford a number of unique five membered heterocycles, as shown in the figure below. This reactivity is due to the strained three membered ring and weak N-O bond. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nicolas Dauphas (born December 10, 1975) is a planetary scientist and isotope geochemist. He is a professor of geochemistry and cosmochemistry in the Department of the Geophysical Sciences and Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago. Within cosmochemistry, his research focus is on isotope geochemistry. He s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The inner mitochondrial membrane contains proteins with three types of functions:
# Those that perform the electron transport chain redox reactions
# ATP synthase, which generates ATP in the matrix
# Specific transport proteins that regulate metabolite passage into and out of the mitochondrial matrix
It contains more t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The termination of translation requires coordination between release factor proteins, the mRNA sequence, and ribosomes. Once a termination codon is read, release factors RF-1, RF-2, and RF-3 contribute to the hydrolysis of the growing polypeptide, which terminates the chain. Bases downstream the stop codon affect the a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isofurans are nonclassic eicosanoids formed nonenzymatically by free radical mediated peroxidation of arachidonic acid. The isofurans are similar to the isoprostanes and are formed under similar conditions, but contain a substituted tetrahydrofuran ring. The concentration of oxygen affects this process; at elevated o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The advantages of chromosome jumping are:
* Allows more rapid movement through the genome compared to other techniques, such as chromosome walking.
* Able to travel across chromosomal regions containing unclonable sequences in bacterial hosts.
* Thirdly, this technique can be used to generate genomic markers with known... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plastid differentiation is not permanent, in fact many interconversions are possible. Chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts, which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit. Starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts, and it is possible fo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The MG-RAST application provides a comprehensive suite of services, including automated quality control, annotation, comparative analysis, and archiving for metagenomic and amplicon sequences. It utilizes a combination of various bioinformatics tools to achieve these functionalities. Originally designed for metagenomic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solar-specific feed-in tariffs vary by country and within countries. Such tariffs encourage the development of solar power projects. Widespread grid parity, the point at which photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than grid power without subsidies, likely requires advances on all three fronts. Proponents of s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most LFTs are intended to operate on a purely qualitative basis. However, it is possible to measure the intensity of the test line to determine the quantity of analyte in the sample. Handheld diagnostic devices known as lateral flow readers are used by several companies to provide a fully quantitative assay result. By ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
IHC staining has been shown to be a useful diagnostic tool for prioritizing patients for SDH mutation testing in early stages of cancer. The absence of SDHB in IHC staining would be linked to the presence of SDH oncogene mutations. The already commercialized drug decitabine (Dacogen®) could be an effective therapy to r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radiation is the evolutionary process of diversification of a single species into multiple forms. It includes the physiological and ecological diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage. There are many types of radiation including adaptive, concordant, and discordant radiation however escape and radiate coevolution... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ores mined for their base metal content often contain precious metals, usually gold and silver. These have to be removed from the base metals as part of the refining processes used to purify the metals. In the case of copper electrolytic refining, the gold and silver fall to the bottom of the electrolytic refining cell... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS), the iodine analog of N-chlorosuccinimide.
* N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), the bromine analog of N-chlorosuccinimide.
* Other N-chloro compounds that are commercially available include chloramine-T, trichloroisocyanuric acid ((OCNCl)), 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reverse transcriptase is commonly used in research to apply the polymerase chain reaction technique to RNA in a technique called reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The classical PCR technique can be applied only to DNA strands, but, with the help of reverse transcriptase, RNA can be transcribed ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The terms resin flux and rosin flux are ambiguous and somewhat interchangeable, with different vendors using different assignments. Generally, fluxes are labeled as rosin if the vehicle they are based on is primarily natural rosin. Some manufactures reserve "rosin" designation for military fluxes based on rosin (R, RMA... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For a mixture of two materials with permittivities and with corresponding volume fractions and , D.A.G. Bruggeman proposed a formula of the following form:
Here the positive sign before the square root must be altered to a negative sign in some cases in order to get the correct imaginary part of effective complex pe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It has been noted that radial distribution functions alone are insufficient to characterize structural information. Distinct point processes may possess identical or practically indistinguishable radial distribution functions, known as the degeneracy problem. In such cases, higher order correlation functions are needed... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following table gives the five-dimensional reflection groups (excluding those that are lower-dimensional reflection groups), by listing them as Coxeter groups. Related chiral groups exist for each with half the order, and can be represented by the bracket Coxeter notation with a + exponent, for example [3,3,3,3] ha... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Jinhua Ye is a Chinese chemist who is a professor at the National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba. Her research considers high-temperature superconductors for photocatalysis. She was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2016 and has been included in the Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The risks of isocyanates was brought to the world's attention with the 1984 Bhopal disaster, which caused the death of nearly 4000 people from the accidental release of methyl isocyanate. In 2008, the same chemical was involved in an explosion at a pesticide manufacturing plant in West Virginia.
LD50s for isocyanates ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The midbody structure contains bundles of microtubules derived from the mitotic spindle which compacts during the final stages of cell division. It has a typical diameter of 1 micrometre and a length of 3 to 5 micrometres. Aside from microtubules it also contains various proteins involved in cytokinesis, asymmetric cel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cryptophanes are a class of organic supramolecular compounds studied and synthesized primarily for molecular encapsulation and recognition. One possible noteworthy application of cryptophanes is encapsulation and storage of hydrogen gas for potential use in fuel cell automobiles. Cryptophanes can also serve as containe... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Smooth muscle cells cultured from the myometrium showed no significant induction of SFRP1 mRNA in response to treatment with E2 and/or progesterone. Conversely, cells cultured from leiomyomas showed significant dose-dependent induction of SFRP1 mRNA in response to treatment with E2; however, progesterone had no effect... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Before performing any kind of immobilization techniques, some factors should be in mind. It is necessary to understand the chemical and physical effects on an enzyme following immobilization. Enzyme stability and kinetic characteristics can be altered due to changes in the microenvironment conditions of the enzyme afte... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The contact angle (symbol ) is the angle between a liquid surface and a solid surface where they meet. More specifically, it is the angle between the surface tangent on the liquid–vapor interface and the tangent on the solid–liquid interface at their intersection.
It quantifies the wettability of a solid surface by a l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The raw materials are different paper pulps. The pulp may be from softwood, hardwood, fiber crops, mineral fibers. For high quality filters, dissolving pulp and mercerised pulp are used. Most filter papers are made using small paper machines. For laboratory filters, the machines may be as small as 50 cm in width. The ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The dietary reference intake for vitamin D issued in 2010 by the Institute of Medicine (IoM) (renamed National Academy of Medicine in 2015), superseded previous recommendations which were expressed in terms of adequate intake. The recommendations were formed assuming the individual has no skin synthesis of vitamin D be... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics, sputtering is a phenomenon in which microscopic particles of a solid material are ejected from its surface, after the material is itself bombarded by energetic particles of a plasma or gas. It occurs naturally in outer space, and can be an unwelcome source of wear in precision components. However, the fact ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
NOEs are sensitive to interatomic distances, allowing their usage as a conformational probe, or proof of a glycoside bond formation. It's a common practice to compare calculated to experimental proton-proton NOEs in oligosaccharides to confirm a theoretical conformational map. Calculation of NOEs implies an optimizatio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Titer (American English) or titre (British English) is a way of expressing concentration. Titer testing employs serial dilution to obtain approximate quantitative information from an analytical procedure that inherently only evaluates as positive or negative. The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Clarkes father had been the European representative of US photographic pioneer company Kodak for several years, and was a personal friend of founder George Eastman. After Hans graduated in Chemistry, Eastman consulted with him a few times regarding chemistry-related processes. When World War I erupted, Eastman was forc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The calcite compensation depth (CCD) occurs at the depth that the rate of calcite to the sediments is balanced with the dissolution flux, the depth at which the CaCO content are values 2–10%. Hence, the lysocline and CCD are not equivalent. The lysocline and compensation depth occur at greater depths in the Atlantic (... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Schellman loops (also called Schellman motifs or paperclips) are commonly occurring structural features of proteins and polypeptides. Each has six amino acid residues (labelled residues i to i+5) with two specific inter-mainchain hydrogen bonds (as in lower figure, i) and a characteristic main chain dihedral angle conf... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Global steel production grew enormously in the 20th century from a mere 28 million tonnes at the beginning of the century to 781 million tons at the end. Per-capita steel consumption in the US peaked in 1977, then fell by half before staging a modest recovery to levels well below the peak. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Glide operations combine mirroring with translation. The operation involves choosing a translation vector →U of the object and acts by mirroring through a plane parallel to vector, of →U. The plane through which the mirror part of the glide operation occurs is called a glide plane. The unit cell is almost al- ways chos... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The DNA sequence of the fd genome has 6408 nucleotide comprising 9 genes, but the genome has 11 open reading frames producing 11 proteins, since two genes, gene 2 and gene 1, have internal in-frame translation starts, generating two additional proteins, p10 and p11. The genome also contains a short non-coding intergeni... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*When a reaction is reversed, the magnitude of ΔH stays the same, but the sign changes.
*When the balanced equation for a reaction is multiplied by an integer, the corresponding value of ΔH must be multiplied by that integer as well.
*The change in enthalpy for a reaction can be calculated from the enthalpies of format... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A monatomic ion (also called simple ion) is an ion consisting of exactly one atom. If, instead of being monatomic, an ion contains more than one atom, even if these are of the same element, it is called a polyatomic ion. For example, calcium carbonate consists of the monatomic cation Ca and the polyatomic anion ; both ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The area thermal expansion coefficient relates the change in a material's area dimensions to a change in temperature. It is the fractional change in area per degree of temperature change. Ignoring pressure, one may write:
where is some area of interest on the object, and is the rate of change of that area per unit ch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In oxidizing environment, green rust generally turns into oxyhydroxides, namely α- (goethite) and γ- (lepidocrocite).
Oxidation of the carbonate variety can be retarded by wetting the material with hydroxyl-containing compounds such as glycerol or glucose, even though they do not penetrate the structure. Some variet... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Amagat's law or the law of partial volumes describes the behaviour and properties of mixtures of ideal (as well as some cases of non-ideal) gases. It is of use in chemistry and thermodynamics. It is named after Emile Amagat. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The [https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/caroline/index.html caroline CRAN R package] contains the only known implementation of an RA plot. However, the meta-transcriptomics [http://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/manta.html "manta" R package] provides a wrapper around this RA plot implementation and is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule. (In organic chemistry and biochemistry, the terms substituent and functional group, as well as side chain and pendant group, are used almost interchangeably to des... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Doping fullerenes with electropositive metals takes place in an arc reactor or via laser evaporation. The metals can be transition metals like scandium, yttrium as well as lanthanides like lanthanum and cerium. Also possible are endohedral complexes with elements of the alkaline earth metals like barium and strontium, ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The International Energy Agency reports the following typical higher heating values per Standard cubic metre of gas:
* Algeria: 39.57MJ/Sm
* Bangladesh: 36.00MJ/Sm
* Canada: 39.00MJ/Sm
* China: 38.93MJ/Sm
* Indonesia: 40.60MJ/Sm
* Iran: 39.36MJ/Sm
* Netherlands: 33.32MJ/Sm
* Norway: 39.24MJ/Sm
* Pakistan: 34.90MJ/Sm
* ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some people experience persistent sexual side effects when taking SSRIs or after discontinuing them. Symptoms of medication-induced sexual dysfunction from antidepressants include difficulty with orgasm, erection, or ejaculation. Other symptoms may be genital anesthesia, anhedonia, decreased libido, vaginal lubrication... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In contact with ambient air, liquid aluminium reacts with the oxygen and form an oxide film layer (gamma-AlO). This layer becomes thicker with time. When molten aluminium is disturbed, this oxide film gets mixed inside the melt. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In autumn 1806, he was welcomed into the family home of Ørsted, where he was given a position as an Assistant, helping Ørsted prepare his university lectures. His stay with Ørsted lasted several years and was certainly of the greatest importance for his development. Ørsted himself recounted how he influenced Zeise thro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An example of artificial ratchets is the work by Serreli et al. (2007). Serreli et al. constructed a nanomachine, a rotaxane, that consists of a ring-shaped molecule, that moves along a tiny molecular axle between two different equal compartments, A and B. The normal, random movement of molecules sends the ring back an... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Bachrach earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the field of genomics, GeneCalling is an open-platform mRNA transcriptional profiling technique. The GeneCalling protocol measures levels of cDNA, which are correlated with gene expression levels of specific transcripts. Differences between gene expression in healthy tissues and disease or drug responsive tissues ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An emulator for the APEXC series has been developed by MESS. They describe its functioning as follows:
<blockquote>The APEXC is an incredibly simple machine.
<br/>
Instruction and data words are always 32 bits long. The processor uses integer arithmetic with 2's complement representation. Addresses are 10 bits long. Th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry and fluid mechanics, the volume fraction is defined as the volume of a constituent V divided by the volume of all constituents of the mixture V prior to mixing:
Being dimensionless, its unit is 1; it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18. It is the same concept as volume percent (vol%) except that the latt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, materials science, and food science, bloom refers to the migration of one component of a solid mixture to the surface of an article. The process is an example of phase separation or phase aggregation. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Instead of light, this method employs ultrasound for collecting information on the particles that are dispersed in fluid. Dispersed particles absorb and scatter ultrasound similarly to light. This has been known since Lord Rayleigh developed the first theory of ultrasound scattering and published a book "The Theory of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For cases where the molecule is un-ionized:
For other cases, estimation of log D at a given pH, from log P and the known mole fraction of the un-ionized form, , in the case where partition of ionized forms into non-polar phase can be neglected, can be formulated as
The following approximate expressions are valid only f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hot black oxide for stainless steel is a mixture of caustic, oxidizing, and sulfur salts. It blackens 300 and 400 series and the precipitation-hardened 17-4 PH stainless steel alloys. The solution can be used on cast iron and mild low-carbon steel. The resulting finish complies with military specification MIL-DTL–13924... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Paracetamol powder has poor compression properties, which poses difficulty in making tablets. A second polymorph was found with more suitable compressive properties. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In mammals, malic enzyme 2 (ME2) is allosterically activated by fumarate. The Krebs cycle intermediate fumarate links metabolism to mitobiogenesis through binding to malic enzyme 2 (ME2). Mechanistically, fumarate binds ME2 with two complementary consequences. First, promoting the formation of ME2 dimers, which activat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The equilibrium constant K for a base is usually defined as the association constant for protonation of the base, B, to form the conjugate acid, .
Using similar reasoning to that used before
K is related to K for the conjugate acid. In water, the concentration of the hydroxide ion, , is related to the concentration of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Receptor desensitization is mediated through a combination phosphorylation, β-arr binding, and endocytosis as described above. Downregulation occurs when endocytosed receptor is embedded in an endosome that is trafficked to merge with an organelle called a lysosome. Because lysosomal membranes are rich in proton pumps,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Iron is also the most abundant transition metal in the human body and it is used in various processes like oxygen transport and ATP production. It plays a key role in the function of enzymes like cytochrome a, b and c as well as iron-sulfur complexes which play an important role in ATP production. It is present in ever... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The revival of the woolly mammoth is a proposed hypothetical that frozen soft-tissue remains and DNA from extinct woolly mammoths could be a means of regenerating the species. Several methods have been proposed to achieve this goal, including cloning, artificial insemination, and genome editing. Whether or not it is et... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. Enzymes act on small molecules called substrates, which an enzyme converts into products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The study of how fa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the quantum mechanical framework, this scattering is most noticeable in confined systems, in which the energies for charge carriers are determined by the locations of interfaces. An example of such a system is a quantum well, which may be constructed from a sandwich of different layers of semiconductor. Variations... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Georgy Vasilyevich Pigulevsky (; – 19 September 1964) was a soviet organic chemist, specializing in natural product chemistry. He studied essential oils and resins of plants, as well as terpene compounds extracted from them. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The compressibility factor is defined in thermodynamics and engineering frequently as:
where p is the pressure, is the density of the gas and is the specific gas constant, being the molar mass, and the is the absolute temperature (kelvin or Rankine scale).
In statistical mechanics the description is:
where p is the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The light reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. They take light energy and store it in NADPH, a form of NADP, and ATP to fuel the dark reactions. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ideal materials for thermal mass are those materials that have:
* high specific heat capacity,
* high density
Any solid, liquid, or gas that has mass will have some thermal mass. A common misconception is that only concrete or earth soil has thermal mass; even air has thermal mass (although very little).
A table of vol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
THz-TDS measures the electric field of a pulse and not just the power. Thus, THz-TDS measures both the amplitude and phase information of the frequency components it contains. In contrast, measuring only the power at each frequency is essentially a photon counting technique; information regarding the phase of the light... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This is a special category of chain-growth supramolecular polymerization, where the monomer nucleates only in an early stage of polymerization to generate "seeds" and becomes active for polymer chain elongation upon further addition of a new batch of monomer. A secondary nucleation is suppressed in most of the case an... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
To relate the orientation of a crystal, much like in X-ray diffraction (XRD), the geometry of the system must be known. In particular, the pattern centre describes the distance of the interaction volume to the detector and the location of the nearest point between the phosphor and the sample, on the phosphor screen. Ea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, commonly referred to as NASBA, is a method in molecular biology which is used to produce multiple copies of single stranded RNA. NASBA is a two-step process that takes RNA and anneals specially designed primers, then utilizes an enzyme cocktail to amplify it. | 1 | Biochemistry |
While water acts as a catalyst in the reaction, other catalysts can be added to the reaction vessel to optimize the conversion. Previously used catalysts include water-soluble inorganic compounds and salts, including KOH and NaCO, as well as transition metal catalysts using nickel, palladium, platinum and ruthenium sup... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Loam is a combination of sand, silt and clay that encompasses soils. It can be named based on the primary particles in the soil composition, ex. sandy loam, clay loam, silt loam, etc. | 9 | Geochemistry |
With homeostasis the pH of a biological solution is maintained at a constant value by adjusting the position of the equilibria
where is the bicarbonate ion and is carbonic acid.
However, the solubility of carbonic acid in water may be exceeded. When this happens carbon dioxide gas is liberated and the following equ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Compounds that contain phosphorus exhibit unique chemistry due to the ability of phosphorus to form more bonds than nitrogen, its lighter analogue on the periodic table. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The number density (symbol: n or ρ) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number den... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As the 5′ UTR has high GC content, secondary structures often occur within it. Hairpin loops are one such secondary structure that can be located within the 5′ UTR. These secondary structures also impact the regulation of translation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Everyday examples of heat engines include the thermal power station, internal combustion engine, firearms, refrigerators and heat pumps. Power stations are examples of heat engines run in a forward direction in which heat flows from a hot reservoir and flows into a cool reservoir to produce work as the desired product.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Piano stool complexes of the type (η-CH)M(CO) are typically synthesized by heating the appropriate metal carbonyl compound with benzene. Alternately, the same compounds can be obtained by carbonylation of the bis(arene) sandwich compounds, such as (η-CH)M compound with the metal carbonyl compound. This second approac... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lysergic acid is generally produced by hydrolysis of natural lysergamides, but can also be synthesized in the laboratory by a complex total synthesis, for example by Robert Burns Woodward's team in 1956. An enantioselective total synthesis based on a palladium-catalyzed domino cyclization reaction has been described in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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