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One cheminformatics study identified 849,574 unique substituents up to 12 non-hydrogen atoms large and containing only carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium, and the halogens in a set of 3,043,941 molecules. Fifty substituents can be considered common as they are found in more than 1% of this... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A frigorific mixture is a mixture of two or more phases in a chemical system that, so long as none of the phases are completely consumed during equilibration, reaches an equilibrium temperature that is independent of the starting temperature of the phases before they are mixed. The equilibrium temperature is also inde... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to their high photoluminescence quantum efficiencies, perovskites may find use in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Although the stability of perovskite LEDs is not yet as good as III-V or organic LEDs, there is ongoing research to solve this problem, such as incorporating organic molecules or potassium dopants in pero... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Wastewater pollutants discharged by iron and steel mills includes gasification products such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, cyanide, ammonia, phenols and cresols, together with a range of more complex organic compounds known collectively as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Treatment technologies include re... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gemperline joined the chemistry faculty at East Carolina University (ECU) as an assistant professor in 1982. He was promoted to full professor in 1993. According to The Daily Reflector he had a long and distinguished teaching and research career at ECU with "more than 30 years of research experience in chemometrics inv... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An amagat is a practical unit of volumetric number density. Although it can be applied to any substance at any conditions, it is defined as the number of ideal gas molecules per unit volume at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) and 0 °C (273.15 K). It is named after Émile Amagat, who also has Amagat's law named after him. The abbrev... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thomas Haines was born on August 9, 1933, to Elsie Cubbon Haines (1894–1955) and Charles Haines, who deserted when Haines was two. In 1937, "by reason of the insanity of the mother", a judge placed him at the Graham School, an orphanage in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. The orphanage, now a social services and foster ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Other methods of refrigeration include the air cycle machine used in aircraft; the vortex tube used for spot cooling, when compressed air is available; and thermoacoustic refrigeration using sound waves in a pressurized gas to drive heat transfer and heat exchange; steam jet cooling popular in the early 1930s for air c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A warm body emitting photons has a monochromatic emission coefficient relating to its temperature and total power radiation. This is sometimes called the second Einstein coefficient, and can be deduced from quantum mechanical theory. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hunter was born on 19 February 1965 in Dunedin, New Zealand. He is the son of John Alexander Hunter and his wife Alice Mary Hunter. He and his family moved to Northern Ireland in 1969. He was educated at Portstewart Primary School and the Coleraine Academical Institution, an all-boys grammar school in Coleraine, County... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Coherent grain boundaries are those in which the crystal lattice of adjacent grains is continuous across the boundary. In other words, the crystallographic orientation of the grains on either side of the boundary is related by a small rotation or translation. Coherent grain boundaries are typically observed in material... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A pericyclic reaction is an organic reaction that proceeds via a single concerted and cyclic transition state, the geometry of which allows for the continuous overlap of a cycle of (π and/or σ) orbitals.
The terms conrotatory and disrotatory describe the relative sense of bond rotation involved in electrocyclic ring-op... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recombinant DNA is widely used in biotechnology, medicine and research. Today, recombinant proteins and other products that result from the use of DNA technology are found in essentially every western pharmacy, physician or veterinarian office, medical testing laboratory, and biological research laboratory. In addition... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As a trivalent transition metal, yttrium forms various inorganic compounds, generally in the oxidation state of +3, by giving up all three of its valence electrons. A good example is yttrium(III) oxide (), also known as yttria, a six-coordinate white solid.
Yttrium forms a water-insoluble fluoride, hydroxide, and oxala... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An important physical property characterizing the flow of liquids is viscosity. Intuitively, viscosity describes the resistance of a liquid to flow.
More technically, viscosity measures the resistance of a liquid to deformation at a given rate, such as when it is being sheared at finite velocity. A specific example is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Steinert provides sorting technologies for recycling and mining industries using a variety of sensors, like X-ray, inductive, NIR and color optical sensors and 3D laser camera, which can be combined for sorting a variety of materials. NIR technology is used in the recycling field. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Commonly referred to as STD (Submarine Tailings Disposal) or DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Disposal). Tailings can be conveyed using a pipeline then discharged so as to eventually descend into the depths. Practically, it is not an ideal method, as the close proximity to off-shelf depths is rare. When STD is used, the depth o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The possibility has been proposed and studied, both theoretically and experimentally, of implementing an orthogonal system inside cells independent of the cellular genetic material in order to make a completely safe system, with the possible increase in encoding potentials.
Several groups have focused on different aspe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Different formulations of efficiency are possible depending on which outputs and inputs are considered. For instance, average quantum efficiency is the ratio between gross assimilation and either absorbed or incident light intensity. Large variability of measured quantum efficiency is reported in the literature between... | 5 | Photochemistry |
At lower temperatures, more energy (i.e. - larger applied stress) is required to activate some slip systems. This is particularly evident in BCC materials, in which not all 5 independent slip systems are thermally activated at temperatures below the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature, or DBTT, so BCC specimens t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Cromer cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that uses a desiccant to interact with higher relative humidity air leaving a cold surface. When a system is taken through a series of different states and finally returned to its initial state, a thermodynamic cycle is said to have occurred. The desiccant absorbs moisture from... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many different intermetallic compounds are formed during solidifying of solders and during their reactions with the soldered surfaces. The intermetallics form distinct phases, usually as inclusions in a ductile solid solution matrix, but also can form the matrix itself with metal inclusions or form crystalline matter w... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Thermocells in which the electrolyte connecting the electrodes is an ionic material have been considered and constructed too. The temperature range is also elevated as compared to liquid electrolytes. Studied systems fall in the 400–900 K. Some solid ionic materials that have been employed to construct thermogalvanic c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Type I photosensitized reactions, the photosensitizer is excited by a light source into a triplet state. The excited, triplet state photosensitizer then reacts with a substrate molecule which is not molecular oxygen to both form a product and reform the photosensitizer. Type I photosensitized reactions result in the... | 5 | Photochemistry |
While a finite thermal contact conductance is due to voids at the interface, surface waviness, and surface roughness, etc., a finite conductance exists even at near ideal interfaces as well. This conductance, known as thermal boundary conductance, is due to the differences in electronic and vibrational properties bet... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nicking Enzyme Amplification Reaction (NEAR) is a method for in vitro DNA amplification like the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). NEAR is isothermal, replicating DNA at a constant temperature using a polymerase (and nicking enzyme) to exponentially amplify the DNA at a temperature range of 55 °C to 59 °C.
One disadvan... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to some serotonin was "named for its source (sero-) and ability to modify smooth muscle tone (tonin)" an effect that may be dependent (some controversy exists) upon serotonylation.
The term serotonylation was created in 2003 by Diego J. Walther and colleagues of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Geneti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An automated read-across tool called Generalized Read-Across (GenRA) is integrated into The Chemicals Dashboard. GenRA is designed to keep the expert consideration inherent in the read-across method, but automate the chemical selection process to help predict toxicity.
The Dashboard also has the capability to search ex... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Rare-earth oxides such as ytterbium oxide (YbO) and erbium oxide (ErO) are the most commonly used selective emitters. These oxides emit a narrow band of wavelengths in the near-infrared region, allowing the emission spectra to be tailored to better fit the absorbance characteristics of a particular PV material. The pea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Zyklon B (; translated Cyclone B) was the trade name of a cyanide-based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It consists of hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), as well as a cautionary eye irritant and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth. The product is notorious for its use by Nazi Germany du... | 1 | Biochemistry |
, about a quarter of annual global greenhouse gas emissions is the carbon dioxide from burning petroleum (plus methane leaks from the industry). Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion is the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO. Atmospheric CO has risen over the last 150 years to current... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A majority of the human genome is made up of non-protein coding DNA. It infers that such sequences are not commonly employed to encode for a protein. However, even though these regions do not code for protein, they have other functions and carry necessary regulatory information.They can be classified based on the size... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If a drop is placed on a smooth, horizontal surface, it is generally not in the equilibrium state. Hence, it spreads until an equilibrium contact radius is reached (partial wetting). While taking into account capillary, gravitational, and viscous contributions, the drop radius as a function of time can be expressed as
... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The activation energy for a chemical reaction can be provided when one reactant molecule absorbs light of suitable wavelength and is promoted to an excited state. The study of reactions initiated by light is photochemistry, one prominent example being photosynthesis. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Piperacillin is used almost exclusively in combination with the beta lactamase inhibitor tazobactam for the treatment of serious, hospital-acquired infections. This combination is among the most widely used drug therapies in United States non-federal hospitals, accounting for $388M in spending in spite of being a low-c... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Commercially available sea salts on the market today vary widely in their chemical composition. Although the principal component is sodium chloride, the remaining portion can range from less than 0.2 to 10% of other salts. These are mostly calcium, potassium, and magnesium salts of chloride and sulfate with substantial... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The most common thiolactone, homocysteine thiolactone is produced biochemically from homocysteine and it may play a role in protein damage. The thiolactone functional group is also present in some pharmaceutical drugs such as citiolone and erdosteine. Thiolactone rings can also be found in peptides synthesized by bacte... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions at rates that are astounding relative to uncatalyzed chemistry at the same reaction conditions. Each catalytic event requires a minimum of three or often more steps, all of which occur within the few milliseconds that characterize typical enzymatic reactions. According to transitio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chelate complexes of gadolinium are often used as contrast agents in MRI scans, although iron particle and manganese chelate complexes have also been explored. Bifunctional chelate complexes of zirconium, gallium, fluorine, copper, yttrium, bromine, or iodine are often used for conjugation to monoclonal antibodies for ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Drospirenone stimulates the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro, an action that is independent of the classical PRs and is instead mediated via the progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1). Certain other progestins act similarly in this assay, whereas progesterone acts neutrally. It is unclea... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Recently, it has been shown that trabectedin blocks DNA binding of the oncogenic transcription factor FUS-CHOP and reverses the transcriptional program in myxoid liposarcoma. By reversing the genetic program created by this transcription factor, trabectedin promotes differentiation and reverses the oncogenic phenotype ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Great Calcite Belt can be defined as an elevated particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) feature occurring alongside seasonally elevated chlorophyll a in austral spring and summer in the Southern Ocean. It plays an important role in climate fluctuations, accounting for over 60% of the Southern Ocean area (30–60° S). The... | 9 | Geochemistry |
With the wealth of data available from monitoring reaction progress over time paired with the power of modern computing methods, it has become reasonably straightforward to numerically evaluate the rate law, mapping the integrated rate laws of simulated reactions paths onto a fit of reaction progress over time. Due to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The gel is prepared by dissolving the agarose powder in an appropriate buffer, such as TAE or TBE, to be used in electrophoresis. The agarose is dispersed in the buffer before heating it to near-boiling point, but avoid boiling. The melted agarose is allowed to cool sufficiently before pouring the solution into a cast... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process of singlet fission was first introduced to describe the photophysics of anthracene in 1965. Early studies on the effect of the magnetic field on the fluorescence of crystalline tetracene solidified understanding of singlet fission in polyacenes.
Acenes, Pentacene and Tetracene in particular, are prominent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A small fraction of metabolism – less than 5% in all tissues except the testes where it accounts for about 33% – is initially catalyzed by leucine aminomutase, producing β-leucine, which is subsequently metabolized into (β-KIC), β-ketoisocaproyl-CoA, and then acetyl-CoA by a series of uncharacterized enzymes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Silicon isotope biogeochemistry is the study of environmental processes using the relative abundance of Si isotopes. As the relative abundance of Si stable isotopes varies among different natural materials, the differences in abundance can be used to trace the source of Si, and to study biological, geological, and chem... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Water undergoes electrolysis at high temperatures to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The energy to perform this is extracted from renewable sources such as wind power. Then, the hydrogen is reacted with compressed carbon dioxide captured by direct air capture. The reaction produces blue crude which consists of hydroc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For a long time, it was normal procedure for a decommissioned blast furnace to be demolished and either be replaced with a newer, improved one, or to have the entire site demolished to make room for follow-up use of the area. In recent decades, several countries have realized the value of blast furnaces as a part of th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The SBSP concept also has a number of problems:
* The large cost of launching a satellite into space. For 6.5 kg/kW, the cost to place a power satellite in geosynchronous orbit (GEO) cannot exceed $200/kg if the power cost is to be competitive.
* Microwave optic requires gigawatt scale to compensate for Airy disk beam ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A pair of diazonium cations can be coupled to give biaryls. This conversion is illustrated by the coupling of the diazonium salt derived from anthranilic acid to give diphenic acid (). In a related reaction, the same diazonium salt undergoes loss of and to give benzyne. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Charles law appears to imply that the volume of a gas will descend to zero at a certain temperature (−266.66 °C according to Gay-Lussacs figures) or −273.15 °C. Gay-Lussac was clear in his description that the law was not applicable at low temperatures:
At absolute zero temperature, the gas possesses zero energy and he... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It can involve the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, electron diffraction patterns including convergent-beam electron diffraction or combinations of these. I... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A separatory funnel, also known as a separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate (partition) the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases will be ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A variety of ion channel blockers (inorganic and organic molecules) can modulate ion channel activity and conductance.
Some commonly used blockers include:
* Tetrodotoxin (TTX), used by puffer fish and some types of newts for defense. It blocks sodium channels.
* Saxitoxin is produced by a dinoflagellate also known as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An analogous reaction with nitrogen as the heteroatom was described in 1984 for the synthesis of the antibiotic substance streptazolin. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
AFPs work through an interaction with small ice crystals that is similar to an enzyme-ligand binding mechanism which inhibits recrystallization of ice. This explanation of the interruption of the ice crystal structure by the AFP has come to be known as the adsorption-inhibition hypothesis.
According to this hypothesis,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The joint gap is the distance between the electrofusion fitting and the pipe material. When no joint gap is present, the resulting joint strength is high but not maximum. As joint gap increases, the joint strength increases to a point, then begins to decline fairly sharply. At larger gaps sufficient pressure cannot bui... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Boltzmann constant is named after its 19th century Austrian discoverer, Ludwig Boltzmann. Although Boltzmann first linked entropy and probability in 1877, the relation was never expressed with a specific constant until Max Planck first introduced , and gave a more precise value for it (, about 2.5% lower than today... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understand... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Photons have a momentum given by (where is the reduced Planck constant and the photon wavenumber), which is conserved in all atom-photon interactions. Thus, when an atom absorbs a photon, it is given a momentum kick in the direction of the photon before absorption. By detuning a laser beam to a frequency less than t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although ‘sulphur’, ‘sulphate’ and ‘sulphide’ are standard Australian-English spellings, Australian researchers are encouraged to adopt the US-English spelling of these terms in both domestic and international publications so that, inter alia, spelling is consistent with IUPAC definitions. As such, although ‘acid sulph... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Known generalisations include monomers with an arbitrary number of functional group types, crosslinking polymerisation, and complex reaction networks. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Society awards the AAG Gold Medal to recognize a lifetime's achievement in or outstanding contribution to applied geochemistry. It also offers an annual student paper prize to reward student contributors of outstanding papers on geochemistry. | 9 | Geochemistry |
By analyzing the isotopic compositions of stable and radiogenic nuclides in meteorites, Dauphas investigates the timing and processes that lead to the formation of Solar System bodies and the establishment of habitable conditions on Earth and Mars. He used iron isotopes to study how the iron biogeochemical cycle of the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Rutherford model of the nuclear atom (1911) showed that the exterior of an atom is occupied by electrons, which suggests that electrons are responsible for the interaction of atoms and the formation of chemical bonds. In 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis explained valence and chemical bonding in terms of a tendency of (main-g... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. It is the main storage form of glucose in the human body.
Glycogen functions as one of three regularly used forms of energy reserves, creatine phosphate being for very short-term, glycogen bei... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Scientists Miriam Paredes and Maria Quiles led an investigation on the plant species Rosa Meillandina, and its metabolic response to water deficit. They noted how limited water irrigation can cause a reduction in PS II levels, which then results in the inhibition of photosynthesis. Paredes and Quiles also noticed the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The complete breakdown of glucose releasing its energy is called cellular respiration. The last steps of this process occur in mitochondria. The reduced molecules NADH and FADH are generated by the Krebs cycle, glycolysis, and pyruvate processing. These molecules pass electrons to an electron transport chain, which rel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluorescence, chemiluminescence and phosphorescence are 3 different types of luminescence properties, i.e. emission of light from a substance.
Fluorescence is a property where light is absorbed and remitted within a few nanoseconds (approx. 10ns) at a lower energy (=higher wavelength), while bioluminescence is biologic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In HR-EBSD analysis, the lattice distortion field is calculated relative to a reference pattern or point (EBSP) per grain in the map, and is dependent on the lattice distortion at the point. The lattice distortion field in each grain is measured with respect to this point; therefore, the absolute lattice distortion at ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An intergenic region is a stretch of DNA sequences located between genes. Intergenic regions may contain functional elements and junk DNA. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tetrabutylammonium is a quaternary ammonium cation with the formula , also denoted (where Bu = butyl group). It is used in the research laboratory to prepare lipophilic salts of inorganic anions. Relative to tetraethylammonium derivatives, tetrabutylammonium salts are more lipophilic but crystallize less readily. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Zinc has five stable isotopes, tabulated along with their natural abundances below:
The isotopic composition of Zn is reported in delta notation (in ‰):
where Zn is a Zn isotope other than Zn (commonly either Zn or Zn). Standard reference materials used for Zn isotope measurements are JMC 3-0749C, NIST-SRM 683 or NIST-... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The anions of orthophosphoric acid are orthophosphate (commonly called simply "phosphate") , monohydrogen phosphate , and dihydrogen phosphate . | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Reactions of conjugated double-bond systems can be synthesized into cycloalkenes through electrocyclic reactions. Addition of heat or photolysis causes a reversible reaction that causes one pi bond to become a sigma bond, which closes the ring and creates a cycloalkene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The oldest anodizing process uses chromic acid. It is widely known as the Bengough-Stuart process but, due to the safety regulations regarding air quality control, is not preferred by vendors when the additive material associated with type II doesn't break tolerances. In North America, it is known as Type I because it ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Precious metals such as gold and platinum, but also many other rare and noble metals, largely originated within neutron star collisions - collisions between exceedingly heavy massive and dense remnants of supernovas. In the final moments of the collision, the physical conditions are so extreme that these heavy rare el... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Europe has very few sources of tin. Therefore, throughout ancient times it was imported long distances from the known tin mining districts of antiquity. These were the Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge) along the modern border between Germany and the Czech Republic, the Iberian Peninsula, Brittany in modern France, and Cornwal... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dai has received several honors and awards, among them:
* 1985: Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation New Faculty Award
* 1988: Sloan Fellowship
* 1989: The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Teacher-Scholar Award
* 1990: Coblentz Award in Spectroscopy
* 1992: Fellowship of the American Physical Society
* 1994: Alexan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Graphite intercalation compounds have fascinated materials scientists for many years owing to their diverse electronic and electrical properties. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Lithotrophic bacteria cannot use, of course, their inorganic energy source as a carbon source for the synthesis of their cells. They choose one of three options:
* Lithoheterotrophs do not have the ability to fix carbon dioxide and must consume additional organic compounds in order to break them apart and use their car... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Molecular data show that PSI likely evolved from the photosystems of green sulfur bacteria. The photosystems of green sulfur bacteria and those of cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants are not the same, but there are many analogous functions and similar structures. Three main features are similar between the differen... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Similar to other -ome based technologies, analysis of the transcriptome allows for an unbiased approach when validating hypotheses experimentally. This approach also allows for the discovery of novel mediators in signaling pathways. As with other -omics based technologies, the transcriptome can be analyzed within the s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is part of PHEs Radiation Protection Adviser Services. PHE was the UKs first Radiation Protection Adviser Body, under the Ionising Radiations Regulations (IRR) 17 (which came from the International Commission on Radiological Protection). | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An oligoester is an ester oligomer chain containing a small number of repeating ester units (monomers). Oligoesters are short analogs of polymeric polyesters.
An example is oligo-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The endothelium maintains vascular homeostasis through the release of active vasodilators. Although nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as the primary factor at level of arteries, increased evidence for the role of another endothelium-derived vasodilator known as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) has accumu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Wender Taxol total synthesis in organic chemistry describes a Taxol total synthesis (one of six to date) by the group of Paul Wender at Stanford University published in 1997. This synthesis has much in common with the Holton Taxol total synthesis in that it is a linear synthesis starting from a naturally occurring comp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash. Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, hyperkalemia, and angioedema. Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The branching index measures the effect of long-chain branches on the size of a macromolecule in solution. It is defined as g = >/>, where s is the mean square radius of gyration of the branched macromolecule in a given solvent, and s is the mean square radius of gyration of an otherwise identical linear macromolecule ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The glycosylation reaction involves the coupling of a glycosyl donor and a glycosyl acceptor via initiation using an activator under suitable reaction conditions.
* A glycosyl donor is a sugar with a suitable leaving group at the anomeric position. This group, under the reaction conditions, is activated and via the fo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mitochondrial ferritin has many roles pertaining to molecular function. It participates in ferroxidase activity, binding, iron ion binding, oxidoreductase activity, ferric iron binding, metal ion binding as well as transition metal binding. Within the realm of biological processes it participates in oxidation-reduction... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The conversion of aldehydes to nitriles via aldoximes is a popular laboratory route. Aldehydes react readily with hydroxylamine salts, sometimes at temperatures as low as ambient, to give aldoximes. These can be dehydrated to nitriles by simple heating, although a wide range of reagents may assist with this, including ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Another application for the magnetic sequencing is using the hairpin end-to-end distance to detect the successive ligation of oligonucleotide. First step of sequencing by ligation is using a primer to extend a DNA fragment. Extension is first attempted with a fragment starting with adenine, which can only be ligated if... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) is used as a primary method to distinguish bacterial species as it is difficult to visually classify them accurately. This technique is not widely used on larger organisms where differences in species are easier to identify. In the late 1900s, strains were considered to belong to the same sp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is well established that the macromolecular structure of nonviral gene delivery vectors alters their transfection efficacy and cytotoxicity. The cyclized structure has been proven to reduce cytotoxicity and increase circulation time for drug and gene delivery applications. The unique structure of cyclizing chains pr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rasagiline is molecularly a propargylamine derivative. The form brought to market by Teva and its partners is the mesylate salt, and was designated chemically as: 1H-Inden-1-amine-2,3-dihydro-N-2-propynyl-(1R)-methanesulfonate. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Source: [https://www.rsc.org/Membership/Networking/InterestGroups/Electrochemistry/faradaymedal.asp RIC]
* 1977 Veniamin Grigorievich Levich (1917–1987)
* 1981 John O’M. Bockris
* 1983 Jean-Michel Savéant
* 1985 Michel Armand
* 1987 Heinz Gerischer (1919–1994)
* 1991 David A. J. Rand, CSIRO Division of Mineral Chemistr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
High power mercury vapor black light lamps are made in power ratings of 100 to 1,000 watts. These do not use phosphors, but rely on the intensified and slightly broadened 350–375 nm spectral line of mercury from high pressure discharge at between , depending upon the specific type. These lamps use envelopes of Wo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In virology, the term "sense" has a slightly different meaning. The genome of an RNA virus can be said to be either positive-sense, also known as a "plus-strand", or negative-sense, also known as a "minus-strand". In most cases, the terms "sense" and "strand" are used interchangeably, making terms such as "positive-str... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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