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Potassium thioacetate, which is commercially available, can be prepared by combining acetyl chloride and potassium hydrogen sulfide:
It arises also by the neutralization of thioacetic acid with potassium hydroxide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first intelectin was discovered in Xenopus laevis oocyte and is named XL35 or XCGL-1. X. laevis oocyte also contains a closely related XCGL-2. In addition, X. laevis embryos secrete Xenopus embryonic epidermal lectin into the environmental water, presumably to bind microbes. XSL-1 and XSL-2 are also expressed in X.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase plays a major role in RNA interference in eukaryotes, a process used to silence gene expression via small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) binding to mRNA rendering them inactive. Eukaryotic RdRp becomes active in the presence of dsRNA, and is a less widely distributed compared to othe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oscillating binding energies of all surface chemical species introduces periodic instances of transient behavior to the catalytic surface. For slow oscillation frequencies, the transient period is only a small quantity of the oscillation time scale, and the surface reaction achieves a new steady state. However, as the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A large research effort involves approaches to know whether proteins have binding sites which are specific for particular lipids and whether the protein–lipid complexes can be considered to be long-lived, on the order of the time required for the turnover a typical enzyme, that is 10 sec. This is now known through the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neutral red (toluylene red, Basic Red 5, or C.I. 50040) is a eurhodin dye used for staining in histology. It stains lysosomes red. It is used as a general stain in histology, as a counterstain in combination with other dyes, and for many staining methods. Together with Janus Green B, it is used to stain embryonal tissu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Protein catabolism produces amino acids that are used to form other proteins or oxidized to meet the energy needs of the cell. The amino acids that are produced by protein catabolism can then be further catabolized in amino acid catabolism. Among the several degradative processes for amino acids are Deamination (remova... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pregnancy-specific biological substances, which include the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, and amniotic membrane are being studied for a number of health uses. For example, Placental-derived stem cells are being studied so they can serve as a potential treatment method for cell therapy. Hepatocyte-like cells... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Absinthin is a naturally produced triterpene lactone from the plant Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood). It constitutes one of the most bitter chemical agents responsible for absinthes distinct taste. The compound shows biological activity and has shown promise as an anti-inflammatory agent, and should not be confused with... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pulsatile insulin secretion from individual beta cells is driven by oscillation of the calcium concentration in the cells. In beta cells lacking contact (i.e. outside islet of Lagerhans), the periodicity of these oscillations is rather variable (2-10 min). However, within an islet of Langerhans, the oscillations become... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Le Chatelier's principle refers to states of thermodynamic equilibrium. The latter are stable against perturbations that satisfy certain criteria; this is essential to the definition of thermodynamic equilibrium.
OR
It states that changes in the temperature, pressure, volume, or concentration of a system will result in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As it is known that survivin is over-expressed in most cancers, which may be contributing to the cancer cells' resistance to apoptotic stimuli from the environment. The use of antisense survivin therapy hopes to render cancer cells susceptible to apoptosis by eliminating survivin expression in the cancer cells.
Olie et... | 1 | Biochemistry |
β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A, is an intermediate in the mevalonate and ketogenesis pathways. It is formed from acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA by HMG-CoA synthase. The research of Minor J. Coon and Bimal Kumar Bachhawat in the 1950s at University of Illino... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hoveyda and Schrock have developed a catalyst for ring-closing metathesis kinetic resolution of dienyl allylic alcohols. The molybdenum alkylidene catalyst selectively catalyzes one enantiomer to perform ring closing metathesis, resulting in an enantiopure alcohol, and an enantiopure closed ring, as shown below. The ca... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The unique metabolism of acetogens has significant applications in biotechnology. In carbohydrate fermentations, the decarboxylation reactions end up in the conversion of organic carbon into carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas. This release is no longer compatible with the need to minimize the world CO emissions. I... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CRTC2, initially called TORC2, is a transcriptional coactivator for the transcription factor CREB and a central regulator of
gluconeogenic gene expression in response to cAMP. CRTC2 is thought to drive tumorigenesis in STK11(LKB1)-null non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gentian violet has antibacterial, antifungal, antihelminthic, antitrypanosomal, antiangiogenic, and antitumor properties. It is used medically for these properties, in particular for dentistry, and is also known as "pyoctanin" (or "pyoctanine"). It is commonly used for:
* Marking the skin for surgery preparation and al... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thiourea reduces peroxides to the corresponding diols. The intermediate of the reaction is an unstable endoperoxide.
Thiourea is also used in the reductive workup of ozonolysis to give carbonyl compounds. Dimethyl sulfide is also an effective reagent for this reaction, but it is highly volatile (boiling point ) and has... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the presence of an anionic initiator (M X), the reagent reacts with aldehydes and ketones to give a trimethylsilyl ether, the net product of insertion of the carbonyl into the Si-CF bond. Hydrolysis gives trifluoromethyl methanols. The reagent also converts esters to trifluoromethyl ketones. A typical initiator is ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Avogadros law, Avogadros hypothesis, Avogadros principle or Avogadro-Ampères hypothesis is an experimental gas law which was hypothesized by Amedeo Avogadro in 1811. It related the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A multiple hearth furnace also known as a vertical calciner, is used for continuous preparation and calcining of materials. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Amplicons in general are direct repeat (head-to-tail) or inverted repeat (head-to-head or tail-to-tail) genetic sequences, and can be either linear or circular in structure. Circular amplicons consist of imperfect inverted duplications annealed into a circle and are thought to arise from precursor linear amplicons.
Dur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Limited proteolysis of a polypeptide during or after translation in protein synthesis often occurs for many proteins. This may involve removal of the N-terminal methionine, signal peptide, and/or the conversion of an inactive or non-functional protein to an active one. The precursor to the final functional form of prot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although some of the steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood, the overall photosynthetic equation has been known since the 19th century.
Jan van Helmont began the research of the process in the mid-17th century when he carefully measured the mass of the soil a plant was using and the mass of the pla... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Brønsted–Lowry definition, formulated in 1923, independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted in Denmark and Martin Lowry in England, is based upon the idea of protonation of bases through the deprotonation of acids – that is, the ability of acids to "donate" hydrogen ions () otherwise known as protons to bases, which... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A huge variety of ionization techniques can be used to analyze single cells. The choice of ionization method is crucial for analyte detection. It can be decisive which type of compounds are ionizable and in which state they appear, e.g., charge and possible fragmentation of the ions. A few examples of ionization are me... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The units used for rotational constants depend on the type of measurement. With infrared spectra in the wavenumber scale (), the unit is usually the inverse centimeter, written as cm, which is literally the number of waves in one centimeter, or the reciprocal of the wavelength in centimeters (). On the other hand, for ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA fragment. The sequence of the DNA of a living thing encodes the necessary information for that living thing to survive and reproduce. Therefore, determining the sequence is useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Elemental fluorine is highly toxic. Above a concentration of 25 ppm, it causes significant irritation while attacking the eyes, airways and lungs and affecting the liver and kidneys. At a concentration of 100 ppm, human eyes and noses are seriously damaged. People can be exposed to fluorine in the workplace by breathin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tetramethylguanidine is an organic compound with the formula HNC(N(CH)). This colourless liquid is a strong base, as judged by the high pK of it conjugate acid.
It was originally prepared from tetramethylthiourea via S-methylation and amination, but alternative methods start from cyanogen iodide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Calcium is the most abundant metal in the eukaryotes and by extension humans. The body is made up of approximate 1.5% calcium and this abundance is reflected in its lack of redox toxicity and its participation in the structure stability of membranes and other biomolecules. Calcium plays a part in fertilization of an eg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Preplant: Preplant herbicides are nonselective herbicides applied to the soil before planting. Some preplant herbicides may be mechanically incorporated into the soil. The objective for incorporation is to prevent dissipation through photodecomposition and/or volatility. The herbicides kill weeds as they grow through... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
This element describes the impedance of a finite-length diffusion with transmissive boundary. It is described by the following equation: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Extensive studies involving the phosphaethynolate anion have shown that it can react in a variety of ways. It has documented use in cycloadditions, as a phosphorus transfer agent, a synthetic building block and as pseudo halide ligands (as described above). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Under certain conditions, protons can re-enter the mitochondrial matrix without contributing to ATP synthesis. This process is known as proton leak or mitochondrial uncoupling and is due to the facilitated diffusion of protons into the matrix. The process results in the unharnessed potential energy of the proton electr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the last step within glycolysis, the dephosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, and is responsible for net ATP production within the glycolytic sequence. In contrast to mitochondrial respiration, energy regeneration by pyruvate kinase is independent from oxygen supply and allows sur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like other fuel cells, biological photovoltaic systems are divided into anodic and cathodic half-cells.
Oxygenic photosynthetic biological material, such as purified photosystems or whole algal or cyanobacterial cells, are employed in the anodic half-cell. These organisms are able to use light energy to drive the oxid... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most common anodizing processes, for example, sulphuric acid on aluminium, produce a porous surface which can accept dyes easily. The number of dye colours is almost endless; however, the colours produced tend to vary according to the base alloy. The most common colours in the industry, due to them being relatively... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Trans-regulatory elements work through an intermolecular interaction between two different molecules and so are said to be "acting in trans". For example (1) a transcribed and translated transcription factor protein derived from the trans-regulatory element; and a (2) DNA regulatory element that is adjacent to the regu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Beautyberry (Callicarpa) leaves
* Birch tree bark is traditionally made into tar. Combined with another oil (e.g., fish oil) at 1/2 dilution, it is then applied to the skin for repelling mosquitos
* Bog myrtle (Myrica gale)
* Catnip oil whose active compound is Nepetalactone
* Citronella oil (citronella candles are n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Adverse effects can include hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria, fever, joint pains, rashes, angioedema, anaphylaxis, serum sickness-like reaction. Rarely central nervous system toxicity including convulsions (especially with high doses or in severe renal impairment), interstitial nephritis, haemolytic anaem... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
It is possible to build a computer simulation of a linear biochemical pathway. This can be done by building a simple model that describes each intermediate through a differential equation. The differential equations can be written by invoking mass conservation. For example, for the linear pathway:
where and are fixed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TaqMan probes are hydrolysis probes that are designed to increase the specificity of quantitative PCR. The method was first reported in 1991 by researcher Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation, and the technology was subsequently developed by Hoffmann-La Roche for diagnostic assays and by Applied Biosystems (now part of The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tight junctions are multi-protein complexes that hold cells of a same tissue together and prevent movement of water and water-soluble molecules between cells. In epithelial cells, they function also to separate the extracellular fluid surrounding their apical and basolateral membranes. These junctions exist as a cont... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds based upon the phenethylamine structure; the class is composed of all the derivative compounds of phenethylamine which can be formed by replacing, or substituting, one or more hydrogen atoms in the phenethylamine core structure with substituents.
Man... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Interleukin 34 (IL-34) is a protein belonging to a group of cytokines called interleukins. It was originally identified in humans, by large scale screening of secreted proteins; chimpanzee, murine, rat and chicken interleukin 34 orthologs have also been found. The protein is composed of 241 amino acids, 39 kilodaltons ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Gibbsian ensemble idealizes the notion of repeating an experiment again and again on different systems, not again and again on the same system. So long-term time averages and the ergodic hypothesis, despite the intense interest in them in the first part of the twentieth century, strictly speaking are not relevant t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Paul J. Gemperline (born 1955) is an American analytical chemist and chemometrician. He is a Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at East Carolina University (ECU) located in Greenville, North Carolina and has been the recipient of several scientific awards, including the 2003 Eastern Analytical Symposium Award in Chem... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A cannulated cow or fistulated cow refers to a cow that has been surgically fitted with a cannula. A cannula acts as a porthole-like device that allows access to the rumen of a cow, to perform research and analysis of the digestive system and to allow veterinarians to transplant rumen contents from one cow to another.
... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Besides pzc, iep, and cip, there are also numerous other terms used in the literature, usually expressed as initialisms, with identical or (confusingly) near-identical meaning: zero point of charge (zpc), point of zero net charge (pznc), point of zero net proton charge (pznpc), pristine point of zero charge (ppzc), poi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential (ECP), , is a thermodynamic measure of chemical potential that does not omit the energy contribution of electrostatics. Electrochemical potential is expressed in the unit of J/mol. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metabolic wastes or excrements are substances left over from metabolic processes (such as cellular respiration) which cannot be used by the organism (they are surplus or toxic), and must therefore be excreted. This includes nitrogen compounds, water, CO, phosphates, sulphates, etc. Animals treat these compounds as excr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many industries such as food, beverages, cosmetics, and even medicine utilize levan in their products. One of the reasons levan is able to be used in such a versatile way is that it fulfills all safety guidelines. Levan does not cause any form of skin or eye irritation, has not shown any allergenic effects, and poses ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are other ways by which messages can be degraded, including non-stop decay and silencing by Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA), among others. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pitting corrosion, or pitting, is a form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the random creation of small holes in metal. The driving power for pitting corrosion is the depassivation of a small area, which becomes anodic (oxidation reaction) while an unknown but potentially vast area becomes cathodic (reduct... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Wagner's gene network model is a computational model of artificial gene networks, which explicitly modeled the developmental and evolutionary process of genetic regulatory networks. A population with multiple organisms can be created and evolved from generation to generation. It was first developed by Andreas Wagner in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The solid sample is taken in a Petri dish and melted by heating it on a standard hot plate. The bubble free liquefied sample is poured from the Petri dish and cast into the ring. The brass shouldered rings in this apparatus have 6.4 mm depth. The cast sample in the ring is kept undisturbed for one hour to solidify. Exc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The use of thermal mass is the most challenging in this environment where night temperatures remain elevated. Its use is primarily as a temporary heat sink. However, it needs to be strategically located to prevent overheating. It should be placed in an area that is not directly exposed to solar gain and also allows ade... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Separating molecules in a solution by dialysis is a relatively straightforward process. Other than the sample and dialysate buffer, all that is typically needed is:
* Dialysis membrane in an appropriate format (e.g., tubing, cassette, etc.) and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO)
* A container to hold the dialysate buffer... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymerase III terminates transcription at small polyUs stretch (5-6). In eukaryotes, a hairpin loop is not required, but may enhance termination efficiency in humans. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was found that termination of transcription occurred in the sequence T7GT6 and was progressive. The presence of transcri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Food physical chemistry is considered to be a branch of Food chemistry concerned with the study of both physical and chemical interactions in foods in terms of physical and chemical principles applied to food systems, as well as the applications of physical/chemical techniques and instrumentation for the study of foods... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In polymer chemistry, the equivalent weight of a reactive polymer is the mass of polymer which has one equivalent of reactivity (often, the mass of polymer which corresponds to one mole of reactive side-chain groups). It is widely used to indicate the reactivity of polyol, isocyanate, or epoxy thermoset resins which wo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins in a matrix of agarose, one of the two main components of agar. The proteins may be separated by charge and/or... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenethylamine, being similar to amphetamine in its action at their common biomolecular targets, releases norepinephrine and dopamine. Phenethylamine also appears to induce acetylcholine release via a glutamate-mediated mechanism.
Phenethylamine has been shown to bind to human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ionic strength determines the Debye length that correlates with the damping distance of the electric potential of a fixed charge in an electrolyte. So, higher the ionic strength the shorter are electrostatic interactions between charged entities. As a result, the adsorption of charged proteins to oppositely charged sub... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Secondary production is the generation of biomass of heterotrophic (consumer) organisms in a system. This is driven by the transfer of organic material between trophic levels, and represents the quantity of new tissue created through the use of assimilated food. Secondary production is sometimes defined to only inclu... | 9 | Geochemistry |
One of the most basic tasks in spectroscopy is to characterize the spectrum of a light source: how much light is emitted at each different wavelength. The most straightforward way to measure a spectrum is to pass the light through a monochromator, an instrument that blocks all of the light except the light at a certain... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Edwin "Ed" Vedejs was born in Riga, Latvia to Velta (nee Robežnieks) and Nikolajs Vedējs. Not long after his birth, the German occupation of Latvia during World War II occurred followed by the Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944. These events forced his family to settle in the Fischbach Displaced Persons camp in Ger... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The key terms involved in redox can be confusing. For example, a reagent that is oxidized loses electrons; however, that reagent is referred to as the reducing agent. Likewise, a reagent that is reduced gains electrons and is referred to as the oxidizing agent. These mnemonics are commonly used by students to help memo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A primary function of floral scent is to attract pollinators and ensure the reproduction of animal-pollinated plants.
Some families of VOCs presented in floral scents have likely evolved as herbivore repellents. However, these plant defenses are also used by herbivores themselves to locate a plant resource, similar to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Crime scene investigators use luminol to find traces of blood, even if someone has cleaned or removed it. The investigator sprays a solution of luminol and the oxidant. The iron in blood catalyses the luminescence. The amount of catalyst necessary to cause the reaction is very small relative to the amount of luminol, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Magma contains dissolved volatile components, as described above. The solubilities of the different volatile constituents are dependent on pressure, temperature and the composition of the magma. As magma ascends towards the surface, the ambient pressure decreases, which decreases the solubility of the dissolved volatil... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Electron phenomenological spectroscopy (EPS) is based on the correlations between integral optical characteristics and properties of substance as a single whole quantum continuum: spectrum-properties and color-properties. According to these laws the physicochemical properties of substance solutions in ultraviolet (UV),... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the conversion of the free essential fatty acids to prostanoids by a two-step process.
In the first step, two molecules of O are added as two peroxide linkages and a 5-member carbon ring is forged near the middle of the fatty acid chain. This forms the short-lived, unstable intermedia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ODS steels creep properties are dependent on the characteristics of the oxide particles in the metal matrix, specifically their ability to prevent dislocation motion as well as the size and distribution of the particles. Hoelzer and coworkers showed that an alloy containing a homogeneous dispersion of 1-5 nm YTiO nanoc... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dda is a molecular motor, specifically a helicase that moves in the 5 end to 3 direction along a nucleic acid phosphodiester backbone, separating two annealed nucleic acid strands, using the free energy released by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Refere... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In some groups of mixotrophic protists, like some dinoflagellates (e.g. Dinophysis), chloroplasts are separated from a captured alga and used temporarily. These klepto chloroplasts may only have a lifetime of a few days and are then replaced. | 5 | Photochemistry |
In organic chemistry, dehalogenation is a set of chemical reactions that involve the cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds; as such, it is the inverse reaction of halogenation. Dehalogenations come in many varieties, including defluorination (removal of fluorine), dechlorination (removal of chlorine), debromination (removal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Some ion channels are classified by the duration of their response to stimuli:
*Transient receptor potential channels: This group of channels, normally referred to simply as TRP channels, is named after their role in Drosophila visual phototransduction. This family, containing at least 28 members, is diverse in its mec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many types of substances are known to interact with amphetamine, resulting in altered drug action or metabolism of amphetamine, the interacting substance, or both. Inhibitors of the enzymes that metabolize amphetamine (e.g., CYP2D6 and FMO3) will prolong its elimination half-life, meaning that its effects will last lon... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In a conventional n-type DSSC, sunlight enters the cell through the transparent SnO:F top contact, striking the dye on the surface of the TiO. Photons striking the dye with enough energy to be absorbed create an excited state of the dye, from which an electron can be "injected" directly into the conduction band of the ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
As is standard for resonance diagrams, a double-headed arrow is used to indicate that the two structures are not distinct entities, but merely hypothetical possibilities. Neither is an accurate representation of the actual compound, which is best represented by a hybrid (average) of these structures, which can be seen ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome encodes its own DNA polymerase for replication. Biomics Biotechnologies has evaluated around 5000 siRNA sequences of this gene for effective knockdown; five sequences were chosen for further investigation and shown to have potent silencing activity when converted into shRNA expression... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The acid dissociation constant for an acid is a direct consequence of the underlying thermodynamics of the dissociation reaction; the pK value is directly proportional to the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction. The value of the pK changes with temperature and can be understood qualitatively based on Le ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At the high temperatures for Earth, no volatiles would be in the solid state, and the dust would be made up of silicate and metal.
The continental crust and lower mantle have average K/U values of about 12,000. mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) or upper mantle have more volatiles and have a K/U ratio of about 19,000.
Vola... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Alkylation of beryllium halide is another common method to react to make an organoberyllium compound such as this:
M is not limited to any main group and/or transition metal. is not limited to phenyl, methyl, methyl oxide, carbene etc. can be any halide such as fluoride, bromide, iodide, or chloride.
An example of su... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Long Harbour Nickel Processing Plant is a Canadian nickel concentrate processing facility located in Long Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador.
Operated by Vale Limited, construction on the plant started in April 2009 and operations began in 2014. Construction costs were in excess of CAD $4.25 billion. Construction... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Carbon can be produced in stars at least as massive as the Sun by fusion of three helium-4 nuclei: He + He + He --> C. This is the triple alpha process.
In stars as massive as the Sun, carbon 12 is also converted to carbon 13 and then onto nitrogen 14 by fusion with protons. C + H --> C + e. C + H --> N. In more massiv... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Another typical example is that of the particles in a nucleus of an atom. The radius of the nucleus is roughly:
where A is the number of nucleons.
The number density of nucleons in a nucleus is therefore:
This density must be divided by two, because the Fermi energy only applies to fermions of the same type. The presen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To name conformations of pyranose, first the conformer is determined. The common conformers are similar to those found in cyclohexane, and these form the basis of the name. Common conformations are chair (C), boat (B), skew (S), half-chair (H) or envelope (E). The ring atoms are then numbered; the anomeric, or hemiacet... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The White catalyst can effect both branched and linear regioselective allylic C-H aminations. In order to promote nucleophilic attack at the internal terminus of the π-allyl to generate branched product, a tethered N-sulfonyl carbamate nucleophile is used. This strategy has been applied to the synthesis of 1,2 and 1,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many substances can form gels when a suitable thickener or gelling agent is added to their formula. This approach is common in manufacture of wide range of products, from foods to paints and adhesives.
In fiber optic communications, a soft gel resembling hair gel in viscosity is used to fill the plastic tubes containin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Brownian motors are nanoscale or molecular machines that use chemical reactions to generate directed motion in space. The theory behind Brownian motors relies on the phenomenon of Brownian motion, random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) resulting from their collision with the fast-moving mol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dexrazoxane has been used to protect the heart against the cardiotoxic side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs such as anthracyclines, such as daunorubicin or doxorubicin or other chemotherapeutic agents. However, in July 2011 the European Medicines Agency (EMA) released a statement restricting use only in adult patient... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Two types of convective heat transfer may be distinguished:
* Free or natural convection: when fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that result from the density variations due to variations of thermal ±temperature in the fluid. In the absence of an internal source, when the fluid is in contact with a hot surface,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Green rust compounds can be synthesized at ordinary ambient temperature and pressure, from solutions containing iron(II) cations, hydroxide anions, and the appropriate intercalatory anions, such as chloride, sulfate, or carbonate.
The result is a suspension of ferrous hydroxide () in a solution of the third anion. This... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid is believed to take place entirely within peroxisomes.
#Phytanic acid is first attached to CoA to form phytanoyl-CoA.
#Phytanoyl-CoA is oxidized by phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase, in a process using Fe and O, to yield 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA.
#2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA is cleaved by 2-hydroxyph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term "autoinduction" was first coined in 1970, when it was observed that the bioluminescent marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri produced a luminescent enzyme (luciferase) only when cultures had reached a threshold population density. At low cell concentrations, V. fischeri did not express the luciferase gene. However... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Urea (46-0-0) accounts for more than fifty percent of the world's nitrogenous fertilizers. It is found in granular or prill form, which allows urea to be easily stored, transported and applied in agricultural settings. It is also the cheapest form of granular nitrogen fertilizer. Since urea is not an oxidizer at standa... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A push-pull olefin is a type of olefin characterized by an electron-withdrawing substituent on one side of the double bond and an electron-donating substituent on the other side. This makes the pi bond very polarized. The rotational barrier for a push-pull olefin is lower than that of an ordinary olefin and this makes ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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