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The fitting method used in Rietveld refinement is the non-linear least squares approach. A detailed derivation of non-linear least squares fitting will not be given here. Further detail can be found in Chapter 6 of Pecharsky and Zavalij's text 12 . There are a few things to note however. First, non-linear least squares... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some organizations publish standards for rating the lightfastness of pigments and materials. Testing is typically done by controlled exposure to sunlight, or to artificial light generated by a xenon arc lamp. Watercolors, inks, pastels, and colored pencils are particularly susceptible to fading over time, so choosing l... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Flutamide was first synthesized in 1967 by Neri and colleagues at Schering Plough Corporation. It was originally synthesized as a bacteriostatic agent, but was subsequently, and serendipitously found to possess antiandrogen activity. The code name of flutamide during development was SCH-13521. Clinical research of the ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Bennett acceptance ratio method is implemented in modern molecular dynamics systems, such as Gromacs.
Python-based code for MBAR and BAR is available for download at [https://github.com/choderalab/pymbar]. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An example of this can be found in the Ponderosa Pine tree (Pinus ponderosa), which produces a terpene called myrcene when it is damaged by the Western pine beetle. Instead of deterring the insect, it acts synergistically with aggregation pheromones which in turn act to lure more beetles to the tree.
Specialist predat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Debye length arises naturally in the thermodynamic description of large systems of mobile charges. In a system of different species of charges, the -th species carries charge and has concentration at position . According to the so-called "primitive model", these charges are distributed in a continuous medium th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Proteins are characterized by amide linkages (-N(H)-C(O)-) formed by the condensation of amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids in the polypeptide backbone is known as the primary structure of the protein. Like almost all polymers, protein fold and twist, forming into the secondary structure, which is rigidified ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A differential refractometer (DRI), or refractive index detector (RI or RID) is a detector that measures the refractive index of an analyte relative to the solvent. They are often used as detectors for high-performance liquid chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. They are considered to be universal detect... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Calcitonin, as salmon calcitonin (sCT), is available in the pharmaceutical market as an injectable preparation for intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous application. Noninvasive sCT preparation as a nasal spray is commercially produced and received US FDA approval under the proprietary name Miacalcin® in 1975 for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Streak seeding is a method first described during ICCBM-3 by Enrico Stura to induce crystallization in a straight line into a sitting or hanging drop for protein crystallization by introducing microseeds. The purpose is to control nucleation and understand the parameters that make crystals grow. It is also used to test... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Chondroitinase treatment is a treatment of proteoglycans, a protein in the fluid among cells where (among other things) they affect neural activity (communication, plasticity). Chondroitinase treatment has been shown to allow adults vision to be restored as far as ocular dominance is concerned. Moreover, there is some... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Diarylethene is the general name of a class of chemical compounds that have aromatic functional groups bonded to each end of a carbon–carbon double bond. The simplest example is stilbene, which has two geometric isomers, E and Z.
Under the influence of light, these compounds can generally perform two kinds of reversibl... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Design based on supramolecular chemistry has led to numerous applications in the creation of functional biomaterials and therapeutics. Supramolecular biomaterials afford a number of modular and generalizable platforms with tunable mechanical, chemical and biological properties. These include systems based on supramolec... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Amagats law states that the extensive volume V = Nv of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of volumes V of the K component gases, if the temperature T and the pressure p' remain the same:
This is the experimental expression of volume as an extensive quantity.
According to Amagat's law of partial volume, the total volume ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, the lever rule is a formula used to determine the mole fraction (x) or the mass fraction (w) of each phase of a binary equilibrium phase diagram. It can be used to determine the fraction of liquid and solid phases for a given binary composition and temperature that is between the liquidus and solidus line... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Typically, two catalysts are needed for this reaction: a zerovalent palladium complex and a copper(I) halide salt. Common examples of palladium catalysts include those containing phosphine ligands such as Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)|. Another commonly used palladium source is [, but complexes containing bi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Converting spare electricity into heat for high-volume, long-term storage is under research at various companies, who claim that costs could be much lower than lithium-ion batteries. Graphite may be used as a storage medium, with molten tin as heat transfer, at temperatures around 2000°. See LaPotin, A., Schulte, K.L.,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For calcium labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 1000 mg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 1300 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. A table of the old and new adult dai... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plane groups can be depicted using the Hermann–Mauguin system. The first letter is either lowercase p or c to represent primitive or centered unit cells. The next number is the rotational symmetry, as given above. The presence of mirror planes are denoted m, while glide reflections are only denoted g. Screw axes do not... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.945. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After the discovery of the lux operon, the use of bioluminescent bacteria as a laboratory tool is claimed to have revolutionized the area of environmental microbiology. The applications of bioluminescent bacteria include biosensors for detection of contaminants, measurement of pollutant toxicity and monitoring of gene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enolate activation is the simplest Conia-ene activation mode. In this mode, the carbonyl starting material is treated with a strong base, such as nBuLi, NaH, or tBuOK, to form a metal-stabilized enolate, which then attacks the tethered alkyne and transfers the metal cation. An early example of enolate activation was re... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If an electron in a two level atomic system is excited by narrow line width coherent electro-magnetic radiation, like a laser, that is on resonance with the two level transition, the electron will Rabi flop. During Rabi flopping the electron oscillates between the ground and excited states and can be described by a con... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lithophile elements are those that remain on or close to the surface because they combine readily with oxygen, forming compounds that do not sink into the Earth's core. The lithophile elements include Al, B, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cs, F, I, Hf, K, Li, Mg, Na, Nb, O, P, Rb, Sc, Si, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, Y, Zr, W and th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In his exposition of his scheme of closed system equilibrium thermodynamics, C. Carathéodory initially postulates that experiment reveals that a definite number of real variables define the states that are the points of the manifold of equilibria. In the words of Prigogine and Defay (1945): "It is a matter of experienc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Scientists are working on ways to use RT-PCR in cancer detection to help improve prognosis, and monitor response to therapy. Circulating tumor cells produce unique mRNA transcripts depending on the type of cancer. The goal is to determine which mRNA transcripts serve as the best biomarkers for a particular cancer cell ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The insulin transduction pathway is a biochemical pathway by which insulin increases the uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells and reduces the synthesis of glucose in the liver and hence is involved in maintaining glucose homeostasis. This pathway is also influenced by fed versus fasting states, stress levels, an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from condensation of glucose and fructose to produce α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside. Sucrose has 8 hydroxyl groups which can be reacted with fatty acid esters to produce sucrose esters. Among the 8 hydroxyl groups on sucrose, three (C6, C1, and C6) are primary while the o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ASF/SF2 has been shown to have a critical function in heart development, embryogenesis, tissue formation, cell motility, and cell viability in general. | 1 | Biochemistry |
"Actinic" lights are a high-color-temperature blue light. They are also used in electric fly killers to attract flies. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The descendants of European settlers began coming to the area of the lake in the early 20th century, first using it as a staging area for bush pilots flying to mining camps and settlements further north. In the mid-1930s, abundant gold deposits in the area triggered the establishment of Yellowknife as a permanent settl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Phosphaalkenes (IUPAC name: alkylidenephosphanes) are organophosphorus compounds with double bonds between carbon and phosphorus(III) with the formula RC=PR. In the compound phosphorine one carbon atom in benzene is replaced by phosphorus. The reactivity of phosphaalkenes is often compared to that of alkenes and not to... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
IUPAC nomenclature has extensive rules to cover the naming of cyclic structures, both as core structures, and as substituents appended to alicyclic structures. The term macrocycle is used when a ring-containing compound has a ring of 12 or more atoms. The term polycyclic is used when more than one ring appears in a sin... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Evapoporometry has the significant advantage of requiring only a lab scale, 2-propanol (or another wetting fluid), and a cell in which to contain the sample and 2-propanol. The sample is immersed for some time in 2-propanol prior to measurement to ensure saturation of pores, and is then placed into the cell in an analy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Single chain cyclized polymers consist of multiple cyclized rings which afford them some unique properties, including high density, low intrinsic viscosity, low translational friction coefficients, high glass transition temperatures, and excellent elasticity of the formed network. In particular, an abundance of interna... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the human genome, CCL7 is encoded by the CCL7 gene which is one of the several chemokine genes clustered on chromosome 17q11.2-q12. This region contains the gene for the MCP subset of CC chemokines. The CCL7 gene has been given the locus symbol SCYA7.
The gene consists of three exons and two introns. The first exon ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Homofermentative bacteria convert glucose to two molecules of lactate and use this reaction to perform substrate-level phosphorylation to make two molecules of ATP:
:Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P → 2 Lactate + 2 ATP | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deoxygenating reagents, light, or heat all catalyze rearrangement to the amide. Acids catalyze rearrangement to the oxime ether. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The National Center for Functional Glycomics is an organization that is focused on the development of technology development in glycosciences. They are specifically focused on glycan analysis and molecular mechanisms of glycan recognition by proteins important in human biology and disease. The center was established at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The 3′-UTR often contains microRNA response elements (MREs), which are sequences to which miRNAs bind. miRNAs are short, non-coding RNA molecules capable of binding to mRNA transcripts and regulating their expression. One miRNA mechanism involves partial base pairing of the 5' seed sequence of an miRNA to an MRE within... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Paquette's 1982 organic synthesis takes about 29 steps with raw materials cyclopentadiene (2 equivalents 10 carbon atoms), dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (4 carbon atoms) and allyltrimethylsilane (2 equivalents, 6 carbon atoms).
In the first leg of the procedure two molecules of cyclopentadiene 1 are coupled together... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Three of the many proteins that are phosphorylated by MAPK are shown in the figure to the right. One effect of MAPK activation is to alter the translation of mRNA to proteins. MAPK phosphorylates the 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK). This activates RSK, which, in turn, phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6. Mitogen-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This equation for gives satisfactory agreement with experimental measurements for low electrolyte concentrations, typically less than 10 mol/L. Deviations from the theory occur at higher concentrations and with electrolytes that produce ions of higher charges, particularly unsymmetrical electrolytes. Essentially thes... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
petite (ρ–) is a mutant first discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Due to the defect in the respiratory chain, petite yeast are unable to grow on media containing only non-fermentable carbon sources (such as glycerol or ethanol) and form small colonies when grown in the presence of fermentable carbon sourc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Commonly poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) is synthesized by free radical polymerization of the monomer pentafluorophenyl acrylate.
Additionally, pentafluorophenyl acrylate can be successfully polymerized by RAFT polymerization yield homopolymers, copolymers, or block copolymers.
It has been shown that poly(pentafluoro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
With the publication of "Expansion of C ecosystems as an indicator of global ecological change in the late Miocene" in 1993, Cerling, helped by Yang Wang and Jay Quade, made relevant studies relatively to carbon isotopes. Thanks to a deep analysis of palaeovegetation from palaeosols and palaeodiet measured in fossil to... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The stereoisomers β--glucopyranose and β--mannopyranose are epimers because they differ only in the stereochemistry at the C-2 position. The hydroxy group in β-D-glucopyranose is equatorial (in the "plane" of the ring), while in β-D-mannopyranose the C-2 hydroxy group is axial (up from the "plane" of the ring). These t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For elements in the main groups of the periodic table, the valence can vary between 1 and 8.
Many elements have a common valence related to their position in the periodic table, and nowadays this is rationalised by the octet rule.
The Greek/Latin numeral prefixes (mono-/uni-, di-/bi-, tri-/ter-, and so on) are used to ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Aggregates begin as the colloidal fraction, which typically contains particles sized between one nanometer and several micrometers. The colloidal fraction of the ocean contains a large amount of organic matter unavailable to grazers. This fraction has a much higher total mass than either phytoplankton or bacteria but i... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Organic photosensitizers are carbon-based molecules which are capable of photosensitizing. The earliest studied photosensitizers were aromatic hydrocarbons which absorbed light in the presence of oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species. These organic photosensitizers are made up of highly conjugated systems which pro... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An example of a Curtin–Hammett scenario in which the more stable conformational isomer reacts more quickly is observed during the oxidation of piperidines. In the case of N-methyl piperidine, inversion at nitrogen between diastereomeric conformers is much faster than the rate of amine oxidation. The conformation which ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In these cases, a plasmid is constructed in which the genes to be transferred are flanked by viral sequences that are used by viral proteins to recognize and package the viral genome into viral particles. This plasmid is inserted (usually by transfection) into a producer cell together with other plasmids (DNA construct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bragg diffraction (also referred to as the Bragg formulation of X-ray diffraction) was first proposed by Lawrence Bragg and his father, William Henry Bragg, in 1913 after their discovery that crystalline solids produced surprising patterns of reflected X-rays (in contrast to those produced with, for instance, a liquid)... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Current research related to VMAT uses VMAT2 knockout mice to explore the behavioral genetics of this transporter in an animal model. VMAT2 knockouts are known to be lethal as homozygotes, but heterozygote knockouts are not lethal and are used in many studies as a durable animal model.
From knockout and knockdown mice, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Grove cell was an early electric primary cell named after its inventor, Welsh physical scientist William Robert Grove, and consisted of a zinc anode in dilute sulfuric acid and a platinum cathode in concentrated nitric acid, the two separated by a porous ceramic pot. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Suppose that a chemical system has elements and chemical species (elements or compounds). The latter are combinations of the former, and each species can be represented as a sum of elements:
where are the integers denoting number of atoms of element in molecule . Each species is determined by a vector (a row of th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Unloading is the release of pressure due to the removal of an overburden. When the pressure is reduced rapidly, the rapid expansion of the rock causes high surface stress and spalling. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The following are some of the signs that firefighters are looking for when they attempt to determine whether a flashover is likely to occur.
* Fast dark smoke.
* The neutral plane is moving down towards the floor. In this situation, a flashover is plausible.
* All directly exposed combustible materials are showing sign... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In aqueous solution 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde exists in equilibrium with its hydrate (1,1,3-propanetriol), in which the aldehyde group converts to a geminal diol:
:HOCHCHCHO + HO → HOCHCHCH(OH)
The hydrate is also in equilibrium with its dimer (2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-hydroxy-1,3-dioxane), which dominates at high concent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Clathrates have been explored for many applications including: gas storage, gas production, gas separation, desalination, thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, and batteries.
* Clathrate compounds with formula ABX, where A is an alkaline earth metal, B is a group III element, and X is an element from group IV have been explo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The analytical near infrared (NIR) region spans the range from 780 nm to 2,500 nm. The absorption bands seen in this spectral range arise from overtones and combination bands of O-H, N-H, C-H and S-H stretching and bending vibrations. Absorption is one to two orders of magnitude smaller in the NIR compared to the MIR; ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The stereoisomer (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (also referred to as L-P5C) is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis and degradation of proline and arginine.
In prokaryotic proline biosynthesis, GSA is synthesized from γ-glutamyl phosphate by the enzyme γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase. In most eukaryotes, GSA is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Exon trapping is a molecular biology technique to identify potential exons in a fragment of eukaryote DNA of unknown intron-exon structure. This is done to determine if the fragment is part of an expressed gene.
The genomic fragment is inserted into the intron of a splicing vector consisting of a known exon - intron - ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) works by applying a small sample of DNA (or RNA) to an electrophoresis gel that contains a denaturing agent. Researchers have found that certain denaturing gels are capable of inducing DNA to melt at various stages. As a result of this melting, the DNA spreads through th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nuclear receptor coactivator 4, also known as Androgen Receptor Activator (ARA70), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA4 gene. It plays an important role in ferritinophagy, acting as a cargo receptor, binding to the ferritin heavy chain and latching on to ATG8 on the surface of the autophagosome. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, the desulfonation reaction is the hydrolysis of sulfonic acids:
:RCHSOH + HO → RCH + HSO
The reaction applied to aryl and naphthylsulfonic acids. It is the reverse of sulfonation. The temperature of desulfonation correlates with the ease of the sulfonation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The European Association of Geochemistry publishes, co-publishes, or sponsors the following:
* [http://www.geochemicalperspectives.org/ Geochemical Perspectives] – 4 issues a year
* Geochemical Perspectives Letters – an open access journal
* Elements: An International Magazine of Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Petrology... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A number of methods for synthesis have been published. The most recent is probably the method posted by the Serbian chemical society (2004).
There is another method, though, for constructing the N-Benzyl-3-methyl-4-piperidone in a 2-stage Michael reaction, followed by Dieckmann cyclization as per usual. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methanation is the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO) to methane (CH) through hydrogenation. The methanation reactions of CO were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902.
CO methanation has many practical applications. It is a means of carbon oxide removal from process gases and is also be... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Contraindications are hypersensitivity against ACE inhibitors, especially if it has resulted in angioedema; idiopathic or hereditary angioedema; kidney failure; the second and third trimesters in pregnancy; and combination with the drug aliskiren in people with diabetes. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Backdrafts were publicized by the 1991 movie Backdraft, in which a serial arsonist in Chicago was using them as a means of assassinating conspirators in a scam.
In the film adaptation of Stephen Kings 1408', the protagonist Mike Enslin induces one as a last-ditch effort to kill the room.
The term is also used and is th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A biocathode is a cathode used in a microbial electrolysis cell during electromethanogenesis that utilizes microorganisms to catalyze the process of accepting electrons and protons from the anode. A biocathode is usually made of a cheap material, such as carbon or graphite, like the anode in the MEC. The microbe popula... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Oligomer Restriction technique was developed as a variation of the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay method, with the hope of avoiding the laborious Southern blotting step used in RFLP analysis. OR was conceived by Randall Saiki and Henry Erlich in the early 1980s, working at Cetus Corporation i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* G. Gauglitz, A. Brecht, G. Kraus and W. Nahm. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 11, 1993
* A. Jung. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372 1, 2002
* F. Gesellchen, B. Zimmermann, F. W. Herberg. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2005
* T. Nagel, E. Ehrentreich-Forster, M. Singh, et al. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical 129 2, 2008
* P. Fechner, F... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Missense mRNA is a messenger RNA bearing one or more mutated codons that yield polypeptides with an amino acid sequence different from the wild-type or naturally occurring polypeptide. Missense mRNA molecules are created when template DNA strands or the mRNA strands themselves undergo a missense mutation in which a pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The music video for glam metal band Cinderellas 1988 power ballad "Dont Know What You Got (Till Its Gone)" was filmed by the lake. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In colloidal mixtures quintuple and sixtuple points have been described in violation of Gibbs phase rule but it is argued that in these systems the rule can be generalized to where accounts for additional parameters of interaction among the components like the diameter of one type of particle in relation to the diame... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A thermometric titration is one of a number of instrumental titration techniques where endpoints can be located accurately and precisely without a subjective interpretation on the part of the analyst as to their location. Enthalpy change is arguably the most fundamental and universal property of chemical reactions, so ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Although the nucleosome is a very stable protein-DNA complex, it is not static and has been shown to undergo a number of different structural re-arrangements including nucleosome sliding and DNA site exposure. Depending on the context, nucleosomes can inhibit or facilitate transcription factor binding. Nucleosome posit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the RNA transcript reaches 7 nucleotides long, transcription enters the elongation phase, the beginning of which is characterised by the collapsing of the DNA bubble and the ejection of TFIIB. This is thought to be because the nascent RNA clashes with the B linker helix when it is 6 bases long and upon further elo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For ketimines and aldimines, respectively, the five core atoms (CC=NX and C(H)C=NX, X = H or C) are coplanar. Planarity results from the sp-hybridization of the mutually double-bonded carbon and the nitrogen atoms. The C=N distance is 1.29-1.31 Å for nonconjugated imines and 1.35 Å for conjugated imines. By contrast... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Starting with a zerovalent palladium species and a substrate containing a leaving group in the allylic position, the Tsuji–Trost reaction proceeds through the catalytic cycle outlined below.
First, the palladium coordinates to the alkene, forming a η -allyl-Pd Π complex. The next step is oxidative addition in which the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The development of the fluorocarbon industry coincided with World War II. Prior to that, fluorocarbons were prepared by reaction of fluorine with the hydrocarbon, i.e., direct fluorination. Because C-C bonds are readily cleaved by fluorine, direct fluorination mainly affords smaller perfluorocarbons, such as tetrafluor... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Metabolites are the substrates, intermediates and products of metabolism. Within the context of metabolomics, a metabolite is usually defined as any molecule less than 1.5 kDa in size. However, there are exceptions to this depending on the sample and detection method. For example, macromolecules such as lipoproteins an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photocatalyst activity indicator inks are a recent advance in the visual demonstration of photocatalysis and the assessment of the activity of photocatalyst materials. They are inexpensive, easy to use and provide a very quick route to demonstrating the presence of a photocatalytic film, even under low levels of UV lig... | 5 | Photochemistry |
TRH-stimulation testing however
continues to be useful for the differential diagnosis of secondary (pituitary disorder) and tertiary (hypothalamic disorder) hypothyroidism. Patients with these conditions
appear to have physiologically inactive TSH in their circulation that is recognized by
TSH assays to a degree such t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because carbon is more electronegative than magnesium, the carbon attached to magnesium acts as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbon atom in the polar bond of a carbonyl group. The addition of the Grignard reagent to the carbonyl group typically proceeds through a six-membered ring transition state, as sh... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Regardless of the definition of the isotopic ratio, the isotopic composition of substrate and product are expressed as
where is a standard isotopic ration. Here, definition 3 of isotopic ratio has been used, however, any of the three definitions of isotopic ratio can equally be used. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cool roofs combine high solar reflectance with high infrared emittance, thereby simultaneously reducing heat gain from the sun and increasing heat removal through radiation. Radiative cooling thus offers potential for passive cooling for residential and commercial buildings. Traditional building surfaces, such as paint... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The specific protein glomalin has not yet been isolated and described. What has been described is an extraction process involving heat and citrate, producing a mixture containing a substance that is reactive to a monoclonal antibody Mab32B11 raised against crushed AM fungi spores. The substance is then provisionally na... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Because of the equivalences between many properties and derivatives within thermodynamics (e.g., see Maxwell Relations), there are many formulations of the thermal pressure coefficient, which are equally valid, leading to distinct yet correct interpretations of its meaning.
Some formulations for the thermal pressure c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sinker EDM, also called ram EDM, cavity type EDM or volume EDM, consists of an electrode and workpiece submerged in an insulating liquid such as, more typically, oil or, less frequently, other dielectric fluids. The electrode and workpiece are connected to a suitable power supply. The power supply generates an electric... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In particle physics, deep inelastic scattering is the name given to a process used to probe the insides of hadrons (particularly the baryons, such as protons and neutrons), using electrons, muons and neutrinos. It was first attempted in the 1960s and 1970s and provided the first convincing evidence of the reality of qu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The surface advances normal to itself without the necessity of a stepwise growth mechanism. This means that in the presence of a sufficient thermodynamic driving force, every element of surface is capable of a continuous change contributing to the advancement of the interface. For a sharp or discontinuous surface, this... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) may bind Mg ions and thus affect the concentration of free magnesium ions in the reaction. In addition, excessive amounts of dNTPs can increase the error rate of DNA polymerase and even inhibit the reaction. An imbalance in the proportion of the four dNTPs can result in misincorporation into th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The enthalpy of a chemical system is essentially its energy. The enthalpy change ΔH for a reaction is equal to the heat q transferred out of (or into) a closed system at constant pressure without in- or output of electrical energy. Heat production or absorption in a chemical reaction is measured using calorimetry, e.g.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ionochromism is the process of reacting an ionochromic material with a charged species, or a positively or negatively charged ion. Materials that have ionochromic properties exhibit reversible color change, where the absence of a stimulus such as an ionic species can result in the compound changing to its original colo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Monoclonal antibodies used for autoimmune diseases include infliximab and adalimumab, which are effective in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and ankylosing spondylitis by their ability to bind to and inhibit TNF-α. Basiliximab and daclizumab inhibit IL-2 on activated T cells and thereby help p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Monoclonal antibodies are more expensive to manufacture than small molecules due to the complex processes involved and the general size of the molecules, all in addition to the enormous research and development costs involved in bringing a new chemical entity to patients. They are priced to enable manufacturers to reco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Faraday concluded after several experiments on electric current in a non-spontaneous process that the mass of the products yielded on the electrodes was proportional to the value of current supplied to the cell, the length of time the current existed, and the molar mass of the substance analyzed. In other words, the am... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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