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After applying a magnetic force, in the unzipped state of the hairpin, a small number of discriminating nucleotides can hybridize to the new individual complementary sequences on the hairpin which can transiently block the refolding of the hairpin. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anabolism is powered by catabolism, where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in cellular respiration. Many anabolic processes are powered by the cleavage of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Anabolism usually involves reduction and decreases entropy, making it unfavorable without energy inp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Multiple chemical approaches exist to encourage selectivity of α- and β-glycosidic bonds. The highly substrate specific nature of the selectivity and the overall activity of the pyranoside can provide major synthetic difficulties. The overall specificity of the glycosylation can be improved by utilizing approaches whic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The minerals found in seawater can also play an important role in the ocean and its ecosystems food cycle. For example, the Southern Ocean contributes greatly to the environmental carbon cycle. Given that this body of water does not contain high levels of iron, the deficiency impacts the marine life living in its water... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Based on the special chemical properties of formed free radicals, ABTS assay has been used to determine the antioxidant capacity of food products. For example, polyphenol compounds, which widely exist in fruit, can quench free radicals inside human body, thus prevent oxidative damage by free radicals. The antioxidant p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nomenclature of modified GFPs is often confusing due to overlapping mapping of several GFP versions onto a single name. For example, mGFP often refers to a GFP with an N-terminal palmitoylation that causes the GFP to bind to cell membranes. However, the same term is also used to refer to monomeric GFP, which is of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proton gradients in particular are important in many types of cells as a form of energy storage. The gradient is usually used to drive ATP synthase, flagellar rotation, or metabolite transport. This section will focus on three processes that help establish proton gradients in their respective cells: bacteriorhodopsin a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Schotten–Baumann reaction between 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline [393-11-3] (1) with isobutanoyl chloride [79-30-1] (2) in the presence of triethylamine. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For narrow ridges with large period , the ridges just blocks the part of the wavefront. Then, it can be interpreted in terms of the Fresnel diffraction of the de Broglie wave, or the Zeno effect; such interpretation leads to the estimate the reflectivity
is wavenumber, is period (distance between ridges) and
where th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chelation of lithium cation with the methoxy group is one of the most important features of the transition state for Enders hydrazone alkylation reaction. It is necessary to have this chelation effect to achieve high stereoselectivity. The development and modification of Enders hydrazone alkylation reaction mainly ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Itch has been shown to interact with a number of proteins, including:
* CXCR4,
* c-Jun,
* MAP2K4,
* MAP3K1,
* MAP3K7,
* MAPK8,
* N4BP1,
* NOTCH1,
* TP63, and
* TP73. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Considerable effort and research continues to be made into discovering and refining better methods of tailings disposal. Research at the Porgera Gold Mine is focusing on developing a method of combining tailings products with coarse waste rock and waste muds to create a product that can be stored on the surface in gene... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Progesterone has a number of physiological effects that are amplified in the presence of estrogens. Estrogens through estrogen receptors (ERs) induce or upregulate the expression of the PR. One example of this is in breast tissue, where estrogens allow progesterone to mediate lobuloalveolar development.
Elevated levels... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The derivation starts with Ficks first law using a uniform distance axis y as the coordinate system and having the origin fixed to the location of the markers. It is assumed that the markers move relative to the diffusion of one component and into one of the two initial rods, as was chosen in Kirkendalls experiment. In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Freeze fracture enzyme cytochemistry was initially mentioned in the study of Pinto de silva in 1987. It is a technique that allows the introduction of cytochemistry into a freeze fracture cell membrane. immunocytochemistry is used in this technique to label and visualize the cell membrane's molecules. This technique co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aryl azides may be prepared by displacement of the appropriate diazonium salt with sodium azide or trimethylsilyl azide. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution is also possible, even with chlorides. Anilines and aromatic hydrazines undergo diazotization, as do alkyl amines and hydrazines. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The following table and diagram show experimentally determined surface tensions in the mixture of water and propionic acid.
This example shows a good agreement between the published value a=2.6*10 and the calculated value a=2.59*10 at the smallest given mole fraction of 0.00861 but at higher concentrations of propionic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are the most common and abundant polyatomic molecules in the observable universe, and are a major store of carbon. They seem to have formed shortly after the Big Bang, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets. They are a likely constituent of Earth's primordial sea. PAHs h... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The electrical conduction system of the heart has been robustly established. However, newer research has been challenging some of the previously accepted models. The role of ephaptic coupling in cardiac cells is becoming more apparent. One author even goes so far as to say, “While previously viewed as a possible altern... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most monitoring programmes involve the periodic collection of low volume spot samples (bottle or grab) of water, which is challenging, particularly where levels fluctuate over time and when chemicals are only present at trace, yet toxicologically relevant concentrations. Chemcatcher® is used to measure time-weighted... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mitochondrial abundant heat soluble (MAHS) proteins are localized in mitochondria and are responsible for protecting mitochondria during desiccation. Because of its role in metabolizing reactive oxygen species, the mitochondrion is an important organelle to protect in extreme environments. During dehydration, the mitoc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ethanol is formed in E. coli by the reduction of acetyl coenzyme A using NADH. This two-step reaction requires the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHE).
acetyl-CoA + NADH + H → acetaldehyde + NAD + CoA
acetaldehyde + NADH + H → ethanol + NAD | 1 | Biochemistry |
PTWA can be used to apply a coating to wear surfaces of engine or transmission components, serving as a plain bearing. For the cylinder bores of hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloy blocks, PTWA's main advantages over cast iron liners are reduced weight and cost. The thinner bore surface also allows for more compact bor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bacteriological water analysis is a method of analysing water to estimate the numbers of bacteria present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It represents one aspect of water quality. It is a microbiological analytical procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*American Chemical Society PROGRESS/Dreyfus Lectureship Award (Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Special Grant Program in the Chemical Sciences)
*NSF CAREER Award on Mechanistic Studies of Nucleotide Reactivity
*Alfred P. Sloan Fellow
*Faculty of Arts and Sciences Award for Distinguished Contributions to Undergradua... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
N-Methylmorpholine is the organic compound with the formula O(CHCH)NCH. It is a colorless liquid. It is a cyclic tertiary amine. It is used as a base catalyst for generation of polyurethanes and other reactions. It is produced by the reaction of methylamine and diethylene glycol as well as by the hydrogenolysis of N... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The flotation process is also widely used in industrial waste water treatment plants, where it removes fats, oil, grease and suspended solids from waste water. These units are called dissolved air flotation (DAF) units. In particular, dissolved air flotation units are used in removing oil from the wastewater effluents ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
K values are used, among others, to assess the environmental fate of persistent organic pollutants. Chemicals with high partition coefficients, for example, tend to accumulate in the fatty tissue of organisms (bioaccumulation). Under the Stockholm Convention, chemicals with a log K greater than 5 are considered to bioa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cleveland Potash Limited extracts and refines sylvinite ore from a deposit in North Yorkshire, England. Its processing plant uses froth flotation to produce a product rich in potassium chloride ("KCl"). After a test work campaign in which it compared the performance of the Cell with mechanical flotation cells in vario... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Though the KaiABC gene cluster has been found to exist only in cyanobacteria, evolutionarily KaiC contains homologs that occur in Archaea and Pseudomonadota. It is the oldest circadian gene that has been discovered in prokaryotes. KaiC has a double-domain structure and sequence that classifies it as part of the RecA ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Contact angles are extremely sensitive to contamination; values reproducible to better than a few degrees are generally only obtained under laboratory conditions with purified liquids and very clean solid surfaces. If the liquid molecules are strongly attracted to the solid molecules then the liquid drop will completel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Soon after it was discovered and recognized as the principle of meat smoking, wood-tar creosote became used as a replacement for the process. Several methods were used to apply the creosote. One was to dip the meat in pyroligneous acid or a water of diluted creosote, as Reichenbach did, or brush it over with them, and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As more electrons are added to a 5n cluster, the number of electrons per vertex approaches 6. Instead of adopting structures based on 4n or 5n rules, the clusters tend to have structures governed by the 6n rules, which are based on rings. The rules for the 6n structures are as follows.
Example: S
:Electron count = 8 × ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Manganese(III)-mediated radical reactions begin with the single-electron oxidation of a carbonyl compound to an α-oxoalkyl radical. Addition to an olefin then occurs, generating adduct radical 2. The fate of 2 is primarily determined by reaction conditions—in the presence of copper(II) acetate, this intermediate underg... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The original Jameson Cell design had the following features:
* small (200 mm diameter) downcomers
* no wash water
* no tailings recycle
* no bubble dispersers
* low capacity.
In 1994 MIM launched the Mark II model Cell. It incorporated the following changes:
* the downcomer diameter was increased to 280 mm
* wash-water... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Biogenic calcium carbonate is formed when marine organisms, such as coccolithophores, corals, pteropods, and other mollusks transform calcium ions and bicarbonate into shells and exoskeletons of calcite or aragonite, both forms of calcium carbonate. This is the dominant sink for dissolved calcium in the ocean. Dead org... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rare mutation detection occurs when a biomarker exists within a background of a highly abundant counterpart that differs by only a single nucleotide variant (SNV). Digital PCR has been shown to be capable of detecting mutant DNA in the presence of a 200,000-fold excess of wild type background, which is 2,000 times more... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The psychrometric constant relates the partial pressure of water in air to the air temperature. This lets one interpolate actual vapor pressure from paired dry and wet thermometer bulb temperature readings.
: psychrometric constant [kPa °C],
: P = atmospheric pressure [kPa],
: latent heat of water vaporization, 2.45... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In December 2008, a number of Irish news sources reported testing had revealed "extremely high" levels of dioxins, by toxic equivalent, in pork products, ranging from 80 to 200 times the EU's upper safe limit of 1.5 pg WHO-TEQ/μg i.e. 0.12 to 0.3 parts per billion.
Brendan Smith, the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor, meaning it blocks the actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), preventing angiotensin I from being converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent direct vasoconstrictor and a stimulator of aldosterone release. Reduction i... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ore deposits formed by lateral secretion are formed by metamorphic reactions during shearing, which liberate mineral constituents such as quartz, sulfides, gold, carbonates, and oxides from deforming rocks, and focus these constituents into zones of reduced pressure or dilation such as faults. This may occur without mu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
To perform CRISPR knockouts on a genome-wide scale, collections of sgRNAs known as sgRNA libraries, or CRISPR knockout libraries, must be generated. The first step in creating a sgRNA library is to identify genomic regions of interest based on known sgRNA targeting rules. For example, sgRNAs are most efficient when tar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If required, farmers' responses to water logging and soil salinity can be automatically accounted for. The method can gradually decrease:
# the amount of irrigation water applied when the water table becomes shallower;
# the fraction of irrigated land when the available irrigation water is scarce;
# the fraction of irr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The GAIN domain (G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) autoproteolysis-inducing domain) is a protein domain found in a number of cell surface receptors, including adhesion-GPCRs and polycystic kidney disease proteins PKD1 and PKD2. The domain is involved in the self-cleavage of these transmembrane receptors, and has been s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
LHT was introduced by the U.K. in British India (now India, Pakistan, Myanmar, and Bangladesh), British Malaya and British Borneo (now Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore), and British Hong Kong. All are still LHT, as well as neighbour countries Bhutan and Nepal, except Myanmar, which switched to RHT in 1970, although much ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Armstrong introduced macrocyclic glycopeptides (also known as glycopeptide antibiotics) as a new class of chiral selector for liquid chromatography in 1994. At present, vancomycin, teicoplanin and ristocetin are available under the brand names Chirobiotic V, Chirobiotic T and Chirobiotic R respectively. These cyclic gl... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Prior to 1940, pesticides consisted of inorganic compounds (copper, arsenic, mercury, and lead) and plant derived products. Most of these were abandoned because they were highly toxic and ineffective. Since World War II pesticides composed of synthetic organic compounds were the most important form of pest control. The... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Shadowing and blocking are important concepts in almost all types of ion-surface interactions and result from the repulsive nature of the ion-nucleus interaction. As shown at right, when a flux of ions flows in parallel towards a scattering center (nucleus), they are each scattered according to the force of the Coulom... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
China has long been considered the exception to the general use of bloomeries. The Chinese are thought to have skipped the bloomery process completely, starting with the blast furnace and the finery forge to produce wrought iron; by the fifth century BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu had invented the blast f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
MTBE removal from groundwater and soil contamination in the U.S. was estimated to cost from $1 billion to US$30 billion, including removing the compound from aquifers and municipal water supplies and replacing leaky underground oil tanks. In one case, the cost to oil companies to clean up the MTBE in wells belonging to... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The most common powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) refinement technique used today is based on the method proposed in the 1960s by Hugo Rietveld. The Rietveld method fits a calculated profile (including all structural and instrumental parameters) to experimental data. It employs the non-linear least squares method, and req... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most common side effects of potassium supplements, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. Taking potassium with meals or taking a microencapsulated form of potassium may reduce gastrointestinal side effects.
Hyperkalemia is the most serious adverse reaction ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
High-light grown plants generally have somewhat larger seeds, but produce many more flowers, and therefore there is a large increase in seed production per plant. Sturdy plants with short internodes and many flowers are important for horticulture, and hence a minimum amount of DLI is required for marketable horticultur... | 5 | Photochemistry |
There exists no theory elucidating correlations among -amino acids. If one takes, for example, alanine, which has a small methyl group, and phenylalanine, which has a larger benzyl group, a simple question is in what aspect, -alanine resembles -phenylalanine more than -phenylalanine, and what kind of mechanism causes t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the finery, a workman known as the "finer" remelted pig iron so as to oxidise the carbon (and silicon). This produced a lump of iron (with some slag) known as a bloom. This was consolidated using a water-powered hammer (see trip hammer) and returned to the finery.
The next stages were undertaken by the "hammerman"... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The mechanism of fluorination by SF is assumed to resemble chlorination by phosphorus pentachloride. Hydrogen fluoride, a useful solvent for these reactions, activates SF:
Species of the type ROSF are often invoked as intermediates. In the case of aldehydes and ketones, SF4 is thought to initially add across the doubl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Apoptosis triggered by FasR-Fas ligand binding plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the immune system. Its functions include:
*T-cell homeostasis: the activation of T-cells leads to their expression of the Fas ligand. T cells are initially resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis during clonal expansion, but become... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are short, ~19-23 base pair long RNA oligonucleotides that are involved in the microRNA-induced silencing complex. Specifically, once loaded onto the ARGONAUTE enzyme, miRNAs work with mRNAs to repress translation and post-translationally destabilize mRNA. While they are functionally similar to siRN... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stereoisomers are compounds that are identical in composition and connectivity but have a different spatial arrangement of atoms around the central atom. A molecule having multiple stereocenters will produce many possible stereoisomers. In compounds whose stereoisomerism is due to tetrahedral (sp) stereogenic centers, ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The standard state for a gas is the hypothetical state it would have as a pure substance obeying the ideal gas equation at standard pressure. IUPAC recommends using a standard pressure p or P° equal to , or 1 bar. No real gas has perfectly ideal behavior, but this definition of the standard state allows corrections for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The phosphate ion has a molar mass of 94.97 g/mol, and consists of a central phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogen phosphate ion , which in turn is the conjugate base of the dihydrogen phosphate ion , which in turn is the conjugate base of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase is also known as cytochrome c reductase, cytochrome bc complex, or simply complex III. In mammals, this enzyme is a dimer, with each subunit complex containing 11 protein subunits, an [2Fe-2S] iron–sulfur cluster and three cytochromes: one cytochrome c and two b cytochromes. A cytochrome i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Loam molding has been used to produce large symmetrical objects such as cannon and church bells. Loam is a mixture of clay and sand with straw or dung. A model of the produced is formed in a friable material (the chemise). The mold is formed around this chemise by covering it with loam. This is then baked (fired) and ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phosphonamidates are related to phosphonates by substitution of an oxygen atom for a nitrogen. They are a rarely encountered functional group. The nerve agent Tabun is an example. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
EPIC-seq may be more effective in cancers with prominent genes or well-defined molecular subtypes. Consequently, its utility may be limited in cancers with less distinct genetic profiles or those characterized by significant interpatient variability. This restricts its generalizability across different cancer types and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enzymes, which are composed of chiral amino acids, catalyze chemical reactions with high stereoselectivity. Specifically, esterase enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of esters to carboxylic acids. This transformation may be rendered asymmetric if two enantiotopic ester groups exist in the substrate or if a racemic mixture... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are two types of conductivity detectors, direct and membrane.
Direct conductivity provides an all-encompassing approach of measuring CO. This detection method uses no carrier gas, is good at the parts per billion (ppb) ranges, but has a very limited analytical range.
Membrane conductivity relies upon the filteri... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For a Morpholino to be effective, it must be delivered past the cell membrane into the cytosol of a cell. Once in the cytosol, Morpholinos freely diffuse between the cytosol and nucleus, as demonstrated by the nuclear splice-modifying activity of Morpholinos observed after microinjection into the cytosol of cells. Dif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This effect is significantly less common in ceramics which are typically more resilient to chemical attack. Although phase changes are common in ceramics under stress these usually result in toughening rather than failure (see Zirconium dioxide). Recent studies have shown that the same driving force for this toughening... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cieplak's proposal is supported by investigating the effects of various electronic substituents on product distribution. By installing an electron-withdrawing substituent such as a methoxy group at the C2 position, the reduction of substituted cyclohexanones begins to favor equatorial attack. This is because the axial ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Schiff base rotates away from the extracellular side of the protein towards the cytoplasmic side, in preparation to accept a new proton. | 5 | Photochemistry |
* A birth–death process is a linear one-dimensional Markovian kinetic scheme.
* Michaelis–Menten kinetics are a type of a Markovian kinetic scheme when solved with the steady state assumption for the creation of intermediates in the reaction pathway. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Solubility is sensitive to changes in temperature. For example, sugar is more soluble in hot water than cool water. It occurs because solubility products, like other types of equilibrium constants, are functions of temperature. In accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle, when the dissolution process is endothermic (he... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Leng has several roles, her most current is Chief Scientist for Environmental Change Adaptation and Resilience at the British Geological Survey. She is also Director of the Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, a collaboration between the British Geological Survey and the University of Nottingham, Leng leads research ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The first type of molecular marker developed and run on gel electrophoresis were allozymes. These markers are used for the detection of protein variation. The word "allozyme" (also known as "alloenzyme") comes from "allelic variants of enzymes." When run on a gel, proteins are separated by size and charge. Although all... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Products containing dexmethylphenidate have a side effect profile comparable to those containing methylphenidate. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Enolisation of RuBP is the conversion of the keto tautomer of RuBP to an enediol(ate). Enolisation is initiated by deprotonation at C3. The enzyme base in this step has been debated, but the steric constraints observed in crystal structures have made Lys210 the most likely candidate. Specifically, the carbamate oxygen ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Patrick Forterre has been working on a novel hypothesis, called "three viruses, three domains": that viruses were instrumental in the transition from RNA to DNA and the evolution of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota. He believes the last universal common ancestor was RNA-based and evolved RNA viruses. Some of the viruse... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Heterologous gene expression is used in many biotechnological applications, including protein production and metabolic engineering. Because tRNA pools vary between different organisms, the rate of transcription and translation of a particular coding sequence can be less efficient when placed in a non-native context. Fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A CHN analyzer (also known as a carbon hydrogen and nitrogen analyzer) is a scientific instrument which is used to measure carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental concentrations in a given sample with accuracy and precision. Sample sizes are most often just a few milligrams, but may differ depending on system. For some... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The expression of the enzyme in adrenocortical cells is regulated by the trophic hormone corticotropin (ACTH). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The melting point of iron is experimentally well defined for pressures less than 50 GPa.
For greater pressures, published data (as of 2007) put the γ-ε-liquid triple point at pressures that differ by tens of gigapascals and 1000 K in the melting point. Generally speaking, molecular dynamics computer simulations of iron... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A Kaminsky catalyst is a catalytic system for alkene polymerization. Kaminsky catalysts are based on metallocenes of group 4 transition metals (Ti, Zr, Hf) activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO). These and other innovations have inspired development of new classes of catalysts that in turn led to commercialization of n... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Section 3.8 introduces atomic units and gives a table of atomic units of various physical quantities and the conversion factor to the SI units. Section 7.3(v) gives a concise but clear tutorial on practical use of atomic units, in particular how to understand equations "written in atomic units". | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Numerous sAC splice variants are present in osteoclast and osteoblasts, and mutation in the human sAC gene is associated with low spinal density. Calcification by osteoblasts is intrinsically related with bicarbonate and calcium. Bone density experiments in mouse calvaria cultured indicates that HCO-sensing sAC is a p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Silver standards refer to the standards of millesimal fineness for the silver alloy used in the manufacture or crafting of silver objects. This list is organized from highest to lowest millesimal fineness, or purity of the silver.
* Fine silver has a millesimal fineness of 999. Also called pure silver, or three nines f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry and physics, the dimensionless mixing ratio is the abundance of one component of a mixture relative to that of all other components. The term can refer either to mole ratio (see concentration) or mass ratio (see stoichiometry). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Adsorbents are used usually in the form of spherical pellets, rods, moldings, or monoliths with a hydrodynamic radius between 0.25 and 5 mm. They must have high abrasion resistance, high thermal stability and small pore diameters, which results in higher exposed surface area and hence high capacity for adsorption. The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quantum theory states that orbiting electrons of an atom must occupy discrete energy levels in order to be stable. Bombardment with ions of sufficient energy (usually MeV protons) produced by an ion accelerator, will cause inner shell ionization of atoms in a specimen. Outer shell electrons drop down to replace inner s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In plants, animals and bacteria the glycine cleavage system catalyzes the following reversible reaction:
: Glycine + Hfolate + NAD ↔ 5,10-methylene-Hfolate + CO + NH + NADH + H
In the enzymatic reaction, H-protein activates the P-protein, which catalyzes the decarboxylation of glycine and attaches the intermediate mo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In June 2018 Australian Senates Senate Community Affairs References Committee recommended a move towards legalising MRT, and in July 2018 the Australian senate endorsed it. Research and clinical applications of MRT were overseen by laws made by federal and state governments. State laws were, for the most part, consiste... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* No external power sources required.
* Relatively easy to install.
* Lower voltages and current mean that risk of causing stray current interference on other structures is low.
* Require less frequent monitoring than impressed current CP systems.
* Relatively low risk of overprotection.
* Once installed, testing the s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
WeNMR is a worldwide e-Infrastructure for NMR spectroscopy and structural biology. It is the largest virtual Organization in the life sciences and is supported by EGI. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1891, approximately ten years after Pockels first surface tension measurements, through her brother Friedrich Pockels, she became aware that John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh [Lord Rayleigh] was publishing studies of the effect of small amounts of oils on the surface of water. It was clear to her that Lord Ray... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Japan has one assay office, situated at the Saitama branch of Japan Mint in Saitama Prefecture. Japan Mint has assayed and hallmarked from 1929, and the Saitama branch moved from Tokyo in 2016. Japanese hallmarking is optional. Gold, silver and platinum are subject to assay. The articles combined with the golden parts ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The first reported method of methylation analysis using bisulfite-treated DNA utilized PCR and standard dideoxynucleotide DNA sequencing to directly determine the nucleotides resistant to bisulfite conversion. Primers are designed to be strand-specific as well as bisulfite-specific (i.e., primers containing non-CpG cy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Mehler reaction is named after Alan H. Mehler, who, in 1951, presented data to the effect that isolated chloroplasts reduce oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide (). Mehler observed that the formed in this way does not present an active intermediate in photosynthesis; rather, as a reactive oxygen species, it can be tox... | 5 | Photochemistry |
FISH is a very general technique. The differences between the various FISH techniques are usually due to variations in the sequence and labeling of the probes; and how they are used in combination. Probes are divided into two generic categories: cellular and acellular. In fluorescent "in situ" hybridization refers to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term zero-point energy (ZPE) is a translation from the German .
Sometimes used interchangeably with it are the terms zero-point radiation and ground state energy. The term zero-point field (ZPF) can be used when referring to a specific vacuum field, for instance the QED vacuum which specifically deals with quantum ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Typically, ellipsometry is done only in the reflection setup. The exact nature of the polarization change is determined by the sample's properties (thickness, complex refractive index or dielectric function tensor). Although optical techniques are inherently diffraction-limited, ellipsometry exploits phase information ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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