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For its medical uses, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has the generic name norflurane. It is used as propellant for some metered dose inhalers. It is considered safe for this use. In combination with pentafluoropropane, it is used as a topical vapocoolant spray for numbing boils before curettage. It has also been studied as... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Following the lead of Dachlauer and Jackel, contemporary routes to episulfides utilize a two-step method, converting an olefin to an epoxide followed by thiation using thiocyanate or thiourea.
Episulfides can also be prepared from cyclic carbonates, hydroxy mercaptans, hydroxyalkyl halides, dihaloalkanes, and halo merc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first PAFP, Kaede (protein), was isolated from Trachyphyllia geoffroyi in a cDNA library screen designed to identify new fluorescent proteins. A fluorescent green protein derived from this screen was serendipitously discovered to have sensitivity to ultraviolet light-- | 1 | Biochemistry |
C/EBPβ has been found to have a role in the development of osteoporosis. The full-length isoform of the C/EBPβ protein (LAP) activates the MafB gene, whereas the short isoform (LIP) suppresses it. MafB gene activation suppresses the formation of osteoclasts. Thus, upregulation of LAP diminishes the number of osteoclast... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general terms, the free energy change (ΔG) of a reaction determines whether a chemical change will take place, but kinetics describes how fast the reaction is. A reaction can be very exothermic and have a very positive entropy change but will not happen in practice if the reaction is too slow. If a reactant can prod... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If Z is a state function then the balance of Z remains unchanged during a cyclic process:
Entropy is a state function and is defined in an absolute sense through the Third Law of Thermodynamics as
where a reversible path is chosen from absolute zero to the final state, so that for an isothermal reversible process
In ge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to lipid rafts, cholesterol can also interact with proteins that possess lipid-binding domains, such as certain types of sterol-sensing domains or cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motifs. These interactions can affect protein conformation, stability, and function, thereby infl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proteinase K is commonly used in molecular biology to digest protein and remove contamination from preparations of nucleic acid. Addition of Proteinase K to nucleic acid preparations rapidly inactivates nucleases that might otherwise degrade the DNA or RNA during purification. It is highly suited to this application si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A variety of nanoparticle materials have been demonstrated to promote various electrochemical reactions, although none have been commercialized. These catalysts can be tuned with respect to their size and shape, as well as the surface strain.
Also, higher reaction rates can be achieved by precisely controlling the arra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transduction was discovered in Salmonella by Norton Zinder and Joshua Lederberg at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1952. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Best polymerization conditions for acrylamide gels are obtained at 25–30 °C and polymerization seems terminated after 20–30 min of reaction although residual monomers (10–30%) are detected after this time. The co-polymerization of acrylamide (AA) monomer/N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (Bis-AA) cross-linker initiated by am... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Protein was studied using a protein nanoprobe (that enables cross-linking) that introduced photo-methionine within the protein (during the recombinant expression) which lead to the protein keeping its reserved structure while having the ability to be mapped out for its interactions. The model was used as a region of co... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tertiary alcohols react with strong acids to generate carbocations. The reaction is related to their dehydration, e.g. isobutylene from tert-butyl alcohol. A special kind of dehydration reaction involves triphenylmethanol and especially its amine-substituted derivatives. When treated with acid, these alcohols lose wate... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Precession electron diffraction (PED) is a specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). By rotating (precessing) a tilted incident electron beam around the central axis of the microscope, a PED pattern is formed by integration over a collection of diffraction... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, , a quantity of work, , is needed (where is the surface energy density of the liquid). ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The excess volume is another important property in the characterization of grain boundaries. Excess volume was first proposed by Bishop in a private communication to Aaron and Bolling in 1972. It describes how much expansion is induced by the presence of a GB and is thought that the degree and susceptibility of segrega... | 8 | Metallurgy |
One of the most exciting and most studied uses of photocatalysis is the photo-oxidation of organics as it applies to environmental decontamination.
In contrast to gas phase interactions with the solid surface, the vast number of variables associated with the liquid solid interface (i.e. solution pH, photocatalyst conc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The termination of transcription of pre-rRNA genes by polymerase Pol I is performed by a system that needs a specific transcription termination factor. The mechanism used bears some resemblance to the rho-dependent termination in prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells contain hundreds of ribosomal DNA repeats, sometimes distrib... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Debye length has become increasingly significant in the modeling of solid state devices as improvements in lithographic technologies have enabled smaller geometries.
The Debye length of semiconductors is given:
where
* ε is the dielectric constant,
* k is the Boltzmann constant,
* T is the absolute temperature in k... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine, abundant in polyA+ mRNAs, occurs at the first nucleotide after the 5’ cap, when an additional methyl group is added to a 2ʹ-O-methyladenosine residue at the ‘capped’ 5ʹ end of mRNA.
Since m6Am can be recognized by anti-m6A antibodies at transcription start sites, the methods used for m6A prof... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride (or triflyl chloride, CF3SO2Cl) can be used in a highly efficient method to introduce a trifluoromethyl group to aromatic and heteroaromatic systems, including known pharmaceuticals such as Lipitor. The chemistry is general and mild, and uses a photoredox catalyst and a light source at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Following a major forgery of Australias newly introduced $10 notes in 1967, Solomon was invited to a meeting about how to make more secure bank notes. Given his background in polymer science Solomons idea was to print the notes on a plastic substrate rather than the traditional paper, and incorporate optically variable... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA fragmentation is the separation or breaking of DNA strands into pieces. It can be done intentionally by laboratory personnel or by cells, or can occur spontaneously. Spontaneous or accidental DNA fragmentation is fragmentation that gradually accumulates in a cell. It can be measured by e.g. the Comet assay or by th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diverted total synthesis in chemistry is a strategy in drug discovery aiming at organic synthesis of natural product analogues rather than the natural product itself. The target can be the modification of a natural product or the modification of an intermediate. In this sense it differs from other strategies such as to... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During application, the building is enclosed and filled with the gas for a period of time, usually at least 16–18 hours, sometimes as long as 72 hours. The building must then be ventilated, generally for at least 6 hours, before occupants can return. California regulations are such that the tent will be on for three t... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In his work at the University of Giessen, Kröhnke observed condensation of α-pyridinium methyl ketone salts 1 with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds 2 via a Michael reaction when treated with ammonium acetate to give 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridines in high yields under mild reaction conditions. The proposed intermediat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nuclease Prime Editor uses Cas9 nuclease instead of Cas9(H840A) nickase. Unlike prime editor 3 (PE3) that requires dual-nick at both DNA strands to induce efficient prime editing, Nuclease Prime Editor requires only a single pegRNA since the single-gRNA already creates double-strand break instead of single-strand nick. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The IIR has over 200 publications available on refrigeration technologies and applications: reference documents, guides, technical books, conference and congress papers and proceedings, tables and diagrams comprising the thermophysical properties of refrigerants.
Books in the refrigeration field published by other publ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, an adiabatic wall between two thermodynamic systems does not allow heat or chemical substances to pass across it, in other words there is no heat transfer or mass transfer.
In theoretical investigations, it is sometimes assumed that one of the two systems is the surroundings of the other. Then it is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
UDP-Galactose is especially relevant in glycolysis. It is derived from galactose an epimer of glucose, and via the Leloir Pathway, it is used be used as a precursor for the metabolism of glucose into pyruvate. When lactose is hydrolyzed, D-Galactose enters the liver via the bloodstream. There, galactokinase phosphoryla... | 1 | Biochemistry |
3-phosphoglycerate can be separated and measured using paper chromatography as well as with column chromatography and other chromatographic separation methods. It can be identified using both gas-chromatography and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry and has been optimized for evaluation using tandem MS techniques. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The D-PUFAs are currently undergoing clinical trials in several human indications.
In general, reinforced by deuterium polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFA) drugs:
* are deuterated forms of natural, essential PUFAs, identical to natural PUFAs bar one key property: D-PUFAs are significantly more resistant to lipid peroxi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polyprotic acids are acids that can lose more than one proton. The constant for dissociation of the first proton may be denoted as K, and the constants for dissociation of successive protons as K, etc. Citric acid is an example of a polyprotic acid HA, as it can lose three protons.
When the difference between successiv... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another use for FRET is in the study of metabolic or signaling pathways. For example, FRET and BRET have been used in various experiments to characterize G-protein coupled receptor activation and consequent signaling mechanisms. Other examples include the use of FRET to analyze such diverse processes as bacterial chemo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ionic Atmosphere is a concept employed in Debye–Hückel theory which explains the electrolytic conductivity behaviour of solutions. It can be generally defined as the area at which a charged entity is capable of attracting an entity of the opposite charge. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although all water that enters pit workings originates from atmospheric precipitation, the miner distinguishes between surface water and groundwater. Surface water enters the pit through openings in the mine at the surface of the ground, such as tunnel portals or shaft entrances. During heavy rain, water seeps into the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The ATP test is a process of rapidly measuring actively growing microorganisms through detection of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Several other minerals, such as the gemstone topaz, contain fluoride. Fluoride is not significant in seawater or brines, unlike the other halides, because the alkaline earth fluorides precipitate out of water. Commercially insignificant quantities of organofluorines have been observed in volcanic eruptions and in geot... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ampicillin is contraindicated in those with a hypersensitivity to penicillins, as they can cause fatal anaphylactic reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions can include frequent skin rashes and hives, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme, and a temporary decrease in both red and white blood cells.
Ampicillin is not... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) is a family of closely related transcription factors which plays a critical role in regulating gene expression during early development. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Combined with the energy needed to produce hydrogen and purified atmospheric nitrogen, ammonia production is energy-intensive, accounting for 1% to 2% of global energy consumption, 3% of global carbon emissions, and 3% to 5% of natural gas consumption. Hydrogen required for ammonia synthesis is most often produced thro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The PV diagram, then called an indicator diagram, was developed in 1796 by James Watt and his employee John Southern. Volume was traced by a plate moving with the piston, while pressure was traced by a pressure gauge whose indicator moved at right angles to the piston. A pencil was used to draw the diagram. Watt used t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An active metabolite, or pharmacologically active metabolite is a biologically active metabolite of a xenobiotic substance, such as a drug or environmental chemical. Active metabolites may produce therapeutic effects, as well as harmful effects. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chromatofocusing is a protein-separation technique that allows resolution of single proteins and other ampholytes from a complex mixture according to differences in their isoelectric point. Chromatofocusing uses ion exchange resins and is typically performed on fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) or similar equip... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Crystal violet is one of the components of methyl violet, a dye first synthesized by Charles Lauth in 1861. From 1866, methyl violet was manufactured by the Saint-Denis-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It was a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated pararosanili... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The HILIC mode of separation is used extensively for separation of some biomolecules, organic and some inorganic molecules by differences in polarity. Its utility has increased due to the simplified sample preparation for biological samples, when analyzing for metabolites, since the metabolic process generally results... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Advantages:
* Process controllability - Unlike a traditional electric or gas furnace the induction system requires no pre-heat cycle or controlled shutdown. The heat is available on demand. In addition to the benefits of rapid availability in the event of a downstream interruption to production, the power can be switc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
plants have a competitive advantage over plants possessing the more common carbon fixation pathway under conditions of drought, high temperatures, and nitrogen or limitation. When grown in the same environment, at 30 °C, grasses lose approximately 833 molecules of water per molecule that is fixed, whereas grasses ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Unimolecular ion decomposition is the fragmentation of a gas phase ion in a reaction with a molecularity of one. Ions with sufficient internal energy may fragment in a mass spectrometer, which in some cases may degrade the mass spectrometer performance, but in other cases, such as tandem mass spectrometry, the fragment... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gas phase species absorb and display unique spectra between 120 – 240 nm where high energy σ→σ*, n→σ*, π→π*, n → π* electronic transitions can be excited and probed. VUV spectra reflect the absorbance cross section of compounds and are specific to their electronic structure and functional group arrangement. The ability... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For experimental setups of chemisorption, the amount of adsorption of a particular system is quantified by a sticking probability value.
However, chemisorption is very difficult to theorize. A multidimensional potential energy surface (PES) derived from effective medium theory is used to describe the effect of the sur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In an ideal plug flow reactor (PFR) the fluid particles leave in the same order they arrived, not mixing with those in front and behind. Therefore, the particles entering at time t will exit at time t + T, all spending a time T inside the reactor. The residence time distribution will be then a Dirac delta function dela... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This approach is based on first-principles physics alone and is not limited to vortex tubes only, but applies to moving gas in general. It shows that temperature separation in a moving gas is due only to enthalpy conservation in a moving frame of reference.
The thermal process in the vortex tube can be estimated in the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oximes are commonly used as ligands and sequestering agents for metal ions. Dimethylglyoxime (dmgH) is a reagent for the analysis of nickel and a popular ligand in its own right. In the typical reaction, a metal reacts with two equivalents of dmgH concomitant with ionization of one proton. Salicylaldoxime is a chelator... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Over-the-counter preparations containing dextromethorphan have been used in manners inconsistent with their labeling, often as a recreational drug. At doses much higher than medically recommended, dextromethorphan and its major metabolite, dextrorphan, acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist, which produces dissociative ha... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
CeCoIn ("Cerium-Cobalt-Indium 5") is a heavy-fermion superconductor with a layered crystal structure, with somewhat two-dimensional electronic transport properties. The critical temperature of 2.3 K is the highest among all of the Ce-based heavy-fermion superconductors. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Neurotransmitters are tiny signal molecules stored in membrane-enclosed synaptic vesicles and released via exocytosis. Indeed, a change in electrical potential in the presynaptic cell triggers the release of these molecules. By attaching to transmitter-gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter causes an electrical alter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
;Magnesium–halogen exchange
Grignard reagents can be prepared by treating a preformed Grignard reagent with an organic halide. This method offers the advantage that the Mg transfer tolerates many functional groups. A typical reaction involves isopropylmagnesium chloride and aryl bromide or iodides:
: i-PrMgCl + ArCl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The simplest DNA end of a double stranded molecule is called a blunt end. Blunt ends are also known as non-cohesive ends. In a blunt-ended molecule, both strands terminate in a base pair. Blunt ends are not always desired in biotechnology since when using a DNA ligase to join two molecules into one, the yield is signif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine is a United Kingdom-based learned society dedicated to the practice and promotion of clinical biochemistry. It was founded in 1953 and its official journal is the Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. The association is a full, national society member of the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The genes that encode both the dihydroxy acid dehydrase used in the creation of α-ketoisovalerate and Transaminase E, as well as other enzymes are encoded on the ilvEDA operon. This operon is bound and inactivated by valine, leucine, and isoleucine. (Isoleucine is not a direct derivative of pyruvate, but is produced by... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the migratory insertion, a ligand that is viewed as an anion (X) ligand in and a ligand that is viewed as neutral couple, generating a new anionic ligand. The anion and neutral ligands that react are adjacent. If the precursor complex is coordinatively saturated, migratory insertion often result in a coordinatively ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For certain purposes in an item of electrical equipment or a portion of it, definite type and size of materials with proper rating for voltage, current and temperature, are used. The circuit resistance never kept too low. Sometimes some parts placed inside the board and box, maintaining a proper distance from each othe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The 62-ton Ivy Mike device built by the United States and exploded on 1 November 1952, was the first fully successful "hydrogen bomb" (thermonuclear bomb). In this context, it was the first bomb in which most of the energy released came from nuclear reaction stages that followed the primary nuclear fission stage of the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Once a nucleic acid sequence has been obtained from an organism, it is stored in silico in digital format. Digital genetic sequences may be stored in sequence databases, be analyzed (see Sequence analysis below), be digitally altered and be used as templates for creating new actual DNA using artificial gene synthesis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A 3–10% solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) gives a color change in some species of mushrooms:
* In Agaricus, some species such as A. xanthodermus turn yellow with KOH, many have no reaction, and A. subrutilescens turns green.
* Distinctive change occurs for some species of Cortinarius and Boletes | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Warburg diffusion element is an equivalent electrical circuit component that models the diffusion process in dielectric spectroscopy. That element is named after German physicist Emil Warburg.
A Warburg impedance element can be difficult to recognize because it is nearly always associated with a charge-transfer res... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As mentioned above, a diathermal wall may pass energy as heat by thermal conduction, but not the matter. A diathermal wall can move and thus be a part of a transfer of energy as work. Amongst walls that are impermeable to matter, diathermal and adiabatic walls are contraries.
For radiation, some further comments may b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The atoms that are used to build the purine nucleotides come from a variety of sources:
The de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides by which these precursors are incorporated into the purine ring proceeds by a 10-step pathway to the branch-point intermediate IMP, the nucleotide of the base hypoxanthine. AMP and GMP are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. Phytochemists strive to describe the structures of the large number of secondary metabolites found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compounds. Plants synthesize ph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Agents such as hydrogen peroxide, elemental chlorine, hypochlorous acid (chlorine water), bromine, bromine water, iodine, nitric and oxidising acids, and ozone react with sensitive moieties such as sulfide/thiol, activated aromatic rings (phenylalanine) in effect damage the protein and render it useless. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most notable classes of biological macromolecules used in the fundamental processes of living organisms include:
* Proteins, which are the building blocks from which the structures of living organisms are constructed (this includes almost all enzymes, which catalyse organic chemical reactions).
* Amino acid, make u... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quinapril is indicated for the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) and as adjunctive therapy in the management of heart failure. It may be used for the treatment of hypertension by itself or in combination with thiazide diuretics, and with diuretics and digoxin for heart failure. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Molecular biology sits at the intersection of biochemistry and genetics; as these scientific disciplines emerged and evolved in the 20th century, it became clear that they both sought to determine the molecular mechanisms which underlie vital cellular functions. Advances in molecular biology have been closely related t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although all commercially available DBU is produced synthetically, it may also be isolated from the sea sponge Niphates digitalis. The biosynthesis of DBU has been proposed to begin with adipaldehyde and 1,3-diaminopropane. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Regulation of CYP7A1 occurs at several levels including synthesis. Bile acids, steroid hormones, inflammatory cytokines, insulin, and growth factors inhibit CYP7A1 transcription through the 5′-upstream region of the promoter. The average life of this enzyme is between two and three hours. Activity can be regulated by... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Krige is originally a physical chemist by training, earning a PhD from the University of Pretoria in the subject. After earning a PhD in philosophy at the University of Sussex, in the United Kingdom in 1979, Krige's intellectual career has been in the history of science and technology, including notable efforts within ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two-dimensional chromatography is a type of chromatographic technique in which the injected sample is separated by passing through two different separation stages. Two different chromatographic columns are connected in sequence, and the effluent from the first system is transferred onto the second column. Typically the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The experimental procedure first requires a sample of purified plasmid DNA for each digest to be run. Digestion is then performed with each enzyme(s) chosen. The resulting samples are subsequently run on an electrophoresis gel, typically on agarose gel.
The first step following the completion of electrophoresis is to a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
VAR is used most frequently in high value applications. It is an additional processing step to improve the quality of metal. Because it is time consuming and expensive, a majority of commercial alloys do not employ the process. Nickel, titanium, and specialty steels are materials most often processed with this method... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A polar molecule has a net dipole as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically. Water (HO) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
cfDNA, cell death-related and chromatin fragmented DNA molecules contained in blood plasma, has been used to detect transplant tissue rejection, prenatal fetal aneuploidy testing, tumour profiling, and early cancer detection in previous research. Nevertheless, prevalent liquid biopsy methods for cfDNA profiling depend ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most widespread routine technologies applied to the large scale screening and discovery of novel biomarkers in metabolomics. However, the majority of MSTs currently measured in plant metabolomic profiling experiments remains unidentified due to the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ambush hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of molecular genetics that suggests that the prevalence of “hidden” or off-frame stop codons in DNA selectively deters off-frame translation of mRNA to save energy, molecular resources, and to reduce strain on biosynthetic machinery by truncating the production of non-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bioavailability, or the amount of a substance that is physiochemically accessible to microorganisms is a key factor in the efficient biodegradation of pollutants. OLoughlin et al. (2000) showed that, with the exception of kaolinite clay, most soil clays and cation exchange resins attenuated biodegradation of 2-picolin... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In a cyclic voltammetry experiment carried out with an adsorbed redox protein, the oxidation and reduction of each redox site shows as a pair of positive and negative peaks. Since all the sample is oxidised or reduced during the potential sweep, the peak current and peak area should be proportional to scan rate (observ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Atmospheric hypoxia occurs naturally at high altitudes. Total atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, causing a lower partial pressure of oxygen, which is defined as hypobaric hypoxia. Oxygen remains at 20.9% of the total gas mixture, differing from hypoxic hypoxia, where the percentage of oxygen in the a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Structural ambiguity in protein complexes covers a wide spectrum. In a polymorphic complex, the protein adopts two or more different conformations upon binding to the same partner, and these conformations can be resolved. Clamp, flanking and random complexes are dynamic, where ambiguous conformations interchange with ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Per the classification by Albert six-membered heterocycles can be described as π-deficient. Substitution by electronegative groups or additional nitrogen atoms in the ring significantly increase the π-deficiency. These effects also decrease the basicity.
Like pyridines, in pyrimidines the π-electron density is decrease... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Other techniques for writing data in three-dimensions have also been examined, including:
Persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB), which also allows the possibility of spectral multiplexing to increase data density. However, PSHB media currently requires extremely low temperatures to be maintained in order to avoid dat... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The standard pressure, , is used to define the reference state for the Van 't Hoff equation, which is
where denotes the natural logarithm, is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and is the ideal gas constant. This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term dispersion also refers to the physical property of the degree to which particles clump together into agglomerates or aggregates. While the two terms are often used interchangeably, according to ISO nanotechnology definitions, an agglomerate is a reversible collection of particles weakly bound, for example by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
EPA first listed MTBE in 1998 as a candidate for development of a national Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) standard in drinking water. As of 2020 the agency has not announced whether it will develop an MCL. EPA uses toxicity data in developing MCLs for public water systems.
California established a state-level MCL for ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The development of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) as replacements for Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and Hydrofluorocarbons began after the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol in 2016, which called for the phase out of high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and to replace them with other refrigerants with a lower ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Phosphine oxides (designation σλ) have the general structure RP=O with formal oxidation state V. Phosphine oxides form hydrogen bonds and some are therefore soluble in water. The P=O bond is very polar with a dipole moment of 4.51 D for triphenylphosphine oxide.
Compounds related to phosphine oxides include phosphine i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
CA 242 is a tumor marker for sialylated Lewis carbohydrates associated with adenocarcinomas and e-selectin-mediated metastatic risk. It is commonly tested along with CEA, CA19-9, and CA242 for detecting pancreatic cancer. The specificity of CA 242 is higher than similar markers. Current research dictates that diagnosti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chiral acyclic alkenes also show diastereoselectivity upon reactions such as epoxidation and enolate alkylation. The substituents around the alkene can favour the approach of the electrophile from one or the other face of the molecule. This is the basis of the Houks model, based on theoretical work by Kendall Houk, whi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
High levels of lactate dehydrogenase in cerebrospinal fluid are often associated with bacterial meningitis. In the case of viral meningitis, high LDH, in general, indicates the presence of encephalitis and poor prognosis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
CellViewer allows to visualize the sample material in four modes widely used in material research:
* 3D model of atomic structure (direct space),
* simulated diffraction pattern (reciprocal space),
* stereographic projection (projection of 3D space of crystallographic planes and directions to 2D),
* inverse pole figure... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
DRAM-v is the standard for AMG annotation of metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) identified as viruses. DRAM-v searches the following databases for AMGs that match the input MAGs: Pfam, KEGG, UniProt, CAZy, MEROPS, VOGDB, and NCBI Viral RefSeq. KEGG can then be referenced to classify annotated AMGs through VIBRANT. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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