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Tertiary carbons form the most stable carbocations due to a combination of factors. The three alkyl groups on the tertiary carbon contribute to a strong inductive effect. This is because each alkyl group will share its electron density with the central carbocation to stabilize it. Additionally, the surrounding sp3 hybr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Polymers are high molecular mass compounds formed by polymerization of monomers. They are synthesized by the polymerization process and can be modified by the additive of monomers. The additives of monomers change polymers mechanical property, processability, durability and so on. The simple reactive molecule from whic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The isolation of trimyristin from powdered nutmeg is a common introductory-level college organic chemistry experiment. It is an uncommonly simple natural product extraction because nutmeg oil generally consists of over eighty percent trimyristin. Trimyristin makes up between 20-25% of the overall mass of dried, ground ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The AF4 experiment can be separated into three stages:
1. Sample Injection
:Samples are injected into the system using a known amount of sample volume. This volume will depend on the AF4 instrument being utilized in the experiment. Starting fractionation immediately after sample injection is not ideal because the sampl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Geranylfarnesyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate used by organisms in the biosynthesis of sesterterpenoids. | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are two types of overlayers: commensurate and incommensurate. In the former the substrate-adsorbate interaction tends to dominate over any lateral adsorbate-adsorbate interaction, while in the latter the adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are of similar magnitude to those between adsorbate and substrate. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prairie provinces (mainly Saskatchewan and Manitoba) contain high quantities of calcium and magnesium, often as dolomite, which are readily soluble in the groundwater that contains high concentrations of trapped carbon dioxide from the last glaciation. In these parts of Canada, the total hardness in ppm of calcium carb... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
CDP-glucose is produced from CTP and glucose-1-phosphate by the enzyme glucose-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general, biosignatures can be grouped into ten broad categories:
#Isotope patterns: Isotopic evidence or patterns that require biological processes.
#Chemistry: Chemical features that require biological activity.
#Organic matter: Organics formed by biological processes.
#Minerals: Minerals or biomineral-phases whose... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Pepscan is a procedure for mapping and characterizing epitopes involving the synthesis of overlapping peptides and analysis of the peptides in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The method is based on combinatorial chemistry and was pioneered by Mario Geysen and coworkers.
Rob Meloen was one of Geysen's co-w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Heat of formation group additivity methods in thermochemistry enable the calculation and prediction of heat of formation of organic compounds based on additivity. This method was pioneered by S. W. Benson. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Certain organic compounds in addition to metal redox catalysts can also produce reactive oxygen species. One of the most important classes of these is the quinones. Quinones can redox cycle with their conjugate semiquinones and hydroquinones, in some cases catalyzing the production of superoxide from dioxygen or hydrog... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An MC-ICP-MS instrument is a multiple collector mass spectrometer with a plasma source. MC-ICP-MS was developed to improve the precision achievable by ICP-MS during isotope-ratio measurements. Conventional ICP-MS analysis uses a quadrupole analyser, which only allows single-collector analysis. Due to the inherent inst... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Lipids are a diverse and ubiquitous group of compounds which have many key biological functions, such as acting as structural components of cell membranes, serving as energy storage sources and participating in signaling pathways. Lipids may be broadly defined as hydrophobic or amphipathic small molecules that originat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aspects of the carbonate-silicate cycle have changed through Earth history as a result of biological evolution and tectonic changes. Generally, the formation of carbonates has outpaced that of silicates, effectively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The advent of carbonate biomineralization near the Precambr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Stop codon suppression or translational readthrough occurs when in translation a stop codon is interpreted as a sense codon, that is, when a (standard) amino acid is encoded by the stop codon. Mutated tRNAs can be the cause of readthrough, but also certain nucleotide motifs close to the stop codon. Translational readt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Succinate-Q oxidoreductase, also known as complex II or succinate dehydrogenase, is a second entry point to the electron transport chain. It is unusual because it is the only enzyme that is part of both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Complex II consists of four protein subunits and contains a b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carboranes have been prepared by many routes, the most common being addition of alkynyl reagents to boron hydride clusters to form dicarbon carboranes. For this reason, the great majority of carborane have two carbon vertices. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPSs establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental component that determines the physicochemical properties of a biofilm. EPS in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In alcohol fermentation, when a glucose molecule is oxidized, ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and carbon dioxide are byproducts. The organic molecule that is responsible for renewing the NAD+ supply in this type of fermentation is the pyruvate from glycolysis. Each pyruvate releases a carbon dioxide molecule, turning into acet... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If a molecule contains two asymmetric centers, there are up to four possible configurations, and they cannot all be non-superposable mirror images of each other. The possibilities for different isomers continue to multiply as more stereocenters are added to a molecule. In general, the number of stereoisomers of a molec... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Quasicrystalline substances have potential applications in several forms.
Metallic quasicrystalline coatings can be applied by Thermal spraying or magnetron sputtering. A problem that must be resolved is the tendency for cracking due to the materials' extreme brittleness. The cracking could be suppressed by reducing sa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hydroperoxides are intermediates in the production of many organic compounds in industry. For example, the cobalt catalyzed oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone:
Drying oils, as found in many paints and varnishes, function via the formation of hydroperoxides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Total synthesis of (+)-Absinthin was conducted in 2004 by Zhang, et al. The final yield reported for the synthesis was 18.6% over a course of 10 steps originating from Santonin (1), a commercially available reagent. The basis of the synthesis was the ring expansion of the original 6-membered carbon ring to the 7-member... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, olefin metathesis is an organic reaction that entails the redistribution of fragments of alkenes (olefins) by the scission and regeneration of carbon-carbon double bonds. Because of the relative simplicity of olefin metathesis, it often creates fewer undesired by-products and hazardous wastes than... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To generate a traveling pulse with an ultrashort time duration, two key elements are needed: bandwidth and central wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.
From Fourier analysis, the more the available spectral bandwidth of a light pulse, the shorter, potentially, is its time duration.
There is, however, a lower-limit i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lead-zinc deposits are generally accompanied by silver, hosted within the lead sulfide mineral galena or within the zinc sulfide mineral sphalerite.
Lead and zinc deposits are formed by discharge of deep sedimentary brine onto the sea floor (termed sedimentary exhalative or SEDEX), or by replacement of limestone, in sk... | 9 | Geochemistry |
On Saturns largest moon, Titan, lakes of liquid hydrocarbons comprising methane, ethane, propane and other constituents, occur naturally. Data collected by the space probe Cassini–Huygens yield an estimate that the visible lakes and seas of Titan contain about 300 times the volume of Earths proven oil reserves. Drilled... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Secondary antibodies provide signal detection and amplification along with extending the utility of an antibody through conjugation to proteins. Secondary antibodies are especially efficient in immunolabeling. Secondary antibodies bind to primary antibodies, which are directly bound to the target antigen(s). In immunol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A common method of freezing lesions is by using liquid nitrogen as the cryogen. The liquid nitrogen may be applied to lesions using a variety of methods; such as dipping a cotton or synthetic material tipped applicator in liquid nitrogen and then directly applying the cryogen onto the lesion. The liquid nitrogen can al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gas porosity is the formation of bubbles within the casting after it has cooled. This occurs because most liquid materials can hold a large amount of dissolved gas, but the solid form of the same material cannot, so the gas forms bubbles within the material as it cools. Gas porosity may present itself on the surface of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
It is an old joke in chemistry to draw a polycyclic hexagonal chemical structure and call this fictional compound chickenwire. By adding one or two simple chemical groups to this skeleton, the compound can then be named following the official chemical naming convention. An example is:
* 1,2-Dimethyl-chickenwire in a [h... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Thionyl chloride can engage in a range of different electrophilic addition reactions. It adds to alkenes in the presence of to form an aluminium complex which can be hydrolysed to form a sulfinic acid. Both aryl sulfinyl chlorides and diaryl sulfoxides can be prepared from arenes through reaction with thionyl chlori... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Symbiotic fermentation is a form of fermentation in which multiple organisms (yeasts, acetic acid bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and others) interact in symbiosis in order to produce the desired product. For example, a yeast may produce ethanol, which is then consumed by an acetic acid bacterium. Described early on as ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some ores, particularly those that are partially sulfidized, aeration (prior to the introduction of cyanide) of the ore in water at high pH can render elements such as iron and sulfur less reactive to cyanide, therefore making the gold cyanidation process more efficient. Specifically, the oxidation of iron to iron (... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A peptidomimetic is a small protein-like chain designed to mimic a peptide. They typically arise either from modification of an existing peptide, or by designing similar systems that mimic peptides, such as peptoids and β-peptides. Irrespective of the approach, the altered chemical structure is designed to advantageou... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In surface chemistry, disjoining pressure (symbol ) according to an IUPAC definition arises from an attractive interaction between two surfaces. For two flat and parallel surfaces, the value of the disjoining pressure (i.e., the force per unit area) can be calculated as the derivative of the Gibbs energy of interaction... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To determine the optimal length of the stem, researchers modified its length and observed how quickly termination occurred. When the length of the stem was lengthened or shortened from the standard 8-9 base pair length, termination was less efficient, and if the changes were great enough, termination ceased completely.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Exorphins are exogenous opioid peptides, distinguished from endorphins, or endogenous opioid peptides.
Exorphins include opioid food peptides like gluten exorphin and microbial opioid peptides and any other opioid peptide foreign to a host that have metabolic efficacy for that host. Exorphins can be converted from plan... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Properties of phycobiliproteins, such as their natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, food colourant, strong pigment and anti-aging activities, have given them considerable potential for use in food, cosmetics and medicinal applications. They have also proven to be therapeutic in treating diseases such as Alzheimers ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895, and of the principles of X-ray diffraction by Laue and the Bragg family, it took several decades for the benefits of diffraction imaging to be fully recognized, and the first useful experimental techniques to be developed. The first systematic reports of laborat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Modern ellipsometers are complex instruments that incorporate a wide variety of radiation sources, detectors, digital electronics and software. The range of wavelength employed is far in excess of what is visible so strictly these are no longer optical instruments. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lightning strike protection minimizes damage to buildings during lightning terminations. This is usually accomplished by providing multiple interconnected pathways of low electrical impedance to the ground.
Copper and its alloys are the most common materials used in residential lightning protections, however in industr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
:Pericline also refers to a doubly plunging anticline or syncline.
Pericline is a form of albite exhibiting elongate prismatic crystals.
Pericline twinning is a type of crystal twinning which show fine parallel twin laminae typically found in the alkali feldspars microcline. The twinning results from a structural tran... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bacteria and archaea also can use chemiosmosis to generate ATP. Cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and purple bacteria synthesize ATP by a process called photophosphorylation. These bacteria use the energy of light to create a proton gradient using a photosynthetic electron transport chain. Non-photosynthetic bacter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A ternary complex is a protein complex containing three different molecules that are bound together. In structural biology, ternary complex can also be used to describe a crystal containing a protein with two small molecules bound, such as a cofactor and a substrate; or a complex formed between two proteins and a singl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclamin has not been thoroughly investigated in terms of its effects on animals, given it is not a widely known compound. However, the effects of Cyclamin on the snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) in terms of molluscicidal activity were researched. The lowest concentration showing 100% mortality to snails was 21 mg/l. ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1849 a 6m radius steam-driven fan, designed by William Brunton, was made operational in the Gelly Gaer Colliery of South Wales. The model was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851. Also in 1851 David Boswell Reid, a Scottish doctor, installed four steam-powered fans in the ceiling of St George's Hospital in Live... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In cellular biology, P-bodies, or processing bodies, are distinct foci formed by phase separation within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consisting of many enzymes involved in mRNA turnover. P-bodies are highly conserved structures and have been observed in somatic cells originating from vertebrates and invertebrat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*DAD1 Defender against cell death
*DAP3 Involved in mediating interferon-gamma-induced cell death.
*DAXX Death Associated Protein 6 | 1 | Biochemistry |
Marine primary production can be divided into new production from allochthonous nutrient inputs to the euphotic zone, and regenerated production from nutrient recycling in the surface waters. The total new production in the ocean roughly equates to the sinking flux of particulate organic matter to the deep ocean, about... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Condensation of SAMP or RAMP with an aldehyde or ketone affords the (E)-hydrazine. Deprotonation with lithium diisopropylamide and addition of an alkyl halide affords the alkylated product. The auxiliary can be removed by ozonolysis or hydrolysis.
<br /> | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Stereochemistry also plays a role assigning faces to trigonal molecules such as ketones. A nucleophile in a nucleophilic addition can approach the carbonyl group from two opposite sides or faces. When an achiral nucleophile attacks acetone, both faces are identical and there is only one reaction product. When the nucle... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The angle between the C-C bonds in each carbon atom is 108°, which is the angle between adjacent sides of a regular pentagon. That value is quite close to the 109.5° central angle of a regular tetrahedron—the ideal angle between the bonds on an atom that has sp hybridisation. As a result, there is minimal angle strain.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Halohydrins may also be prepared from the reaction of an epoxide with a hydrohalic acid, or a metal halide.
This reaction is produced on an industrial scale for the production of chlorohydrin precursors to two important epoxides, epichlorohydrin and propylene oxide. At one time, 2-chloroethanol was produced on a large... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Extending their work on MOS technology, Atalla and Kahng next did pioneering work on hot carrier devices, which used what would later be called a Schottky barrier. The Schottky diode, also known as the Schottky-barrier diode, was theorized for years, but was first practically realized as a result of the work of Atalla ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isovaleryl-coenzyme A, also known as isovaleryl-CoA, is an intermediate in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A receptor agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor with the end result of directly inducing a conformational change in the bound receptor and activating a downstream effect. Some common examples are opium derivates, such as heroin and Toll-like receptor agonists. Heroin functions in this manner, along with other... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Testing and/or inspection are typically included in component manufacturing lines to verify the product meets some set of standards to ensure the desired performance in the field. Improper testing or inspection would circumvent these quality checks and could allow a part with a defect that would normally disqualify the... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Industrial processes, such as oil refining, steel making or glass making are major sources of waste heat. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because most deoxyribozymes suffer from product inhibition and thus exhibit single-turnover behavior, it is sometimes argued that deoxyribozymes do not exhibit "true" catalytic behavior since they cannot undergo multiple-turnover catalysis like most biological enzymes. However, the general definition of a catalyst requ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recognizing the habit can aid in mineral identification and description, as the crystal habit is an external representation of the internal ordered atomic arrangement. Most natural crystals, however, do not display ideal habits and are commonly malformed. Hence, it is also important to describe the quality of the shape... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nitrogen and phosphorus grow a K. brevis red tide. Although K. brevis is initiated off shore, it will grow from nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) found on the shore. Along the southwest coast of Florida, when surface summer south winds blow phosphorus, nitrogen, green algae, and cyanobacteria into K. brevis that has... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gene targeting was developed in mammalian cells in the 1980s, with diverse applications possible as a result of being able to make specific sequence changes at a target genomic site, such as the study of gene function or human disease, particularly in mice models. Indeed, gene targeting has been widely used to study hu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Selegiline is also delivered via a transdermal patch used as a treatment for major depressive disorder.
Administration of transdermal selegiline bypasses hepatic first pass metabolism. This avoids inhibition of gastrointestinal and hepatic MAO-A activity, which would result in an increase of food-borne tyramine in the ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In commercial or laboratory preparations, reagent-grade designates chemical substances meeting standards of purity that ensure the scientific precision and reliability of chemical analysis, chemical reactions or physical testing. Purity standards for reagents are set by organizations such as ASTM International or the A... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A photosynthetic reaction center is a complex of several proteins, pigments, and other co-factors that together execute the primary energy conversion reactions of photosynthesis. Molecular excitations, either originating directly from sunlight or transferred as excitation energy via light-harvesting antenna systems, gi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Silver-coated mirrors are optimum for use as steering mirrors for infrared pulses around 800 nm. Their reflectivity is higher than gold and much higher than aluminum at that wavelength. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In some places carbon dioxide bubbles out from the sea floor, locally changing the pH and other aspects of the chemistry of the seawater. Studies of these carbon dioxide seeps have documented a variety of responses by different organisms. Coral reef communities located near carbon dioxide seeps are of particular intere... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In dynamic reaction mixtures, multiple products exist in equilibrium. Reversible assembly of molecular components generates products and semi-stable intermediates. Reactions can proceed along kinetic or thermodynamic pathways. Initial concentrations of kinetic intermediates are greater than thermodynamic products becau... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Malonyl-CoA is a highly regulated molecule in fatty acid synthesis; as such, it inhibits the rate-limiting step in beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Malonyl-CoA inhibits fatty acids from associating with carnitine by regulating the enzyme carnitine acyltransferase, thereby preventing them from entering the mitochondria, w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In metalworking and jewelry making, casting is a process in which a liquid metal is delivered into a mold (usually by a crucible) that contains a negative impression (i.e., a three-dimensional negative image) of the intended shape. The metal is poured into the mold through a hollow channel called a sprue. The metal and... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Parker is known for her work in the field of organic synthesis, where she works on the construction of natural products through methods that allow for efficient synthesis of known organic compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pioneer factors are transcription factors that can directly bind condensed chromatin. They can have positive and negative effects on transcription and are important in recruiting other transcription factors and histone modification enzymes as well as controlling DNA methylation. They were first discovered in 2002 as ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dehydration of metal chlorides with trimethylsilyl chloride in THF gives the solvate as illustrated by the case of chromium trichloride: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Plantations typically consisted of a nearly self-sufficient community, including the head iron master, workers and their families, and other shopkeepers, blacksmiths, and agricultural workers needed to sustain mining and smelting operations as well as life on the plantation. Plantations were foremost land-intensive o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPARGC1A gene. PPARGC1A is also known as human accelerated region 20 (HAR20). It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humans from apes.
PGC-1α is the master regulator of mitoc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water meniscus forces are highly interesting for AFM measurements in air. Due to the ambient humidity, a thin layer of water is formed between the tip and the sample during air measurements. The resulting capillary force gives rise to a strong attractive force that pulls the tip onto the surface. In fact, the adhesion ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The cristae greatly increase the surface area of the inner membrane on which the above-mentioned reactions may take place. A widely accepted hypothesis for the function of the cristae is that the high surface area allows an increased capacity for ATP generation. However, the current model is that active ATP synthase co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The cementation process is an obsolete technology for making steel by carburization of iron. Unlike modern steelmaking, it increased the amount of carbon in the iron. It was apparently developed before the 17th century. Derwentcote Steel Furnace, built in 1720, is the earliest surviving example of a cementation furn... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Growing crystals for X-ray crystallography can be quite difficult. For X-ray analysis, single perfect crystals are required. Typically a small amount (5–100 mg) of a pure compound is used, and crystals are allowed to grow very slowly. Several techniques can be used to grow these perfect crystals:
* Slow evaporation of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Any of the image correlation spectroscopy methods can also be performed on a spinning disk confocal microscope, which in practice can obtain faster imaging speeds compared to a laser scanning confocal microscope. This approach has recently been applied to diffusion in a spatially varying complex environment, producing ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A mutation that produces small (petite" > petite) anaerobic-like colonies had shown first in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and described by Boris Ephrussi and his co-workers in 1949 in Gif-sur-Yvette, France. The cells of petite colonies were smaller than those of wild-type colonies, but the term “petite” refers only ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Double bond isomers are always considered diastereomers, not enantiomers. Diastereomerism can also occur at a double bond, where the cis vs trans relative positions of substituents give two non-superposable isomers. Many conformational isomers are diastereomers as well.
In the case of diastereomerism occurring at a dou... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Diazonium compounds or diazonium salts are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group where R can be any organic group, such as an alkyl or an aryl, and X is an inorganic or organic anion, such as a halide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methyl fluoroacetate is produced and used as a chemical reagent and it can be released to the environment through several waste streams. When it was used as a rodenticide, it was released directly to the environment where it would be broken down in the air. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 31 mmHg at ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrozirconation is a form of hydrometalation. Substrates for hydrozirconation are alkenes and alkynes. With terminal alkynes the terminal vinyl zirconium product is predominantly formed. Secondary reactions are nucleophilic additions, transmetalations, conjugate additions, coupling reactions, carbonylation and haloge... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. The process of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Image formation is a plotting method that produces a color mapping through changing the x–y position of the tip while scanning and recording the measured variable, i.e. the intensity of control signal, to each x–y coordinate. The color mapping shows the measured value corresponding to each coordinate. The image express... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
All chemical elements except for hydrogen and helium derive from stellar nucleosynthesis. The basic chemical ingredients of life – the carbon-hydrogen molecule (CH), the carbon-hydrogen positive ion (CH+) and the carbon ion (C+) – were produced by ultraviolet light from stars. Complex molecules, including organic molec... | 9 | Geochemistry |
MALDI-TOF spectra have been used for the detection and identification of various parasites such as trypanosomatids, Leishmania and Plasmodium. In addition to these unicellular parasites, MALDI/TOF can be used for the identification of parasitic insects such as lice or cercariae, the free-swimming stage of trematodes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA polymerase then starts to synthesize the initial DNA-RNA heteroduplex, with ribonucleotides base-paired to the template DNA strand according to Watson-Crick base-pairing interactions. As noted above, RNA polymerase makes contacts with the promoter region. However these stabilizing contacts inhibit the enzyme's abi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The spontaneous assembly of a single layer of molecules at interfaces is usually referred to as two-dimensional self-assembly. One of the common examples of such assemblies are Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers and multilayers of surfactants. Non-surface active molecules can assemble into ordered structures as well. Early d... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In the early years, people from the surrounding community used the mill tailings as fill dirt in various properties, such as their yards and gardens. A woman who played in such a yard as a child later sued Kerr-McGee over her Hodgkin's disease and settled out of court in 1988.
Radioactive waste from the plant was put i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The reactions best for temperature (geothermometers) are ones that have a large enthalpy of reaction, which means they release or consume a lot of heat. Higher temperatures allow the reaction to consume that heat while lower temperatures cause the reaction to release heat. Similarly to geobarometers, the proportion of ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When heated, n-BuLi, analogously to other alkyllithium reagents with "β-hydrogens", undergoes β-hydride elimination to produce 1-butene and lithium hydride (LiH):
: CHLi → LiH + CHCHCH=CH | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Static light scattering is a technique in physical chemistry that measures the intensity of the scattered light to obtain the average molecular weight M of a macromolecule like a polymer or a protein in solution. Measurement of the scattering intensity at many angles allows calculation of the root mean square radius, a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mutations in TCF4 cause Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS). These mutations cause TCF4 proteins to not bind to DNA properly and control the differentiation of the nervous system. It has been suggested that TCF4 loss-of-function leads to decreased Wnt signaling and, consequently, a reduced neural progenitor proliferation. In ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cytochrome c belongs to class I of the c-type cytochrome family and contains a characteristic CXXCH (cysteine-any-any-cysteine-histidine) amino acid motif that binds heme. This motif is located towards the N-terminus of the peptide chain and contains a histidine as the 5th ligand of the heme iron. The 6th ligand is pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hammond's postulate is useful for understanding the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the stability of the products.
While the rate of a reaction depends just on the activation energy (often represented in organic chemistry as ΔG “delta G double dagger”), the final ratios of products in chemical equilibr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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