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Kodesomes are liposomes that have been decorated with FSL Kode constructs. These have been used to deposit FSL constructs onto microplates to create diagnostic assays. They also have the potential for therapeutic use. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Monalkylphosphinic acids have the formula OP(OH)(H)R, with the simplest example being methylphosphinic acid.
Phosphinic acid adds to Michael acceptors, for example with acrylamide it gives H(HO)P(O)CHCHC(O)NH. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Surprisals add where probabilities multiply. The surprisal for an event of probability is defined as . If is then surprisal is in nats, bits, or so that, for instance, there are bits of surprisal for landing all "heads" on a toss of coins.
Best-guess states (e.g. for atoms in a gas) are inferred by maximizing the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bis(pinacolato)diboron is a covalent compound containing two boron atoms and two pinacolato ligands. It has the formula [(CH)COB]; the pinacol groups are sometimes abbreviated as "pin", so the structure is sometimes represented as Bpin. It is a colourless solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is a commercially... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
PBMCs were separated from blood on Ficoll-Paque by differential centrifugation and were suspended in 24-well tissue culture plates culture medium. Different dilutions of PBMCs were incubated at 37 °C with 5% . Culture supernatants were collected at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after incubation and the supernatants were test a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Somatomedins are a group of proteins produced predominantly by the liver when growth hormones act on target tissue. Somatomedins inhibit the release of growth hormones by acting directly on anterior pituitary and by stimulating the secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus.
Somatomedins are a group of proteins th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proper explanation of optical trapping behavior depends upon the size of the trapped particle relative to the wavelength of light used to trap it. In cases where the dimensions of the particle are much greater than the wavelength, a simple ray optics treatment is sufficient. If the wavelength of light far exceeds the p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Synthetic molecular motors are molecular machines capable of continuous directional rotation under an energy input. Although the term "molecular motor" has traditionally referred to a naturally occurring protein that induces motion (via protein dynamics), some groups also use the term when referring to non-biological, ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, that manipulates food for chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition). It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva. The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane. The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and po... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Overflow metabolism refers to the seemingly wasteful strategy in which cells incompletely oxidize their growth substrate (e.g. glucose) instead of using the respiratory pathway, even in the presence of oxygen. As a result of employing this metabolic strategy, cells excrete (or "overflow") metabolites like lactate, acet... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This type of BCA assay seems to only be available from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Reportedly it uses "the same copper reduction method as the traditional BCA Protein Assay with a unique [proprietary] copper chelator.", that absorbs at 480 nm instead of 562 nm. This proprietor chelator and presumed optimized Biuret react... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The basic apparatus comprises an optical microscope, a light source and some fluorescent probe. Fluorescent emission is contingent upon absorption of a specific optical wavelength or color which restricts the choice of lamps. Most commonly, a broad spectrum mercury or xenon source is used in conjunction with a color fi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In contrast to traditional combinatorial synthesis where a library of catalysts were first generated and later screened (as in the two above approaches), dynamic combinatorial library approach utilizes a mixture of multicomponent building blocks that reversibly form library of catalysts. With out a template, the librar... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The prevailing view that single ion activities are unmeasurable, or perhaps even physically meaningless, has its roots in the work of Edward A. Guggenheim in the late 1920s. However, chemists have not given up the idea of single ion activities. For example, pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion ac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Multi-state modeling of biomolecules refers to a series of techniques used to represent and compute the behaviour of biological molecules or complexes that can adopt a large number of possible functional states.
Biological signaling systems often rely on complexes of biological macromolecules that can undergo several f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An alternative and promising chemistry for rSOCs is that one involving ammonia conversion to hydrogen and nitrogen. Ammonia has great potential as hydrogen carrier, due to its higher volumetric density with respect to hydrogen itself, and it can be directly fed to SOFCs. It has been demonstrated that ammonia-fed SOFCs ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nonribosomal peptides are synthesized by one or more specialized nonribosomal peptide-synthetase (NRPS) enzymes. The NRPS genes for a certain peptide are usually organized in one operon in bacteria and in gene clusters in eukaryotes. However the first fungal NRP to be found was ciclosporin. It is synthesized by a singl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Conjugated Schiff bases absorb strongly in the UV-visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This absorption is the basis of the anisidine value, which is a measure of oxidative spoilage for fats and oils. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Capping of the pre-mRNA involves the addition of 7-methylguanosine (mG) to the 5 end. To achieve this, the terminal 5 phosphate requires removal, which is done with the aid of enzyme RNA triphosphatase. The enzyme guanosyl transferase then catalyses the reaction, which produces the diphosphate 5 end. The diphosphate 5 ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The activity of malate–aspartate shuttle is modulated by arginine methylation of malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1). Protein arginine N-methyltransferase CARM1 methylates and inhibits MDH1 by disrupting its dimerization, which represses malate–aspartate shuttle and inhibits mitochondria respiration of pancreatic cancer cell... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In genetics and molecular biology, a corepressor is a molecule that represses the expression of genes. In prokaryotes, corepressors are small molecules whereas in eukaryotes, corepressors are proteins. A corepressor does not directly bind to DNA, but instead indirectly regulates gene expression by binding to repressors... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The word gas was first used by the early 17th-century Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont. He identified carbon dioxide, the first known gas other than air. Van Helmonts word appears to have been simply a phonetic transcription of the Ancient Greek word – the g in Dutch being pronounced like ch in "loch" (voicele... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The world's first iron pillar was the Iron pillar of Delhi—erected at the times of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375–413), often considered as one of the finest pieces of ancient metallurgy. The swords manufactured in Indian workshops find written mention in the works of Muhammad al-Idrisi (flourished 1154). Ind... | 8 | Metallurgy |
One of the simplest reactions entails condensation of formaldehyde and dimethylamine. This reaction produces first the carbinolamine (a hemiaminal) and bis(dimethylamino)methane ():
The reaction of formaldehyde with carbazole, which is weakly basic, proceed similarly:
Again, this carbinol converts readily to the met... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(CH) and [[(Benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer|[RuCl(CH)]]]. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Gag/pol translational readthrough site (or Retroviral readthrough element) is a cis-regulatory element found in retroviruses. The readthrough site facilitates the mechanism of translation readthrough of the stop codon at the gag-pol junction producing the gag and pol fusion protein in certain retroviruses.
Retroviruses... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These processes involve high-temperature blending of iron ore and coal powder, with a little limestone to reduce the acidity of the ore. Processes such as Carl Wilhelm Siemens', based on the use of a short drum, first appeared at the end of the 19th century. The tool used then evolved into a long tubular rotary kiln, i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) are widely known to guide the nucleotide modifications and processing of rRNA. Both snRNA and snoRNA are categorized into a class of small RNA molecules that are present in the nucleus. However, they vary a lot by function. snRNA are 80-350nucletides long whil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal sulfides (e.g., pyrite FeS, arsenopyrite FeAsS, chalcopyrite CuFeS) are normally processed by chemical oxidation either in aqueous media or at high temperatures. In fact, most base metals, e.g., aluminium, chromium, must be (electro)chemically reduced at high temperatures by which the process entails a high energ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The analytical and approximated solutions should now be compared in order to decide when it is valid to use the steady state approximation. The analytical solution transforms into the approximate one when because then and Therefore, it is valid to apply the steady state approximation only if the second reaction is m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The old MIL-F-14256 and QQ-S-571 standards defined fluxes as:
*R (rosin)
*RMA (rosin mildly activated)
*RA (rosin activated)
*WS (water-soluble)
Any of these categories may be no-clean, or not, depending on the chemistry selected and the standard that the manufacturer requires. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sulfolene, or butadiene sulfone is a cyclic organic chemical with a sulfone functional group. It is a white, odorless, crystalline, indefinitely storable solid, which dissolves in water and many organic solvents. The compound is used as a source of butadiene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Even though photoemission can occur from any material, it is most readily observed from metals and other conductors. This is because the process produces a charge imbalance which, if not neutralized by current flow, results in the increasing potential barrier until the emission completely ceases. The energy barrier to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The R/S system is an important nomenclature system for denoting enantiomers. This approach labels each chiral center R or S according to a system by which its substituents are each assigned a priority, according to the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules (CIP), based on atomic number. When the center is oriented so that ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Based on the functions of the cytokine, the IL-10 family can be separated into three subfamily groups. IL-10 subfamily cytokine selects the innate and adaptive immune response and can prevent the function to reduce tissue damage. The IL-20 subfamily of cytokine works on tissues in the stroma and epithelial cells to bri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A hydrophilic molecule or portion of a molecule is one whose interactions with water and other polar substances are more thermodynamically favorable than their interactions with oil or other hydrophobic solvents. They are typically charge-polarized and capable of hydrogen bonding. This makes these molecules soluble not... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is primarily used to measure the amount of a specific ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mechanism of action of armodafinil is unknown. Armodafinil (R-(−)-modafinil) has pharmacological properties almost identical to those of modafinil (a mixture of R-(−)- and (S)-(+)-modafinil). The (R)- and (S)-enantiomers have similar pharmacological action in animals. Armodafinil has wake-promoting actions similar ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Phosphonium ylides are used in the Wittig reaction, a method used to convert ketones and especially aldehydes to alkenes. The positive charge in these Wittig reagents is carried by a phosphorus atom with three phenyl substituents and a bond to a carbanion. Ylides can be stabilised or non-stabilised. A phosphonium ylid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bases (e.g. sodium bicarbonate) or acids (e.g. citric acid) are sometimes used as cutting agents. An individual base solution and acid solution can help determine if the substance contains an acid or base respectively, if an acid–base reaction will occur. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic processes: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes.
(1) A Thermodynamic process is a process in which the thermodynamic state of a system is changed. A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a fi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The full stack for DNA computing looks very similar to a traditional computer architecture. At the highest level, a C-like general purpose programming language is expressed using a set of chemical reaction networks (CRNs). This intermediate representation gets translated to domain-level DNA design and then implemented ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two GGPP molecules condense via phytoene synthase (PSY), forming the 15-cis isomer of phytoene. PSY belongs to the squalene/phytoene synthase family and is homologous to squalene synthase that takes part in steroid biosynthesis. The subsequent conversion of phytoene into all-trans-lycopene depends on the organism. Bact... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Electrochemical kinetics is the field of electrochemistry that studies the rate of electrochemical processes. This includes the study of how process conditions, such as concentration and electric potential, influence the rate of oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions that occur at the surface of an electrode, as wel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The natural bite angle (β) of diphosphines, obtained using molecular mechanics calculations, is defined as the preferred chelation angle determined only by ligand backbone and not by metal valence angles (Figure 3).
Both steric bite angle effect and the electronic bite angle effects are recognized. The steric bite angl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fluoroform, or trifluoromethane, is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a hydrofluorocarbon as well as being apart of the haloforms, a class of compounds with the formula (X = halogen) with C symmetry. Fluoroform is used in diverse applications in organic synthesis. It is not an ozone depleter but is a gree... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are disadvantages to GPC, however. First, there is a limited number of peaks that can be resolved within the short time scale of the GPC run. Also, as a technique GPC requires around at least a 10% difference in molecular weight for a reasonable resolution of peaks to occur. In regards to polymers, the molecular ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This is the earliest theory specifically for grain boundaries, in which McLean uses a model of P solute atoms distributed at random amongst N lattice sites and p solute atoms distributed at random amongst n independent grain boundary sites. The total free energy due to the solute atoms is then:
where E and e are energi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The coffee-ring pattern is detrimental when uniform application of a dried deposit is required, such as in printed electronics. It can be suppressed by adding elongated particles, such as cellulose fibers, to the spherical particles that cause the coffee-ring effect. The size and weight fraction of added particles may ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Deprotonation of sulfonium and oxosulfonium salts affords ylides, of structure RS−C−R′ and RS(O)−C−R′. While sulfonium ylides, for instance in the Johnson–Corey–Chaykovsky reaction used to synthesize epoxides, are sometimes drawn with a C=S double bond, e.g., RS=CR′, the ylidic carbon–sulfur bond is highly polarized an... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In metallurgy, a shape-memory alloy (SMA) is an alloy that can be deformed when cold but returns to its pre-deformed ("remembered") shape when heated. It is also known in other names such as memory metal, memory alloy, smart metal, smart alloy, and muscle wire. The "memorized geometry" can be modified by fixating the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Adenoviral E1A-associated protein of 300kDa (p300) and the CREB-binding protein (CBP) make up the next family of HATs. This family of HATs contain HAT domains that are approximately 500 residues long and contain bromodomains as well as three cysteine-histidine rich domains that help with protein interactions. These HAT... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Singlet fission is a spin-allowed process, unique to molecular photophysics, whereby one singlet excited state is converted into two triplet states. The phenomenon has been observed in molecular crystals, aggregates, disordered thin films, and covalently-linked dimers, where the chromophores are oriented such that the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some azides are valuable as bioorthogonal chemical reporters, molecules that can be "clicked" to see the metabolic path it has taken inside a living system.
The antiviral drug zidovudine (AZT) contains an azido group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
He carried out his doctoral studies at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1961 under the tutorship of Prof. F.M. Richards. He did post doctoral work with Prof. Fritz Lipmann at Rockefeller University and with Marshall Warren Nirenberg at NIH.
During the 1960s, his research ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glucose sensing and signaling in budding yeast is similar to the mammalian system in many ways. However, there are also significant differences. Mammalian cells regulate their glucose uptake via hormones (i.e. insulin and glucagon) or intermediary metabolites. In contrast, yeast as a unicellular organism does not depen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chang et al., realized that further increase in resolution could be gained if one carefully analyzed the results of each spot detected by the CCD camera. Under the microchannel plate amplification typical in most laboratories, each such spot was 5-10 pixels in diameter. By programming a microprocessor to examine each... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the process of transcription (by any polymerase), there are three main stages:
#Initiation: the construction of the RNA polymerase complex on the gene's promoter with the help of transcription factors
#Elongation: the actual transcription of the majority of the gene into a corresponding RNA sequence
#Termination: th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The MPTP was originally discovered by Haworth and Hunter in 1979 and has been found to be involved in neurodegeneration, hepatotoxicity from Reye-related agents, cardiac necrosis and nervous and muscular dystrophies among other deleterious events inducing cell damage and death.
MPT is one of the major causes of cell d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Haifuki-ho (灰吹法; literally "ash-blowing method"), also known as Lead-silver separation method (Korean: 연은분리법; Hanja: 鉛銀分離法) is a method of silver mining developed in Joseon dynasty of Korea in the 16th century and spread to China and Feudal Japan. The industrial process involved cupellation, and was a contributing fact... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Amidines are much more basic than amides and are among the strongest uncharged/unionized bases.
Protonation occurs at the sp-hybridized nitrogen. This occurs because the positive charge can be delocalized onto both nitrogen atoms. The resulting cationic species is known as an amidinium ion and possesses identical C-N b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cancer-based research into co-receptors includes the investigation of growth factor activated co-receptors, such as Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β) co-receptors. Expression of the co-receptor endoglin, which is expressed on the surface of tumor cells, is correlated with cell plasticity and the development of tumors.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A modern steel plant employs very few people per tonne, compared to the past. In South Korea, Posco employs 29,648 people to produce 28 million tonnes.
During the period 1974 to 1999, the steel industry had drastically reduced employment all around the world. In the US, it was down from 521,000 to 153,000. In Japan, fr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation. These proteins help stabilize the formation of ribosomal preinitiation complexes around the start codon and are an important input for post-transcription gene regulation. Several initiation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Epothilone D, with the generic drug name utidelone, was approved in China in 2021 for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Utidelone has shown benefits in a phase III breast cancer trial when added to capecitabine.
One synthetic analog, ixabepilone, was approved in October 2007 by the United States Food and Drug ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The limiting equivalent conductivity of solutions based on mixed solvents like water alcohol has minima depending on the nature of alcohol. For methanol the minimum is at 15 molar % water, and for the ethanol at 6 molar % water. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flotation is one of the unit processes used to separate the bituminous component of oil sands as part of the process of oil extraction. Some of the bitumen is not recovered in the primary separation vessel and reports to the tailings. These tailings are typically retreated in a scavenging operation to try to recover so... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lab Tests Online (now Testing.com) is a peer-reviewed non-profit web resource about clinical laboratory testing. The site provides information on clinical lab tests as well as conditions that are managed or diagnosed by lab tests. Lab Tests Online also provides summaries of recommendations by age, feature articles o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nuclear cross section of a nucleus is used to describe the probability that a nuclear reaction will occur. The concept of a nuclear cross section can be quantified physically in terms of "characteristic area" where a larger area means a larger probability of interaction. The standard unit for measuring a nuclear... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Instead of using sulfated molecules or the fairly big Buckminster fullerenes recently it became possible to synthesize crystals from the hydrocarbon picene and phenanthrene. Doping the crystal picene and phenanthrene with alkali metals such as potassium or rubidium and annealing for several days leads to superconductiv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Different grains and their orientations can be observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques such as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) or polarized optical microscopy (POM). Samples are initially cold- or hot-rolled to introduce a high degree of dislocation density, and then deformed at different s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
This modeling technique compares the gene sequence of an unknown protein with sequences of proteins with known structures. Depending on the degree of similarity between the sequences, the structure of the known protein can be used as a model for solving the structure of the unknown protein. Highly accurate modeling is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neurogranin is a calmodulin-binding protein expressed primarily in the brain, particularly in dendritic spines, and participating in the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Neurogranin has recently been found in aortic endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Neurogranin is the main postsynaptic protein regulating the ava... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flow injection analysis (FIA), was introduced in 1975 by Ruzicka and Hansen, The first generation of FIA technology, termed flow injection (FI), was inspired by the AutoAnalyzer technique invented by Skeggs in early 1950s. While Skeggs' AutoAnalyzer uses air segmentation to separate a flowing stream into numerous discr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Numerous compounds adopt this geometry, examples being especially numerous for transition metal complexes. The noble gas compound xenon tetrafluoride adopts this structure as predicted by VSEPR theory. The geometry is prevalent for transition metal complexes with d configuration, which includes Rh(I), Ir(I), Pd(II), Pt... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Vaporization (from liquid to gas) is divided into two types: vaporization on the surface of the liquid is called evaporation, and vaporization at the boiling point with formation of bubbles in the interior of the liquid is called boiling. However there is no such distinction for the solid-to-gas transition, which is al... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The study of vitriols (hydrated sulfates of various metals forming glassy minerals from which sulfuric acid can be derived) began in ancient times. Sumerians had a list of types of vitriol that they classified according to the substances color. Some of the earliest discussions on the origin and properties of vitriol is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first sperm banks began as early as 1964 in Iowa, USA and Tokyo, Japan and were established for a medical therapeutic approach to support individuals who were infertile. As a result, over 1 million babies were born within 40 years.
Sperm banks provide the opportunity for individuals to have a child who otherwise wo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Grev Brook; Bill Bowyer; David Davies; Mike Dewey; Bill Flavell; Philipp Gross; Eddie Sugars; GI Williams | 8 | Metallurgy |
N-philes are group of radical molecules which are specifically attracted to the C=N bonds, defying often the selectivity rules of electrophilic attack. N-philes can often masquerade as electrophiles, where acyl radicals are excellent examples which interact with pi electrons of aryl groups. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Epoxidation with dioxiranes refers to the synthesis of epoxides from alkenes using three-membered cyclic peroxides, also known as dioxiranes.
Dioxiranes are three-membered cyclic peroxides containing a weak oxygen-oxygen bond. Although they are able to effect oxidations of heteroatom functionality and even carbon-hydro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1857 Rudolf Clasius published The Nature of the Motion which We Call Heat. In it he derived the relation for the pressure, , in a gas with particles per unit volume (number density), mass , and mean square speed . He then noted that using the classical laws of Boyle and Charles one could write with a constant of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Catalytic resonance theory is constructed on the Sabatier principle of catalysis developed by French chemistry Paul Sabatier. In the limit of maximum catalytic performance, the surface of a catalyst is neither too strong nor too weak. Strong binding results in an overall catalytic reaction rate limitation due to produc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The LE cell was discovered in bone marrow in 1948 by Hargraves et al. In 1957 Holborow et al. first demonstrated ANA using indirect immunofluorescence. This was the first indication that processes affecting the cell nucleus were responsible for SLE. In 1959 it was discovered that serum from individuals with SLE contain... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To make equations of the previous section applicable to the states belonging to the continuum spectrum, they should be rewritten in terms of matrix elements of the momentum . In absence of magnetic field, the Hamiltonian can be written as , and calculating a commutator in the basis of eigenfunctions of results in the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
# The Grunwald–Winstein equation cannot fit all data for different kinds of solvent mixtures. The combinations are limited to certain systems and only to nucleophilic solvents.
# For many reactions and nucleophilic solvent systems, the relationships are not fully linear. This derives from the growing S2 reaction charac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In August 2018, scientists announced new observations regarding the rapid transformation of fluid deuterium from an insulating to a metallic form below 2000 K. Remarkable agreement is found between the experimental data and the predictions based on quantum Monte Carlo simulations, which is expected to be the most accu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
On October 4, 2010, the Ajka alumina plant in Hungary had an incident where the western dam of its red mud reservoir collapsed. The reservoir was filled with 700,000 m of a mixture of red mud and water with a pH of 12. The mixture was released into the valley of Torna river and flooded parts of the city of Devecser and... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Biomarkers validated by genetic and molecular biology methods can be classified into three types.
* Type 0 — Natural history markers
* Type 1 — Drug activity markers
* Type 2 — Surrogate markers | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cram and Reetz demonstrated that 1,3-stereocontrol is possible if the reaction proceeds through an acyclic transition state. The reaction of β-alkoxy aldehyde with allyltrimethylsilane showed good selectivity for the anti-1,3-diol, which was explained by the Cram polar model. The polar benzyloxy group is oriented anti ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Silicon in nature is typically bonded to oxygen, in a tetravalent oxidation state. The major forms of solid Si are silicate minerals and amorphous silica, whereas in aqueous solutions the dominant forms are orthosilicic acid and its dissociated species. There are three stable isotopes of Si, associated with the followi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Azines are a functional class of organic compounds with the connectivity RRC=N-N=CRR. These compounds are the product of the condensation of hydrazine with ketones and aldehydes, although in practice they are often made by alternative routes. Ketazines are azines derived from ketones. For example, acetone azine is the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Using multi-spectral imaging it is possible to read illegible papyrus, such as the burned papyri of the Villa of the Papyri or of Oxyrhynchus, or the Archimedes palimpsest. The technique involves taking pictures of the illegible document using different filters in the infrared or ultraviolet range, finely tuned to capt... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The nonradiative process for heat generation of organic PTAs is different from that of inorganic PTAs such as metals and semiconductors which is related with surface plasmon resonance. As shown in the figure, conjugated polymers are first activated to the excited state (S1) under light irradiation and then excited stat... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Moroidin has shown to have anti-mitotic properties, chiefly by inhibiting the polymerization of tubulin. Tubulin protein polymers are the major component of microtubules. During mitosis, microtubules form the organizing structure called the mitotic apparatus, which captures, aligns, and separates chromosomes. The prope... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a form of normal phase chromatography that uses a supercritical fluid such as carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. It is used for the analysis and purification of low to moderate molecular weight, thermally labile molecules and can also be used for the separation of chiral com... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Kirkendall effect was discovered by Ernest Kirkendall and Alice Smigelskas in 1947, in the course of Kirkendalls ongoing research into diffusion in brass. The paper in which he discovered the famous effect was the third in his series of papers on brass diffusion, the first being his thesis. His second paper reveale... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diffuse clouds are of astronomical interest because they play a primary role in the evolution and thermodynamics of ISM. Observation of the abundant atomic hydrogen in 21 cm has shown good signal-to-noise ratio in both emission and absorption. Nevertheless, HI observations have a fundamental difficulty when are direc... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
15-Crown-5 can be synthesized using a modified Williamson ether synthesis:
:(CHOCHCHCl) + O(CHCHOH) + 2 NaOH → (CHCHO) + 2 NaCl + 2 HO
It also forms from the cyclic oligomerization of ethylene oxide in the presence of gaseous boron trifluoride. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
There are a number of ASTM analytical test methods to determine amine value. A number of states in the United States have adopted their own test methods but they are based on ASTM methods. Although there are similarities with the method it is not the same as an acid value.
* ASTM D2073 - This is a potentiometric method... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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