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Tropoelastin is a protein, of size 72kDa, that comes together via cross-links to form elastin in the extracellular matrix of the cell. The cross-link formation process is mediated by lysyl oxidase. One of the major reasons that elastin can withstand high levels of stress in the body without experiencing any physical d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are other forms of metastable iron carbides that have been identified in tempered steel and in the industrial Fischer–Tropsch process. These include epsilon (ε) carbide, hexagonal close-packed FeC, precipitates in plain-carbon steels of carbon content > 0.2%, tempered at 100–200 °C. Non-stoichiometric ε-carbide d... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In an HCP crystal such as graphite, the two coordinates include the origin and the next plane up the c axis located at c/2, and hence , which gives us
From this it is convenient to define dummy variable , and from there consider the modulus squared so hence
This leads us to the following conditions for the structure f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Iron, usually as Fe is a common constituent of river waters at very low levels. Higher iron concentrations in acidic springs or an anoxic hyporheic zone may cause visible orange/brown staining or semi-gelatinous precipitates of dense orange iron bacterial floc carpeting the river bed. Such conditions are very deleterio... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Unlike the majority of ACE inhibitors, captopril is not administered as a prodrug (the only other being lisinopril). About 70% of orally administered captopril is absorbed. Bioavailability is reduced by presence of food in stomach. It is partly metabolised and partly excreted unchanged in urine. Captopril also has a re... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The fixation of by RuBisCO is a multi-step process. First, a molecule (that is not the molecule that is eventually fixed) attaches to the uncharged ε-amino group of lysine 201 in the active site to form a carbamate. This carbamate then binds to the magnesium ion (Mg) in RuBisCOs active site. A molecule of RuBP then ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Except for fluorine that can only form unstable polyfluorides at low temperature, all other stable halogens (Cl, Br, I) can form several isopolyhalogen anions that are stable at room temperature, of which the most prominent example being triiodide. In all these anions, the halogen atoms of the same element bond to each... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
AdoMet is a methyl donor for transmethylation. It gives away its methyl group and is also the propylamino donor in polyamine biosynthesis. S-adenosylmethionine synthesis can be considered the rate-limiting step of the methionine cycle.
As a methyl donor SAM allows DNA methylation. Once DNA is methylated, it switches th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The iron pillar of Dhar was originally longer than the iron pillar of Delhi. After the Muslim conquest of Dhar, it broke into at least two pieces. The smaller piece was planted at the Dilawar Khan's Mosque in Mandu. The larger piece was erected in front of the Lat Masjid constructed by Dilawar Khan in 1405.
In 1531 CE,... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Unlike typical diffusion, anomalous diffusion is described by a power law, where is the so-called generalized diffusion coefficient and is the elapsed time. The classes of anomalous diffusions are classified as follows:
* α < 1: subdiffusion. This can happen due to crowding or walls. For example, a random walker in a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eukaryotic DNA with a typical length of dozens of centimeters should be orderly packed to be readily accessible inside the micrometer-size nucleus. In most eukaryotes, DNA is arranged in the cell nucleus with the help of histones. In this case, the basic level of DNA compaction is the nucleosome, where the double helix... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Specific volume is the inverse of mass concentration only in the case of pure substances, for which mass concentration is the same as the density of the pure-substance: | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One of the most important features of chemical synapses is that they are the site of action for the majority of psychoactive drugs. Synapses are affected by drugs, such as curare, strychnine, cocaine, morphine, alcohol, LSD, and countless others. These drugs have different effects on synaptic function, and often are r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process itself is regulated through both positive and negative termination factors, usually through modification of the hairpin structure. This is accomplished through interactions with single stranded RNA that corresponds to the upstream area of the loop, resulting in disruption of the termination process. Further... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Samples are dissolved or suspended in a "cocktail" containing a solvent (historically aromatic organics such as xylene or toluene, but more recently less hazardous solvents are used), typically some form of a surfactant, and "fluors" or scintillators which produce the light measured by the detector. Scintillators can b... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Slow or deep carbon cycling is an important process, though it is not as well-understood as the relatively fast carbon movement through the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere, ocean, and geosphere. The deep carbon cycle is intimately connected to the movement of carbon in the Earth's surface and atmosphere. If the proce... | 5 | Photochemistry |
People can reduce the number of mosquito bites they receive (to a greater or lesser degree) by:
* Using a mosquito net
* Wearing long clothing that covers the skin and is tucked in to seal up holes
* Avoiding the outdoors during dawn and dusk, when mosquitos are most active
* Keeping air moving to prevent mosquitos fro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) is a NASA satellite mission intended to provide global space-based observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (). The original spacecraft was lost in a launch failure on 24 February 2009, when the payload fairing of the Taurus rocket which was carrying it failed to separate during ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Germicidal lamps are used to sterilize workspaces and tools used in biology laboratories and medical facilities. If the quartz envelope transmits shorter wavelengths, such as the 185 nm mercury emission line, they can also be used wherever ozone is desired, for example, in the sanitizing systems of hot tubs and aquariu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Artificial upwelling or downwelling is an approach that would change the mixing layers of the ocean. Encouraging various ocean layers to mix can move nutrients and dissolved gases around, offering avenues for geoengineering. Mixing may be achieved by placing large vertical pipes in the oceans to pump nutrient rich wate... | 5 | Photochemistry |
These clusters consist of at least two different (semi)metallic elements, and possess more direct metal-metal than metal-ligand contacts. The suffix "oid" designate that such clusters possess at a molecular scale, atom arrangements that appear in bulk intermetallic compounds with high coordination numbers of the atoms,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bottromycin was first isolated from Streptomyces bottropensis in 1957. It has since been identified in at least two other members of the genus Streptomyces; members of Streptomyces are known to be prolific producers of secondary metabolites. Bottromycin has a unique structure, consisting of the macrocyclic amidine link... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Oxygen is probably the most important chemical constituent of surface water chemistry, as all aerobic organisms require it for survival. It enters the water mostly via diffusion at the water-air interface. Oxygens solubility in water decreases as water temperature increases. Fast, turbulent streams expose more of the w... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Blocking antibodies can be used in a variety of medical and scientific manners, thus far been to treat cancer, Graves' disease, and prevent the growth of malaria in mosquitoes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Immunosequencing in its modern context started being discussed in scientific literature in the early 2010s with the advent of more powerful gene sequencing techniques. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Agostic interactions are best demonstrated by crystallography. Neutron diffraction data have shown that C−H and M┄H bond distances are 5-20% longer than expected for isolated metal hydride and hydrocarbons. The distance between the metal and the hydrogen is typically 1.8–2.3 Å, and the M┄H−C angle is in the range of 90... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Deflagrations are often used in engineering applications when the force of the expanding gas is used to move an object such as a projectile down a barrel, or a piston in an internal combustion engine. Deflagration systems and products can also be used in mining, demolition and stone quarrying via gas pressure blasting ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Classically, the kinetic energy of rotation is
:where
:: is the angular momentum
:: is the moment of inertia of the molecule
For microscopic, atomic-level systems like a molecule, angular momentum can only have specific discrete values given by
:where is a non-negative integer and is the reduced Planck constant.
Also... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Directional solidification uses a thermal gradient to promote nucleation of metal grains on a low temperature surface, as well as to promote their growth along the temperature gradient. This leads to grains elongated along the temperature gradient, and significantly greater creep resistance parallel to the long grain d... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) is a colorless gas usually sold under the brand name Freon-12, and a chlorofluorocarbon halomethane (CFC) used as a refrigerant and aerosol spray propellant. In compliance with the Montreal Protocol, its manufacture was banned in developed countries (non-article 5 countries) in 1996, and ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The earliest example of a [4+4] photocycloaddition was the photodimerization of anthracene, discovered in 1936. This reaction has remained one of the most reliable photocycloadditions and is the basis of continuing investigation.
Other polycyclic aromatics undergo anthracene-like photocycloaddition, such as acridiziniu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Lipid rafts are loosely defined as clusters of cholesterol and saturated lipids forming regions of lipid heterogeneity in cellular membranes (e.g., the ganglioside GM1). The association of proteins to lipid rafts is cholesterol dependent and regulates the proteins' function (e.g., substrate presentation). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another group suggests that primitive cells might have formed inside inorganic clay microcompartments, which can provide an ideal container for the synthesis and compartmentalization of complex organic molecules. Clay-armored bubbles form naturally when particles of montmorillonite clay collect on the outer surface of ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In biochemistry, ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) is a chemical compound used to observe the reaction kinetics of specific enzymes. A common use for it is in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the binding of molecules to each other.
It is commonly used as a substrate w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycosides are also classified according to the chemical nature of the aglycone. For purposes of biochemistry and pharmacology, this is the most useful classification. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Traditional methods of measuring CDOM include UV-visible spectroscopy (absorbance) and fluorometry (fluorescence). Optical proxies have been developed to characterize sources and properties of CDOM, including specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA) and spectral slopes for absorbance, and the fluorescence inde... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Microarrays can be manufactured in different ways, depending on the number of probes under examination, costs, customization requirements, and the type of scientific question being asked. Arrays from commercial vendors may have as few as 10 probes or as many as 5 million or more micrometre-scale probes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two monosaccharides with equivalent molecular graphs (same chain length and same carbonyl position) may still be distinct stereoisomers, whose molecules differ in spatial orientation. This happens only if the molecule contains a stereogenic center, specifically a carbon atom that is chiral (connected to four distinct ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although fluorescent dyes may not have the same sensitivity as radioactive probes, they are able to show real-time activity of molecules in action. Moreover, radiation and appropriate handling is no longer a concern.
With the development of fluorescent tagging, fluorescence microscopy has allowed the visualization of s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The original commercial AFM-IR instruments required most samples to be thicker than 50 nm to achieve sufficient sensitivity. Sensitivity improvements were achieved using specialized cantilever probes with an internal resonator and by wavelet based signal processing techniques. Sensitivity was further improved by Lu et ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Squalene is a biochemical precursor to both steroids and hopanoids. For sterols, the squalene conversion begins with oxidation (via squalene monooxygenase) of one of its terminal double bonds, resulting in 2,3-oxidosqualene. It then undergoes an enzyme-catalysed cyclisation to produce lanosterol, which can be elaborate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Prebiotically plausible lactones, such as ε-caprolactone and δ-valerolactone, have been shown to oligomerize without the usage of catalysts forming oligomers that may have been relevant during the origin of life. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dexlansoprazole is used to heal and maintain healing of erosive esophagitis and to treat heartburn associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It lasts longer than lansoprazole, to which it is chemically related, and needs to be taken less often. There is no good evidence that it works better than other PP... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The coding region can be modified in order to regulate gene expression.
Alkylation is one form of regulation of the coding region. The gene that would have been transcribed can be silenced by targeting a specific sequence. The bases in this sequence would be blocked using alkyl groups, which create the silencing effect... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In dehydrohalogenation reactions, the halogen and an adjacent proton are removed from halocarbons, thus forming an alkene. For example, with bromoethane and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in ethanol, the hydroxide ion HO abstracts a hydrogen atom. A Bromide ion is then lost, resulting in ethene, HO and NaBr. Thus, haloalkane... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The EFI is developing an integrated sequence-structure based strategy for functional assignment by predicting the substrate specificities of unknown members of mechanistically diverse enzyme superfamilies. The approach leverages conserved features within a given superfamily such as known chemistry, identity of active ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
β-Hydride elimination is a reaction in which an alkyl group bonded to a metal centre is converted into the corresponding metal-bonded hydride and an alkene. The alkyl must have hydrogens on the β-carbon. For instance butyl groups can undergo this reaction but methyl groups cannot. The metal complex must have an empty (... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Smolková-Keulemansová became one of the leading experts in the field of chromatography. She was the first professor of chemistry in the Czech Republic and one of the first in Europe. Not only did she continue her studies in chemistry, but she also focused on polarography, a PhD focused on gas chromatography and a DrSc ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Conservative replacements in proteins often have a better effect on function than non-conservative replacements. The reduced effect of conservative replacements on function can also be seen in the occurrence of different replacements in nature. Non-conservative replacements between proteins are far more likely to be re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 2014 Monomers, polymers and articles containing the same from sugar derived compounds
* 2018 Isosorbide-based polymethacrylates | 1 | Biochemistry |
In metallurgy, recovery is a process by which a metal or alloys deformed grains can reduce their stored energy by the removal or rearrangement of defects in their crystal structure. These defects, primarily dislocations, are introduced by plastic deformation of the material and act to increase the yield strength of a m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The speed of sound in seawater is about 1,500 m/s (whereas the speed of sound is usually around 330 m/s in air at roughly 101.3 kPa pressure, 1 atmosphere), and varies with water temperature, salinity, and pressure. The thermal conductivity of seawater is 0.6 W/mK at 25 °C and a salinity of 35 g/kg.
The thermal conduct... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In Kinematical theory an approximation is made that the electrons are only scattered once. For transmission electron diffraction it is common to assume a constant thickness , and also what is called the Column Approximation (e.g. references and further reading). For a perfect crystal the intensity for each diffraction... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Paul trap that uses an oscillating quadrupole field to trap ions radially and a static potential to confine ions axially. The quadrupole field is realized by four parallel electrodes laying in the -axis positioned at the corners of a square in the -plane. Electrodes diagonally opposite each other are connected and an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Visual phototransduction in invertebrates like the fruit fly differs from that of vertebrates, described up to now. The primary basis of invertebrate phototransduction is the PI(4,5)P cycle. Here, light induces the conformational change into rhodopsin and converts it into meta-rhodopsin. This helps in dissociation of G... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Version 1.0 of Rfam was launched in 2003 and contained 25 ncRNA families and annotated about 50 000 ncRNA genes. In 2005, version 6.1 was released and contained 379 families annotating over 280 000 genes. In August 2012, version 11.0 contained 2208 RNA families, while the current version (14.9, released in November 20... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nitrates and nitrites are wastes produced by nitrifying bacteria, just as sulfur and sulfates are produced by the sulfur-reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria. Insoluble iron waste can be made by iron bacteria by using soluble forms. In plants, resins, fats, waxes, and complex organic chemicals are exuded f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Immunologic adjuvants are substances, administered in conjunction with a vaccine, that stimulate the immune system and increase the response to the vaccine. Squalene is not itself an adjuvant, but it has been used in conjunction with surfactants in certain adjuvant formulations.
An adjuvant using squalene is Seqirus pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Bradford assay is a colorimetric assay that measures protein concentration. The reagent Coomassie brilliant blue turns blue when it binds to arginine and aromatic amino acids present in proteins, thus increasing the absorbance of the sample. The absorbance is measured using a spectrophotometer, at the maximum absor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In tissues, many different cell types interact with one another. In the brain, for example, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes (specialized cells of the neural tissue, each with specific functions) interact with one another as well as with cells that comprise blood vessels. All these different cell types may int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Chloride channels: This superfamily of channels consists of approximately 13 members. They include ClCs, CLICs, Bestrophins and CFTRs. These channels are non-selective for small anions; however chloride is the most abundant anion, and hence they are known as chloride channels.
*Potassium channels
**Voltage-gated potas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When conservation of number of particles holds true during scattering, it leads to a unitary condition for the scattering amplitude. In the general case, we have
Optical theorem follows from here by setting
In the centrally symmetric field, the unitary condition becomes
where and are the angles between and and som... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
FeMoco ( cofactor) is the primary cofactor of nitrogenase. Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen molecules N into ammonia (NH) through the process known as nitrogen fixation. Studying FeMoco's role in the reaction mechanism for nitrogen fixation is a potential use case for quan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bipolar electrochemistry is a phenomenon in electrochemistry based on the polarization of conducting objects in electric fields. Indeed, this polarization generates a potential difference between the two extremities of the substrate that is equal to the electric field value multiplied by the size of the object. If this... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Only few naturally occurring compounds exhibit the isocyanide functionality. The first was discovered in 1957 in an extract of the mold Penicillium notatum. The compound xanthocillin later was used as an antibiotic. Since then numerous other isocyanides have been isolated. Most of the marine isocyanides are terpenoid, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Between 1995 and 2004 in the United States, an average of 1560 cold-related emergency department visits occurred per year and in the years 1999 to 2004, an average of 647 people died per year due to hypothermia. Of deaths reported between 1999 and 2002 in the US, 49% of those affected were 65 years or older and two-thi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Interferome offers many ways of searching and retrieving data from the database:
*Identify interferon regulated gene signatures in microarray data;
*Gene Ontology analysis and annotation;
*Normal tissue expression of interferon regulated genes;
*Regulatory analysis of interferon regulated genes;
*BLAST (Basic Local Ali... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cu is strongly cycled in the surface and deep ocean. In the deep ocean, Cu concentrations are ~5 nM in the Pacific and ~1.5 nM in the Atlantic. The deep/surface ratio of Cu in the ocean is typically <10, and vertical concentration profiles for Cu are roughly linear due to biological recycling and scavenging processes a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
One application of molecular imprinting technology is in affinity-based separations for biomedical, environmental, and food analysis. Sample preconcentration and treatment can be carried out by removing targeted trace amounts of analytes in samples using MIPs. The feasibility of MIPs in solid-phase extraction, solid-ph... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Partial molar properties are useful because chemical mixtures are often maintained at constant temperature and pressure and under these conditions, the value of any extensive property can be obtained from its partial molar property. They are especially useful when considering specific properties of pure substances (tha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This form of corrosion occurs principally in metal alloys. The less noble metal of the alloy, is selectively leached from the alloy. Removal of zinc from brass is a more common example. | 8 | Metallurgy |
There were three EXPOSE experiments completed between 2008 and 2015: EXPOSE-E, EXPOSE-R and EXPOSE-R2.
The EXPOSE-E was launched on 7 February 2008 on board the Space Shuttle Atlantis and was mounted on the ISS European module Columbus to the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF). EXPOSE-R was launched to the I... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Monitoring of pesticide residues in the UK began in the 1950s. From 1977 to 2000 the work was carried out by the Working Party on Pesticide Residues (WPPR), until in 2000 the work was taken over by the Pesticide Residue Committee (PRC). The PRC advise the government through the Pesticides Safety Directorate and the Foo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Barluenga was born in Tardienta (Huesca), Spain, where he spent his childhood and attended primary school.
He studied chemistry at the University of Zaragoza (B.Sc., 1963; Ph.D. 1966) with Professor V. Gómez Aranda. In 1967, he moved to Germany and, after a postdoctoral appointment at the Max-Planck Institut für Kohle... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
1,2,3-Cyclohexatriene is an unstable chemical compound with the molecular formula . It is an unusual isomer of benzene in which the three double bonds are cumulated.
In 1990, 1,2,3-cyclohexatriene was first prepared by reacting a cyclohexadiene derivative with cesium fluoride. The product was too reactive to be isolat... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Zeldovich mechanism is a chemical mechanism that describes the oxidation of nitrogen and NO formation, first proposed by the Russian physicist Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich in 1946. The reaction mechanisms read as
where and are the reaction rate constants in Arrhenius law. The overall global reaction is given by
The ove... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Iron isotopes have been applied for a number of purposes on planetary bodies. Their variations have been measured to more precisely determine the processes that occurred during planetary accretion. In the future, the comparison of observed biological fractionation of iron on Earth to fractionation on other planetary bo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In chemistry, ammonolysis (/am·mo·nol·y·sis/) is the process of splitting ammonia into . Ammonolysis reactions can be conducted with organic compounds to produce amines (molecules containing a nitrogen atom with a lone pair, :N), or with inorganic compounds to produce nitrides. This reaction is analogous to hydrolysi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pseudoephedrine (PSE) is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It may be used as a nasal/sinus decongestant, as a stimulant, or as a wakefulness-promoting agent in higher doses.
It was first characterized in 1889 by the German chemists Ladenburg and Oelschlägel, who used a sampl... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The methylene blue value is defined as the number of milliliter's standard methylene value solution decolorized 0.1 g of activated carbon (dry basis).
Methylene blue value reflects the amount of clay minerals in aggregate samples. In materials science, methylene blue solution is successively added to fine aggregate wh... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It was concluded that bacterial deposition mainly occurred in a secondary energy minimum by using DLVO theory. DLVO calculation predicted an energy barrier of 140kT at 31.6 mM ionic strength to over 2000kT at 1mM ionic strength. This data was not in agreement with the experimental data, which showed increasing deposit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Solid material in wastewater may be dissolved, suspended, or settled. Total dissolved solids or TDS (sometimes called filterable residue) is measured as the mass of residue remaining when a measured volume of filtered water is evaporated. The mass of dried solids remaining on the filter is called total suspended solids... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* BS 1881:204 Testing concrete. Recommendations on the use of electromagnetic covermeters
* DGZfP:B2: Guideline “für Bewehrungsnachweis und Überdeckungsmessung bei Stahl- und Spannbeton”
* DIN 1045: Guideline Concrete, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures
* ACI Concrete Practices Non Destructive testing 228.... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Like carbon, silicon can form four stable bonds with itself and other elements, and long chemical chains known as silane polymers, which are very similar to the hydrocarbons essential to life on Earth. Silicon is more reactive than carbon, which could make it optimal for extremely cold environments. However, silanes sp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alloying a metal is done by combining it with one or more other elements. The most common and oldest alloying process is performed by heating the base metal beyond its melting point and then dissolving the solutes into the molten liquid, which may be possible even if the melting point of the solute is far greater than ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A dot blot is a special case of any of the above blots where the analyte is added directly to the blotting matrix (and appears as a "dot") as opposed to separating the sample by electrophoresis prior to blotting. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Homogeneity testing for a candidate reference material typically involves replicated measurements on multiple units or subsamples of the material.
Homogeneity tests for CRMs follow planned experimental designs. Because the experiment is intended to test for (or estimate the size of) variation in value between different... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 2003, Paterson and co-workers reported a strategy that relies heavily on substrate-derived stereocontrol. Instead of a reagent-controlled aldol reaction in Paterson first-generation synthesis, a dicyclohexylboron-mediated anti-aldol was used to connect C(5)-C(6), which leads to a significant increase in diastereose... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Evolution of microbial resistance to vancomycin is a growing problem, in particular, within healthcare facilities such as hospitals. While newer alternatives to vancomycin exist, such as linezolid (2000) and daptomycin (2003), the widespread use of vancomycin makes resistance to the drug a significant worry, especially... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The veterinary doctor Maurice Crowther Hall (1881-1938) discovered in 1921 that carbon tetrachloride was incredibly effective as an anthelminthic in eradicating hookworm via ingestion. In one of the clinical trials of carbon tetrachloride, it was tested on criminals to determine its safety for use in human beings. Begi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A photocathode is a surface engineered to convert light (photons) into electrons using the photoelectric effect. Photocathodes are important in accelerator physics where they are utilised in a photoinjector to generate high brightness electron beams. Electron beams generated with photocathodes are commonly used for f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the case of esterification with acetic anhydrides the currently accepted mechanism involves three steps. First, DMAP and acetic anhydride react in a pre-equilibrium reaction to form an ion pair of acetate and the acetylpyridinium ion. In the second step the alcohol adds to the acetylpyridinium, and elimination of py... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The interior of cells is a crowded environment. For example, an Escherichia coli cell is only about 2 micrometres (μm) long and 0.5 μm in diameter, with a cell volume of 0.6 - 0.7 μm. However, E. coli can contain up to 4,288 different types of proteins, and about 1,000 of these types are produced at a high enough level... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Operando spectroscopy is an analytical methodology wherein the spectroscopic characterization of materials undergoing reaction is coupled simultaneously with measurement of catalytic activity and selectivity. The primary concern of this methodology is to establish structure-reactivity/selectivity relationships of catal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In mining, tailings or tails are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore. Tailings are different from overburden, which is the waste rock or other material that overlies an ore or mineral body and is displaced during mining without be... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The development of chemoenzymatic strategies to generate large libraries of non-native sugar nucleotides has enabled a process referred to as glycorandomization where these sugar nucleotide libraries serve as donors for permissive glycosyltransferases to afford differential glycosylation of a wide range of pharmaceutic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
FRELEX was developed in 2016 by [https://neoaptamers.com/ NeoVentures Biotechnology Inc] to allow the selection of aptamers without immobilizing the target or the oligonucleotide library. Immobilization is a necessary component of SELEX; however, it has the potential to inhibit key epitopes, and thus weaken the likelih... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term vaporization has also been used in a colloquial or hyperbolic way to refer to the physical destruction of an object that is exposed to intense heat or explosive force, where the object is actually blasted into small pieces rather than literally converted to gaseous form. Examples of this usage include the "vap... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The word "titration" descends from the French word titrer (1543), meaning the proportion of gold or silver in coins or in works of gold or silver; i.e., a measure of fineness or purity. Tiltre became titre, which thus came to mean the "fineness of alloyed gold", and then the "concentration of a substance in a given sa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1900 an endowment was made to found the Garton Lectureship in Indian and Colonial Agriculture at the University of Edinburgh. The Garton Lectureship still exists as a biennial award to promising young lecturers in the School of Agriculture but is without emoluments and is no longer tied to colonial agriculture. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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