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Helical wheels can be drawn by a variety of software packages including [https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=helixvis helixvis] in R, [https://github.com/smsaladi/heliquest heliquest] in R, or via the HELIQUEST server. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal composites is a term given to combinations of phase change materials (PCMs) and other (usually solid) structures. A simple example is a copper mesh immersed in paraffin wax. The copper mesh within paraffin wax can be considered a composite material, dubbed a thermal composite. Such hybrid materials are created ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Magnetic isotope effects arise when a chemical reaction involves spin-selective processes, such as the radical pair mechanism. The result is that some isotopes react preferentially, depending on their nuclear spin quantum number I. This is in contrast to more familiar mass-dependent isotope effects. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The majority of quorum sensing systems that fall under the "two-gene" (an autoinducer synthase coupled with a receptor molecule) paradigm as defined by the Vibrio fischeri system occur in the gram-negative Pseudomonadota. A comparison between the Pseudomonadota phylogeny as generated by 16S ribosomal RNA sequences and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mar Menor (, "minor/smaller sea") is a coastal saltwater lagoon in the Iberian Peninsula located south-east of the Autonomous Community of Murcia, Spain, near Cartagena.
Its name is the opposite of the Mediterranean, which is the (greater/larger sea) of the region.
Four municipalities border the Mar Menor: Cartagena, ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An algae scrubber is a water filtering device (not to be confused with a scrubber pad used to clean glass) which uses light to grow algae; in this process, undesirable chemicals are removed from the water. Algae scrubbers allow saltwater, freshwater and pond hobbyists to operate their tanks using natural filtration in ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
While the production and consumption of CFCs are regulated under the Montreal Protocol, emissions from existing banks of CFCs are not regulated under the agreement. In 2002, there were an estimated 5,791 kilotons of CFCs in existing products such as refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol cans and others. Approximatel... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Welan gum is an exopolysaccharide used as a rheology modifier in industrial applications such as cement manufacturing. It is produced by fermentation of sugar by bacteria of the genus Alcaligenes. The molecule consists of repeating tetrasaccharide units with single branches of L-mannose or L-rhamnose. In solution, the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It has been suggested that L1s may directly contribute to telomere reprogramming at the 2-cell stage of embryo development. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The epidermis is the outer layer of cells covering the leaf. It is covered with a waxy cuticle which is impermeable to liquid water and water vapor and forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external world. The cuticle is in some cases thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis, ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Chromosome jumping is a tool of molecular biology that is used in the physical mapping of genomes. It is related to several other tools used for the same purpose, including chromosome walking.
Chromosome jumping is used to bypass regions difficult to clone, such as those containing repetitive DNA, that cannot be easil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Affinity chromatography can be used in a number of applications, including nucleic acid purification, protein purification from cell free extracts, and purification from blood.
By using affinity chromatography, one can separate proteins that bind to a certain fragment from proteins that do not bind that specific fragme... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Protein adsorption is critical for many industrial and biomedical applications. Accurate prediction of protein adsorption will enable progress to be made in these areas. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the last step of glycolysis, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase. This reaction is strongly exergonic and irreversible; in gluconeogenesis, it takes two enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase, to catalyze the reverse transformation of pyruvate to PEP. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dynamic allele-specific hybridization (DASH) genotyping takes advantage of the differences in the melting temperature in DNA that results from the instability of mismatched base pairs. The process can be vastly automated and encompasses a few simple principles.
In the first step, a genomic segment is amplified and atta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA-dependent ATPase, abbreviated Dda and also known as Dda helicase and Dda DNA helicase, is the 439-amino acid 49,897-atomic mass unit protein coded by the Dda gene of the bacteriophage T4 phage, a virus that infects enterobacteria. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In animals and humans, after ingestion, natural phenols become part of the xenobiotic metabolism. In subsequent phase II reactions, these activated metabolites are conjugated with charged species such as glutathione, sulfate, glycine or glucuronic acid. These reactions are catalysed by a large group of broad-specificit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Twintrons were discovered by Donald W. Copertino and Richard B. Hallick as a group II intron within another group II intron in Euglena chloroplast genome. They found that splicing of both the internal and external introns occurs via lariat intermediates. Additionally, twintron splicing was found to proceed by a sequent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
High temperature materials are valuable for energy conversion and energy production applications. Maximum energy conversion efficiency is desired in such applications, in accord with the Carnot cycle. Because Carnot efficiency is limited by the temperature difference between the hot and cold reservoirs, higher operatin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The emitted photons from excited lanthanides are detected by highly sensitive devices and techniques such as single-photon detection. If the lifetime of the excited emitting level is long enough, then time-resolved detection (TRD) can be used to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. The instrumentation used to perform LRE... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics, work output is the work done by a simple machine, compound machine, or any type of engine model. In common terms, it is the energy output, which for simple machines is always less than the energy input, even though the forces may be drastically different.
In [thermodynamics], work output can refer to the th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Engine oil is filtered to remove impurities. Filtration of oil is normally done with volume filtration. Filter papers for lubrication oils are impregnated to resist high temperatures. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Recently, there had been discussion connecting copy number variations to gene families. Gene families are defined as a set of related genes that serve similar functions but have minor temporal or spatial differences and these genes likely derived from one ancestral gene. The main reason copy number variations are conne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The purpose of this technique is to analyze the activity of a gene transcription promoter (in terms of expression of a so-called reporter gene under the regulatory control of that promoter) either in a quantitative manner, involving some measure of activity, or qualitatively (on versus off) through visualization of its... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbonate in marine sediments predominantly comes from calcifying organisms, with a minor contribution from diagenesis and precipitation. Biogenic calcium carbonate has two polymorphs; calcite by foraminifera and coccolith and aragonite by corals and pteropods. While the distribution of foraminifera is generally global... | 9 | Geochemistry |
EPIC-seq, (short for Epigenetic Expression Inference by Cell-free DNA Sequencing), is a high-throughput method that specifically targets gene promoters using cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing. By employing non-invasive techniques such as blood sampling, it infers the expression levels of targeted genes. It consists of b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Iron smelting was unknown in pre-Columbian America.
Excavations at LAnse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, have found considerable evidence for the processing of bog iron and the production of iron in a bloomery by the Norse. The cluster of Viking Age (–1022 AD) at LAnse aux Meadows are situated on a raised marine terrace, be... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As the group 2 elements (also referred to as the alkaline earth metals) contain two valence electrons, their chemistries have similarities group 12 organometallic compounds. Both readily assume a +2 oxidation states with higher and lower states being rare, and are less electronegative than carbon. However, as the group... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When the excited chlorophyll P passes the electron to pheophytin, it converts to high-energy P, which can oxidize the tyrosine (or Y) molecule by ripping off one of its hydrogen atoms. The high-energy oxidized tyrosine gives off its energy and returns to the ground state by taking up a proton and removing an electron f... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The per base accuracy achieved in house by Ion Torrent on the [http://www.lifetechnologies.com/iontorrent Ion Torrent] Ion semiconductor sequencer as of February 2011 was 99.6% based on 50 base reads, with 100 Mb per run. The read-length as of February 2011 was 100 base pairs. The accuracy for homopolymer repeats of 5 ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reaction occurring between double bonds and ozone is known as ozonolysis when one molecule of the gas reacts with the double bond:
The immediate result is formation of an ozonide, which then decomposes rapidly so that the double bond is cleaved. This is the critical step in chain breakage when polymers are attacked... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SMA actuators are typically actuated electrically, where an electric current results in Joule heating. Deactivation typically occurs by free convective heat transfer to the ambient environment. Consequently, SMA actuation is typically asymmetric, with a relatively fast actuation time and a slow deactuation time. A numb... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The concept of selectivity is used to quantify the extent to which one chemical substance, A, binds each of two other chemical substances, B and C. The simplest case is where the complexes formed have 1:1 stoichiometry. Then, the two interactions may be characterized by equilibrium constants and .
where [X] represents... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The majority of benzylic functionalization reactions of tricarbonyl(arene)chromium complexes proceed by mechanisms analogous to those followed by the free arenes. The aromatic ring and benzylic position are activated towards solvolysis, deprotonation, and nucleophilic attack (at the ortho and para positions of the aren... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Virus survival through inclusion of AMGs is governed by the laws of natural selection and has been made highly selective through co-evolution with their hosts. As such, the AMGs that confer a fitness advantage to the virus's ability to infect a host and reproduce will be more abundant. AMG abundance is largely dictated... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Modified bisulfite sequencing was optimized for rRNA, tRNA, and miRNA molecules from Drosophila.
Bisulfite treatment has been most widely used to detect dm5C (DNA m5C). The treatment essentially converts a cytosine to a uridine, but methylated cytosines would be unchanged by the treatment.
Previous attempts to develop ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An optical spectrum analyzer uses reflective or refractive techniques to separate out the wavelengths of light. An electro-optical detector is used to measure the intensity of the light, which is then normally displayed on a screen in a similar manner to a radio- or audio-frequency spectrum analyzer.
The input to an op... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One of the main sources of information about the Earths composition comes from understanding the relationship between peridotite and basalt melting. Peridotite makes up most of Earths mantle. Basalt, which is highly concentrated in the Earths oceanic crust, is formed when magma reaches the Earths surface and cools down... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Sintering or frittage is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by pressure or heat without melting it to the point of liquefaction. Sintering happens as part of a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics, plastics, and other materials. The nanoparticles in the sintered material diffuse ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Metal-coded affinity tag is a method used for quantitative proteomics by mass spectrometry that uses a metal chelate complex 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (DOTA) coupled to different lanthanide ions. The metal complexes attach to the cysteine residues of proteins in a sample. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Knowles was educated at Toller Porcorum primary school, Beaminster School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge, graduating from the university in 1988, with triple first class honours in natural sciences (taking Materials Science and Metallurgy in Part II). He then went on to complete a PhD in 1991 - on the topic of t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In boilers, economizers are heat exchange devices that heat fluids, usually water, up to but not normally beyond the boiling point of that fluid. Economizers are so named because they can make use of the enthalpy in fluid streams that are hot, but not hot enough to be used in a boiler, thereby recovering more useful e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The quasistatic equations that describe the scattering and absorbance cross-sections for very small spherical nanoparticles are:
where is the wavenumber of the electric field, is the radius of the particle, is the relative permittivity of the dielectric medium and is the relative permittivity of the nanoparticle d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain (LOV domain) is a protein sensor used by a large variety of higher plants, microalgae, fungi and bacteria to sense environmental conditions. In higher plants, they are used to control phototropism, chloroplast relocation, and stomatal opening, whereas in fungal organisms, they are ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pittsfield, in western Massachusetts, was home to the General Electric (GE) transformer, capacitor, and electrical generating equipment divisions. The electrical generating division built and repaired equipment that was used to power the electrical utility grid throughout the nation. PCB-contaminated oil routinely migr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An important microstructural feature of a polymer is its architecture and shape, which relates to the way branch points lead to a deviation from a simple linear chain. A branched polymer molecule is composed of a main chain with one or more substituent side chains or branches. Types of branched polymers include star po... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A "black body" is a body which has the property of allowing all incident rays to enter without surface reflection and not allowing them to leave again.
Blackbodies are idealized surfaces that act as the perfect absorber and emitter. They serve as the standard against which real surfaces are compared when characterizing... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex PCR) refers to the use of polymerase chain reaction to amplify several different DNA sequences simultaneously (as if performing many separate PCR reactions all together in one reaction). This process amplifies DNA in samples using multiple primers and a temperature-media... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nucleotide (abbreviated "nt") is a common unit of length for single-stranded nucleic acids, similar to how base pair is a unit of length for double-stranded nucleic acids. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Minerals that have the same structure (isomorphic minerals) may have epitaxic relations. An example is albite on microcline . Both these minerals are triclinic, with space group , and with similar unit cell parameters, a = 8.16 Å, b = 12.87 Å, c = 7.11 Å, α = 93.45°, β = 116.4°, γ = 90.28° for albite and a = 8.5784 Å,... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Diphenylcyanoarsine, also called Clark 2 (Chlor-Arsen-Kampfstoff 2, being the successor of Clark 1) by the Germans, was discovered in 1918 by Sturniolo and Bellinzoni and shortly thereafter used like the related Clark 1 gas by the Germans for chemical warfare in the First World War. The substance causes nausea, vomitin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nickel is both naturally abundant – it is the fifth most common element on earth – and widely used in industry and commercial goods. Workplace nickel exposure is common in many industries, and the performance of normal work tasks can result in nickel skin levels sufficient to elicit dermatitis. Within the workplace, in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA printing can thus be used to produce DNA parts, which are defined as sequences of DNA that encode a specific biological function (for example, promoters, transcription regulatory sequences or open reading frames). However, because oligonucleotide synthesis typically cannot accurately produce oligonucleotides sequen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inclusion of plasticizers tends to lower T and increase polymer flexibility. Addition of the plasticizer will also modify dependence of the glass-transition temperature T on the cooling rate. The mobility of the chain can further change if the molecules of plasticizer give rise to hydrogen bonding formation. Plasticize... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Automated mineralogy solutions are applied in a variety of fields requiring statistically reliable, quantitative mineralogical information. These include the following sectors: mining; O&G; coal; environmental sciences; forensic geosciences; archaeology;agribusiness; built environment and planetary geology. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For a molecule to be considered a photosensitizer:
* The photosensitizer must impart a physicochemical change upon a substrate after absorbing incident light.
* Upon imparting a chemical change, the photosensitizer returns to its original chemical form.
It is important to differentiate photosensitizers from other photo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Escitalopram, like other SSRIs, has been shown to affect sexual function, causing side effects such as decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, and anorgasmia.
There is also evidence that SSRIs may cause an increase in suicidal ideation. An analysis conducted by the FDA found a statistically insignificant 1.5 to 2.4-fold... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In electrochemistry, a thermoneutral voltage is a voltage drop across an electrochemical cell which is sufficient not only to drive the cell reaction, but to also provide the heat necessary to maintain a constant temperature. For a reaction of the form
The thermoneutral voltage is given by
where is the change in entha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In pharmacology, Schild regression analysis, based upon the Schild equation, both named for Heinz Otto Schild, are tools for studying the effects of agonists and antagonists on the response caused by the receptor or on ligand-receptor binding. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enalapril has an L-proline moiety as a part of the molecule which is responsible for the oral bioavailability of the drug. It is a pro-drug, which means that it exerts its function after being metabolized. The "-OCH2CH3" part of the molecule will split during the metabolism and at the carbon will be a carboxylate, whic... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The 3rd group of anions consist of SO, PO and BO. They react neither with concentrated nor diluted HSO.
* Sulfates give a white precipitate of BaSO with BaCl which is insoluble in any acid or base.
* Phosphates give a yellow crystalline precipitate upon addition of HNO and ammonium molybdate and heating the solution.
*... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mitochondria play a central role in many other metabolic tasks, such as:
* Signaling through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
* Regulation of the membrane potential
* Apoptosis-programmed cell death
* Calcium signaling (including calcium-evoked apoptosis)
* Regulation of cellular metabolism
* Certain heme synthesi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trifluoroacetic acid is a corrosive strong acid but it does not pose the hazards associated with hydrofluoric acid because the carbon-fluorine bond is not labile. TFA is harmful when inhaled, causes severe skin burns and is toxic for aquatic organisms even at low concentrations.
TFA's reaction with bases and metals, e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several additives, including polystyrene, cyclen, and polyamines, to the Stöber process allow the creation of shell-core silica particles. Two configurations of the shell-core morphology have been described. One is a silica core with an outer shell of an alternative material such as polystyrene. The second is a silica ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme, also known as brancher enzyme or glycogen-branching enzyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GBE1 gene.
Glycogen branching enzyme is an enzyme that adds branches to the growing glycogen molecule during the synthesis of glycogen, a storage form of glucose. More specifically... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This family of clusters includes the closo cages and their derivatives.
Isomerism is well established in this family:
*2,3- and 2,4-
*2,3- and 2,4-
*1,2- and 1,6-
*1,10-, 1,6-, and 1,2-
*1,2 and 1,3-. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrostatic precipitators, ESPs, have recently gained renewed interest for bioaerosol sampling due to their highly efficient particle removal efficiencies and gentler sampling method as compared with impinging. ESPs charge and remove incoming aerosol particles from an air stream by employing a non-uniform electrostat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Network motifs are recurrent and statistically significant subgraphs or patterns of a larger graph. All networks, including biological networks, social networks, technological networks (e.g., computer networks and electrical circuits) and more, can be represented as graphs, which include a wide variety of subgraphs.
Ne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As the concentration of particles in a suspension is increased, a point is reached where particles are so close together that they no longer settle independently of one another and the velocity fields of the fluid displaced by adjacent particles, overlap. There is also a net upward flow of liquid displaced by the sett... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics the basis for a spectroscopic selection rule is the value of the transition moment integral
where and are the wave functions of the two states, "state 1" and "state 2", involved in the transition, and is the transition moment operator. This integral represents the propagator (and thus the proba... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lithium tert-butoxide is the metalorganic compound with the formula LiOC(CH). A white solid, it is used as a strong base in organic synthesis. The compound is often depicted as a salt, and it often behaves as such, but it is not ionized in solution. Both octameric and hexameric forms have been characterized by X-ray ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Non-ferrous metals are used in residential,
commercial and industrial applications. Material selection for a mechanical or structural application requires some important considerations, including how easily the material can be shaped into a finished part and how its properties can be either intentionally or inadvertent... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Levan is a naturally occurring fructan present in many plants and microorganisms. This polymer is made up of fructose, a monosaccharide sugar, connected by 2,6 beta glycosidic linkages. Levan can have both branched and linear structures of relatively low molecular weight. Branched levan forms a very small, sphere-like ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many metal complexes catalyze the dehydrogenation of amine-borane (AB). Catalysis in the absence of metals has also been observed. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, radical cyclization to produce small rings is difficult. However, it is possible to trap the cyclized radical before re-opening. This process can be facilitated by fragmentation (see the three-membered case below) or by stabilization of the cyclized radical (see the four-membered case). Five- and six-member... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
KaiC is a gene belonging to the KaiABC gene cluster (with KaiA, and KaiB) that, together, regulate bacterial circadian rhythms, specifically in cyanobacteria. KaiC encodes for the KaiC protein, which interacts with the KaiA and KaiB proteins in a post-translational oscillator (PTO). The PTO is cyanobacteria master cloc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A collection of matter may be entirely isolated from its surroundings. If it has been left undisturbed for an indefinitely long time, classical thermodynamics postulates that it is in a state in which no changes occur within it, and there are no flows within it. This is a thermodynamic state of internal equilibrium. (T... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites thanks to enzymes that, unlike those involved in primary metabolism, are less catalytically efficient but have a larger mechanistic elasticity (reaction types) and broader specificities. The liberal drift threshold (caused by the low selective pressure due to the s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cells observed under the electron microscope after a technique involving rapid freezing of the cells followed by substitution of water with a polymer (Fast-freeze Fixation/Freeze Substitution) contain a large number of electron dense bodies around the cell periphery. These structures correspond in size and location to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metallic bonding refers to the specific bonding between positive metal ions and surrounding valence electron clouds. This intermolecular force is relatively strong, and gives rise to the repeated crystalline orientation of atoms, also referred to as its lattice system. There are several types of common lattice formatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. The family includes equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV) of mice and simian haemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in all carbohydrates is always the same as that in water—that is, 2 to 1—all of the oxygen consumed by the cells is used to oxidize the carbon in the carbohydrate molecule to form carbon dioxide. Consequently, during the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule, six molecul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The earliest recorded use of the internal standard method dates back to Gouy's flame spectroscopy work in 1877, where he used an internal standard to determine if the excitation in his flame was consistent. His experimental procedure was later reintroduced in the 1940s, when recording flame photometers became readily a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The density of surface seawater ranges from about 1020 to 1029 kg/m, depending on the temperature and salinity. At a temperature of 25 °C, the salinity of 35 g/kg and 1 atm pressure, the density of seawater is 1023.6 kg/m. Deep in the ocean, under high pressure, seawater can reach a density of 1050 kg/m or higher. The ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Different proteins are degraded at different rates. Abnormal proteins are quickly degraded, whereas the rate of degradation of normal proteins may vary widely depending on their functions. Enzymes at important metabolic control points may be degraded much faster than those enzymes whose activity is largely constant und... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Historically, many places kept left, while many others kept right, often within the same country. There are many myths that attempt to explain why one or the other is preferred. About 90 percent of people are right-handed, and many explanations reference this. Horses are traditionally mounted from the left, and led fro... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Microthermometry is the process of reheating a melt inclusion to its original melt temperature and then rapidly quenching to form a homogenous glass phase free of daughter minerals or vapor bubbles that may have been originally contained within the melt inclusion. | 9 | Geochemistry |
In general, increased levels of fecal coliforms provide a warning of failure in water treatment, a break in the integrity of the distribution system, possible contamination with pathogens. When levels are high there may be an elevated risk of waterborne gastroenteritis. Tests for the bacteria are cheap, reliable and... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
dPCR enables the absolute and reproducible quantification of target nucleic acids at single-molecule resolution. Unlike analogue quantitative PCR (qPCR), however, absolute quantification with dPCR does not require a standard curve. dPCR also has a greater tolerance for inhibitor substances and PCR assays that amplify i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Marquis reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of formaldehyde and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria have fundamentally transformed the geochemistry of the planet. Multiple lines of geochemical evidence support the occurrence of intervals of profound global environmental change at the beginning and end of the Proterozoic (2,500–542 Mya).
While it is widely accepted that the presence of molecular oxygen ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Prior to further mechanistic investigation, it is important to determine the kinetic dependence of the reaction of interest on the catalyst. The turnover frequency (TOF) of the catalyst can be expressed as the reaction rate normalized to the concentration of catalyst:
:TOF =
This TOF is determined by running any two o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The transparent window, on to which the sample is deposited, is usually cooled using a compressed helium or similar refrigerant. Experiments must be performed under a high vacuum to prevent contaminants from unwanted gases freezing to the cold window. Lower temperatures are preferred, due to the improved rigidity and "... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
David Israel Schuster is a chemist who is currently a professor emeritus at New York University. His research program focused on organic photochemistry and later on fullerenes. | 5 | Photochemistry |
In E for Ecstasy (a book examining the uses of the street drug ecstasy in the UK) the writer, activist and ecstasy advocate Nicholas Saunders highlighted test results showing that certain consignments of the drug also contained selegiline. Consignments of ecstasy known as "Strawberry" contained what Saunders described ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Many commercial elastomers contain polysulfides as crosslinks. These crosslinks interconnect neighboring polymer chains, thereby conferring rigidity. The degree of rigidity is related to the number of crosslinks. Elastomers, therefore, have a characteristic ability to return to their original shape after being stretche... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The ion is the conjugate base of nitric acid, consisting of one central nitrogen atom surrounded by three identically bonded oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The nitrate ion carries a formal charge of −1. This charge results from a combination formal charge in which each of the three oxygens carries a − c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Within molecular and cell biology, Qa-1b is a MHC class I molecule and is the functional homolog of HLA-E in humans. Qa-1b is characterised by its limited polymorphisms and small peptide repertoire. Qa-1b binds to peptides derived from signal peptides of MHC class Ia molecule and interact with the CD94/NKG2 receptors o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
N-formylmethionine - N-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor - N-methylaspartate - N-terminus - NADH - NADPH - NaKATPase - native state - nef gene product - neoplasm protein - Nernst equation - nerve - nerve growth factor - nerve growth factor receptor - nerve tissue protein - nerve tiss... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The surfaces of cancer cells often exhibit aberrant glycosylation, which serves to mediate cell proliferation, metastasis, and tumor progression. However, because these glycans often differ from those present on healthy cells, they also serve as candidates to act as cancer biomarkers for use in diagnostics and in devel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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