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Employment of scavenger resins has become increasingly popular in solution-phase combinatorial chemistry. Used primarily in the synthesis of medicinal drugs, solution-phase combinatorial chemistry allows for the creation of large libraries of structurally related compounds. When purifying a solution, many approaches ca... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume v... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lipotoxicity affects the pancreas when excess free fatty acids are found in beta cells, causing their dysfunction and death. The effects of the lipotoxicity is treated with leptin therapy and insulin sensitizers. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chain-growth polymerization (AE) or chain-growth polymerisation (BE) is a polymerization technique where unsaturated monomer molecules add onto the active site on a growing polymer chain one at a time. There are a limited number of these active sites at any moment during the polymerization which gives this method its k... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Very recently scalable all-perovskite based PEC photoelectrochemical system as solar hydrogen panel has been developed with >123 cm2 area. | 5 | Photochemistry |
A protein skimmer or foam fractionator is a device used to remove organic compounds such as food and waste particles from water. It is most commonly used in commercial applications like municipal water treatment facilities, public aquariums, and aquaculture facilities. Smaller protein skimmers are also used for filtrat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
GC content is found to be variable with different organisms, the process of which is envisaged to be contributed to by variation in selection, mutational bias, and biased recombination-associated DNA repair.
The average GC-content in human genomes ranges from 35% to 60% across 100-Kb fragments, with a mean of 41%. The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Excimer lamps are quasimonochromatic light sources operating over a wide range of wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectral regions. Operation of an excimer lamp is based on the formation of excited dimers (excimers), which spontaneously transiting from the excited state to the ground st... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is instrumental in the development of limbs, specifically in its ability to regulate bone growth through paracrine signaling of cytokines. However, mutations in this pathway have been implicated in severe forms of dwarfism: thanatophoric dysplasia (lethal) and achondroplasic dwarfism (via... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This salt is used as a flotation agent in the purification of molybdenite (MoS) from other components of the ores, where it is usually known as "Nokes reagent" (after Charles M. Nokes, who patented it in 1948). The salt is generated by the reaction of phosphorus pentasulfide with sodium hydroxide, often using impure r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride has industrial importance in the production of crease-resistant and flame-retardant finishes on cotton textiles and other cellulosic fabrics. A flame-retardant finish can be prepared from THPC by the Proban Process, in which THPC is treated with urea. The urea condenses with ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The carbonate-silicate cycle is the primary control on carbon dioxide levels over long timescales. It can be seen as a branch of the carbon cycle, which also includes the organic carbon cycle, in which biological processes convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and oxygen via photosynthesis. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The prolemuris (Syaksyuk in Navi) are blue, hexapodal creatures based on Earths lemurs. They have two eyes, small nostrils, and their two upper arms on each side are partially fused. Like most Pandoran creatures, they have a queue on the back of their heads. They have lateral skin membranes on each side of the body. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure me... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Prescriptions of thalidomide are accompanied by strict measures to avoid any risk of pregnancy. In the United States, the prescribing doctor is required to ensure that contraception is being used, and that regular pregnancy tests are taken. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*Isaaks, Edward H., and Srivastava, R. Mohan. An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY, USA, 1989.
*David, M., Handbook of Applied Advanced Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988.
*Mineral Processing Plant Design, Practice, and Control - Proceedings. Ed.... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol and are regulated under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol due to their very high Global Warming Potential and the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.
On September 21, 2007, approximately 200 countries agreed to accelerate the elimi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In chemistry, biochemistry and environmental sciences, deuterium is used as a non-radioactive, stable isotopic tracer, for example, in the doubly labeled water test. In chemical reactions and metabolic pathways, deuterium behaves somewhat similarly to ordinary hydrogen (with a few chemical differences, as noted). It ca... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A quinone methide is a type of conjugated organic compound that contain a cyclohexadiene with a carbonyl and an exocyclic methylidene or extended alkene unit. It is analogous to a quinone, but having one of the double bonded oxygens replaced with a carbon. The carbonyl and methylidene are usually oriented either ortho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Various bioinformatics tools can be used to analyze end-sequence profiling. Common ones include BreakDancer, PEMer, Variation Hunter, common LAW, GASV, and Spanner. ESP can be used to map structural variation at high-resolution in disease tissue. This technique is mainly used on tumor samples from different cancer type... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The degradation of organic matter through respiration in the modern ocean is facilitated by different electron acceptors, their favorability based on Gibbs free energy law, and the laws of thermodynamics. This redox chemistry is the basis for life in deep sea sediments and determines the obtainability of energy to org... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Induction heating is a non contact heating process which uses the principle of electromagnetism induction to produce heat in a work-piece. In this case thermal expansion is used in a mechanical application to fit parts over one another, e.g. a bushing can be fitted over a shaft by making its inner diameter slightly sma... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Human immunodeficiency virus is a viral infection that targets the lymph nodes. HIV binds to the immune CD4 cell and reverse transcriptase alters the host cell genome to allow integration of the viral DNA via integrase. The virus replicates using the host cell's machinery and then leaves the cell to infect additional... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oscar Paul Kuipers (Rotterdam, May 12, 1956) is a Dutch professor of molecular genetics at the University of Groningen. His areas of expertise include microbiology, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, and biotechnology. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fluorescence spectroscopy (also known as fluorimetry or spectrofluorometry) is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes fluorescence from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of certain compounds and causes them to emit light; typica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most experimentally determined values of the thermal contact resistance fall between
0.000005 and 0.0005 m K/W (the corresponding range of thermal contact
conductance is 200,000 to 2000 W/m K). To know whether the thermal contact resistance is significant or not, magnitudes of the thermal resistances of the layers are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nitrifying bacteria are chemolithotrophic organisms that include species of genera such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, Nitrospira and Nitrococcus. These bacteria get their energy from the oxidation of inorganic nitrogen compounds. Types include ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zinc was extracted in India as early as in the 4th to 3rd century BCE. Zinc production may have begun in India, and ancient northwestern India is the earliest known civilization that produced zinc on an industrial scale. The distillation technique was developed around 1200 CE at Zawar in Rajasthan.
In the 17th century,... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A yeast two-hybrid screening (Y2H) tests a "bait" protein against many potential interacting proteins ("prey") to identify physical protein–protein interactions. This system is based on a transcription factor, originally GAL4, whose separate DNA-binding and transcription activation domains are both required in order fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two widely employed applications of migratory insertion of carbonyl groups are hydroformylation and the production of acetic acid by carbonylation of methanol. The former converts alkenes, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide into aldehydes. The production of acetic acid by carbonylation proceeds via two similar industrial pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In interfacial shear rheology, the interfacial area remains the same throughout the measurement. Instead, the interfacial area is sheared in order to be able to measure the surface stress present. The equations are similar to dilatational interfacial rheology but shear modulus is often marked with G instead of E like i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The concept of gene therapy is to fix a genetic problem at its source. If, for instance, a mutation in a certain gene causes the production of a dysfunctional protein resulting (usually recessively) in an inherited disease, gene therapy could be used to deliver a copy of this gene that does not contain the deleterious ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ERH has been used for over 15 years for treatment of unconsolidated soils in both the vadose and saturated zones. Recent advancements and results show that ERH can be an effective treatment method for bedrock. At an ERH site, the primary electrical current path is on the thin layer of water immediately adjacent to the ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Strong evidence of metallurgical activities has been revealed in levels 9 to 6, dating to the Ubaid period, and especially in level 7 (4166 +/- 170 cal BC). Hearths or natural draft furnaces, slag, ore, and pigment had been recovered throughout the site. This was in the context of architectural complexes typical of sou... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Non-linear inverse Compton scattering (NICS), also known as non-linear Compton scattering and multiphoton Compton scattering, is the scattering of multiple low-energy photons, given by an intense electromagnetic field, in a high-energy photon (X-ray or gamma ray) during the interaction with a charged particle, in many ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An "ion-channel forming" molecule can often show multiple types of conductance activities in planar bilayer membranes. Each of these modes of action can be characterized by their
* open duration (sub-ms---hours), related to whether the active structure is kinetically labile,
* unit conductance (pS---nS), related to th... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Transposons and retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements. Retrotransposon repeated sequences, which include long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), account for a large proportion of the genomic sequences in many species. Alu sequences, classified as a short inters... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quantitative chemical analysis is a key part of environmental chemistry, since it provides the data that frame most environmental studies.
Common analytical techniques used for quantitative determinations in environmental chemistry include classical wet chemistry, such as gravimetric, titrimetric and electrochemical me... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*Porphyrins, and phthalocyanines have highly tunable photochemical and electrochemical activity as well as the potential to form complexes.
*Photochromic and photoisomerizable groups can change their shapes and properties, including binding properties, upon exposure to light.
*Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and quinones have... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Ca ions are usually kept at nanomolar levels in the cytosol of plant cells, and act in a number of signal transduction pathways as second messengers. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 24 August 2007: A large buildup of sea foam occurred on the coast of Yamba, northern New South Wales.
* January–February 2008: Sea foam occurrences at Caloundra and Point Cartwright on Queensland's Sunshine Coast attracted world-wide media attention.
* December 2011: The coast road at Cleveleys, Lancashire was swampe... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There are four commonly used types of applications for nitinol:
; Free recovery
: Nitinol is deformed at a low temperature, remains deformed, and then is heated to recover its original shape through the shape memory effect.
; Constrained recovery
: Similar to free recovery, except that recovery is rigidly prevented an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the early 2000s, Zhao's group reported that visible light can accelerate the degradation of organic pollutants with aqueous
solutions of iron tetrasulfophthalocyanine ([Fe(PcS)]) and Hydrogen peroxide|. They also found out FeBR (Fe complex of 2,2′-bipyridine) is efficient in eliminating organic pollutants such as rh... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Kendomycin is an anticancer macrolide first isolated from Streptomyces violaceoruber. It has potent activity as an endothelin receptor antagonist and anti-osteoporosis agent.
It also has strong cytotoxicity against various tumor cell lines. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Combining operando Raman, UV–Vis and ATR-IR is particularly useful for studying homogeneous catalysis in solution. Transition-metal complexes can perform catalytic oxidation reactions on organic molecules; however, much of the corresponding reaction pathways are still unclear. For example, an operando study of the oxid... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many forms of oxyhydrogen lamps have been described, such as the limelight, which used an oxyhydrogen flame to heat a piece of lime to white hot incandescence. Because of the explosiveness of the oxyhydrogen, limelights have been replaced by electric lighting. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This method tries to identify 4-bp long end motifs from each stands 5 end on bisulfite sequencing reads of plasma cfDNAs. Hierarchical clustering of the motifs is done to detect any under/overrepresentation of these motifs due to cancer existence. The method incorporates Support Vector Machines and Logistic Regression ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycobiology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of the field of glycobiology and the official journal of the Society for Glycobiology. It is published by Oxford University Press. The journal was established in September 1990. It publishes primary research on the "biological functions of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The δSi value of sediment porewater may be affected by post-depositional (diagenetic) precipitation or dissolution of Si. It is important to understand the extent and isotopic fractionations of these processes, as they alter the δSi values of the originally deposited sediments, and determine the δSi preserved in the ro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pletz grouped the explosophores into eight distinct categories.
;I.
:These represent:
:* the nitro group, a nitrogen atom bound to two oxygen atoms as well as an organic molecule (e.g. TNT, RDX)
:* the nitrate ion, a nitrogen atom bound to three oxygen atoms, (e.g. nitroglycerin, ANFO)
:* the nitrite ion, a nitrogen a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Annonins are a group of chemical compounds classified as acetogenins. They are found in the extracts of Annona seeds (A. squamosa and A. muricata). Annonin-based bioinsecticides are used to control Coleoptera (beetle) pests commonly found in stored organic cereal and beans in the country of Brazil. Other different typ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Schikorr reaction formally describes the conversion of the iron(II) hydroxide (Fe(OH)) into iron(II,III) oxide (FeO). This transformation reaction was first studied by Gerhard Schikorr. The global reaction follows:
It is of special interest in the context of the serpentinization, the formation of hydrogen by the ac... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Volatile phenolic compounds are found in plant resin where they may attract benefactors such as parasitoids or predators of the herbivores that attack the plant.
In the kelp species Alaria marginata, phenolics act as chemical defence against herbivores. In tropical Sargassum and Turbinaria species that are often prefer... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The scientific work of Leonidas Zervas had a global resonance and his contribution was recognised by multiple awards throughout his life. In 1960 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Basel on the occasion of the university's 500th anniversary, upon recommendation of Hans Erlenmeyer and Nobel laureat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tools and weapons, chisels and axe-heads, spearheads or dagger-blades, are the only surviving artifacts of the Copper Age, and do not show artistic treatment. But some Early Minoan pottery forms are plainly copied from metal prototypes, cups and jugs of simple construction and rather elaborate design. The cups are coni... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Museomics is the study of genomic data obtained from ancient DNA (aDNA) and historic DNA (hDNA) specimens in museum collections.
Early research in this area focused on short sequences of DNA from mitochondrial genes, but sequencing of whole genomes has become possible.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and high-throughp... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, diastereomers (sometimes called diastereoisomers) are a type of stereoisomer. Diastereomers are defined as non-mirror image, non-identical stereoisomers. Hence, they occur when two or more stereoisomers of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the equivalent (relat... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ashing is a test to deduce the amount of ash forming material present in a petroleum product so as to decide its use in certain applications. Ash-forming materials are considered to be undesirable impurities or contaminants.
In the ash analysis of petroleum products, ash content represents the incombustible component r... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lipidology is the scientific study of lipids. Lipids are a group of biological macromolecules that have a multitude of functions in the body. Clinical studies on lipid metabolism in the body have led to developments in therapeutic lipidology for disorders such as cardiovascular disease. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Response regulator proteins typically consist of a receiver domain and one or more effector domains, although in some cases they possess only a receiver domain and exert their effects through protein-protein interactions. In two-component signaling, a histidine kinase responds to environmental changes by autophosphoryl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Schwabs research interests seem to have switched to kinetics under the guidance of Max Bodenstein while at Nernsts Institute of Physical Chemistry in Berlin. Some of the problems on which Schwab worked on his own in this period included the thermal decomposition of methane, chemical reactions taking place during a cold... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PECO has also shown promise as a means of air purification. For people with severe allergies, air purifiers are important to protect them from allergens within their own homes. However, some allergens are too small to be removed by normal purification methods. Air purifiers using PECO filters are able to remove particl... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Contrast in Ramsey fringes
** The coherence time is the time at which the contrast in Ramsey fringes drops to 1/e.
* Damping of Rabi oscillations
** The coherence time is the time at which the amplitude of the Rabi oscillation has dropped to 1/e. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Researchers at Sandia Labs, Ames National Laboratory and Iowa State University reported a 3D-printed superalloy composed of 42% aluminum, 25% titanium, 13% niobium, 8% zirconium, 8% molybdenum and 4% tantalum. Most alloys are made chiefly of one primary element, combined with low amounts of other elements. In contrast ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In vivo ultrasound mediated drug delivery was first reported in 1991 and many other preclinical studies involving sonoporation have followed. This method is being used to deliver therapeutic drugs or genes to treat a variety of diseases including: Stroke, Cancer, Parkinsons, Alzheimers... The preclinical utility of son... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The modern X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is also a non-destructive technique that is suitable for normal assaying requirements. It typically has an accuracy of 2 to 5 parts per thousand and is well-suited to relatively flat and large surfaces. It is a quick technique taking about three minutes, and the results can be automa... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In analytical and organic chemistry, elution is the process of extracting one material from another by washing with a solvent: washing of loaded ion-exchange resins to remove captured ions, or eluting proteins or other biopolymers from a gel electrophoresis or chromatography column.
In a liquid chromatography experimen... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, alkynylation is an addition reaction in which a terminal alkyne () is added to a carbonyl group () to form an α-alkynyl alcohol ().
When the acetylide is formed from acetylene (), the reaction gives an α-ethynyl alcohol. This process is often referred to as ethynylation. Such processes often inv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Basically there are five types of discharge that are used for the rotary vacuum drum filter such as belt, scraper, roll, string and pre coat discharge. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The shape of the zero-phonon line is Lorentzian with a width determined by the excited state lifetime T according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Without the influence of the lattice, the natural line width (full width at half maximum) of the chromophore is γ = 1/T . The lattice reduces the lifetime of the exc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glycorandomization, is a drug discovery and drug development technology platform to enable the rapid diversification of bioactive small molecules, drug leads and/or approved drugs through the attachment of sugars. Initially developed as a facile method to manipulate carbohydrate substitutions of naturally occurring gly... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The same process of photoemission can be used to produce electricity from any spectrum, although the number of semiconductor materials that will have just the right bandgap for an arbitrary hot object is limited. Instead, semiconductors that have tuneable bandgaps are needed. It is also difficult to produce solar-like ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The suffix -one is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds containing the -C(=O)- group: see ketone. Sometimes a number between hyphens is inserted before it to state which atom the =O atom is attached to. This suffix was extracted from the word acetone. The final "-e" disappears if it is followed ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Danheiser benzannulation is a regiocontrolled phenol annulation. This annulation provides an efficient route to form an aromatic ring in one step. It is a thermal combination of a substituted cyclobutenones with heterosubstituted acetylenes to produce highly substituted aromatic compounds, specifically phenols or r... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When a cluster of microparticles are trapped within a monochromatic laser beam, the organization of the microparticles within the optical trapping is heavily dependent on the redistributing of the optical trapping forces amongst the microparticles. This redistribution of light forces amongst the cluster of microparticl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal chain coming from the G protein (that was activated by the receptor) via adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP (cAMP). In a feedback mechanism, these activated kinases phosphorylate the receptor. The longer the receptor remains active the mo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Qubit fluorometer is a laboratory instrument developed and distributed by Invitrogen, which is now a part of Thermo Fisher. It is used for the quantification of DNA, RNA, and protein. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Merrilactone A was found to exhibit a significant neurotrophic activity, such as greatly promoting neurite outgrowth in the primary cultures of fetal rat cortical neurons at concentrations from 10 to 0.1 μmol/L. It was also found that this compound had a property of neuroprotection at same concentration. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Online non-intrusive ultrasonic thickness sensors are a popular choice for corrosion monitoring in various industries, including oil and gas, chemical processing, and power generation. These sensors can provide accurate and reliable thickness measurements of metal structures without requiring physical access or disrupt... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* F. Geiss (1987): Fundamentals of thin layer chromatography planar chromatography, Heidelberg, Hüthig,
* Justus G. Kirchner (1978): Thin-layer chromatography, 2nd edition, Wiley
* Joseph Sherma, Bernard Fried (1991): Handbook of Thin-Layer Chromatography (= Chromatographic Science. Bd. 55). Marcel Dekker, New York N... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Books (chronological order):
** Tanner, Brian: X-ray diffraction topography. Pergamon Press (1976)..
** Authier, André and Lagomarsino, Stefano and Tanner, Brian K. (editors): X-Ray and Neutron Dynamical Diffraction – Theory and Applications. Plenum Press / Kluwer Academic Publishers (1996). .
** Bowen, Keith and Ta... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Landes was an undergraduate student in chemistry at George Mason University. She moved to Georgia Tech for her doctoral research, where she majored in physical chemistry under the supervision of Mostafa El-Sayed. After earning her doctorate, Landes joined the University of Oregon as a postdoctoral researcher with Geral... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For double bonded molecules, Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules (CIP rules) are followed to determine the priority of substituents of the double bond. If both of the high priority groups are on the same side of the double bond (cis configuration), then the stereoisomer is assigned the configuration Z (zusammen, German w... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In chemistry, a C–H···O interaction is occasionally described as a special type of weak hydrogen bond. These interactions frequently occur in the structures of important biomolecules like amino acids, proteins, sugars, DNA and RNA. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The zooplanktonic Calanus spp. are not only important for moving carbon out of the photic zone and into the deep ocean, but these lipid-rich organisms play a critical role in the success of many marine species that depend on them as food. They comprise the majority of diets for fishes, seabirds and even large mammals s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In chemistry, the Terrace Ledge Kink model (TLK), which is also referred to as the Terrace Step Kink model (TSK), describes the thermodynamics of crystal surface formation and transformation, as well as the energetics of surface defect formation. It is based upon the idea that the energy of an atom’s position on a cry... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two of the drugs three components were originally developed at the Public Health Agency of Canadas National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), and a third at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; the cocktail was optimized by Gary Kobinger, then branch chief of the NML, and is undergoing further ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In inorganic chemistry, metal–metal bonds describe attractive interactions between metal centers. The simplest examples are found in bimetallic complexes. Metal–metal bonds can be "supported", i.e. be accompanied by one or more bridging ligands, or "unsupported". They can also vary according to bond order. The topic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nanorods, similar in size to quantum dots, have tunable optical and electronic properties. Based on their size and material composition, it is possible to tune the maximum absorption peak for nanorods during their synthesis. This control has led to the creation of photosensitizing nanorods. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The BBE-like enzyme's optimum pH is 8.9, this means it works in an alkaline medium, but the isoelectric point of the homogeneous enzyme is located at pH 4.9, which is a rather an acid medium. This value was obtained with isoelectric focusing and chromatofocusing techniques.
The enzyme broad temperature range is between... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Lactase (breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose)
* Maltase (breaks down maltose into 2 glucoses)
* Sucrase (breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose)
* Trehalase (breaks down trehalose into 2 glucoses)
<br />For a thorough scientific overview of small-intestinal disaccharidases, one can consult chapter ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A major pathway of induced health effects arises from spills or leaks of solvents, especially chlorinated solvents, that reach the underlying soil. Since solvents readily migrate substantial distances, the creation of widespread soil contamination is not uncommon; this is particularly a health risk if aquifers are affe... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Diamonds cubic structure is in the Fdm space group (space group 227), which follows the face-centered cubic Bravais lattice. The lattice describes the repeat pattern; for diamond cubic crystals this lattice is "decorated" with a motif of two tetrahedrally bonded atoms in each primitive cell, separated by of the width ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Soldiers can be exposed to a wide variety of chemical hazards. These threats are mostly invisible but detectable by hyperspectral imaging technology. The Telops Hyper-Cam, introduced in 2005, has demonstrated this at distances up to 5 km. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Henrys law constants mentioned so far do not consider any chemical equilibria in the aqueous phase. This type is called the intrinsic, or physical, Henrys law constant. For example, the intrinsic Henry's law solubility constant of formaldehyde can be defined as
In aqueous solution, formaldehyde is almost completely... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A chemical composition specifies the identity, arrangement, and ratio of the chemical elements making up a compound by way of chemical and atomic bonds.
Chemical formulas can be used to describe the relative amounts of elements present in a compound. For example, the chemical formula for water is HO: this means that ea... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Interchange pathways apply to substitution reactions where intermediates are not observed, which is more common than pure dissociative pathways. If the reaction rate is insensitive to the nature of the attacking nucleophile, the process is called dissociative interchange, abbreviated I. An illustrative process comes ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The thermodynamics of the host and guest interaction can be assessed by NMR spectroscopy, UV/visible spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Quantitative analysis of binding constant values provides useful thermodynamic information.
An association constant, can be defined by the expression
where {HG} is th... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) is a non-
linear process in which the energy difference of a pair of incoming photons
matches the energy of the vibrational mode of a molecular bond of interest.
This phonon population is coherently probed by a third photon and anti-
Stokes radiation is emitted. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1957, Ronald Breslow proposed that a relatively stable nucleophilic carbene, a thiazol-2-ylidene derivative of vitamin B (thiamine), was the catalyst involved in the benzoin condensation that yields furoin from furfural.
In this cycle, the vitamin's thiazolium ring exchanges a hydrogen atom (attached to carbon 2 of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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