text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
The Contamination Indicator Decontamination Assurance System (CIDAS) is a technology used to identify chemical contamination. CIDAS is meant to help soldiers by detecting trace levels and finding the exact location of chemical weapon agents.
CIDAS is a component of a larger U.S. government initiative, run by the Joint... | 1 | Biochemistry |
VCl is a catalyst for the polymerization of alkenes, especially those useful in the rubber industry. The underlying technology is related to Ziegler–Natta catalysis, which involves the intermediacy of vanadium alkyls. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry, formerly known as the Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry was established in 1945. Consisting of a gold medal and honorarium, its purpose is to stimulate fundamental research in enzyme chemistry by scientists not over forty years of age. The award is administered by the Division ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organometallic photosensitizers contain a metal atom chelated to at least one organic ligand. The photosensitizing capacities of these molecules result from electronic interactions between the metal and ligand(s). Popular electron-rich metal centers for these complexes include Iridium, Ruthenium, and Rhodium. These me... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Radical cyclization reactions are organic chemical transformations that yield cyclic products through radical intermediates. They usually proceed in three basic steps: selective radical generation, radical cyclization, and conversion of the cyclized radical to product. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Surfaces and interfaces are critical zones where major physical, chemical, and biological exchanges occur. As the ocean covers 362 million km, about 71% of the Earth's surface, the ocean-atmosphere interface is plausibly one of the largest and most important interfaces on the planet. Every substance entering or leaving... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase F (ndhF) gene is found in all vascular plant divisions and is highly conserved. Its DNA fragment resides in the small single-copy region of the chloroplast genome, and is thought to encode a hydrophobic protein containing 664 amino acids and to have a mass of 72.9 kDa. | 5 | Photochemistry |
MAPK pathways of fungi are also well studied. In yeast, the Fus3 MAPK is responsible for cell cycle arrest and mating in response to pheromone stimulation. The pheromone alpha-factor is sensed by a seven transmembrane receptor. The recruitment and activation of Fus3 pathway components are strictly dependent on heterotr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes rapidly along the solid-gas boundary (sublimation point) below the triple point (e.g., at the temperature of −78.5 °C, at atmospheric pressure), whereas its melting into liquid CO can occur along the solid-liquid boundary (melting point) at pressures and temperatures above the tr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A nitronate (IUPAC: azinate) in organic chemistry is an anion with the general structure , containing the functional group, where R can be hydrogen, halogen, organyl group or other groups. It is the anion of nitronic acid (sometimes also called an aci-nitro compound, or an azinic acid), a tautomeric form of a nitro c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thionyl chloride converts phosphonic acids and phosphonates into phosphoryl chlorides. It is for this type of reaction that thionyl chloride is listed as a Schedule 3 compound, as it can be used in the "di-di" method of producing G-series nerve agents. For example, thionyl chloride converts dimethyl methylphosphonate i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
:Automated diffraction tomography (ADT) uses software to collect diffraction patterns over a series of slight tilt increments. In this way, a three-dimensional (tomographic) data set of reciprocal lattice intensities can be generated and used for structure determination. By coupling this technique with PED, the range a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When (p)ppGpp is absent, pathogenicity is compromised for reasons that vary with the organism studied. Deleting relA and spoT genes, but not relA alone, gave a (p)ppGpp state that resulted in strong attenuation in mice and noninvasiveness in vitro. Vaccine tests reveal that 30 days after single immunization with the (p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A stereogenic center (or stereocenter) is an atom such that swapping the positions of two ligands (connected groups) on that atom results in a molecule that is stereoisomeric to the original. For example, a common case is a tetrahedral carbon bonded to four distinct groups a, b, c, and d (Cabcd), where swapping any tw... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Natural polymeric materials such as hemp, shellac, amber, wool, silk, and natural rubber have been used for centuries. A variety of other natural polymers exist, such as cellulose, which is the main constituent of wood and paper. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a redox reaction an electron donor D must diffuse to the acceptor A, forming a precursor complex, which is labile but allows electron transfer to give successor complex. The pair then dissociates. For a one electron transfer the reaction is
(D and A may already carry charges). Here k, k and k are diffusion constants... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Karrers early research concerned complex metal compounds but his most important work has concerned plant pigments, particularly the yellow carotenoids. He elucidated their chemical structure and showed that some of these substances are transformed in the body into vitamin A. His work led to the establishment of the cor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The exchange current is the current at equilibrium, i.e. the rate at which oxidized and reduced species transfer electrons with the electrode. In other words, the exchange current density is the rate of reaction at the reversible potential (when the overpotential is zero by definition). At the reversible potential, t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heavy-fermion superconductivity was discovered already in the late 1970s (with CeCuSi being the first example), but the number of heavy-fermion compounds known to superconduct was still very small in the early 1990s, when Christoph Geibel in the group of Frank Steglich found two closely related heavy-fermion supercondu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although the FGF family of paracrine factors has a broad range of functions, major findings support the idea that they primarily stimulate proliferation and differentiation. To fulfill many diverse functions, FGFs can be alternatively spliced or even have different initiation codons to create hundreds of different FGF ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cell–cell adhesion complexes are essential for the formation of complex animal tissues. β-catenin is part of a protein complex that form adherens junctions. These cell–cell adhesion complexes are necessary for the creation and maintenance of epithelial cell layers and barriers. As a component of the complex, β-catenin ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RopB regulation speB is a key determinant in the expression of the speB proteinase which is a primary virulence factor and the most abundant extracellular protein in Streptococcal secretions. SpeB cleaves host serum proteins that make up the human extracellular matrix and bacterial proteins including other secreted Str... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the breakage of glycosidic bonds. They are used to modify the oligosaccharide structure of the glycan after it has been added onto the lipid. They can also remove glycans from glycolipids to turn them back into unmodified lipids. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The reverse process to photoinduced electron transfer is displayed by light emitting diodes (LED) and chemiluminescence, where potential gradients are used to create excited states that decay by light emission. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Protic ionic liquids are formed via a proton transfer from an acid to a base. In contrast to other ionic liquids, which generally are formed through a sequence of synthesis steps, protic ionic liquids can be created more easily by simply mixing the acid and base.
Phosphonium cations (RP) are less common but offer some ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The thermodynamic square can also be used to find the first-order derivatives in the common Maxwell relations. The following procedure should be considered:
# Looking at the four corners of the square and make a shape with the quantities of interest.
# Read the shape in two different ways by seeing it as L and ⅃. The... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The nonspecificity of Jaffe's reaction causes falsely elevated creatinine results in the presence of protein, glucose, acetoacetate, ascorbic acid, guanidine, acetone, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides (mainly streptomycin), ketone bodies, α-keto acids, and other organic compounds. Ammonium is also an interferent; if the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemolithin (sometimes confused with the similar space polymer Hemoglycin) is a proposed protein containing iron and lithium, of extraterrestrial origin, according to an unpublished preprint. The result has not been published in any peer-reviewed scientific journal. The protein was purportedly found inside two CV3 meteo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Attempts to model the formation of the "first" star from the pure hydrogen and helium gas clouds below about 10,000 K show that the heat generated in the gravitational contraction phase must be somehow radiatively released for further cooling to be possible. This is no problem as long as temperatures are still high e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mono Lake is a vital resting and eating stop for migratory shorebirds and has been recognized as a site of international importance by the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.
Nearly 2,000,000 waterbirds, including 35 species of shorebirds, use Mono Lake to rest and eat for at least part of the year. Some shor... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The research on dnaA(Ts) mutants provided the first proof that the dnaA gene is autoregulated. DnaA protein is still produced at non-permissive temperatures where it is inactive, but in some mutants it can be made active again by returning to a temperature that is conducive to development. This reversible initiation ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2-Furoic acid is an organic compound, consisting of a furan ring and a carboxylic acid side-group. Along with other furans, its name is derived from the Latin word furfur, meaning bran, from which these compounds were first produced. The salts and esters of furoic acids are known as furoates. 2-Furoic acid is most wide... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space of animals that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin. Ground substance is active in the development, movement, and proliferation of tissues, as well as their meta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Replication, in metallography, is the use of thin plastic films to nondestructively duplicate the microstructure of a component. The film is then examined at high magnifications.
Replication is a method of copying the topography of a surface by casting or impressing material onto the surface. It is the commonly used te... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The name "ellipsometry" stems from the fact that elliptical polarization of light is used. The term "spectroscopic" relates to the fact that the information gained is a function of the light's wavelength or energy (spectra). The technique has been known at least since 1888 by the work of Paul Drude and has many applica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A growing number of scientists agree that there is an urgent need to protect the public by being able to forecast harmful algal blooms. One way they hope to do that is with sophisticated sensors which can help warn about potential blooms. The same types of sensors can also be used by water treatment facilities to help ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nitrocellulose slides are used mainly in proteomics to do protein microarrays with automated systems that print the slides and record results. Microarrays of cell analytes, arrays of cell lysate, antibody microarrays, tissue printing, immunoarrays, etc. are also possible with the slide. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inorganic arsenic and its compounds, upon entering the food chain, are progressively metabolised (detoxified) through a process of methylation. The methylation occurs through alternating reductive and oxidative methylation reactions, that is, reduction of pentavalent to trivalent arsenic followed by addition of a methy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There exists a wide range of characterization methods for COF materials. There are several COF single crystals synthesized to date. For these highly crystalline materials, X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful tool capable of determining COF crystal structure. The majority of COF materials suffer from decreased crystal... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Microarray data is difficult to exchange due to the lack of standardization in platform fabrication, assay protocols, and analysis methods. This presents an interoperability problem in bioinformatics. Various grass-roots open-source projects are trying to ease the exchange and analysis of data produced with non-proprie... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Susceptible cells are inoculated with serial logarithmic dilutions of samples in a 96-well plate. After viral growth, viral detection by IPA yields the infectious virus titer, expressed as tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50). This represents the dilution of a virus-containing sample at which half of a series of lab... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A catalytic triad is a set of three coordinated amino acids that can be found in the active site of some enzymes. Catalytic triads are most commonly found in hydrolase and transferase enzymes (e.g. proteases, amidases, esterases, acylases, lipases and β-lactamases). An acid-base-nucleophile triad is a common motif for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Tetramethyl­phosphonium fluoride (CH)PF forms stable acetonitrile solutions. It is prepared from the ylide and potassium bifluoride:
:(CH)P=CH + KHF → (CH)PF + KF
:Gaseous tetramethylphosphonium fluoride exists as the phosphorane but autoionizes in acetonitrile solution. A more elaborate phosphazenium sal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Statistical mechanics played a significant role in the development of TST. However, the application of statistical mechanics to TST was developed very slowly given the fact that in mid-19th century, James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Leopold Pfaundler published several papers discussing reaction equilibrium and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Comments in the New York Times about the healthfulness of coconut oil in late 2015 were covered in 200+ newspapers globally. Brenna opined that 21th century virgin coconut oil does not cause heart disease but that earlier coconut oils may cause heart disease due to process contaminants. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This demonstration of the triplet nature of the genetic code, although carried out with bacteriophage, later proved to be universally applicable to all forms of life.
The results of this experiment inspired many to begin decoding the triplet code discovered by Brenner and Crick et al. Once this paper was published in 1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
George Simmons Hammond was born on May 22, 1921, in Auburn, Maine. Growing up in Auburn his family were charged with the operation of the neighborhood dairy farm on Hardscrapple Road. His father died when Hammond was thirteen. He was the oldest of seven children and was raised by a single mother. From an early age Hamm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Early proton-exchange membrane technology was developed in the early 1960s by Leonard Niedrach and Thomas Grubb, chemists working for the General Electric Company. Significant government resources were devoted to the study and development of these membranes for use in NASAs Project Gemini spaceflight program. A number ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbyne molecules are generally found to be in electronic doublet states: the non-bonding electrons on carbon are arranged as one radical (unpaired electron) and one electron pair, leaving a vacant atomic orbital, rather than being a triradical (the quartet state). The simplest case is the CH radical, which has an elec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In its main applications, dithionite is generally prepared in situ by reduction of sulfur dioxide by sodium borohydride, described by the following idealized equation:.
Dithionite is a reducing agent. At pH 7, the potential is −0.66 V vs NHE. Redox occurs with formation of sulfite:
: + 2 HO → 2 + 2 e + 2 H
... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Light microscopes are designed for placement of the specimen's polished surface on the specimen stage either upright or inverted. Each type has advantages and disadvantages. Most LOM work is done at magnifications between 50 and 1000X. However, with a good microscope, it is possible to perform examination at higher mag... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Retention distance, or R, is a concept in thin layer chromatography, designed for quantitative measurement of equal-spreading of the spots on the chromatographic plate and one of the Chromatographic response functions. It is calculated from the following formula:
where n is the number of compounds separated, R are the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, an exothermic process () is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen). The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Non-B DNA refers to DNA conformations that differ from the canonical B-DNA conformation, the most common form of DNA found in nature at neutral pH and physiological salt concentrations. Non-B DNA structures can arise due to various factors, including DNA sequence, length, supercoiling, and environmental conditions. Non... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Given the importance of glycan-protein interactions, there is an ongoing research dedicated to the a) creation of new tools to detect glycan-protein interactions and b) using those tools to decipher the so-called sugar code. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photochromic compounds have the ability to switch between a range or variety of colors. Their ability to display different colors lies in how they absorb light. Different isomeric manifestations of the molecule absorbs different wavelengths of light, so that each isomeric species can display a different color based on ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pockels spent much of her life caring for her sick parents, which she noted to be "very challenging". Her father died in 1906 and her mother died in 1914. By that time, Pockels was herself in ill health, necessitating a stay for a time in a sanatorium. She traveled in Europe for enjoyment. During Pockels' later years, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Etching reveals and delineates grain boundaries and other microstructural features that are not apparent on the as-polished surface. The two most common types of etching in ceramography are selective chemical corrosion, and a thermal treatment that causes relief. As an example, alumina can be chemically etched by imme... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chiral Lewis acids have proven useful in the ene reaction. When catalyzed by an achiral Lewis acid, the reaction normally provides good diastereoselectivity.
Good enantioselectivity has been observed when a chiral Lewis acid catalyst is used.
The enantioselectivity is believed to be due to the steric interactions betwe... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
According to metallurgist Jack Harris, "Oxidation is usually accompanied by a net expansion so that when it occurs in a confined space stresses are generated in the metal component itself or in any surrounding medium such as stone or cement. So much energy is released by oxidation that the stresses generated are of suf... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Vitamin D toxicity is rare. It is caused by supplementing with high doses of vitamin D rather than sunlight. The threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established; however, according to some research:
* 100μg/day (4k IU), have been show to not cause toxic levels. ages 9–71
* 240 μg/day (10k IU), over 5 months h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, an oscillating gene is a gene that is expressed in a rhythmic pattern or in periodic cycles. Oscillating genes are usually circadian and can be identified by periodic changes in the state of an organism. Circadian rhythms, controlled by oscillating genes, have a period of approximately 24 hours. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs), also known as ribosomal natural products, are a diverse class of natural products of ribosomal origin. Consisting of more than 20 sub-classes, RiPPs are produced by a variety of organisms, including prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea, and the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Epitope binning is a competitive immunoassay used to characterize and then sort a library of monoclonal antibodies against a target protein. Antibodies against a similar target are tested against all other antibodies in the library in a pairwise fashion to see if antibodies block one another's binding to the epitope of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The meaning of the term has evolved. The original meaning of transfection was "infection by transformation", i.e., introduction of genetic material, DNA or RNA, from a prokaryote-infecting virus or bacteriophage into cells, resulting in an infection. For work with bacterial and archaeal cells transfection retains its ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For each element, the following table shows the spectral lines which appear in the visible spectrum at about 400-700 nm. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Inspired from the dirhodium tetraacetate bimetallic salt, synthetic chemists decided to explore the synthesis of paddlewheel mixed heteronuclear bismuth-rhodium salts. The synthesis involves treatment of the [Rh(OCR)] salt with the dibusmuth tetrafluoroacetate [Bi(OCCF)] equivalent. Depending on the nature and sterics ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane is a haloalkane with the formula . It is one of the three isomers of dichlorofluoroethane. It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* Advective Transport formulation
* Dispersive Transport formulation
* Surface Heat Budget formulation
* Dissolved Oxygen Saturation formulation
* Reaeration formulation
* Carbonaceous Deoxygenation formulation
* Nitrogenous Biochemical Oxygen Demand formulation
* Sediment oxygen demand formulation (SOD)
* Photosynthes... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The most common application of the Hellmann–Feynman theorem is the calculation of intramolecular forces in molecules. This allows for the calculation of equilibrium geometries – the nuclear coordinates where the forces acting upon the nuclei, due to the electrons and other nuclei, vanish. The parameter corresponds to ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Static testing sites provide testing services to clients at fixed locations away from events. Often these are in the entertainment districts of cities. Energy Control in Barcelona and DIMS in the Netherlands provide such services.
Off-site testing occurs away from events and away from clients. Clients submit samples by... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Waste heat can be used in district heating. Depending on the temperature of the waste heat and the district heating system, a heat pump must be used, to reach sufficient temperatures. An easy and cheap way to use waste heat in cold district heating systems, as these are operated at ambient temperatures and therefore ev... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Grignard is most noted for devising a new method for generating carbon-carbon bonds using magnesium to couple ketones and alkyl halides. This reaction is valuable in organic synthesis. It occurs in two steps:
#Formation of the "Grignard reagent", which is an organomagnesium compound made by the reaction of an organohal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An V1-morph is an organism that changes in shape during growth such that its surface area is proportional to its volume. In most cases both volume and surface area are proportional to length
The reason the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proport... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the most well known examples of a short copy number variation is the trinucleotide repeat of the CAG base pairs in the huntingtin gene responsible for the neurological disorder Huntingtons disease. For this particular case, once the CAG trinucleotide repeats more than 36 times in a trinucleotide repeat expansion... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Technomimetics are molecular systems that can mimic man-made devices. The term was first introduced in 1997. The current set of technomimetic molecules includes motors, rotors, gears, gyroscopes, tweezers, and other molecular devices. Technomimetics can be considered as the essential components of molecular machines an... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The prefix disiamyl is an abbreviation for "di-sec-isoamyl", where sec-isoamyl ("secondary isoamyl") is an archaic name for the 1,2-dimethylpropyl group (amyl being a obsolescent synonym of pentyl). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Good tilth shares a balanced relation between soil-aggregate tensile strength and friability, in which it has a stable mixture of aggregate soil particles that can be readily broken up by shallow non-abrasive tilling. A high tensile strength will result in large cemented clods of compacted soil with low friability. Pro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pentafluorophenyl (PFP) esters are chemical compounds with the generic formula RC(O)OCF. They are active esters derived from pentafluorophenol (HOCF).
PFP esters are useful for attaching fluorophores such as fluorescein or haptens to primary amines in biomolecules. They also are valuable in laboratory peptide synthesis... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Beryllium can form a variety of organoberyllium compounds, including ring structures, alkyls, alkynyls, hydrides, methyls, halides, phosphines, carbenes, and nitrogen-based coordination such as NacNac.
Dimethylberyllium has the same crystal structure as dimethylmagnesium and can be used to synthesize beryllium azide an... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), also written as prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), is a polypeptide fragment of prothrombin (factor II) generated by the in vivo cleavage of prothrombin into thrombin (factor IIa) by the enzyme prothrombinase (a complex of factor Xa and factor Va). It is released from the N-terminus of pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most organic reactions involve the breaking and making of bonds to a carbon; thus, it is reasonable to expect detectable carbon isotope effects. When C is used as the label, the change in mass of the isotope is only ~8%, though, which limits the observable kinetic isotope effects to much smaller values than the ones ob... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first ion funnel was created in 1997 in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory by the researchers in Richard D. Smiths lab. The ion funnel was implemented to replace the ion transmission-limited skimmer for more efficient ion capture in an ESI source. Many characterist... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Egg white ovalbumin: The unfolding of ovalbumin, a 45 kDa protein, as a function of guanidine hydrochloride (0-6M) occurred reversibly in one step. The protein fractions in native (N) and the denatured states (D) were characterized by UV spectrometry and viscosity measurements at defined temperatures in buffer pH 7.0.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A contaminant is a substance present in nature at a level higher than fixed levels or that would not otherwise be there. This may be due to human activity and bioactivity. The term contaminant is often used interchangeably with pollutant, which is a substance that has a detrimental impact on the surrounding environme... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle. Therefore, it is directly related to cellular quiescence, proliferation, cancer, and longevity. PI3K activation phosphorylates and activates AKT, localizing it in the plasma membrane. AKT can have a number of downst... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is the method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. When experiments are performed using well-defined surfaces of single-crystalline samples in a continuously pumped ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber, then this experimental techni... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DLVO theory is a theory of colloidal dispersion stability in which zeta potential is used to explain that as two particles approach one another their ionic atmospheres begin to overlap and a repulsion force is developed. In this theory, two forces are considered to impact on colloidal stability: Van der Waals forces a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The peptidoglycan layer within the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating amino sugars, namely N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc or NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc or NAM). The alternating sugars are connected by a β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond. Each MurNAc is attached... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbodiimides are reagents for the Moffatt oxidation, a protocol for conversion of an alcohol to a carbonyl (ketone or aldehyde) using dimethyl sulfoxide as the oxidizing agent:
:(CH)SO + (CyN)C + RCHOH → (CH)S + (CyNH)CO + RC=O
Typically the sulfoxide and diimide are used in excess. The reaction generates dimethyl sul... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The retroviruses include T-cell Leukemia virus type I, HIV, and Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV). The viral gene tax is expressed when the T-cell Leukemia virus transforms a cell altering the expression of cellular growth control genes and causing the transformed cells to become cancerous. HIV works differently by not directl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Inglis–Teller equation represents an approximate relationship between the plasma density and the principal quantum number of the highest bound state of an atom. The equation was derived by [https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/david-r-inglis/ David R. Inglis] and Edward Teller in 1939.
In a plasma, atomic lev... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
From 1991-1993 a group of investigators, headed by Zvi Shkedi, in the state of Massachusetts, USA, built well-insulated cells and calorimeters which included the capability to measure the actual Faraday efficiency in real-time during the experiments. The cells were of the light-water type; with a fine-wire nickel catho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA (MG-CoA), also known as β-methylglutaconyl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of leucine. It is metabolized into HMG-CoA. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is often stated as "DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein", although this is not its original meaning. It was first stated by Francis Crick in 1957, then published in 1958:
He re-stated it in a Nature paper p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zerovalent iron (ZVI) is jargon that describes forms of iron metal that are proposed for used in Groundwater remediation.
ZVI operates by electron transfer from Fe toward some organochlorine compounds, a common class of pollutants. The remediation process is proposed to generate Fe and Cl and halide-free organic produ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Solar cells are typically named after the semiconducting material they are made of. These materials must have certain characteristics in order to absorb sunlight. Some cells are designed to handle sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, while others are optimized for use in space. Solar cells can be made of a single... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photooxygenation to destroy cancerous tissue. A photosensitizer is injected into the tumor and then specific wavelengths of light are exposed to the tissue to excite the Sens. The excited Sens generally follows a type I or II photooxygenation mechanism to result in oxidative damage to c... | 5 | Photochemistry |
As discussed in the operation section, the resolution bandwidth filter or RBW filter is the bandpass filter in the IF path. It's the bandwidth of the RF chain before the detector (power measurement device). It determines the RF noise floor and how close two signals can be and still be resolved by the analyzer into tw... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Erosion corrosion is a form of corrosion damage usually on a metal surface caused by turbulence of a liquid or solid containing liquid and the metal surface. Aluminum can be particularly susceptible due to the fact that the aluminum oxide layer which affords corrosion protection to the underlying metal is eroded away. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.