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RFLP stands for restriction fragment length polymorphism and, in terms of DNA analysis, describes a DNA testing method which utilizes restriction enzymes to "cut" the DNA at short and specific sequences throughout the sample. To start off processing in the laboratory, the sample has to first go through an extraction pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aluminium-based nanogalvanic alloys refer to a class of nanostructured metal powders that spontaneously and rapidly produce hydrogen gas upon contact with water or any liquid containing water as a result of their galvanic metal microstructure. It serves as a method of hydrogen production that can take place at a rapid ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The use of plasmids as a technique in molecular biology is supported by bioinformatics software. These programs record the DNA sequence of plasmid vectors, help to predict cut sites of restriction enzymes, and to plan manipulations. Examples of software packages that handle plasmid maps are ApE, Clone Manager, GeneCons... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A sublimatory or sublimation apparatus is equipment, commonly laboratory glassware, for purification of compounds by selective sublimation. In principle, the operation resembles purification by distillation, except that the products do not pass through a liquid phase. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A typical vapor phase osmometer consists of: (1) two thermistors, one with a polymer-solvent solution droplet adhered to it and another with a pure solvent droplet adhered to it; (2) a thermostatted chamber with an interior saturated with solvent vapor; (3) a liquid solvent vessel in the chamber; and (4) an electric ci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most trace fossils are known from marine deposits. Essentially, there are two types of traces, either exogenic ones, which are made on the surface of the sediment (such as tracks) or endogenic ones, which are made within the layers of sediment (such as burrows).
Surface trails on sediment in shallow marine environments... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Experimental solid state heat engines, operating from the relatively small temperature differences in cold and hot water reservoirs, have been developed since the 1970s, including the Banks Engine, developed by Ridgway Banks. | 8 | Metallurgy |
N terminus - N-acetylhexosamine 1-dehydrogenase - N-acylmannosamine 1-dehydrogenase - N-formylmethionylaminoacyl-tRNA deformylase - N-isopropylammelide isopropylaminohydrolase - Na+-transporting two-sector ATPase - NADH:ubiquinone reductase (Na+-transporting) - native gel - nematode Her-1 - neolactotetraosylceramide al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Castner process for production of sodium metal was introduced in 1888 by Hamilton Castner. At that time (prior to the introduction in the same year of the Hall-Héroult process) the primary use for sodium metal was as a reducing agent to produce aluminium from its purified ores. The Castner process reduced the cost ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As they are inert, perfluoroalkanes have essentially no chemical uses, but their physical properties have led to their use in many diverse applications. These include:
*Perfluorocarbon tracer
*Liquid dielectric
*Chemical vapor deposition
*Organic Rankine cycle
*Fluorous biphasic catalysis
*Cosmetics
*Ski waxes
As well ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Sand particles range in size (about 0.05–2 mm). Sand is the most coarse of the particle groups. Sand has the largest pores and soil particles of the particle groups. It also drains the most easily. These particles become more involved in chemical reactions when coated with clay. | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the laboratory, for ICSI treatments, the identified eggs are stripped of surrounding cells (also known as cumulus cells) and prepared for fertilisation. An oocyte selection may be performed prior to fertilisation to select eggs that can be fertilised, as it is required they are in metaphase II. There are cases in wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The human trace amines include:
While not trace amines themselves, the classical monoamines norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine are all partial agonists at the human TAAR1 receptor; dopamine is a high-affinity agonist at human TAAR1. and are endogenous amines in humans, however, their human TAAR1 binding has not... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The number of reported harmful algal blooms (cyanobacterial) has been increasing throughout the world. It is unclear whether the apparent increase in frequency and severity of HABs in various parts of the world is in fact a real increase or is due to increased observation effort and advances in species identification ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In an electrolyte or a colloidal suspension, the Debye length for a monovalent electrolyte is usually denoted with symbol κ
where
* I is the ionic strength of the electrolyte in number/m units,
* ε is the permittivity of free space,
* ε is the dielectric constant,
* k is the Boltzmann constant,
* T is the absolute temp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay measures the antioxidant capacity of a given substance, as compared to the standard, Trolox. Most commonly, antioxidant capacity is measured using the ABTS Decolorization Assay. Other antioxidant capacity assays which use Trolox as a standard include the diphenylp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1984 Kocienski received the Hickinbottom Fellowship of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1997. He won the Marie Curie Medal in 1997. Since 2000 he has been a foreign member of Polish Academy of Sciences. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sulfones are typically prepared by organic oxidation of thioethers, often referred to as sulfides. Sulfoxides are intermediates in this route. For example, dimethyl sulfide oxidizes to dimethyl sulfoxide and then to dimethyl sulfone. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Negishi died in Indianapolis, Indiana, on June 6, 2021. He was 85 years old. No funeral services took place in the United States, but his family planned to lay him to rest in Japan in 2022. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* In acids: violet
* At equivalence point (pH 5.2): grey
* In bases: green
Methylene blue functions to change the red-yellow shift of methyl red to a more distinct violet-green shift. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The essential components of a spectroradiometric system are as follows:
*Input optics that gather the electromagnetic radiation from the source (Diffusers, Lenses, Fiber optic light guides)
*An entrance slit, determines how much light will enter the spectrometer. A smaller slit with have greater resolution, but less ov... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Whether or not the principle of maximum power efficiency can be considered the fourth law of thermodynamics and the fourth principle of energetics is moot. Nevertheless, H.T. Odum also proposed a corollary of maximum power as the organisational principle of evolution, describing the evolution of microbiological systems... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In general, no good evidence supports the commonly held belief that vitamin D supplements can help prevent osteoporosis. Its general use for prevention of this disease in those without vitamin D deficiency is thus likely not needed. For older people with osteoporosis, taking vitamin D with calcium may help prevent hip ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to a more specific definition presented by Trasatti, the absolute electrode potential is the difference in electronic energy between a point inside the metal (Fermi level) of an electrode and a point outside the electrolyte in which the electrode is submerged (an electron at rest in vacuum).
This potential is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transcription factor II F (TFF) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.
TFF is encoded by the , , and genes.
TFF binds to RNA polymerase II when the enzyme is already unbound to any other transcription factor, thus preventing it from contacting DNA outs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclopropyl cyanide is an organic compound consisting of a nitrile group as a substituent on a cyclopropane ring. It is the smallest cyclic compound containing a nitrile. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Proteomics permits the quantitative analysis and detection of changes to proteins or protein biomarkers. Protein biomarkers detect a variety of biological changes, such as protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications and immunological responses. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cementation is a type of precipitation, a heterogeneous process in which ions are reduced to zero valence at a solid metallic interface. The process is often used to refine leach solutions.
Cementation of copper is a common example. Copper ions in solution, often from an ore leaching process, are precipitated out of s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Janet Gretchen Osteryoung (March 1, 1939 – September 21, 2021) was an American chemist who was the director of the Chemistry Division of the National Science Foundation from 1994 to 2001. Her research furthered the development of electroanalysis and especially that of square wave voltammetry. She was elected a Fellow o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the original paper Ginzburg and Landau observed the existence of two types of superconductors depending
on the energy of the interface between the normal and superconducting states. The Meissner state breaks down when the applied magnetic field is too large. Superconductors can be divided into two classes according... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Few episodes of euxinia are evident in the sedimentary record during the Cenozoic. Since the end of the Cretaceous OAEs, it is most likely that the oceanic bottom waters have stayed oxic. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Translational glycobiology or applied glycobiology is the branch of glycobiology and glycochemistry that focuses on developing new pharmaceuticals through glycomics and glycoengineering. Although research in this field presents many difficulties, translational glycobiology presents applications with therapeutic glycoco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are currently very few ova banks in existence.
Generally, the main purpose of storing ova, at present, is to overcome infertility which may arise at a later age, or due to a disease. The ova are generally collected between 31 and 35 years of age.
The procedure of collecting ova may or may not include ovarian hype... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The SSA can be simply calculated from a particle size distribution, making some assumption about the particle shape. This method, however, fails to account for surface associated with the surface texture of the particles. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bamboos and the related rice have an improved C3 efficiency. This improvement might be due to its ability to recapture CO produced during photorespiration, a behavior termed "carbon refixation". These plants achieve refixation by growing chloroplast extensions called "stromules" around the stroma in mesophyll cells, so... | 5 | Photochemistry |
*[http://www.prepaintedmetal.eu prepaintedmetal.eu]
*[http://www.prepaintedmetalacademy.eu prepaintedmetalacademy.eu]
*[http://www.creativebuilding.eu creativebuilding.eu]
*[http://www.creativeroofing.eu creativeroofing.eu] | 8 | Metallurgy |
Silicon carbide is used as a raw ingredient in some glazes applied to ceramics. At high temperatures it can reduce metal oxides forming silica and carbon dioxide. This can be used to make the glaze foam and crater due to the evolved carbon dioxide gas, or to reduce the colorant oxides and achieve colors such as coppe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In this example we will use the five liquids in the Table 2 (Liquid Data) to find the critical wetting surface tension needed to effectively wet PC (polycarbonate) using the Zisman Plot.
The data of the liquids given from the table above is then graphed on the Zisman Plot (Figure 2) with the independent variable as the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
where is specific enthalpy, is dissipation function and is temperature. And where
i.e. internal energy per unit volume equals mass density times the sum of: proper energy per unit mass, kinetic energy per unit mass, and gravitational potential energy per unit mass.
i.e. change in heat per unit volume (negative diver... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
UIT enables life extension of steel bridges. This technique has been employed in numerous US states as well as other nations. The result is a greatly reduced cost of infrastructure. UIT has been certified for this use by AASHTO.
The use of UIT on draglines and other heavy equipment in the mining industry has resulted i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Research efforts have been focused on determining how thalidomide causes birth defects and its other activities in the human body, efforts to develop safer analogs, and efforts to find further uses for thalidomide. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Golgi enzymes play a key role in determining the synthesis of the various types of glycans. The order of action of the enzymes is reflected in their position in the Golgi stack: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Müllerian strategy is usually contrasted with Batesian mimicry, in which one harmless species adopts the appearance of an unprofitable species to gain the advantage of predators avoidance; Batesian mimicry is thus in a sense parasitic on the models defences, whereas Müllerian is to mutual benefit. However, because ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Martian atmosphere contains high abundances of photochemically produced CO and H, which are reducing molecules. Mars' atmosphere is otherwise mostly oxidizing, leading to a source of untapped energy that life could exploit if it used by a metabolism compatible with one or both of these reducing molecules. Because t... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Carbon-neutral fuel is fuel which produces no net-greenhouse gas emissions or carbon footprint. In practice, this usually means fuels that are made using carbon dioxide (CO) as a feedstock. Proposed carbon-neutral fuels can broadly be grouped into synthetic fuels, which are made by chemically hydrogenating carbon dioxi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The cosmetic industry claims that the UV filter acts as an "artificial melanin". But those artificial substances used in sunscreens do not efficiently dissipate the energy of the UV photon as heat. Instead these substances have a very long excited state lifetime. In fact, the substances used in sunscreens are often use... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the 1960s and 70s various studies showed that the D–L test was not specific to cannabis, although some flawed studies claimed to show the opposite. A 1969 UK government scientist reported twenty-five plant substances giving a D–L test result very similar to that of cannabis and warned that the D–L test "should never... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a phosphite ester or organophosphite usually refers to an organophosphorous compound with the formula P(OR). They can be considered as esters of an unobserved tautomer phosphorous acid, HPO, with the simplest example being trimethylphosphite, P(OCH). Some phosphites can be considered esters of th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
By combining topographic image formation with tomographic image reconstruction, distributions of defects can be resolved in three dimensions. Unlike "classical" computed tomography (CT), image contrast is not based on differences in absorption (absorption contrast), but on the usual contrast mechanisms of topography (d... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Z2 spin liquid obtained using slave-particle approach may be the first theoretical example of string-net liquid. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In equation , stands for the rate constant of t-BuCl reaction in 80% aqueous Ethanol, which is chosen as the reference. The variable stands for the rate constant of the same reaction in a different solvent system, such as ethanol-water, methanol-water, and acetic acid-formic acid. Thus, Y reflects the ionizing power ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, an ynone is an organic compound containing a ketone () functional group and a triple bond. Many ynones are α,β-ynones, where the carbonyl and alkyne groups are conjugated. Capillin is a naturally occurring example. Some ynones are not conjugated. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, folding is the process by which a molecule assumes its shape or conformation. The process can also be described as intramolecular self-assembly, a type of molecular self-assembly, where the molecule is directed to form a specific shape through noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, metal coo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In basic medium, OH ions and water are added to balance each half-reaction. For example, in a reaction between potassium permanganate and sodium sulfite:
:Unbalanced reaction: KMnO + NaSO + HO → MnO + NaSO + KOH
:Reduction: 3 e + 2 HO + → MnO + 4 OH
:Oxidation: 2 OH + → + HO + 2 e
Here, spectator ions (K, Na) were o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Evidence showing neurturin’s role in neuron survival and management has made it a popular candidate for the potential treatment or reversal of neurodegeneration. In addition, mice models have shown the dying neurons exposed to trophic factors can be rescued. Neurturin is an example of a trophic factor that is difficul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In polymer chemistry, a copolymer is a polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. The polymerization of monomers into copolymers is called copolymerization. Copolymers obtained from the copolymerization of two monomer species are sometimes called bipolymers. Those obtained from three and four monomers are ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The phenomenon of macromolecular crowding alters the properties of molecules in a solution when high concentrations of macromolecules such as proteins are present. Such conditions occur routinely in living cells; for instance, the cytosol of Escherichia coli contains about 300– of macromolecules. Crowding occurs since ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Scintillation counters are usually not ideal for the detection of heavy ions for three reasons:
# the very high ionizing power of heavy ions induces quenching effects which result in a reduced light output (e.g. for equal energies, a proton will produce 1/4 to 1/2 the light of an electron, while alphas will produce onl... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In Molecular biology, an insert is a piece of DNA that is inserted into a larger DNA vector by a recombinant DNA technique, such as ligation or recombination. This allows it to be multiplied, selected, further manipulated or expressed in a host organism.
Inserts can range from physical nucleotide additions using a tech... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sour crude oil has high natural sulphur content (at least 0.5%). Extra treatment is required in the refining process; impurities are removed to refine the crude into gasoline. Due to the greater cost associated, it is more commonly refined into fuel oil and diesel - less valuable outputs than products of sweet crude oi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Communication between neurons happens primarily through chemical neurotransmission at the synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles for release from the presynaptic cell into the synapse, from where they diffuse and can bind to postsynaptic receptors. While most presynaptic cells are historically t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the United States, immediate release (IR) formulations of dextroamphetamine sulfate are available generically as 5 mg and 10 mg tablets, marketed by Barr (Teva Pharmaceutical Industries), Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Wilshire Pharmaceuticals, Aurobindo Pharmaceutical USA and CorePharma. Previous IR tablets sold und... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Sawdust is flammable and accumulations provide a ready source of fuel. Airborne sawdust can be ignited by sparks or even heat accumulation and result in dust fire or explosions. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizing agent under acidic conditions. Acidity is usually achieved by the addition of sulfuric acid. The reaction of potassium dichromate with organic compounds is given by:
where . Most commonly, a 0.25 N solution of potassium dichromate is used for COD determination, although for sa... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Transposable elements represent one of several types of mobile genetic elements. TEs are assigned to one of two classes according to their mechanism of transposition, which can be described as either copy and paste (Class I TEs) or cut and paste (Class II TEs). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Furthermore, one can assess whether the folding proceeds according to a two-state unfolding as described above. This can be done with differential scanning calorimetry by comparing the calorimetric enthalpy of denaturation i.e. the area under the peak, to the van 't Hoff enthalpy described as follows:
at the can be ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
GABA degradation pathways exists in almost all eukaryotic organisms and takes place by the action of similar enzymes. Although, GABA in E.coli is predominantly used as an alternative source of energy through GABA degradation pathways, GABA in higher eukaryotic organisms acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and also a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trimethyl orthoformate (TMOF) is the organic compound with the formula HC(OCH). A colorless liquid, it is the simplest orthoester. It is a reagent used in organic synthesis for the formation of methyl ethers. The product of reaction of an aldehyde with trimethyl orthoformate is an acetal. In general cases, these acetal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Typically the presence of an amine functional group is deduced by a combination of techniques, including mass spectrometry as well as NMR and IR spectroscopies. H NMR signals for amines disappear upon treatment of the sample with DO. In their infrared spectrum primary amines exhibit two N-H bands, whereas secondary am... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To begin to generate an isolobal fragment, the molecule needs to follow certain criteria. Molecules based around main group elements should satisfy the octet rule when all bonding and nonbonding molecular orbitals (MOs) are filled and all antibonding MOs are empty. For example, methane is a simple molecule from which t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If the hydration energy is greater than the lattice energy, then the enthalpy of solution is negative (heat is released), otherwise it is positive (heat is absorbed).
The hydration energy should not be confused with solvation energy, which is the change in Gibb's free energy (not enthalpy) as solute in the gaseous stat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Larive began her career as a professor in the chemistry department at the University of Kansas, and later joined the faculty of the University of California, Riverside, in 2005. Since 2004 she has served as the editor-in-chief of the Analytical Sciences Digital Library.
In February 2017, Larive was appointed interim pr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An estimated 550,000 people live in the triangle of death. The annual death rate per 100,000 inhabitants from liver cancer is approximately 38.4 for men and 20.8 for women in this area, as compared to the national average of 14. The death rate for bladder cancer and cancer of the central nervous system was also higher ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The mutual information,
is the relative entropy of the joint probability distribution from the product of the two marginal probability distributions — i.e. the expected number of extra bits that must be transmitted to identify and if they are coded using only their marginal distributions instead of the joint distri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After a genomic library is constructed with a viral vector, such as lambda phage, the titer of the library can be determined. Calculating the titer allows researchers to approximate how many infectious viral particles were successfully created in the library. To do this, dilutions of the library are used to transform c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Addition reactions occur when nucleophiles react with carbonyls. When a nucleophile adds to a simple aldehyde or ketone, the result is a 1,2-addition. When a nucleophile adds to a conjugated carbonyl system, the result is a 1,4-addition. The designations 1,2 and 1,4 are derived from numbering the atoms of the starti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Small Tim proteins are synthesised lacking a cleavable presequence, but instead containing internal targeting information and need to be imported to the intermembrane space. The intermembrane space import and assembly machinery (MIA) is believed to mediate transport of the small Tim precursors into the intermembrane sp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2-Iodophenol (o-iodophenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the formula ICHOH. It is a pale yellow solid that melts near room temperature. It undergoes a variety of coupling reactions in which the iodine substituent is replaced by a new carbon group ortho to the hydroxy group of the phenol, which can be followed ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The correct structure of heme C was published in mid 20th century by the Swedish biochemist K.-G. Paul. This work confirmed the structure first inferred by the great Swedish biochemist Hugo Theorell. The structure of heme C, based upon NMR and IR experiments of the reduced Fe(II) form of the heme, was confirmed in 197... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When studying or discussing explosive safety, or the safety of systems containing explosives, the terms deflagration, detonation and deflagration-to-detonation transition (commonly referred to as DDT) must be understood and used appropriately to convey relevant information. As explained above, a deflagration is a subso... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Meropenem is administered intravenously as an aqueous solution. Meropenem is stored in vials as white crystalline powder (containing meropenem as the trihydrate blended with anhydrous sodium carbonate). For intravenous administration, the powder is dissolved in 5% monobasic potassium phosphate solution, since meropenem... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Myristoylation plays a vital role in membrane targeting and signal transduction in plant responses to environmental stress. In addition, in signal transduction via G protein, palmitoylation of the α subunit, prenylation of the γ subunit, and myristoylation is involved in tethering the G protein to the inner surface o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chinese mythology generally reflects a time when metallurgy had long been practiced. According to the Romanian anthropologist, orientalist, and philosopher Mircea Eliade, the Iron Age produced a large number of rites, myths and symbols; the blacksmith was the main agent of diffusion of mythology, rites and metallurgica... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Adding a monolayer to the surface reduces the surface tension, and the surface pressure, is given by the following equation:
where is equal to the surface tension of the water and is the surface tension due to the monolayer. But the concentration-dependence of surface tension (similar to Langmuir isotherm) is as fol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Epoxidation of alkenes is a common reaction because epoxides can be derivatized in a number of useful ways. Classically, laboratory epoxidation is carried out with mCPBA or other peracids. Oxaziridines have been found to be useful for the formation of highly acid sensitive epoxides. (−)-Chaetominine was synthesized via... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ArcB consists of 778 amino acids. It is a multipass transmembrane protein that passes through the inner membrane twice. The majority of the secondary structure of ArcB is alpha helices; five alpha helices and one beta sheet. The two transmembrane portions of the protein are 20 amino acid long alpha helices that are bot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In November 1949, with the seminal paper, "Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease", in Science magazine, Linus Pauling, Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine. In 1956, Roger J. Williams wrote Biochemical Individuality, a prescient book about genetic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxacillin is a penicillinase-resistant β-lactam. It is similar to methicillin, and has replaced methicillin in clinical use. Other related compounds are nafcillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin. Since it is resistant to penicillinase enzymes, such as that produced by Staphylococcus aureus, it is wide... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The dynamic behavior of compressible flows is governed by the dimensionless thermodynamic quantity , which is known as the fundamental derivative of gasdynamics and is defined as
where
* is the speed of sound [m/s];
* is the specific entropy per unit mass [J/(kg K)].
From a mathematical point of view, the fundamental... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flooding occurs when a watercourse is unable to convey the quantity of runoff flowing downstream. The frequency with which this occurs is described by a return period. Flooding is a natural process, which maintains ecosystem composition and processes, but it can also be altered by land use changes such as river enginee... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
RajanBabu received his B. Sc (Special) from Kerala University in 1969 and M. Sc. degree from The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT, Madras) in 1971. He obtained his Ph. D. from The Ohio State University in 1979 working with Professor Harold Shechter, and was a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University with Professor... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In many pairs of liquids, there is no uniformity of attractive forces, i.e., the adhesive (between dissimilar molecules) and cohesive forces (between similar molecules) are not uniform between the two liquids. Therefore, they deviate from Raoult's law, which applies only to ideal solutions. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several numerical studies of small lattice systems appear to tentatively confirm the predictions of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis in interacting systems which would be expected to thermalize. Likewise, systems which are integrable tend not to obey the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis.
Some analytical res... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Normality is defined as the molar concentration divided by an equivalence factor . Since the definition of the equivalence factor depends on context (which reaction is being studied), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and National Institute of Standards and Technology discourage the use of normalit... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fumonisin B2 is a fumonisin mycotoxin produced by the fungi Fusarium verticillioides (formerly Fusarium moniliforme) and Aspergillus niger.
It is a structural analog of fumonisin B3, while it is lacking one hydroxy group compared to fumonisin B1.
Fumonisin B2 is more cytotoxic than fumonisin B1. Fumonisin B2 inhibits s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A synomone is an interspecific semiochemical that is beneficial to both interacting organisms, the emitter and receiver, e.g. floral synomone of certain Bulbophyllum species (Orchidaceae) attracts fruit fly males (Tephritidae: Diptera) as pollinators, so can be classed as an attractant. In this true mutualistic inter-r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The DNA sequencing methods used in the 1970s and 1980s were manual; for example, Maxam–Gilbert sequencing and Sanger sequencing. Several whole bacteriophage and animal viral genomes were sequenced by these techniques, but the shift to more rapid, automated sequencing methods in the 1990s facilitated the sequencing of t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Concretes are produced from natural plant materials—mainly flowers. Some of the most popular natural flowers used are rose, lavender, jasmine, tuberose, jonquil, and ylang-ylang. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosphites, sometimes called phosphite esters, have the general structure P(OR) with oxidation state +3. Such species arise from the alcoholysis of phosphorus trichloride:
:PCl + 3 ROH → P(OR) + 3 HCl
The reaction is general, thus a vast number of such species are known. Phosphites are employed in the Perkow r... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fractoluminescence is often used as a synonym for triboluminescence. It is the emission of light from the fracture (rather than rubbing) of a crystal, but fracturing often occurs with rubbing. Depending upon the atomic and molecular composition of the crystal, when the crystal fractures, a charge separation can occur... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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