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As discussed by Jin and Roberston in their review, silencing of a DNA repair gene by hypermethylation may be a very early step in progression to cancer. Such silencing is proposed to act similarly to a germ-line mutation in a DNA repair gene, and predisposes the cell and its descendants to progression to cancer. Anot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most countries require continuous monitoring of emissions produced by coal and oil-fired power plants, municipal and hazardous waste incinerators, cement plants, as well as many other types of industrial sources. This monitoring is usually performed using extractive sampling systems coupled with infrared spectroscopy t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the Conia-ene reaction is an intramolecular cyclization reaction between an enolizable carbonyl such as an ester or ketone and an alkyne or alkene, giving a cyclic product with a new carbon-carbon bond. As initially reported by J. M. Conia and P. Le Perchec, the Conia-ene reaction is a heteroatom ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and dispersive, with slow infiltration, low hydraulic conductivity and poor available water capacity. Plant growth is severely restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet; while in dry conditions, plant-available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard and clod... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Diphenylchlorarsine is known to cause sneezing, coughing, headache, salivation, and vomiting. China and Japan are negotiating remediation of stocks of a variety of organoarsenic weapons, including chlorodiphenylarsine, dumped in northeastern China after Japan's numerous invasions of China. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In women, progesterone levels are relatively low during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, rise after ovulation, and are elevated during the luteal phase, as shown in the diagram above. Progesterone levels tend to be less than 2 ng/mL prior to ovulation and greater than 5 ng/mL after ovulation. If pregnancy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
5β-Coprostanol (5β-cholestan-3β-ol) is a 27-carbon stanol formed from the net reductive metabolism of cholesterol (cholest-5en-3β-ol) in the gut of most higher animals and birds. This compound has frequently been used as a biomarker for the presence of human faecal matter in the environment. 5β-coprostanol is thought t... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Many new monomeric versions of EosFP have been developed that offer advantages over wild type EosFP. Developed by a team at the Janelia Farm Research Campus at Howard Hughes Medical Institute, mEos4 has higher photostability and longer imaging abilities than EosFP. It is also highly resistant to chemical fixatives suc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many different proteins bind to particular TET enzymes and recruit the TETs to specific genomic locations. In some studies, further analysis is needed to determine whether the interaction per se mediates the recruitment or instead the interacting partner helps to establish a favourable chromatin environment for TET bi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like any mechanical and physical entity there are scientific, industrial, and layman terminology. The following is a partial list of terms that are associated with mechanical screening.
*Amplitude - This is a measurement of the screen cloth as it vertically peaks to its tallest height and troughs to its lowest point. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Fluid inclusions can provide useful data in mineral exploration, as their characteristics depend on the mineralization process. The methods of using fluid inclusions to identify mineral deposits include assessing the abundance of a specific inclusion type, looking into variations in the inclusions' temperatures of phas... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Impregnation is, in essence, the converse of extraction. A substance is dissolved in the supercritical fluid, the solution flowed past a solid substrate, and is deposited on or dissolves in the substrate. Dyeing, which is readily carried out on polymer fibres such as polyester using disperse (non-ionic) dyes, is a spec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Calcium in a blood sample should be estimated when required medically. Calcium should be precipitated out of 0.1 mL of the blood sample serum as calcium oxalate. After that, the decomposition of the calcium oxalate should occur by heat. Then, the sample should be estimated colorimetrically by o-cresolphthalein complexo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are expressed as parts per million by volume (abbreviated as ppmv or just ppm). To convert from the usual ppmv units to ppm mass, multiply by the ratio of the molar weight of CO to that of air, i.e. times 1.52 (44.01 divided by 28.96).
The first reproducibly accura... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The equilibrium of two molecular conformations is determined by the difference in Gibbs free energy of the two conformations. From this energy difference, the equilibrium constant for the two conformations can be determined.
If there is a decrease in Gibbs free energy from one state to another, this transformation is ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A major function of the thylakoid membrane and its integral photosystems is the establishment of chemiosmotic potential. The carriers in the electron transport chain use some of the electron's energy to actively transport protons from the stroma to the lumen. During photosynthesis, the lumen becomes acidic, as low as p... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Radioisotopic labeling is a technique for tracking the passage of a sample of substance through a system. The substance is "labeled" by including radionuclides in its chemical composition. When these decay, their presence can be determined by detecting the radiation emitted by them. Radioisotopic labeling is a special ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Swiss-Prot lists 137 types of neuraminidase from various species as of October 18, 2006. Nine subtypes of influenza neuraminidase are known; many occur only in various species of duck and chicken. Subtypes N1 and N2 have been positively linked to epidemics in humans, and strains with N3 or N7 subtypes have been identif... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cryptands and crown ethers typically do not form inclusion complexes since the guest is bound by forces stronger than van der Waals bonding. If the guest is enclosed on all sides so that it is trapped, the compound is known as a clathrate, not an inclusion complex. In molecular encapsulation, a guest molecule is trap... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Besides the above-mentioned two most commonly used family of techniques, a wide range of protocols were developed to measure chemotactic activity. Some of them are only qualitative, like aggregation tests, where small pieces of agar or filters are placed onto a slide and accumulation of cells around is measured.
In ano... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Even though Pourbaix diagrams are useful for a metal corrosion potential estimation they have, however, some important limitations:
# Equilibrium is always assumed, though in practice it may differ.
# The diagram does not provide information on actual corrosion rates.
# Does not apply to alloys.
# Does not indicate whe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Naturally, it is produced in the human placenta by the syncytiotrophoblast.
Like any other gonadotropins, it can be extracted from the urine of pregnant women or produced from cultures of genetically modified cells using recombinant DNA technology.
In Pubergen, Pregnyl, Follutein, Profasi, Choragon and Novarel, it is e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anisotropic terahertz microspectroscopy (ATM) is a spectroscopic technique in which molecular vibrations in an anisotropic material are probed with short pulses of terahertz radiation whose electric field is linearly polarized parallel to the surface of the material. The technique has been demonstrated in studies invol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Siddiqui died on 14 April 1994 due to cardiac arrest after a brief illness in Karachi. He was buried in the Karachi University Graveyard. Despite his death, the academic and research institutes that he founded during more than 65 years of his research career are still contributing to the international level research in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the next phase (Scheme 2), starting from ketal 12, the cyclohexane ring was cleaved to provide two anchoring points for fusion with the A ring. Alcohol 12 was protected by a benzyl group. The acetonide protecting group was removed from the ketone. Ketone 14 was converted to silyl enol ether 15 by reaction with trim... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A common sulfinamide is tert-butanesulfinamide (Ellmans sulfinamide), p-toluenesulfinamide (Davis sulfinamide), and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfinamide.
Sulfinamides arise in nature by the addition of nitroxyl (HNO) to thiols:
:RSH + HNO → RS(O)NH | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Multiple studies have found the MPT to be a key factor in the damage to neurons caused by excitotoxicity.
The induction of MPT, which increases mitochondrial membrane permeability, causes mitochondria to become further depolarized, meaning that Δψ is abolished. When Δψ is lost, protons and some molecules are able to fl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to the National Geographic, the Chesapeake Bay was one of the first hypoxic zones to be identified in the 1970s. The Chesapeake Bay experiences seasonal hypoxia due to high nitrogen levels. These nitrogen levels are caused by urbanization, there are multiple factories that pollute the atmosphere with nitrogen... | 9 | Geochemistry |
SIR3 is principally involved in heterochromatin spreading, the silencing activity of the SIR protein complex. When overexpressed, SIR3 leads to spreading beyond the normal nucleation site. SIR3 can continue to operate at very low levels of SIR2 and SIR4, but not without them. It preferentially binds to unmodified nucle... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The name Akkermansia (Ak.ker.mansi.a.) derives from: Neo-Latin feminine gender noun Akkermansia, named after Anton Dirk Louis Akkermans (28 October 1940 – 21 August 2006), a Dutch microbiologist recognized for his contribution to microbial ecology. Neo-Latin neuter gender noun mucinum, mucin; Neo-Latin adjective philus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aluminum based nanogalvanic alloys are characterized by the size of their galvanic microstructure and consist of particles with a mesh size of -325, which is equivalent to a diameter of around 50 microns. Since the grain size of the powders is in the nanometer scale and the particle size is tens of microns similar to c... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Huntingtin protein co-localizes with ATM repair protein at sites of DNA damage. Huntingtin is a scaffolding protein in the ATM oxidative DNA damage response complex. Huntingtons disease patients with aberrant huntingtin protein are deficient in repair of oxidative DNA damage. Oxidative DNA damage appears to underlie... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As an example, in a typical pump-probe experimental apparatus, an attosecond (XUV-SXR) pulse and an intense ( W/cm) low-frequency infrared pulse with a time duration of few to tens femtoseconds are collinearly focused on the studied sample.
At this point, by varying the delay of the attosecond pulse, which could be pum... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The standard preparation for n-BuLi is reaction of 1-bromobutane or 1-chlorobutane with Li metal:
: 2 Li + CHX → CHLi + LiX (X = Cl, Br)
If the lithium used for this reaction contains 1–3% sodium, the reaction proceeds more quickly than if pure lithium is used. Solvents used for this preparation include benzene, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A phylloquinone, sometimes called vitamin K, is the next early electron acceptor in PSI. It oxidizes A in order to receive the electron and in turn is re-oxidized by F, from which the electron is passed to F and F. The reduction of F appears to be the rate-limiting step. | 5 | Photochemistry |
A low pressure ratio fan (such as that used on a high bypass ratio turbofan) has a range of working lines. At high flight speeds, the ram pressure ratio factors up the cold nozzle pressure ratio, causing the nozzle to choke. Above the choking condition, the working lines tend to coalesce into a unique steep straight li... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flash joule heating (transient high-temperature electrothermal heating) has been used to synthesize allotropes of carbon, including graphene and diamond. Heating various solid carbon feedstocks (carbon black, coal, coffee grounds, etc.) to temperatures of ~3000 K for 10-150 milliseconds produces turbostratic graphene f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rhodoquinone (RQ) is a modified ubiquinone-like molecule that is an important cofactor used in anaerobic energy metabolism by many organisms. Recently, it has gained attention as a potential anthelmintic drug target due to the fact that parasitic hosts do not synthesize or use this cofactor. Because this cofactor is us... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thymidine diphosphate (TDP) or deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP) (also thymidine pyrophosphate, dTPP) is a nucleotide diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine. dTDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase thymine. Unlike the other deoxyr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
During his lifetime Woodward authored or coauthored almost 200 publications, of which 85 are full papers, the remainder comprising preliminary communications, the text of lectures, and reviews. The pace of his scientific activity soon outstripped his capacity to publish all experimental details, and much of the work in... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A relaxase is a single-strand DNA transesterase enzyme produced by some prokaryotes and viruses. Relaxases are responsible for site- and strand-specific nicks in unwound double-stranded DNA . Known relaxases belong to the rolling circle replication (RCR) initiator superfamily of enzymes and fall into two broad classes:... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ketyl radicals derived from the reaction of sodium and benzophenone is a common laboratory desiccant. Ketyls react quickly with the water, peroxides, and with oxygen. Thus, the deep purple coloration qualitatively indicates dry, peroxide-free, and oxygen-free conditions. The method for drying is still popular in ma... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are a huge number of industries and applications which benefit from induction shrink fitting or removal using solid state RF and MF heaters. In practice, the methodology employed can vary from a simple manual approach where an operator assembles or disassembles the parts to fully automatic pneumatic and hydraulic... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The indenyl analogues of ferrocene, which is orange, and cobaltocenium cation were first reported by Pauson and Wilkinson. The cobalt derivative is a poorer reductant than cobaltocene.
The indenyl effect was discovered by Hart-Davis and Mawby in 1969 through studies on the conversion of (η-CH)Mo(CO)CH to the phosphine... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
By the early 1970s the climate for R&D was again changing.
Government R&D budgets continued to tighten.
The earlier pattern of Fulmer sponsorship, with a large proportion of contracts from UK ministries and government agencies, no longer applied. In 1955 this proportion had been 70% but by 1970 it had fallen to 45%. B... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In an ideal system, the emitter is surrounded by converters so no light is lost. Realistically, geometries must accommodate the input energy (fuel injection or input light) used to heat the emitter. Additionally, costs have prohibited surrounding the filter with converters. When the emitter reemits light, anything that... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Crosstalk can even be observed across membranes. Membrane interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and with neighboring cells can trigger a variety of responses within the cell. However, the topography and mechanical properties of the ECM also come to play an important role in powerful, complex crosstalk with t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photografting is a technique used in the study of polymers and more in specific polymeric biomaterials. Technically speaking it is the covalent incorporation of functional additives to a polymer matrix or polymer surface using a light-induced mechanism. It is an important technique for the modification of biomaterial s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids. Uncatalysed, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds is extremely slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteolysis is typically catalysed by cellular enzymes called proteases, but may also occur by intra-molecular digestion.
Proteolysis in organisms ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most tanning beds are horizontal enclosures with a bench and canopy (lid) that house long, low-pressure fluorescent bulbs (100–200 watt) under an acrylic surface. The tanner is surrounded by bulbs when the canopy is closed. Modern tanning beds emit mostly UVA (the sun emits around 95% UVA and 5% UVB). One review of stu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Nonribosomal peptides are also found in higher organisms, such as nudibranchs, but are thought to be made by bacteria inside these organisms. While there exist a wide range of peptides ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gates' total synthesis of morphine provided a proof of the structure of morphine proposed by Robinson in 1925. This synthesis of morphine features one of the first examples of the Diels-Alder reaction in the context of total synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats and proteins are consumed as reactants, aerobic respiration is the preferred method of pyruvate production in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate to the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the citric acid cycle. The pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Macrostructure refers to the overall geometric properties that will influence the force at failure, stiffness, bending, stress distribution, and the weight of the material. It requires little to no magnification to reveal the macrostructure of a material. Observing the macrostructure reveals properties such as cavities... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Petite mutants show extranuclear inheritance.The inheritance pattern varying with the type of petite involved.
Segregational petites (pet–): mutants are created by nuclear mutations and exhibit Mendelian 1:1 segregation.
Neutral petites (rho–N): Neutral petite when crossed to wild-type, all offspring are wild-type. It ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The λ (lambda) universality class is a group in condensed matter physics. It regroups several systems possessing strong analogies, namely, superfluids, superconductors and smectics (liquid crystals). All these systems are expected to belong to the same universality class for the thermodynamic critical properties of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Though many genes have simple structures, as with much of biology, others can be quite complex or represent unusual edge-cases. Eukaryotic genes often have introns are often much larger than their exons, and those introns can even have other genes nested inside them. Associated enhancers may be many kilobase away, or e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After comparing the metabolic responses between oat plants under an average light intensity to that of oat plants under extreme light intensity, Quiles noted that the amount of PS II produced was of a lower amount in the leaves that underwent chlororespiration in extreme light. Whereas higher levels of PS II were yield... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chirality is another property that a DNAzyme can exploit. DNA occurs in nature as a right-handed double helix and in asymmetric synthesis a chiral catalyst is a valuable tool in the synthesis of chiral molecules from an achiral source. In one application an artificial DNA catalyst was prepared by attaching a copper ion... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is no agreement about the definition of depth resolution. For example, it can be defined as the depth where ~92% of the signal is generated, or defined by pattern quality, or can be as ambiguous as "where useful information is obtained". Even for a given definition, depth resolution increases with electron energy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot, after determining methanols chemical structure, introduced "methylene" from the Greek methy "wine" and hȳlē' "wood, patch of trees" with the intention of highlighting its origins, "alcohol made from wood (substance)". The term "methyl" was derived in about 1840 by... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the field of biology, the biotechnology revolution in the 1980s grew from the development of reagents that could be used to identify and manipulate the chemical matter in and on cells. These reagents included antibodies (polyclonal and monoclonal), oligomers, all sorts of model organisms and immortalised cell lines... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The plant immune system carries two interconnected tiers of receptors, one most frequently sensing molecules outside the cell and the other most frequently sensing molecules inside the cell. Both systems sense the intruder and respond by activating antimicrobial defenses in the infected cell and neighboring cells. In ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The heterometallic copper-aluminum superatom is a Mackay‐Type Cluster with formula [CuAl](Cp*). It is an open‐shell 67‐electron superatom.
At the time of its synthesis, it was the largest superatom to be synthesized. Its two distinct features are its large electron count compared to other heterometallic superatoms and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The signal that starts the MAPK/ERK pathway is the binding of extracellular mitogen to a cell surface receptor. This allows a Ras protein (a Small GTPase) to swap a GDP molecule for a GTP molecule, flipping the "on/off switch" of the pathway. The Ras protein can then activate MAP3K (e.g., Raf), which activates MAP2K, w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The enhancers comprising super-enhancers share the functions of enhancers, including binding transcription factor proteins, looping to target genes, and activating transcription. Three notable traits of enhancers comprising super-enhancers are their clustering in genomic proximity, their exceptional signal of transcrip... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although "ppt" usually means "parts per trillion", it occasionally means "parts per thousand". Unless the meaning of "ppt" is defined explicitly, it has to be determined from the context. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
John Joseph Jolly Kyle FRSA (2 February 1838 – 23 February 1922) was a pioneering Argentine chemist. Born and educated in Scotland, he emigrated to Argentina in 1862, and on the outbreak of the Paraguayan War served as a pharmacist in the Argentine Army medical corps. He became an Argentine citizen in 1873. At the t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
C-alkylation is a process for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The largest example of this takes place in the alkylation units of petrochemical plants, which convert low-molecular-weight alkenes into high octane gasoline components. Electron-rich species such as phenols are also commonly alkylated to produce a var... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
PBr is prepared by treating red phosphorus with bromine. An excess of phosphorus is used in order to prevent formation of PBr:
:P + 6 Br → 4 PBr
Because the reaction is highly exothermic, it is often conducted in the presence of a diluent such as PBr. Phosphorus tribromide is also generated in situ from red phospho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Silver bromate can be used as an oxidant for the transformation of tetrahydropyranyl ethers to carbonyl compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, a metallaborane is a compound that contains one or more metal atoms and one or more boron hydride. These compounds are related conceptually and often synthetically to the boron-hydride clusters by replacement of BH units with metal-containing fragments. Often these metal fragments are derived from metal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An excimer (originally short for excited dimer) is a short-lived polyatomic molecule formed from two species that do not form a stable molecule in the ground state. In this case, formation of molecules is possible only if such atom is in an electronic excited state. Heteronuclear molecules and molecules that have more... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A highly efficient gold and palladium combined methodology for the Sonogashira coupling of a wide array of electronically and structurally diverse aryl and heteroaryl halides has been reported.
The orthogonal reactivity of the two metals shows high selectivity and extreme functional group tolerance in Sonogashira coupl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
where = number of electrons produced, = number of photons absorbed.
Assuming each photon absorbed in the depletion layer produces a viable electron-hole pair, and all other photons do not,
where t is the measurement time (in seconds),
= incident optical power in watts,
= optical power absorbed in depletion layer,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Redox reactions can occur slowly, as in the formation of rust, or rapidly, as in the case of burning fuel. Electron transfer reactions are generally fast, occurring within the time of mixing.
The mechanisms of atom-transfer reactions are highly variable because many kinds of atoms can be transferred. Such reactions can... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Mechanically, NbSn is extremely brittle and thus cannot be easily drawn into a wire, which is necessary for winding superconducting magnets. To overcome this, wire manufacturers typically draw down composite wires containing ductile precursors. The "internal tin" process includes separate alloys of Nb, Cu and Sn. The... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Replica plating is a microbiological technique in which one or more secondary Petri plates containing different solid (agar-based) selective growth media (lacking nutrients or containing chemical growth inhibitors such as antibiotics) are inoculated with the same colonies of microorganisms from a primary plate (or mast... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bryoamaride is a chemical compound isolated from certain plants, notably Bryonia dioica. It can be seen as a derivative of the triterpene hydrocarbon cucurbitane (), more specifically from cucurbitacin L or 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin I.
The derivative 25-O-acetylbryoamaride is found in Trichosanthes tricuspidata. | 1 | Biochemistry |
With one more valence electron than diamagnetic TiCl, VCl is a paramagnetic liquid. It is one of only a few paramagnetic compounds that is liquid at room temperature.
VCl is prepared by chlorination of vanadium metal. VCl does not form in this reaction; Cl lacks the oxidizing power to attack VCl. VCl can however be pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many synthetic steroidic compounds like some sexual hormones frequently appear in municipal and industrial wastewaters, acting as environmental pollutants with strong metabolic activities negatively affecting the ecosystems. Since these compounds are common carbon sources for many different microorganisms their aerobic... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Given the advantages provided by the working mechanism of thermogalvanic cells, their main application is electricity production under conditions where there is an excess of heat available. In particular thermogalvanic cells are being used to produce electricity in the following areas. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In April 2024 the SBTi Board of Trustees released a statement setting out an intention to permit the use of environmental attribute certificates (EACs) for abatement purposes against Scope 3 emissions reduction targets. SBTi did not previously permit the use of EACs due to the difficulties faced in tracing, measuring a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In their first paper, Guldberg and Waage suggested that in a reaction such as
the "chemical affinity" or "reaction force" between A and B did not just depend on the chemical nature of the reactants, as had previously been supposed, but also depended on the amount of each reactant in a reaction mixture. Thus the law o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Protein synthesis within chloroplasts relies on an RNA polymerase coded by the chloroplasts own genome, which is related to RNA polymerases found in bacteria. Chloroplasts also contain a mysterious second RNA polymerase that is encoded by the plants nuclear genome. The two RNA polymerases may recognize and bind to diff... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The work of Henri Braconnot in 1777 and the work of Christian Schönbein in 1846 led to the discovery of nitrocellulose, which, when treated with camphor, produced celluloid. Dissolved in ether or acetone, it becomes collodion, which has been used as a wound dressing since the U.S. Civil War. Cellulose acetate was first... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One important class of condensation polymers are polyamides. They arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an amine. Examples include nylons and proteins. When prepared from amino-carboxylic acids, e.g. amino acids, the stoichiometry of the polymerization includes co-formation of water:
:n HN-X-COH → [HN-X-C(O... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is direct evidence that the Romans mechanised at least part of the extraction processes. They used water power from water wheels for grinding grains and sawing timber or stone, for example. A set of sixteen such overshot wheels is still visible at Barbegal near Arles and dates from the 1st century AD or possibly ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The hydrolysis of nitriles RCN proceeds in the distinct steps under acid or base treatment to first give carboxamides and then carboxylic acids RCOOH. The hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids is efficient. In acid or base, the balanced equations are as follows:
Strictly speaking, these reactions are mediated (a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For a molecule with atoms, the positions of all nuclei depend on a total of 3 coordinates, so that the molecule has 3 degrees of freedom including translation, rotation and vibration. Translation corresponds to movement of the center of mass whose position can be described by 3 cartesian coordinates.
A nonlinear mole... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Esomeprazole is available as delayed-release capsules in the United States or as delayed-release tablets in Australia, the United Kingdom, and Canada (containing esomeprazole magnesium) in strengths of 20 and 40mg, as delayed-release capsules in the United States (containing esomeprazole strontium) in a 49.3mg strength... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
# To make plain crude kilju, the must weight must be zero: A fermentation lock should indicate less than a bubble per minute. Then the sugar reserve is measured with a must weight refractometer/hygrometer. If there's sugar left, then more yeast should be added to consume it, and this measurement process should be repea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Just as absolute entropy serves as theoretical background for data compression, relative entropy serves as theoretical background for data differencing – the absolute entropy of a set of data in this sense being the data required to reconstruct it (minimum compressed size), while the relative entropy of a target set of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*ISO.15730:2000 Metallic and other Inorganic Coatings - Electropolishing as a Means of Smoothing and Passivating Stainless Steel
*ASME BPE Standards for Electropolishing Bioprocessing Equipment
*SEMI F19, Electropolishing Specifications for Semiconductor Applications
*ASTM B 912-02 (2008), Passivation of Stainless Stee... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Mutations in the untranslated region (UTR) affect many post-transcriptional regulation. Distinctive structural features are required for many RNA molecules and cis-acting regulatory elements to execute effective functions during gene regulation. SNVs can alter the secondary structure of RNA molecules and then disrupt t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Relevant to the inner sphere mechanism are the two modes by which imines can coordinate, as a π or as a σ-donor ligand. The pi-imines are also susceptible to conversion to iminium ligands upon N-protonation. The binding mode for the imine is unclear, both η (σ-type) and η (π-type). The final step in the mechanism is r... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This integral may be evaluated by defining the wave function over the complex E plane and closing the E contour using a semicircle on which the wavefunctions vanish. The integral over the closed contour may then be evaluated, using the Cauchy integral theorem, as a sum of the residues at the various poles. We will no... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adenosine is very relevant in bone metabolism, as it plays a role in formation and activation of both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Adenosine acts by binding to purinergic receptors and influencing adenylyl cyclase activity and the formation of cAMP and PKA 54. Adenosine may have opposite effects on bone metabolism, be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cationic polymerization is used in the curing of epoxy resins in the presence of UV in the industry. Light energy from UV breaks apart photoinitiaters, forming an acidic which then donates a proton to the polymer. The monomers then attach themselves to the polymer, forming longer and longer chains leading to a cross-li... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* [http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/surf/projects/chemeql/ ChemEQL] Free software for calculation of chemical equilibria from Eawag.
* [http://www.factsage.com/ FactSage] Commercial thermodynamic databank software, also available in a free [http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/ephweb.php?lang= web application].
* [http://www.gw... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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