text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Mikhail Shneider and Richard Miles first described the phenomenon mathematically in their 2005 work on microwave diagnostics of small plasma objects. The scattering regime was experimentally demonstrated and formally named by Adam R. Patel and Alexey Shashurin and has been applied in the coherent microwave scattering d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sorbent tubes are the most widely used collection media for sampling hazardous gases and vapors in air, mostly as it relates to Industrial hygiene. They were developed by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for air quality testing of workers. Sorbent Tubes are available from CARO Analy... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As of 2015 hypothermia had shown no improvements in neurological outcomes or in mortality in neurosurgery. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1960, Atalla and Kahng fabricated the first MOSFET with a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm, along with a gate length of 20µm. In 1962, Atalla and Kahng fabricated a nanolayer-base metal–semiconductor junction (M–S junction) transistor. This device has a metallic layer with nanometric thickness sandwiched between two s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The interface between a crystal and its vapor can be molecularly sharp at temperatures well below the melting point. An ideal crystalline surface grows by the spreading of single layers, or equivalently, by the lateral advance of the growth steps bounding the layers. For perceptible growth rates, this mechanism require... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
EPIC-seq may exhibit enhanced performance in detecting late-stage cancer due to higher levels of ctDNA and more pronounced genetic alterations. For example, EPIC-seq's sensitivity for detecting NSCLC diminishes significantly in patients with low tumor-DNA burden (below 1%), resulting in decreased detection rates by app... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It was long considered that the best examples of neutral homoaromatics are bishomoaromatics such as barrelene and semibullvalene. First synthesized in 1966, semibullvalene has a structure that should lend itself well to homoaromaticity although there has been much debate whether semibullvalene derivatives can provide a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For an adsorption column, the column resin (the stationary phase) is composed of microbeads. Even smaller particles such as proteins, carbohydrates, metal ions, or other chemical compounds are conjugated onto the microbeads. Each binding particle that is attached to the microbead can be assumed to bind in a 1:1 ratio w... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cefazaflur stands out among this group of analogues because it lacks an arylamide C-7 side chain (see cephacetrile for another example).
Cefazaflur is synthesized by reaction of 3-(1-methyl-1-tetrazol-5-ylthiomethylene)-7-amino-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (1) with trifluoromethylthioacetyl chloride (2). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Supercritical angle fluorescence microscopy (SAF) is a technique to detect and characterize fluorescent species (proteins, biomolecules, pharmaceuticals, etc.) and their behaviour close or even adsorbed or linked at surfaces. The method is able to observe molecules in a distance of less than 100 to 0 nanometer from the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are no d-d electron transitions in d metal complexes because the d orbitals are completely filled. Thus, UV-vis absorption bands are not observed and a Tanabe–Sugano diagram does not exist. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) is a genome analysis method for rapid simultaneous visualization of thousands of landmarks, or restriction sites. Using a combination of restriction enzymes some of which are specific to DNA modifications, the technique can be used to visualize differences in methylation lev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The exact temperatures at which iron will transition from one crystal structure to another depends on how much and what type of other elements are dissolved in the iron. The phase boundary between the different solid phases is drawn on a binary phase diagram, usually plotted as temperature versus percent iron. Adding s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Operando spectroscopy requires measurement of the catalyst under (ideally) real working conditions, involving comparable temperature and pressure environments to those of industrially catalyzed reactions, but with a spectroscopic device inserted into the reaction vessel. The parameters of the reaction are then measured... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most asymmetric Heck reactions employing chiral phosphines proceed by the cationic pathway, which does not require the dissociation of a phosphine ligand. Oxidative addition of an aryl perfluorosulfonate generates a cationic palladium aryl complex V. The mechanism then proceeds as in the neutral case, with the differen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
GFP can be used to analyse the colocalization of proteins. This is achieved by "splitting" the protein into two fragments which are able to self-assemble, and then fusing each of these to the two proteins of interest. Alone, these incomplete GFP fragments are unable to fluoresce. However, if the two proteins of interes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) is an aqueous extract of motile blood cells (amebocytes) from the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus. LAL reacts with bacterial endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are components of the bacterial capsule, the outermost membrane of cell envelope of gram-negative bac... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An additional source of atmospheric free oxygen comes from photolysis, whereby high-energy ultraviolet radiation breaks down atmospheric water and nitrous oxide into component atoms. The free hydrogen and nitrogen atoms escape into space, leaving O in the atmosphere: | 5 | Photochemistry |
Free thyroxine (fT or free T4) is generally elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in hypothyroidism.
Reference ranges depend on the method of analysis. Results should always be interpreted using the range from the laboratory that performed the test. Example values are: | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is known that aluminum improves the sulfidation resistance of iron alloys.
The sulfidation of tungsten is a multiple step process. The first step is an oxidation reaction, converting the tungsten to a tungsten bronze on the surface of the object. The tungsten bronze coating is then converted to a sulfide.
One commo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The sun bombards the earth with billions of charged nanoparticles with an immense amount of energy stored in them. This energy can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation. Many steam generation systems have adapted to using sunlight as a primary source for heating feed water,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydraulic residence time (HRT) is an important factor in the transport of environmental toxins or other chemicals through groundwater. The amount of time that a pollutant spends traveling through a delineated subsurface space is related to the saturation and the hydraulic conductivity of the soil or rock. Porosity is a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Strange quarks are naturally radioactive and decay by weak interactions into lighter quarks on a timescale that is extremely long compared with the nuclear-collision times. This makes it relatively easy to detect strange particles through the tracks left by their decay products. Consider as an example the decay of a ne... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PIT1 is part of the POU family of transcription factors. It is expressed by somatotrophic cells, as well as thyrotrophs and lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland. It contains a C-terminal domain for transactivation. Another domain is DNA binding—its C-terminal portion is homologous to the homeodomain consensus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SBPase and FBPase (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, EC 3.1.3.11) are both phosphatases that catalyze similar during the Calvin cycle. The genes for SBPase and FBPase are related. Both genes are found in the nucleus in plants, and have bacterial ancestry. SBPase is found across many species. In addition to being universally... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Low molecular weight acyl chlorides are often lachrymators, and they react violently with water, alcohols, and amines. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The structure of chitin was determined by Albert Hofmann in 1929. Hofmann hydrolyzed chitin using a crude preparation of the enzyme chitinase, which he obtained from the snail Helix pomatia.
Chitin is a modified polysaccharide that contains nitrogen; it is synthesized from units of N-acetyl--glucosamine (to be precise,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A trap crop is a plant that attracts agricultural pests, usually insects, away from nearby target crops. This form of companion planting can save a target crop from decimation by pests without the use of artificial pesticides. A trap crop is used for attracting the insect and pests away from a target crop field. Many t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RSC is expressed in meq/L units. RSC should not be higher than 1 and preferably less than +0.5 for considering the water use for irrigation. The formula for calculating RSC index is:
* RSC index = [HCO + CO] − [Ca + Mg]
* RSC index = HCO/61 + CO/30 – Ca/20 – Mg/12 (in case the ionic concentrations are measured in mg/L ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A pepper-spray projectile may be a sphere, hence the name pepper-ball, but it may also come in other shapes. The irritant payload may differ from product to product but is usually a powder, less frequently a liquid, gas or aerosol. Some companies offer different substances as payload for their projectiles and launcher ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After short stays at NRC and Acadia University, Yu was appointed to the Department of Chemistry at Simon Fraser University in 2001 as an assistant professor and promoted to a tenured full professor in 2009. He is now a principal investigator of the CFI-funded Centre for Nanomaterials and Microstructures (4D LABS) and a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An alternative mechanism to the one described above was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s, the hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (petroleum formed by inorganic means), but this is contradicted by geological and geochemical evidence. Abiogenic sources of oil have been found, but never in commerciall... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heinz Falk was born April 29, 1939, in Sankt Pölten, Austria, went to elementary school in Statzendorf and completed middle school in Krems an der Donau. After moving to Vienna in 1953 he completed a three-year program at HBLVA for Chemical Industry, Rosensteingasse and completed his high-school diploma in 1959 through... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This fjord was born as a glacial lake that was separated from the open ocean (the North Sea) when it was lifted during glacial rebound. A shallow channel (2m deep) was dug in 1850, providing a marginal connection to the North Sea. A strong pycnocline separates fresh surface water from dense, saline bottom water, and th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The measurement approaches of end-point RT-PCR requires the detection of gene expression levels by the use of fluorescent dyes like ethidium bromide, P32 labeling of PCR products using phosphorimager, or by scintillation counting. End-point RT-PCR is commonly achieved using three different methods: relative, competitiv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Defective Fas-mediated apoptosis may lead to oncogenesis as well as drug resistance in existing tumors. Germline mutation of Fas is associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), a childhood disorder of apoptosis.
Increases in Fas-mediated signaling have been implicated in the pathology of low-risk mye... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acetone cyanohydrin, (CH)C(OH)CN is the cyanohydrin of acetone. It is generated as an intermediate in the industrial production of methyl methacrylate. In the laboratory, this liquid serves as a source of HCN, which is inconveniently volatile. Thus, acetone cyanohydrin can be used for the preparation of other cyanoh... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ketones are pervasive in nature. The formation of organic compounds in photosynthesis occurs via the ketone ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Many sugars are ketones, known collectively as ketoses. The best known ketose is fructose; it mostly exists as a cyclic hemiketal, which masks the ketone functional group. Fatty acid sy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Potassium tert-butoxide (or potassium t-butoxide) is a chemical compound with the formula [(CH)COK] (abbr. KOtBu). This colourless solid is a strong base (pKa of conjugate acid around 17), which is useful in organic synthesis. The compound is often depicted as a salt, and it often behaves as such, but its ionization d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
N-linked glycans have intrinsic and extrinsic functions.
Within the immune system, the N-linked glycans on an immune cell's surface will help dictate that migration pattern of the cell, e.g. immune cells that migrate to the skin have specific glycosylations that favor homing to that site. The glycosylation patterns on ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Charge modulation spectroscopy is an electro-optical spectroscopy technique tool. It is used to study the charge carrier behavior of organic field-effect transistors. It measures the charge introduced optical transmission variation by directly probing the accumulation charge at the burning interface of semiconductor an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Maxwell’s thermodynamic surface is an 1874 sculpture made by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879). This model provides a three-dimensional space of the various states of a fictitious substance with water-like properties. This plot has coordinates volume (x), entropy (y), and energy (z). It was based on ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Measuring LDH in fluid aspirated from a pleural effusion (or pericardial effusion) can help in the distinction between exudates (actively secreted fluid, e.g., due to inflammation) or transudates (passively secreted fluid, due to a high hydrostatic pressure or a low oncotic pressure). The usual criterion (included in L... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lynch-Stieglitz's research links the ocean and climate over the past 100,000 years. She has used carbon isotopes in benthic foraminifera to reconstruct air-sea exchange in carbon isotopes, changes in the movement of deep water masses, and Antarctic Intermediate Water in the transitions between glacial and interglacial ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bertram Oliver "Bert" Fraser-Reid (23 February 1934 – 25 May 2020) was a Jamaican synthetic organic chemist who has been widely recognised for his work using carbohydrates as starting materials for chiral materials and on the role of oligosaccharides in immune response. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phosphinous acid (or Phosphinol) is the inorganic compound with the formula HPOH. It exists, fleetingly, as a mixture with its less stable tautomer HPO (phosphine oxide). This mixture has been generated by low temperature oxidation of phosphine with ozone. HPOH is mainly of pedagogical interest. Organophosphinous aci... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Most processes begin with phosphorous acid (aka phosphonic acid, HPO), exploiting its reactive P−H bond.
Phosphonic acid can be alkylated via the Kabachnik–Fields reaction or Pudovik reaction to give aminophosphonate, which are useful as chelating agents. One example is the industrial preparation of nitrilotris(methyle... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
B. subtilis is a soil-dwelling microbe that uses quorum sensing to regulate two different biological processes: competence and sporulation. During stationary growth phase when B. subtilis are at high cell density, approximately 10% of the cells in a population are induced to become competent. It is believed that this... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a hydride is formally the anion of hydrogen (H), a hydrogen atom with two electrons. The term is applied loosely. At one extreme, all compounds containing covalently bound H atoms are also called hydrides: water (HO) is a hydride of oxygen, ammonia is a hydride of nitrogen, etc. For inorganic chemists, hy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alkaline lysis or alkaline extraction is a method used in molecular biology to isolate plasmid DNA from bacteria. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The fundamental aminophosphines have the formulae PH(NH) (n = 1, 2, 3). These species cannot be isolated in a practical quantities, although they have been examined theoretically. HNPH is predicted to be more stable than the P(V) tautomer HN=PH.
With secondary amines, the chemistry is more straightforward. Trisamino... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A single, broad singlet is observed at 3.2 ppm at room temperature in the solution state phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (PNMR) of ((Dipp)P)Ge. This signal is consistent with rapid exchange between the planar and pyramidal phosphorus centers. As the temperature is reduced to -80 C, the signal becomes two broad, e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Since there is a frequent large pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between enantiomers of a chiral drug it is not surprising that enantiomers may result in stereoselective toxicity. They can reside in the pharmacologically active enantiomer (eutomer) or in the inactive one (distomer). The toxicologic diffe... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In certain enzymatic processes, redox non-innocent cofactors provide redox equivalents to complement the redox properties of metalloenzymes. Of course, most redox reactions in nature involve innocent systems, e.g. [[ferrodoxin|[4Fe-4S] clusters]]. The additional redox equivalents provided by redox non-innocent ligands ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Two materials may form a compound at the joint. The strongest joints are where atoms of the two materials share or swap electrons (known respectively as covalent bonding or ionic bonding). A weaker bond is formed if a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an atom of nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine in another mole... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
For the parallel-plate capacitor we have , where is the applied voltage. As a single ionization was assumed is the elementary charge . We can now put () and () into () and get
Putting this into (5) and transforming to we get the Paschen law for the breakdown voltage that was first investigated by Paschen in
and who... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mouza Sulaiman Mohamed Al-Wardi (Arabic: موزة سليمان محمد الوردي) is a curator and historian from Oman, who is Director of the Collections Department at the National Museum. She specialises in the history of silverworking in the Oman region. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Mesocrystal is an abbreviation for mesoscopically structured crystal, where individual subunits often form a perfect 3D order, as in a traditional crystal where the subunits are individual atoms. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The experimental determination of pK values is commonly performed by means of titrations, in a medium of high ionic strength and at constant temperature. A typical procedure would be as follows. A solution of the compound in the medium is acidified with a strong acid to the point where the compound is fully protonated.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Retinoic acids tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid) and isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) are prescription topical medications used to treat moderate to severe cystic acne and acne not responsive to other treatments. These are usually applied as a skin cream to the face after cleansing to remove make-up and skin oils.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Self-assembly is the most common term in use in the modern scientific community to describe the spontaneous aggregation of particles (atoms, molecules, colloids, micelles, etc.) without the influence of any external forces. Large groups of such particles are known to assemble themselves into thermodynamically stable, s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a system with two spin-1/2 particlesfor example the proton and electron in the ground state of hydrogenmeasured on a given axis, each particle can be either spin up or spin down so the system has four basis states in all
using the single particle spins to label the basis states, where the first arrow and second arro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The expression for Z is dependent on the media/phase/compartment. The following list gives the fugacity capacities for common medias:
* Air (under ideal gas assumptions): Z = 1/RT
* Water: Z = 1/H
* Octanol: Z = K/H
* Pure phase of target chemical: Z = 1/Pv
Where: R is the Ideal gas constant (8.314 Pa·m/mol·K); T is th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbon tetrachloride was briefly used as a volatile inhalation anaesthetic and analgesic for intense menstruation pains and headaches in the mid-19th century. Its anaesthetic effects were known as early as 1847 or 1848.
It was introduced as a safer alternative to Chloroform by Doctor Protheroe Smith in 1864. In Decembe... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
* 1.C.3 α-Hemolysin (αHL) family
* 1.C.4 Aerolysin family
* 1.C.5 ε-toxin family
* 1.C.11 RTX-toxin superfamily
* 1.C.12 Membrane attack complex/perforin superfamily
* 1.C.13 Leukocidin family
* 1.C.14 Cytohemolysin (CHL) family
* 1.C.39 Thiol-activated cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family
* 1.C.43 Lysenin family
* 1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
William M. Williams (25 February 1927 – 28 January 2011) was a Welsh-born metallurgical engineer and Birks professor of metallurgy at McGill University. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Predators may identify their prey by sound as well as sight; mimics have accordingly evolved to deceive the hearing of their predators. Bats are nocturnal predators that rely on echolocation to detect their prey. Some potential prey are unpalatable to bats, and produce an ultrasonic aposematic signal, the auditory equi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Myogenic hyperuricemia, as a result of the purine nucleotide cycle running when ATP reservoirs in muscle cells are low (ADP > ATP), is a common pathophysiologic feature of glycogenoses such as GSD-III, GSD-V and GSD-VII, as they are metabolic myopathies which impair the ability of ATP (energy) production within muscle ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quinone methides are often prepared by oxidation of the corresponding ortho or para cresol.
Quinone methides can be produced in aqueous solution by photochemical dehydration of o-hydroxybenzyl alcohols (i.e. salicyl alcohol). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
MERMOZ (also, MERMOZ project and Monitoring planEtary suRfaces with Modern pOlarimetric characteriZation) is an astrobiology project designed to remotely detect biosignatures of life. Detection is based on molecular homochirality, a characteristic property of the biochemicals of life. The aim of the project is to remo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
When grown in glucose-rich media, trypanosomatid parasites degrade glucose via aerobic fermentation. In this group, this phenomenon is not a pre-adaptation to/or remnant of anaerobic life, shown through their inability to survive in anaerobic conditions. It is believed that this phenomenon developed due to the capaci... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the primary causes of WECs is the passage of electrical current through the bearings. Both Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) can lead to the formation of WECs, albeit through slightly different mechanisms. In general, hydrogen generation from lubricants can be accelerated by electric current, pote... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In most organisms, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) exists as a homodimeric molecule and is closely related to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in structure. It is a large protein molecule with subunits weighing between 30 and 35 kDa. Based on the amino acid sequences, it seems that MDH has diverged into two main phylogenetic gro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
The term is usually used for small molecules. Metabolites have various functions, including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) determines the total magnesium content of a biological sample. This method is destructive; biological samples must be broken down in concentrated acids to avoid clogging the fine nebulising apparatus. Beyond this, the only limitation is that samples must be in a volume of appr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemoglobin concentration measurement is among the most commonly performed blood tests, usually as part of a complete blood count. For example, it is typically tested before or after blood donation. Results are reported in g/L, g/dL or mol/L. 1 g/dL equals about 0.6206 mmol/L, although the latter units are not used as o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is a common measure of the volatility of gasoline and other petroleum products. It is defined as the
absolute vapor pressure exerted by the vapor of the liquid and any dissolved gases/moisture at 37.8 °C (100 °F) as determined by the test method ASTM-D-323, which was first developed in 1930 ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dexmedetomidine was approved in 1999 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a short-term sedative and analgesic (<24 hours) for critically ill or injured people on mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU). The rationale for its short-term use was due to concerns over withdrawal side effects such... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides. Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin and decaplanin, corbomycin, complestatin and the an... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*4-Nitrophenol is an intermediate in the synthesis of paracetamol. It is reduced to 4-aminophenol, then acetylated with acetic anhydride.
* 4-Nitrophenol is used as the precursor for the preparation of phenetidine and acetophenetidine, indicators, and raw materials for fungicides. Bioaccumulation of this compound rarel... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Glycoproteins have distinct Oligosaccharide structures which have significant effects on many of their properties, affecting critical functions such as antigenicity, solubility, and resistance to proteases. Glycoproteins are relevant as cell-surface receptors, cell-adhesion molecules, immunoglobulins, and tumor antigen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DAST is prepared by the reaction of diethylaminotrimethylsilane and sulfur tetrafluoride:
:EtNSiMe + SF → EtNSF + MeSiF
The original paper calls for trichlorofluoromethane (Freon-11) as a solvent. Diethyl ether is a green alternative that can be used with no decrease in yield. Because of the dangers involved in the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Molecular motion in condensed matter can be represented by a Fourier series whose physical interpretation consists of a superposition of longitudinal and transverse waves of atomic displacement with varying directions and wavelengths. In monatomic systems, these waves are called density fluctuations. (In polyatomic sys... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The kinetic theory of gases deals not only with gases in thermodynamic equilibrium, but also very importantly with gases not in thermodynamic equilibrium. This means using Kinetic Theory to consider what are known as "transport properties", such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, mass diffusivity and thermal diffusion... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If Albert Einstein's photoelectric law is applied to a free molecule, the kinetic energy () of an emitted photoelectron is given by
where h is Plancks constant, ν is the frequency of the ionizing light, and I is an ionization energy for the formation of a singly charged ion in either the ground state or an excited stat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Qualitatively, guanine (G) and cytosine (C) undergo a specific hydrogen bonding with each other, whereas adenine (A) bonds specifically with thymine (T) in DNA and with uracil (U) in RNA. Quantitatively, each GC base pair is held together by three hydrogen bonds, while AT and AU base pairs are held together by two hydr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Injury in plants is damage caused by other organisms or by the non-living (abiotic) environment to plants. Animals that commonly cause injury to plants include insects, mites, nematodes, and herbivorous mammals; damage may also be caused by plant pathogens including fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Abiotic factors that ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kode Technology has been used for the in vitro modification of murine embryos, spermatozoa, zebra fish, epithelial/endometrial cells and red blood cells to create cellular quality controls systems, serologic kits (teaching), rare antigen expression, add infectious markers onto cells, modified cell adhesion/interaction/... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The water molecule, in the gaseous state, has three types of transition that can give rise to absorption of electromagnetic radiation:
* Rotational transitions, in which the molecule gains a quantum of rotational energy. Atmospheric water vapour at ambient temperature and pressure gives rise to absorption in the far-in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RiPPs constitute one of the major superfamilies of natural products, like alkaloids, terpenoids, and nonribosomal peptides, although they tend to be large, with molecular weights commonly in excess of 1000 Da. The advent of next-generation sequencing methods has made genome mining of RiPPs a common strategy. In part du... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The oxyallyl diradical (OXA) is a trimethylenemethane molecule with one methylene group replaced by oxygen. This reactive intermediate is postulated to occur in ring opening of cyclopropanones, allene oxides and in the Favorskii rearrangement. The intermediate has been produced by reaction of oxygen radical anions with... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After the processed antigen (peptide) is complexed to the MHC molecule, they both migrate together to the cell membrane, where they are exhibited (elaborated) as a complex that can be recognized by the CD 4+ (T helper cell) – a type of white blood cell. This is known as antigen presentation. However, the epitopes (conf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Through studying the transport of biogenic substances in the Tatar Strait in the Sea of Japan, a Russian team noted that biogenic substances can enter the marine environment due to input from either external sources, transport inside the water masses, or development by metabolic processes within the water. They can lik... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A classical event is the retroposition of a spliced pre-mRNA molecule of the c-Src gene into the proviral ancestor of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The retroposed c-src pre-mRNA still contained a single intron and within RSV is now referred to as v-Src gene. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term archaerhodopsin is a portmanteau of archaea (the domain in which the proteins are found) and rhodopsin (a photoreceptor responsible for vision in the mammalian eye).
:archaea from Ancient Greek [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek ἀρχαῖα] (arkhaîa, "anc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some such phenomena resisting the tendency to thermalize include (see, e.g., a quantum scar):
* Conventional quantum scars, which refer to eigenstates with enhanced probability density along unstable periodic orbits much higher than one would intuitively predict from classical mechanics.
* Perturbation-induced quantum ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Loupe (sidérurgie)
* Krupp-Renn Process
* Direct reduced iron.
* Direct reduction (blast furnace)
* Histoire de la production de l'acier. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Excimer lamps emit narrow-band UVC and vacuum-ultraviolet radiation at a variety of wavelengths depending on the medium. They are mercury-free and reach full output quicker than a mercury lamp, and generate less heat. Excimer emission at 207 and 222 nm appears to be safer than traditional 254 nm germicidal radiation, d... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Life and particulate organic matter in the ocean have fundamentally shaped the planet. On the most basic level, particulate organic matter can be defined as both living and non-living matter of biological origin with a size of ≥0.2 μm in diameter, including anything from a small bacterium (0.2 μm in size) to blue whale... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Wood flour is finely pulverized wood that has a consistency fairly equal to sand or sawdust, but can vary considerably, with particles ranging in dimensions from a fine powder to roughly that of a grain of rice. Most wood flour manufacturers are able to create batches of wood flour that have the same consistency throu... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.