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In recent years a variety of double and triple bonds between the semi-metallic elements have been reported, including silicon, germanium, arsenic, bismuth and so on. The ability of certain main group elements to catenate is currently the subject of research into inorganic polymers. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although some metal oxides eventually release O2 when heated, these conversions generally require high temperatures. A few compounds release O2 at mild temperatures. Chemical oxygen generators consist of chemical compounds that release O when stimulated, usually by heat. They are used in submarines and commercial airc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A nitrogen bound to both a good electrofuge and a good nucleofuge is known as a nitrenoid (for its resemblance to a nitrene). Nitrenes lack a full octet of electrons are thus highly electrophilic; nitrenoids exhibit analogous behavior and are often good substrates for electrophilic amination reactions. Nitrenoids can b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Flory and Stockmayer used a statistical approach to derive an expression to predict the gel point by calculating when approaches infinite size. The statistical approach assumes that (1) the reactivity of the functional groups of the same type is the same and independent of the molecular size and (2) there are no intra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Protein Data Bank (PDB): repository for protein sequence and structural information
* UniProt: provides sequence and functional information
* Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP Classifications): hierarchical-based approach
* Class, Architecture, Topology and Homologous superfamily (CATH): hierarchical-based ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Microscale thermophoresis (MST) measures the size, charge and hydration entropy of molecules/substrates at equilibrium. The thermophoretic movement of a fluorescently labeled substrate changes significantly as it is modified by an enzyme. This enzymatic activity can be measured with high time resolution in real time. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
From the ideal gas law PV = nRT we get:
where P is pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles of a given substance, and T is temperature.
As pressure is defined as force per area of measurement, the gas equation can also be written as:
Area and volume are (length) and (length) respectively. Therefore:
Since force × le... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two methods are used to assign raw sequence reads to genomic features (i.e., assemble the transcriptome):
* De novo: This approach does not require a reference genome to reconstruct the transcriptome, and is typically used if the genome is unknown, incomplete, or substantially altered compared to the reference. Challen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Engineering diffraction refers to a sub-field of neutron scattering which investigates microstructural features that influence the mechanical properties of materials. These include:
#lattice strain, a measure of distortion in crystals
#texture, a measure of grain orientations
#dislocation density, a measure of the mic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A backdraft can occur when a compartment fire has little or no ventilation. Due to this, little or no oxygen can flow into the compartment. Then, because fires reduce oxygen, the oxygen concentration decreases. When the oxygen concentration becomes too low to support combustion, some or all of the combustion switches t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Superfluid vacuum theory (SVT) is an approach in theoretical physics and quantum mechanics where the physical vacuum is viewed as superfluid.
The ultimate goal of the approach is to develop scientific models that unify quantum mechanics (describing three of the four known fundamental interactions) with gravity. This ma... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the most active and mobile carbon pools and has an important role in global carbon cycling. In addition, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) affects the soil negative electrical charges denitrification process, acid-base reactions in the soil solution, retention and translocation of ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In June 2010, the first case report appeared of a progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy being successfully treated with mefloquine. Mefloquine can also act against the JC virus. Administration of mefloquine seemed to eliminate the virus from the patient's body and prevented further neurological deterioration.
Mefl... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The two main tasks of transcription initiation are to provide RNA polymerase with an access to the promoter and to assemble general transcription factors with polymerase into a transcription initiation complex. Diverse mechanisms of initiating transcription by overriding inhibitory signals at the gene promoter have bee... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methanesulfonyl chloride is mainly used to give methanesulfonates by its reaction with alcohols in the presence of a non-nucleophilic base. In contrast to the formation of toluenesulfonates from alcohols and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in the presence of pyridine, the formation of methanesulfonates is believed to procee... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Initially, the chemical reactions that normally occur in the cement paste, generate an alkaline environment, bringing the solution in the cement paste pores to pH values around 13. In these conditions, passivation of steel rebar occurs, due to a spontaneous generation of a thin film of oxides able to protect the steel ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chibale grew up without electricity or running water in Muwele Village, Chief Chiundaponde, Mpika district, Zambia. His parents are Elizabeth Malekano Chanda and Harrison Chibale. He studied chemistry at the University of Zambia, graduating in 1987. Chibale worked at Kafironda Explosives in Mufulira. As there were no o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ketenimines are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure RRC=C=NR. A ketenimine is a cumulated alkene and imine and is related to an allene and a ketene.
The parent compound is ketenimine or CHCNH. The most recent work by Bane et al. investigates the rovibrational struct... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*King G.R., Mander L.N., Monck N.J.T., Morris J.C. and Zhang H. A New and Efficient Strategy for the Total Synthesis of Polycyclic Diterpenoids: The Preparation of Gibberellins (±)-GA103 and (±)-GA73. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3828–3829.
*Frey, B., Wells, A. P., Rogers, D. R. and Mander, L. N. Synthesis of the Unusu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The presence or absence of certain plant or other vegetative life in an ecosystem can provide important clues about the health of the environment: environmental preservation. There are several types of plant biomonitors, including mosses, lichens, tree bark, bark pockets, tree rings, and leaves. As an example, environm... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Aptamers have emerged as a novel category in the field of bioreceptors due to their wide applications ranging from biosensing to therapeutics. Several variations of their screening process, called SELEX have been reported which can yield sequences with desired properties needed for their final use. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Uzer has more than 80 referenced Journal articles, in a number of highly respected scientific journals.
* [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v48/p3414 appeared in PRE] Chaotic billiards with neutral boundaries
* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/253/5015/42 appeared in Science] Celestial Mechanics on a Mic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In New Haven, the decommissioned English Station has a high concentration of PCB contamination due to the chemicals used in the running of the plant. This, along with asbestos contamination, has made cleaning and demolishing the abandoned site extremely difficult. The PCB contamination has spread to the soil, and to th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
If the thickness of the diffusion layer is known, the finite-length Warburg element is defined as:
where
where is the thickness of the diffusion layer and is the diffusion coefficient.
There are two special conditions of finite-length Warburg elements: the Warburg Short () for a transmissive boundary, and the Warbur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Phosphofructokinase 1 catalyzes the first committed step of glycolysis.
* LpxC catalyzes the first committed step of lipid A biosynthesis.
* 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase catalyzes the first committed step in plant biotin synthesis.
* MurA catalyzes the first committed step of peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
*Aspartate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The PMF can be obtained in Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulations to examine how a systems energy changes as a function of some specific reaction coordinate parameter. For example, it may examine how the systems energy changes as a function of the distance between two residues, or as a protein is pulled through ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Conjugated azomethine ylides are capable of [1,5]- and [1,7]-electrocyclizations. An example of a [1,7]-electrocyclization of a azomethine ylide is shown below. This conrotatory ring-closing is followed by a suprafacial [1,5]-hydride shift, which affords the rearomatized product. The sterics and geometry of the reacti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
When pressure approaches zero, all real gas will behave like ideal gas, that is, of a mole of gas relying only on temperature. Therefore, we can design a scale with as its argument. Of course any bijective function will do, but for convenience's sake a linear function is the best. Therefore, we define it as
The ideal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chromatography is a common technique used in the field of Forensic Science. Chromatography is a method of separating the components of a mixture from a mobile phase. Chromatography is an essential tool used in forensic science, helping analysts identify and compare trace amounts of samples including ignitable liquids, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In physics, deflection is a change in a moving object's velocity, hence its trajectory, as a consequence of contact (collision) with a surface or the influence of a non-contact force field. Examples of the former include a ball bouncing off the ground or a bat; examples of the latter include a beam of electrons used to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the IUPAC Nomenclature system, ethers are named using the general formula "alkoxyalkane", for example CH–CH–O–CH is methoxyethane. If the ether is part of a more-complex molecule, it is described as an alkoxy substituent, so –OCH would be considered a "methoxy-" group. The simpler alkyl radical is written in front, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Remnants of L2 and L3 elements are found in the human genome. It is estimated that L2 and L3 elements were active ~200-300 million years ago. Due to the age of L2 elements found within therian genomes, they lack flanking target site duplications. The L2 (and L3) elements are in the same group as the CR1 clade, Jockey. | 1 | Biochemistry |
All commonly used cloning vectors in molecular biology have key features necessary for their function, such as a suitable cloning site and selectable marker. Others may have additional features specific to their use. For reason of ease and convenience, cloning is often performed using E. coli. Thus, the cloning vecto... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Grain boundaries are the preferential site for segregation of impurities, which may form a thin layer with a different composition from the bulk and a variety of atomic structures that are distinct from the abutting crystalline phases. For example, a thin layer of silica, which also contains impurity cations, is often ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phosphorus tribromide, like PCl and PF, has both properties of a Lewis base and a Lewis acid. For example, with a Lewis acid such as boron tribromide it forms stable 1 :1 adducts such as BrB · PBr. At the same time PBr can react as an electrophile or Lewis acid in many of its reactions, for example with amines.
An im... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Temperature-programmed reduction is a technique for the characterization of solid materials and is often used in the field of heterogeneous catalysis to find the most efficient reduction conditions, an oxidized catalyst precursor is submitted to a programmed temperature rise while a reducing gas mixture is flowed over ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During the development of the vertebrate nervous system, many neurons become redundant (because they have died, failed to connect to target cells, etc.) and are eliminated. At the same time, developing neurons send out axon outgrowths that contact their target cells. Such cells control their degree of innervation (the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ampicillin is used to treat infections by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It was the first "broad spectrum" penicillin with activity against gram-positive bacteria, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, some isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (but not penicillin-resistant or methicil... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
It is not necessary that the embryo transfer be performed on the female who provided the eggs. Thus another female whose uterus is appropriately prepared can receive the embryo and become pregnant.
Embryo transfer may be used where a woman who has eggs but no uterus and wants to have a biological baby; she would requir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This book describes smelting, which Agricola describes as perfecting the metal by fire. The design of furnaces is first explained.
These are very similar for smelting different metals, constructed of brick or soft stone with a brick front and mechanically driven bellows at the rear. At the front is a pit called the for... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Calmodulin is a small, highly conserved protein that is 148 amino acids long (16.7 kDa). The protein has two approximately symmetrical globular domains (the N- and C- domains) each containing a pair of EF hand motifs separated by a flexible linker region for a total of four Ca binding sites, two in each globular domain... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tuck-in complexes retain nucleophilicity at the methylene carbon. They can be activated by Lewis acids to generate active catalysts for use in Ziegler–Natta catalysis. The Lewis acid attaches to the CH group, exposing a vacant site on the electrophilic Zr(IV) centre. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sharpless was born April 28, 1941, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His childhood was filled with summers at his family cottage on the Manasquan River in New Jersey. This is where Sharpless developed a love for fishing that he would continue throughout his life, spending summers in college working on fishing boats. He gr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Many glycan binding proteins (GBPs) are oligomeric and typically contain multiple sites for glycan binding (also called carbohydrate-recognition domains). The ability to form multivalent protein-ligand interactions significantly enhances the strength of binding: while values for individual CRD-glycan interactions may ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is one particular reaction studied by Grutzmacher et al. that exhibits the rearrangement of coordination character of PCO. Initially when reacting the anion with triorganyl silicon compounds, it binds via the oxygen forming the kinetic oxyphosphaalkyne product. The thermodynamic silyl phosphaketene product is gen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A cyclone sampler consists of a circular chamber with the aerosol stream entering through one or more tangential nozzles. Like an impactor, a cyclone sampler depends upon the inertia of the particle to cause it to deposit on the sampler wall as the air stream curves around inside the chamber. Also like an impactor, the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metabolomics can be applied to oncometabolism, since the changes in cancer's genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles can result in changes in downstream metabolic pathways. With this information we can elucidate the responsible pathways and oncometabolites for various diseases. Actually, through the use of this... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Azlocillin is an acyl ampicillin antibiotic with an extended spectrum of activity and greater in vitro potency than the carboxy penicillins.
Azlocillin is similar to mezlocillin and piperacillin. It demonstrates antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, in contra... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Owing their large radii, transition metals generally form clusters that are larger than main group elements. One consequence of their increased size, these clusters often contain atoms at their centers. A prominent example is [FeC(CO)]. In such cases, the rules of electron counting assume that the interstitial atom co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diazirines have been used in photoaffinity labeling experiments involving nucleic acids as well. Examples include:
* Incorporation of a diazirine moiety on a nucleoside sugar in a DNA polymer to investigate interactions between the minor groove of DNA and DNA polymerases.
* Incorporation of a diazirine moiety on a nucl... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tactoids are liquid crystal microdomains nucleated in isotropic phases, which can be distinguished as spherical or spindle-shaped birefringent microdroplets under polarized light microscopy. Tactoids are a transition state between isotropic and macroscopic liquid crystalline phases. The first observation of tactoids wa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An organotroph is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates. This term is used in microbiology to classify and describe organisms based on how they obtain electrons for their respiration processes. Some organotrophs such as animals and many bacteria, are also heterotrophs. Organotrophs can... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) is a device that relies on a thin-film optical waveguide, enclosing a discrete number of guided electromagnetic waves. Guidance is achieved by means of a grating coupler. It is based on the measurements of effective refractive index of a thin-film layer above the waveguid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Unlike the hydrogens on the carbon vertices, the hydrogens on the boron vertices are not acidic and do not react with strong bases. This is because boron is not as electronegative as carbon and thus the polarity of the B—H bonds is relatively low. Substitution at the boron vertices is still possible using halogenating ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main source of atmospheric free oxygen is photosynthesis, which produces sugars and free oxygen from carbon dioxide and water:
Photosynthesizing organisms include the plant life of the land areas, as well as the phytoplankton of the oceans. The tiny marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus was discovered in 1986 and a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The identification of one or more key bond disconnections may lead to the identification of key substructures or difficult to identify rearrangement transformations in order to identify the key structures.
* Disconnections that preserve ring structures are encouraged.
* Disconnections that create rings larger than 7 me... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The definition of a coil coating process according to EN 10169:2010 is a ‘process in which an (organic) coating material is applied on rolled metal strip in a continuous process which includes cleaning, if necessary, and chemical pre-treatment of the metal surface and either one-side or two-side, single or multiple app... | 8 | Metallurgy |
1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also called R-134 or HFC-134) is a hydrofluorocarbon, a fluorinated alkane. It is an isomer of the more-used 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a). It is used as a foam expansion agent and heat transfer fluid. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Structures built of concrete and reinforced with metal rebar are also subject to damage by oxide jacking. Expansion of corroded rebar causes spalling of the concrete. Structures exposed to a marine environment, or where salt is used for de-icing purposes, are especially susceptible to this type of damage. This may als... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Some experimental work towards developing quantum computers use trapped ions. Units of quantum information called qubits are stored in stable electronic states of each ion, and quantum information can be processed and transferred through the collective quantized motion of the ions, interacting by the Coulomb force. La... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Natural iron ores are mixtures of iron and unwanted impurities, or gangue. In ancient times, these impurities were removed by slagging. Slag was removed by liquation, that is, solid gangue was converted into a liquid slag. The temperature of the process was high enough for the slag to exist in its liquid form.
Smelting... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The vibrational spectroscopy methods used to analyze the end groups of a polymer are infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. These methods are useful in fact that the polymers do not need to be soluble in a solvent and spectra can be obtained simply from solid material. A disadvantage of the technique is that only qualit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reactive compatibilization is a procedure in which immiscible polymer blends are compatibilized by creating copolymers in the solution or melt state. Copolymers are formed when the proper functional groups in each component of the immiscible blend interact in the compatibilization process. These interactions include hy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Van de Flierdt is interested in the marine-terminating sector of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during past warm periods. Her research looks to develop new geochemical and isotopic tracers in marine geochemistry, paleoceanography and paleoclimate, with particular focus on radiogenic isotopes. She is co-lead of the MAGIC ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Non-linear inverse Compton scattering is an interesting phenomenon for all applications requiring high-energy photons since NICS is capable of producing photons with energy comparable to and higher. In the case of electrons, this means that it is possible to produce photons with MeV energy that can consequently trigge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dextrorphan was under development for the treatment of stroke, and reached phase II clinical trials for this indication, but development was discontinued. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A pH indicator is a halochromic chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be determined visually or spectroscopically by changes in absorption and/or emission properties. Hence, a pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (HO) or hydrogen ion... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tritium was released to the atmosphere during atmospheric testing of nuclear bombs. Radioactive decay of tritium produces the noble gas helium-3. Comparing the ratio of tritium to helium-3 (H/He) allows estimation of the age of recent ground waters. A small amount of tritium is also produced naturally by cosmic ray sp... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A surrogate to BOD has been developed using a resazurin derivative which reveals the extent of oxygen uptake by micro-organisms for organic matter mineralization. A cross-validation performed on 109 samples in Europe and the United-States showed a strict statistical equivalence between results from both methods.
An ele... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Duplornaviricota contains most dsRNA viruses, including reoviruses, which infect a diverse range of eukaryotes, and cystoviruses, which are the only dsRNA viruses known to infect prokaryotes. Apart from RdRp, viruses in Duplornaviricota also share icosahedral capsids that contain 60 homo- or heterodimers of the capsid ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The possible increased effect a pulsed current will have on the corrodibility of metals was first looked at by de la Rive in 1837. It was investigated around 60 years later by Coehn regarding the effect of a current with a rectangular waveform, on the plating of zinc deposits, resulting in a successful application for ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The polyprismanes consist of multiple prismanes stacked base-to-base. The carbons at each intermediate level—the n-gon bases where the prismanes fuse to each other—have no hydrogen atoms attached to them. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The csiD promoter (csiD) is essential for the expression of csiD(carbon starvation induced gene), ygaF and the gab genes. The csiD is activated exclusively under carbon starvation conditions and stationary phase during which cAMP accumulates in high concentrations in the cell. The binding of cAMP to the cAMP receptor p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A mirror image (in a plane mirror) is a reflected duplication of an object that appears almost identical, but is reversed in the direction perpendicular to the mirror surface. As an optical effect it results from reflection off from substances such as a mirror or water. It is also a concept in geometry and can be used ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Historically, the theory was used to model nonuniform adsorbates and multi-components solutes. For certain pairs of adsorbates and adsorbents, the mathematical parameters of the Polyani theory can be related to the physicochemical properties of both adsorbents and adsorbates. The theory has been used to model the adsor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because retroviruses are able to recombine with each other and with other endogenous DNA sequences, it would be beneficial for gene therapy to explore the potential risks HERVs can cause, if any. Also, this ability of HERVs to recombine can be manipulated for site-directed integration by including HERV sequences in ret... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A prototypical spatio-spectral scanning system, introduced in June 2014, consists of a basic slit spectroscope (slit + dispersive element) at some suitable, non-zero distance before a camera. (If the effective camera distance is zero, the system is applicable to spatial scanning). The imaging process is based on spectr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Besides the introduction of mutations, Overlap Extension PCR is widely used to assemble complex DNA sequences without the introduction of undesired nucleotides at any position. This is possible since OE-PCR relies on the utilization of complementary overhangs to guide the scarless splicing of custom DNA fragments in a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rolling hairpin replication (RHR) is a unidirectional, strand displacement form of DNA replication used by parvoviruses, a group of viruses that constitute the family Parvoviridae. Parvoviruses have linear, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes in which the coding portion of the genome is flanked by telomeres at each end... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a thiyl radical has the formula RS, sometimes written RS to emphasize that they are free radicals. R is typically an alkyl or aryl substituent. Because S–H bonds are about 20% weaker than C–H bonds, thiyl radicals are relatively easily generated from thiols RSH. Thiyl radicals are intermediates in the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*[https://research.bidmc.org/ncfg National Center for Functional Glycomics (NCFG)] The focus of the NCFG is the development in the glycosciences, with an emphasis on exploring the molecular mechanisms of glycan recognition by proteins important in human biology and disease. They have a number of [https://ncfg.hms.harva... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Formation of the Pol I preinitiation complex requires the binding of selective factor 1 (SL1 or TIF-IB) to the core element of the rDNA promoter. SL1 is a complex composed of TBP and at least three TBP-associated factors (TAFs). For basal levels of transcription, only SL1 and the initiation-competent form of Pol I (Pol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Materials with broad absorption bands are being applied in pigments, dyes and optical filters. Titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and chromophores are applied as UV absorbers and reflectors in sunscreen. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TOXMAP helped users create nationwide, regional, or local area maps showing where TRI chemicals are released on-site into the air, water, ground, and by underground injection, as reported by industrial facilities in the United States. It also identified the releasing facilities, color-codes release amounts for a single... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) is a heterotrimeric protein complex that binds the 5' cap of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to promote eukaryotic translation initiation. The eIF4F complex is composed of three non-identical subunits: the DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A, the cap-binding protein eIF4E, and the large "scaffold... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Mercury(I) chloride disproportionates upon UV-irradiation:
* Phosphorous acid disproportionates upon heating to 200°C to give phosphoric acid and phosphine:
* Desymmetrizing reactions are sometimes referred to as disproportionation, as illustrated by the thermal degradation of bicarbonate:
:: The oxidation numbers re... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
P680 is the strongest biological oxidizing agent known, with an estimated redox potential of ~1.3 V. This makes it possible to oxidize water during oxygenic photosynthesis. P680 recovers its lost electron by oxidizing water via the oxygen-evolving complex, which regenerates P680. | 5 | Photochemistry |
From their earliest days both Fulmer and Yarsley Testing Laboratories had carried out a wide variety of tests for clients and had designed and constructed specialized test equipment. In 1982 both Fulmer Technical Services and Yarsley Technical Centre were awarded accreditation from the National Testing Laboratory Accre... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Unlike neutral homoaromatic compounds, anionic homoaromatics are widely accepted to exhibit "true" homoaromaticity. These anionic compounds are often prepared from their neutral parent compounds through lithium metal reduction. 1,2-diboretanide derivatives show strong homoaromatic character through their three-atom (bo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Specialized manufacturing is required for the electrodes, and details of their design and construction are typically trade secrets. However, with purchase of suitable electrodes, a standard multimeter can be used to complete the construction of the pH meter. However, commercial suppliers offer voltmeter displays that ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first synthetic porphyrin isomer was reported by Emanual Vogel and coworkers in 1986. This isomer [18]porphyrin-(2.0.2.0) is named as porphycene, and the central N Cavity forms a rectangle shape as shown in figure. Porphycenes showed interesting photophysical behavior and found versatile compound towards the photo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are dominated by salts derived from 1-methylimidazole, i.e., 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium. Examples include 1-ethyl-3-methyl- (EMIM), 1-butyl-3-methyl- (BMIM), 1-octyl-3 methyl (OMIM), 1-decyl-3-methyl-(DMIM), 1-dodecyl-3-methyl- (dodecylMIM). Other imidazolium cations are 1-butyl-... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Similar N-glycan biosynthesis pathway have been found in prokaryotes and Archaea. However, compared to eukaryotes, the final glycan structure in eubacteria and archaea does not seem to differ much from the initial precursor made in the endoplasmic reticulum. In eukaryotes, the original precursor oligosaccharide is exte... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In canonical notch signaling, ligand proteins bind to the extracellular domain of the notch receptor and induce the cleavage and release of the intracellular domain into the cytoplasm. This subsequently interacts with other proteins, enters the nucleus, and regulates gene expression.
In 2006, a non-canonical branch of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A polyprotic acid is a compound which may lose more than 1 proton. Stepwise dissociation constants are each defined for the loss of a single proton. The constant for dissociation of the first proton may be denoted as K and the constants for dissociation of successive protons as K, etc. Phosphoric acid, , is an example ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hammonds postulate is useful for understanding the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the stability of the products. While the rate of a reaction depends just on the activation energy (often represented in organic chemistry as ΔG “delta G double dagger”), the final ratios of products in chemical equilibriu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The double helix is an important tertiary structure in nucleic acid molecules which is intimately connected with the molecule's secondary structure. A double helix is formed by regions of many consecutive base pairs.
The nucleic acid double helix is a spiral polymer, usually right-handed, containing two nucleotide stra... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Weatherization (American English) or weatherproofing (British English) is the practice of protecting a building and its interior from the elements, particularly from sunlight, precipitation, and wind, and of modifying a building to reduce energy consumption and optimize energy efficiency.
Weatherization is distinct fro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stereocenters can exist on chiral or achiral molecules. They are defined as a location (point) within a molecule, rather than a particular atom, in which the interchanging of two groups creates a stereoisomer. A stereocenter can have either four different attachment groups, or three different attachment groups where on... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The procedure begins by making a cell lysate of the cells of interest. This lysate contains polysomes, monosomes (composed of one ribosome residing on an mRNA), the small (40S in eukaryotes) and large (60S in eukaryotes) ribosomal subunits, "free" mRNA and a host of other soluble cellular components.
The procedure cont... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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