text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
A PV diagram plots the change in pressure P with respect to volume V for some process or processes. Typically in thermodynamics, the set of processes forms a cycle, so that upon completion of the cycle there has been no net change in state of the system; i.e. the device returns to the starting pressure and volume.
The... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flora on Pandora are of a tropical type several times taller than that existing on Earth. Many, if not all, plant and animal species have bioluminescent properties. The flora specimens seen in the film were all designed by Jodie Holt, a professor of botany at the University of California, Riverside. According to Holt, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The scalar approach defines flux density as a scalar-valued function of a direction and sense in space prescribed by the investigator at a point prescribed by the investigator. Sometimes this approach is indicated by the use of the term hemispheric flux. For example, an investigator of thermal radiation, emitted from t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Solvophobic theory attempts to explain interactions between polar solvents and non-polar solutes. In the pure solvent, there are relatively strong cohesive forces between the solvent molecules due to hydrogen bonding or other polar interactions. Hence, non-polar solutes tend not to be soluble in polar solvents because ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An important disadvantage of polycrystalline NiAl-based alloys are their room-temperature and high-temperature brittleness, which interferes with potential structural applications. This brittleness is generally attributed to the inability of dislocations to move in the highly ordered lattices. The introduction of small... | 8 | Metallurgy |
4,5-Dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD) is an organic compound that occurs naturally but exists as several related structures. The idealized formula for this species is CHC(O)C(O)CH(OH)CHOH, but it is known to exist as several other forms resulting from cyclization. It is not stable at room temperature as a pure materia... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term backscatter in photography refers to light from a flash or strobe reflecting back from particles in the lenss field of view causing specks of light to appear in the photo. This gives rise to what are sometimes referred to as orb artifacts'. Photographic backscatter can result from snowflakes, rain or mist, or ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering polymer science. It publishes full papers, talents, trends, and highlights in all areas of polymer science, from chemistry to physical chemistry, physics, and materials science. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The theoretical SV of a pure triglyceride molecule can be calculated by the following equation (where MW is its molecular weight):
:where:
:3 is the number of fatty acids residues per triglyceride
:1000 is the conversion factor for milligrams to grams
:56.1 is the molar mass of KOH.
For instance, triolein, a triglycer... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An explicit distinction between thermal equilibrium and thermodynamic equilibrium is made by B. C. Eu. He considers two systems in thermal contact, one a thermometer, the other a system in which there are several occurring irreversible processes, entailing non-zero fluxes; the two systems are separated by a wall permea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is very little known about the mechanism of action of these drugs. However, it was shown in 2015 that a possible mechanism of action of these drugs in colorectal cancer-initiating cells is through activating dsRNA expression which leads to the activation of the MDA5/MAVS RNA recognition pathway inducing some sort... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A database storing the sequence alignments of the most conserved regions of protein families. These alignments are used to derive the BLOSUM matrices. Only the sequences with a percentage of identity lower than the threshold are used.
By using the block, counting the pairs of amino acids in each column of the multiple ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
~90% of the organic sulfur in plants is concentrated in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. Cysteine acts as the direct or indirect precursor to any other organic sulfur compounds in plants such as coenzyme-A, methionine, biotin, lipoic acid and glutathione. The carbon skeleton necessary for sulfur assimilation a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Viral transport medium (VTM) is a solution used to preserve virus specimens after collection so that they can be transported and analysed in a laboratory at a later time. Unless stored in an ultra low temperature freezer or in liquid nitrogen, virus samples, and especially RNA virus samples, are prone to degradation. H... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Evolutionary simulations are performed by reproduction-mutation-selection life cycle. Populations are fixed at size and they will not go extinct. Non-overlapping generations are employed. In a typical evolutionary simulation, a single random viable individual that can produce a stable gene expression pattern is chosen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* The light-protective carotenoid pigments (present in photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae, cyanobacteria and in some bacteria and archaea) have been classified as high priority targets for biosignature models on Mars due to their stability and easy identification by Raman spectroscopy. In this experiment, t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All seven STAT proteins share a common structural motif consisting of an N-terminal domain followed by a coiled-coil, DNA-binding domain, linker, Src homology 2 (SH2), and a C-terminal transactivation domain. Much research has focused on elucidating the roles each of these domains play in regulating different STAT isof... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In fMRS, depending on the focus of the study, either single-voxel or multi-voxel spectroscopic technique can be used.
In single-voxel fMRS the selection of the volume of interest (VOI) is often done by running a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study prior to fMRS to localize the brain region activated by t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Enhanced Atmospheric Methane Oxidation is the concept of enhancing the overall oxidative methane sink in the atmosphere, through generating additional hydroxyl or chlorine atmospheric radicals. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Porphyrin complexes consist of a square planar MN core. The periphery of the porphyrins, consisting of sp-hybridized carbons, generally display only small deviations from planarity. Additionally, the metal is often not centered in the N plane.
Large metals such as zirconium, tantalum, and molybdenum tend to bind tw... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aminosulfuranes compare favorably with many of the other fluorination methods available. They are easier to handle than sulfur tetrafluoride; however SF does not promote cationic rearrangements. With respect to carboxylic acids, aminosulfuranes and SF are complementary: the former gives acid fluorides, while the latter... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pyridine is diamagnetic. Its critical parameters are: pressure 5.63 MPa, temperature 619 K and volume 248 cm·mol. In the temperature range 340–426 °C its vapor pressure p can be described with the Antoine equation
where T is temperature, A = 4.16272, B = 1371.358 K and C = −58.496 K. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate, or Custodiol HTK solution, is a high-flow, low-potassium preservation solution used for organ transplantation. The solution was initially developed by Hans-Jürgen Bretschneider.
HTK solution is intended for perfusion and flushing of donor liver, kidney, heart, lung and pancreas prior... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Examination in 2004 of Meridiani rocks, showed the first strong in situ evidence for past water by detecting the mineral jarosite, which only forms in water. This discovery proved that water once existed in Meridiani Planum. In addition, some rocks showed small laminations (layers) with shapes that are only made by gen... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The classical limit of non-linear inverse Compton scattering, also called non-linear Thomson scattering and multiphoton Thomson scattering, is a special case of classical synchrotron emission driven by the force exerted on a charged particle by intense electric and magnetic fields. Practically, a moving charge emits el... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Small Molecule Interaction Database is a database containing protein domain-small molecule interactions. It uses a domain-based approach to identify domain families, found in the Conserved Domain Database (CDD), which interact with a query small molecule. The CDD from NCBI amalgamates data from several different so... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enzymatic synthesis of HMOs through transgalactosylation is an efficient way for production. Various donors, including p-nitrophenyl-β-galactopyranoside, uridine diphosphate galactose and lactose, can be used in transgalactosylation. In particular, lactose may act as either a donor or an acceptor in a variety of enzyma... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis. Together they carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. Photosystems are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Eshelby was born at Puddington, Cheshire, the son of Captain Alan Douglas Eshelby and Phoebe Mason Hutchinson. He was educated at St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne and was due to go to Charterhouse School but developed rheumatic fever and received his secondary education privately at home. At about this time the family m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lipofuscin is the name given to fine yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. It is considered to be one of the aging or "wear-and-tear" pigments, found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, retina, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* A regularly updated repository of hundreds of computational analysis modules that support data preprocessing, gene expression analysis, proteomics, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, flow cytometry, and short-read sequencing.
* A programmatic interface that makes analysis modules available to computationa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The development of orthogonal protecting groups is a problem in organic synthesis because these protecting groups allow each instance of a common functional group, such as the hydroxyl group, to be distinguished during the synthesis of a complex molecule. A very common protecting group for the hydroxyl functional group... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The light-producing chemistry behind bioluminescence varies across the lineages of bioluminescent organisms. Based on this observation, bioluminescence is believed to have evolved independently at least 40 times. In bioluminescent bacteria, the reclassification of the members ofVibrio fischeri species group as a new ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
tert-Butanesulfinamide (also known as 2-methyl-2-propanesulfinamide or Ellmans sulfinamide) is an organosulfur compound and a member of the class of sulfinamides. Both enantiomeric forms are commercially available and are used in asymmetric synthesis as chiral auxiliaries, often as chiral ammonia equivalents for the sy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Under these criteria, we can propose a model for the fractions of incident light that are absorbed (), remitted (), and transmitted () by one representative layer.
in which:
• is the fraction of cross-sectional surface area that is occupied by particles of type .
• is the effective absorption coefficient for partic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The runaway success of DNA microarrays has generated much enthusiasm for protein microarrays. However, protein microarrays have not quite taken off as expected, even with the necessary tools and know-how from DNA microarrays being in place and ready for adaptation. One major reason is that protein microarrays are much ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After a BSc and a MSc in organic chemistry he worked for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, before earning a scholarship to go to the University of Liverpool for a PhD under Thomas Percy Hilditch, studying fish liver oils and fats from farm animals.
After his retirement in 1969, he held several honor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The stereochemistry involved in the reactions of five-membered rings can be predicted by an envelope transition state model. Nucleophiles favor addition from the "inside" of the envelope, or from the top of the figure on the right. The "inside" addition produces a results in a staggered conformation, rather than the ec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In many countries, pesticides must be approved for sale and use by a government agency.
Worldwide, 85% of countries have pesticide legislation for the proper storage of pesticides and 51% include provisions to ensure proper disposal of all obsolete pesticides.
Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
is synonymous to "the relative abundance of elements" in any object, either in weight ratio or in atomic (number of atoms) ratio, regardless of how "Earth's crust" is defined, and denotation is not restricted to percents. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Depending on the marker, it can take between 2 and 24 hours for the level to increase in the blood. Additionally, determining the levels of cardiac markers in the laboratory - like many other lab measurements - takes substantial time. Cardiac markers are therefore not useful in diagnosing a myocardial infarction in the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As of 2021, new laws do not directly include Armodafinil as a doping agent, but they do include Modafinil, as Armodafinil is an enantiomer of Modafinil it will show up on lab tests, but it can be debated if it is or not the same substance.
New laws state that simple possession is not a criminal offence and is punished ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The energy U stored in an electrostatic field distribution is:Knowing the magnitude of the electric field of an ion in a medium of dielectric constant ε is and the volume element can be expressed as , the energy can be written as: Thus, the energy of solvation of the ion from gas phase (ε =1) to a medium of dielect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A DNA transcription unit encoding for a protein may contain both a coding sequence, which will be translated into the protein, and regulatory sequences, which direct and regulate the synthesis of that protein. The regulatory sequence before (upstream from) the coding sequence is called the five prime untranslated regio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With termination collisions restricted, the concentration of active polymerizing chains and simultaneously the consumption of monomer rises rapidly. Assuming abundant unreacted monomer, viscosity changes affect the macromolecules but do not prove high enough to prevent smaller molecules – such as the monomer – from mov... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diphenylamine is an organic compound with the formula (CH)NH. The compound is a derivative of aniline, consisting of an amine bound to two phenyl groups. The compound is a colorless solid, but commercial samples are often yellow due to oxidized impurities. Diphenylamine dissolves well in many common organic solvents, a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When setting up their new comparative qPCR systems titled "Dots in Boxes" in 2017, New England Biolabs stated that they had designed the data collection portion around the MIQE guidelines so that the data fit all the minimum parameter checklists in the protocols. Other scientific instrument companies have assisted in g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Certain parent materials also contribute to soil acidification. Granites and their allied igneous rocks are called "acidic" because they have a lot of free quartz, which produces silicic acid on weathering. Also, they have relatively low amounts of calcium and magnesium. Some sedimentary rocks such as shale and coal ar... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water. It is one state of water within the hydrosphere. Water vapor can be produced from the evaporation or boiling of liquid water or from the sublimation of ice. Water vapor is transparent, like most constituents of the atmosphere. Under typical atmos... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Several important measures are used to characterize solar cells. The most obvious is the total amount of electrical power produced for a given amount of solar power shining on the cell. Expressed as a percentage, this is known as the solar conversion efficiency. Electrical power is the product of current and voltage, s... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Structural symmetry of a molecule can be defined mathematically as a permutation of the atoms that exchanges at least two atoms but does not change the molecule's structure. Two atoms then can be said to be structurally equivalent if there is a structural symmetry that takes one to the other.
Thus, for example, all fo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Sharpless is a two-time Nobel Laureate. He is a recipient of the 2001 and 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on "chirally catalysed oxidation reactions", and "click chemistry", respectively.
In 2019, Sharpless was awarded the Priestley medal, the American Chemical Society's highest honor, for "the invention of ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In chemistry, pyramidal inversion (also umbrella inversion) is a fluxional process in compounds with a pyramidal molecule, such as ammonia (NH) "turns inside out". It is a rapid oscillation of the atom and substituents, the molecule or ion passing through a planar transition state. For a compound that would otherwise b... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*Hardware architecture: At the core of HIVE there exists a solid backbone hardware made of few redundant critical components and scalable compute and storage units. The diagram at the right demonstrates the connectivity and components assignations for such HIVE cluster. Core components providing the vital functions for... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Virilization can occur in childhood in both males and females due to excessive amounts of androgens. Typical effects of virilization in children are pubic hair, accelerated growth and bone maturation, increased muscle strength, acne, and adult body odor. In males, virilization may signal precocious puberty, while conge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The property of photoconverted fluorescence Kaede protein was serendipitously discovered and first reported by Ando et al. in Proceedings of the United States National Academy of Sciences. An aliquot of Kaede protein was discovered to emit red fluorescence after being left on the bench and exposed to sunlight. Subseque... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Söllner was the son of lawyer Anton Maria Söllner and his wife Julie ( Karplus). He grew up in Vienna and began studying chemistry and philosophy at the University of Vienna in 1921. From his third semester he was a student assistant (Demonstrator) at the university. He completed his dissertation with Alfons Klemenc. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Global paleoclimate indicators are the proxies sensitive to global paleoclimatic environment changes. They are mostly derived from marine sediments. Paleoclimate indicators derived from terrestrial sediments, on the other hand, are commonly influenced by local tectonic movements and paleogeographic variations. Factors ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The purpose of studying the proteome is to better understand the activity of cells at the single cells level. Since proteins are responsible for determining how the cell acts, understanding the proteome of single cell gives the best understanding of how a cell operates, and how gene expression changes in a cell due to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An abiogenic substance or process does not result from the present or past activity of living organisms. Abiogenic products may, e.g., be minerals, other inorganic compounds, as well as simple organic compounds (e.g. extraterrestrial methane, see also abiogenesis). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Prior to the widespread use of herbicides, cultural controls, such as altering soil pH, salinity, or fertility levels, were used to control weeds. Mechanical control including tillage and flooding were also used to control weeds. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, inorganic chemicals such as sulfuric acid, arse... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Inelastic scattering of light caused by acoustic phonons was first predicted by Léon Brillouin in 1914
. Leonid Mandelstam is believed to have recognised the possibility of such scattering as early as 1918, but he published his idea only in 1926.
In order to credit Mandelstam, the effect is also called Brillouin-Mande... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In all organisms, two steps are required to read the information encoded in a genes DNA and produce the protein it specifies. First, the genes DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA). Second, that mRNA is translated to protein. RNA-coding genes must still go through the first step, but are not translated into protei... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*1930s – first reports of the use of sucrose for gel electrophoresis; moving-boundary electrophoresis (Tiselius)
*1950 – introduction of "zone electrophoresis" (Tiselius); paper electrophoresis
*1955 – introduction of starch gels, mediocre separation (Smithies)
*1959 – introduction of acrylamide gels; discontinuous ele... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Blastocrithidia nuclear code (translation table 31) is a genetic code used by the nuclear genome of the trypanosomatid genus Blastocrithidia. This code, along with translation tables 27 and 28, is remarkable in that every one of the 64 possible codons can be a sense codon. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Physical methods are the conceptually simplest, using some physical means to force the transfected material into the target cell's nucleus. The most widely used physical method is electroporation, where short electrical pulses disrupt the cell membrane, allowing the transfected nucleic acids to enter the cell. Other ph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Porphyrins have conjugated molecular ring systems (macrocycles) that appear in many enzymes of biological systems. As a ligand, porphyrin forms numerous complexes with metallic ions like iron in hemoglobin that colors blood red. Hemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of our bodies. Porphyrin–metal complexes often ha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The S-N bond in sulfenamides are labile in a variety of ways. The sulfur atom tends to be the more electrophilic center of the S-N bond. Nucleophilic attack on sulfur can occur by amines, by thiols, and by alkyl-magnesium halides which leads to either new sulfenamide compounds or back to starting compounds such as sul... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The detector (5) of AFM measures the deflection (displacement with respect to the equilibrium position) of the cantilever and converts it into an electrical signal. The intensity of this signal will be proportional to the displacement of the cantilever.
Various methods of detection can be used, e.g. interferometry, opt... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Cavitation is the unstable unhindered expansion of a microscopic void in a solid elastomer under the action of tensile hydrostatic stresses. This can occur whenever the hydrostatic tension exceeds 5/6 of Young's modulus.
The cavitation phenomenon may manifest in any of the following situations:
* imposed hydrostatic t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Coverage (read depth or depth) is the average number of reads representing a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence. It can be calculated from the length of the original genome (G), the number of reads(N), and the average read length(L) as . For example, a hypothetical genome with 2,000 base pairs reconstruct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Translation is carried out by more than one ribosome simultaneously. Because of the relatively large size of ribosomes, they can only attach to sites on mRNA 35 nucleotides apart. The complex of one mRNA and a number of ribosomes is called a polysome or polyribosome. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The conversion efficiency of biological photovoltaic devices is presently too low for scaled-up versions to achieve grid parity. Genetic engineering approaches are being employed to increase the current output from photosynthetic organisms for use in biological photovoltaic systems. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ion channels may be classified by gating, i.e. what opens and closes the channels. For example, voltage-gated ion channels open or close depending on the voltage gradient across the plasma membrane, while ligand-gated ion channels open or close depending on binding of ligands to the channel. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alanine is produced by the transamination of one molecule of pyruvate using two alternate steps: 1) conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate using a glutamate-alanine transaminase, and 2) conversion of valine to α-ketoisovalerate via Transaminase C.
Not much is known about the regulation of alanine synthesis. The onl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Calvin cycle accounts for 90% of biological carbon fixation. Consuming ATP and NADPH, the Calvin cycle in plants accounts for the preponderance of carbon fixation on land. In algae and cyanobacteria, it accounts for the preponderance of carbon fixation in the oceans. The Calvin cycle converts carbon dioxide into s... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The SK channel gating mechanism is controlled by intracellular calcium levels. Calcium enters the cell via voltage activated calcium channels as well as through NMDA receptors. Calcium does not directly bind to the SK channel. Even in the absence of calcium, the SK channel binds to the C-lobe of the protein calmodulin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Toluene hydrodealkylation converts toluene to benzene. In this hydrogen-intensive process, toluene is mixed with hydrogen, then passed over a chromium, molybdenum, or platinum oxide catalyst at 500–650 °C and 20–60 atm pressure. Sometimes, higher temperatures are used instead of a catalyst (at the similar reaction cond... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
NPPs have been implicated in several biological processes, including bone mineralization, purine nucleotide and insulin signaling, and cell differentiation and motility. They are generally regulated at the transcriptional level. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The RNA polymerase II transcribes U1, U2, U4, U5 and the less abundant U11, U12 and U4atac (snRNAs) acquire a m7G-cap which serves as an export signal. Nuclear export is mediated by CRM1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recently thiourea has been investigated for its multiple desirable properties as a fertilizer especially under conditions of environmental stress. It may be applied in various capacities, such as a seed pretreatment (for priming), foliar spray or medium supplementation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In his book Chance and Necessity, Jacques Monod described the functions of proteins and other molecules capable of recognizing with elective discrimination a substrate or ligand or other molecule. In describing these molecules he introduced the term cognitive functions, the same cognitive functions that Maxwell attribu... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
N-Linked glycans are attached in the endoplasmic reticulum to the nitrogen (N) in the side chain of asparagine (Asn) in the sequon. The sequon is an Asn-X-Ser or Asn-X-Thr sequence, where X is any amino acid except proline and the glycan may be composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, neuraminic acid, N-acetylgluc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The structure, properties, and reactivity of a molecule are dependent on straightforward bonding interactions including covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and other forms of bonding. This bonding supplies a basic molecular skeleton that is modified by repulsive forces generally considered steric effects. Basi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most common F-gases are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which contain hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon. They are used in a multitude of applications including commercial refrigeration, industrial refrigeration, air-conditioning systems, heat pump equipment, and as blowing agents for foams, fire extinguishants, aerosol pro... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, as well as in molecular biology, FRET is a useful tool to quantify molecular dynamics in biophysics and biochemistry, such as protein-protein interactions, protein–DNA interactions, and protein conformational changes. For monitoring the comple... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like the major spliceosome, the minor spliceosome had an early origin: several of its characteristic constituents are present in representative organisms from all eukaryotic supergroups for which there is any substantial genome sequence information. In addition, functionally important sequence elements contained within... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ability to fix nitrogen in nodules is present in actinorhizal plants such as alder and bayberry, with the help of Frankia bacteria. They are found in 25 genera in the orders Cucurbitales, Fagales and Rosales, which together with the Fabales form a nitrogen-fixing clade of eurosids. The ability to fix nitrogen is no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vasilis Gregoriou (born 1965, Trikala, Greece) is a researcher, inventor, technology entrepreneur and former Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors at National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF) in Athens, Greece. During his career, he has achieved international recognition by serving in research and adminis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The safety of cosmetic products is constantly in question as the components are always changing or being discovered as a possibly harmful substance. The sulfite components of cosmetic ingredients, such as sodium bisulfite, underwent clinical trials to find out their safety in cosmetic formulations. Sodium bisulfite fun... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During its intraerythrocytic asexual reproduction cycle Plasmodium falciparum consumes up to 80% of the host cell hemoglobin. The digestion of hemoglobin releases monomeric α-hematin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX). This compound is toxic, since it is a pro-oxidant and catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species. Oxid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Four of the main types of molecular biomarkers are genomic biomarkers, transcriptomic biomarkers, proteomic biomarkers and metabolic biomarkers. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The majority of observed interactions between promoters and enhancers do not cross TAD boundaries. Removing a TAD boundary (for example, using CRISPR to delete the relevant region of the genome) can allow new promoter-enhancer contacts to form. This can affect gene expression nearby - such misregulation has been shown ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TCF7L2 is a transcription factor influencing the transcription of several genes thereby exerting a large variety of functions within the cell. It is a member of the TCF family that can form a bipartite transcription factor (β-catenin/TCF) alongside β-catenin. Bipartite transcription factors can have large effects on th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although a number of surrogate biomarkers exist for measuring the metabolic products of bone resorption, the serum CTX marker was chosen because it is both highly correlated to bone turnover rate and already available for detection in a laboratory test carried out by a major lab testing corporation.
The CTX test measur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In photosynthetic organisms, Mg has the additional vital role of being the coordinating ion in the chlorophyll molecule. This role was discovered by Richard Willstätter, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 for the purification and structure of chlorophyll binding with sixth number of carbon | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Okorokov effect () or resonant coherent excitation, occurs when heavy ions move in crystals under channeling conditions. V. Okorokov predicted this effect in 1965 and it was first observed by Sheldon Datz in 1978. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is very little known about the surface structures of transition metal oxides, but their bulk crystal structures are well researched. The approach to determine the surface structure is to assume the oxides are ideal crystal, where the bulk atomic arrangement is maintained up to and including the surface plane. The... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
2-Furoic acid crystals are highly transparent in the 200–2000 nm wavelength region, are stable up to 130 °C, and generally have low absorption in the UV, visible, and IR ranges. In optical and dielectric studies, 2-furoic acid crystals may act as paraelectrics in the temperature range < 318 K and ferroelectrics in temp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are at least 25 enzymes and specific transport proteins in the β-oxidation pathway. Of these, 18 have been associated with human disease as inborn errors of metabolism.
Furthermore, studies indicate that lipid disorders are involved in diverse aspects of tumorigenesis, and fatty acid metabolism makes malignant ce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.