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Electrostatic interaction: In an aqueous environment, the oppositely charged groups in amino acid side chains within the active site and substrates attract each other, which is termed electrostatic interaction. For example, when a carboxylic acid (R-COOH) dissociates into RCOO and H ions, COO will attract positively ch... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A desmut solution can be applied to the surface of aluminium to remove contaminates. Nitric acid is typically used to remove smut (residue), but is being replaced because of environmental concerns. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding, along with covalent bonding and me... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In some cells certain amino acids can be depleted and thus affect translation efficiency. For instance, activated T cells secrete interferon-γ which triggers intracellular tryptophan shortage by upregulating the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme. Surprisingly, despite tryptophan depletion, in-frame protein sy... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1964 Impalco decided to offer Fulmer for sale.
At that time Dr (later Sir) James Taylor, who was Chairman of Imperial Metal Industries (IMI), was also the Honorary Treasurer of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society (IOP). He proposed that IOP should acquire Fulmer and thus become the first Learned Societ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A valve exerciser is a device that operates a valve periodically in order to prevent it from becoming so stiff that it no longer works. Valves that are left in a static position for a long time may corrode, or become blocked with mineral deposits. Electronic valve exercisers can provide information on the health of a v... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The process is named after the Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher Luigi Galvani (9 September 1737 – 4 December 1798). The earliest known example of galvanized iron was discovered on 17th-century Indian armour in the Royal Armouries Museum collection in the United Kingdom.
The term "galvanized" ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The armed/disarmed approach to glycosylation is an effective way to prevent sugar molecules from self-glycosylation when synthesizing disaccharides. This approach was first recognized when acetylated sugars only acted as glycosyl acceptors when reacted with benzylated sugars. The acetylated sugars were termed “disarme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Large surface-to-volume ratios and low coordination of surface atoms are primary reasons for the unique reactivity of nanoclusters. Thus, nanoclusters are widely used as catalysts. Gold nanocluster is an excellent example of a catalyst. While bulk gold is chemically inert, it becomes highly reactive when scaled down to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Reiner Salzer (Chair), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
*Pavel Drašar (Past-Chair), University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
*Evangelia Varella (Secretary), University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
*a number of members | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP or HMB-PP) is an intermediate of the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The enzyme HMB-PP synthase (GcpE, IspG) catalyzes the conversion of 2-C-methyl--erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) into HMB-PP. HMB-PP is then converted furt... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The simplest way to understand the origin of RUMs is to consider the balance between the numbers of constraints and degrees of freedom of the network, an engineering analysis that dates back to James Clerk Maxwell and which was introduced to amorphous materials by Jim Phillips and Mike Thorpe. If the number of constrai... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fine particles dispersed in the atmosphere can serve as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby cause marine cloud brightening
Eventually all FeCl particles are washed out of the air and fall on land or water, where they dissolve into iron compounds and salt.
Iron salt aerosols may also therefore contribute to iron ferti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In a 1998 analysis of the E. coli genome, a large number of genes with unknown function were designated names beginning with the letter y, followed by sequentially generated letters without a mnemonic meaning (e.g., ydiO and ydbK). Since being designated, some y-genes have been confirmed to have a function, and assigne... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Closed-cell metal foam was first reported in 1926 by Meller in a French patent where foaming of light metals, either by inert gas injection or by blowing agent, was suggested. Two patents on sponge-like metal were issued to Benjamin Sosnik in 1948 and 1951 who applied mercury vapor to blow liquid aluminium.
Closed-cell... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In crystallography, the R-factor (sometimes called residual factor or reliability factor or the R-value or R) is a measure of the agreement between the crystallographic model and the experimental X-ray diffraction data. In other words, it is a measure of how well the refined structure predicts the observed data. The va... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lead isotope analysis is a technique for determining the source of ore in ancient smelting. Lead isotope composition is a signature of ore deposits and varies very little throughout the whole deposit. Also, lead isotope composition is unchanged in the smelting process.
The amount of each of the four stable isotopes of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In standard Golden Gate Cloning, the restriction sites from the previous tier construct cannot be reused. To add more genes to the construct, restriction sites of a different Type IIS restriction enzyme need to be added to the destination vector. This can be done using either level 2, or M and P. A variant version of l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cell-free protein array technology produces protein microarrays by performing in vitro synthesis of the target proteins from their DNA templates. This method of synthesizing protein microarrays overcomes the many obstacles and challenges faced by traditional methods of protein array production that have prevented wides... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bronze and brass are both copper alloys that are solid solution strengthened. Bronze is the result of adding about 12% tin to copper while brass is the result of adding about 34% zinc to copper. Both of these alloys are being utilized in coins production, ship hardware, and art. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In biochemistry, lipogenesis is the conversion of fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or a metabolic process through which acetyl-CoA is converted to triglyceride for storage in fat. Lipogenesis encompasses both fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, with the latter being the process by which fatty acids are esterified... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CAM plants, such as cacti and succulent plants, also use the enzyme PEP carboxylase to capture carbon dioxide, but only at night. Crassulacean acid metabolism allows plants to conduct most of their gas exchange in the cooler night-time air, sequestering carbon in 4-carbon sugars which can be released to the photosynthe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
GLV release is correlated with fruit ripeness. Although this may be of effect in attracting pollinators, it also can cause issues if these GLV’s attract predators. One such example of this is with boll weevils, as an increase of GLV release when the plants are ripe has been found to increase the predation rate of these... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In bacteria and fungi, the sulfur assimilation pathway is similar to that in plants, where inorganic sulfate is reduced to sulfide, and then incorporated into cysteine and other sulfur-containing compounds.
Bacteria and fungi can absorb inorganic sulfate from the environment through a sulfate transporter, which is regu... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycoside hydrolases are classified into EC 3.2.1 as enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of O- or S-glycosides. Glycoside hydrolases can also be classified according to the stereochemical outcome of the hydrolysis reaction: thus they can be classified as either retaining or inverting enzymes. Glycoside hydrolases can als... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). It works by removing all the introns (non-coding regions of RNA) and splicing back together exons (coding regions). For nuclear-encoded genes, splicing occur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cryophorus was first described by William Hyde Wollaston in an 1813 paper titled, "On a method of freezing at a distance." | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Modern direct measurements are based on precision measurements of the atomic energy levels in hydrogen and deuterium, and measurements of scattering of electrons by nuclei. There is most interest in knowing the charge radii of protons and deuterons, as these can be compared with the spectrum of atomic hydrogen and deut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Amoxicillin is occasionally used for the treatment of skin infections, such as acne vulgaris. It is often an effective treatment for cases of acne vulgaris that have responded poorly to other antibiotics, such as doxycycline and minocycline. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of human-equivalent energy (H-e) assists in understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a “feel” for the use of a given amount of energy by expressing it in terms of the relative quantity of energy needed for human metabolism, assum... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Within the environmental sciences, screening broadly refers to a set of analytical techniques used to monitor levels of potentially hazardous organic compounds in the environment, particularly in tandem with mass spectrometry techniques. Such screening techniques are typically classified as either targeted, where compo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The transition temperature of an ELP depends to a certain extent on the identity of the "X" residue found at the fourth position of the pentapeptide monomeric unit. Residues that are highly hydrophobic, such as leucine and phenylalanine, tend to decrease the transition temperature. On the other hand, residues that are ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Joback method (often named Joback/Reid method) predicts eleven important and commonly used pure component thermodynamic properties from molecular structure only. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection technique employing ultraviolet (UV) light, particularly UV-C (180-280 nm), to kill or inactivate microorganisms. UVGI primarily inactivates microbes by damaging their genetic material, thereby inhibiting their capacity to carry out vital functions.
The use of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
:V09XX01 Cobalt (Co) cyanocobalamine
:V09XX02 Cobalt (Co) cyanocobalamine
:V09XX03 Selenium (Se) norcholesterol
:V09XX04 Ferric (Fe) citrate | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine is the official journal of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM). It is also the official journal of the Association of Clinical Biochemists in Ireland, the Belgian Society of Clinical Chemistry, the German United Society of Clinical Chem... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Phytobenthos are subcategorized into microphytobenthos and macrophytobenthos. Microphytobenthos such as diatoms can be as small as 0.2 μm in diameter, and macrophytobenthos such as kelps can be tens of meters long. To establish themselves on surfaces, phytobenthos usually stabilize themselves onto substrates through th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bernard Courtois, also spelled Barnard Courtois, (8 February 1777 – 27 September 1838) was a French chemist credited with first isolating iodine, making early photography possible.
By 1811 the Napoleonic Wars had made the government-controlled saltpeter business taper off since there was by then a shortage of wood ashe... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Carbonate was defined as "a compound formed by the union of carbonic acid with an earth, alkali, or metallic oxide [...] they are distinguished by the property of effervescing on the addition of an acid" The definition expands upon fixed air being fixated within carbonate to suggest carbonic acid is a constituent of ca... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (1532–1585), while an interested amateur and not a professional pharmacist, is now considered to have been the first female pharmacist in Germany.
* Caterina Vitale (1566–1619) was the first female pharmacist and chemist in Malta, and the first female pharmacist of the Knights Hos... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To image time-dependent, periodically fluctuating phenomena, topography can be combined with stroboscopic exposure techniques. In this way, one selected phase of a sinusoidally varying movement is selectively images as a "snapshot". First applications were in the field of surface acoustic waves on semiconductor surface... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A number of metal borates are known. They can be obtained by treating boric acid or boron oxides with metal oxides. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) stabilise against weathering by scavenging free radicals that are produced by photo-oxidation of the polymer matrix. UV-absorbers stabilise against weathering by absorbing ultraviolet light and converting it into heat. Antioxidants stabilise the polymer by terminating the chain r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nanogeoscience is the study of nanoscale phenomena related to geological systems. Predominantly, this is investigated by studying environmental nanoparticles between 1–100 nanometers in size. Other applicable fields of study include studying materials with at least one dimension restricted to the nanoscale (e.g. thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The equilibrium concentrations of the products and reactants do not directly depend on the total pressure of the system. They may depend on the partial pressure of the products and reactants, but if the number of moles of gaseous reactants is equal to the number of moles of gaseous products, pressure has no effect on e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The critical edition of the Vaisheshika Sutras are divided into ten chapters, each subdivided into two sections called āhnikas: | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pseudoephedrine amides undergo deprotonation by a strong base such as lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to give the corresponding (Z)-enolates. Alkylation of these lithium enolates proceeds with high facial selectivity.
<br />
The diastereoselectivity is believed to result from a configuration wherein one face of the lith... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Permeable solutions can be based on porous asphalt and concrete surfaces, concrete pavers (permeable interlocking concrete paving systems – PICP), or polymer-based grass pavers, grids and geocells. Porous pavements such as pervious concrete and pervious asphalt are better suited for urbanized areas that see more freque... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The distribution of hydraulic head through an aquifer determines where groundwater will flow. In a hydrostatic example (first figure), where the hydraulic head is constant, there is no flow. However, if there is a difference in hydraulic head from the top to bottom due to draining from the bottom (second figure), the w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Resazurin can be used as one of a series of rapid tests to determine the quality of a milk sample. In this test, resazurin is added as a violet redox dye which turns mauvish-pink due to conversion to resorufin and then to colourless dihydroresorufin. This happens due to lowering of the oxidation-reduction potential in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* The Physics and Chemistry of Wave Packets, with John Yeazell [https://books.google.com/books?id=_sScnHz1kfsC&dq=Turgay+Uzer&pg=PP9 at books.google]
* Lecture Notes on Atomic and Molecular Physics with Şakir Erkoç [https://books.google.com/books?id=KWssMj81fpkC&q=Lecture+Notes+on+Atomic+and+Molecular+Physics at books.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Control of the process of gene transcription affects patterns of gene expression and, thereby, allows a cell to adapt to a changing environment, perform specialized roles within an organism, and maintain basic metabolic processes necessary for survival. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that the activity of RNAP is lo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
But what happens to the pressure conditions in the flow if you change the flow speed? The scientist Daniel Bernoulli dealt with this question as early as the beginning of the 18th century. Based on the considerations of continuity mentioned above, and incorporating the conservation of energy, he linked the two quantiti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In August 1962 the Ministry of Health announced it was forming a poisons information service. This was after the Emergency Treatment in Hospital of Cases of Acute Poisoning published by the Central Health Services Council in March 1962. Many more household chemicals were on the market, and the chemical composition was ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The stable isotope composition of amino acids refers to the abundance of heavy and light non-radioactive isotopes of carbon (C and C), nitrogen (N and N), and other elements within these molecules. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are synthesized from alpha-keto acid precursors that are in turn int... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1949, Saul Winstein observed that 2-exo-norbornyl brosylate (p-bromobenzenesulfonate) and 2-endo-norbornyl tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate) gave a racemic mixture of the same product, 2-exo-norbornyl acetate, upon acetolysis (see Figure 6). Since tosylates and brosylates work equally well as leaving groups, he conclude... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The polymerase chain reaction method is used to quantify nucleic acids by amplifying a nucleic acid molecule with the enzyme DNA polymerase. Conventional PCR is based on the theory that amplification is exponential. Therefore, nucleic acids may be quantified by comparing the number of amplification cycles and amount of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ethyl chloroformate is a highly toxic, flammable, corrosive substance. It causes severe burns when comes in contact with eyes and/or skin, can be harmful if swallowed or inhaled. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sulfides are typically prepared by alkylation of thiols. Alkylating agents include not only alkyl halides, but also epoxides, aziridines, and Michael acceptors.
Such reactions are usually conducted in the presence of a base, which converts the thiol into the more nucleophilic thiolate. Analogously, the reaction of disu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hexamethylenetetramine was first introduced into the medical setting in 1895 as a urinary antiseptic. It was officially approved by the FDA for medical use in the United States in 1967. However, it was only used in cases of acidic urine, whereas boric acid was used to treat urinary tract infections with alkaline urine.... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Thyrotroph Thyroid Hormone Sensitivity Index (TTSI, also referred to as Thyrotroph T4 Resistance Index or TT4RI) was developed to enable fast screening for resistance to thyroid hormone. Somewhat similar to the TSH Index it is calculated from equilibrium values for TSH and FT4, however with a different equation. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Senapathy analyzed the distribution of the ORF lengths in computer-generated random DNA sequences first. Surprisingly, this study revealed that about 200 codons (600 bases) was the upper limit in ORF lengths. The shortest ORF (zero base in length) was the most frequent. At increasing lengths of ORFs, their frequency de... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Traditional classification shows several theoretical and practical deficiencies. One of the most important is the fact that no perfectly isentropic fluid exists. Isentropic fluids have two extrema (ds/dT=0) on the saturation vapour curve. Practically, there are some fluids which are very close to this behaviour or at l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A YAC is built using an initial circular DNA plasmid, which is typically cut into a linear DNA molecule using restriction enzymes; DNA ligase is then used to ligate a DNA sequence or gene of interest into the linearized DNA, forming a single large, circular piece of DNA. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.11.4256] The b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
;Cryosurgical systems
A number of medical supply companies have developed cryogen delivery systems for cryosurgery. Most are based on the use of liquid nitrogen, although some employ the use of proprietary mixtures of gases that combine to form the cryogen. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Greenhouse Project was started in 2008 by a small group of public school parents and educators to facilitate hands-on learning, not only to teach about food and nutrition, but also to help children make educated choices regarding their impact on the environment.
The laboratory is typically built as a traditional gr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*X-ray crystallography
*NMR
*Electron microscopy
*Molecular dynamics
*Mass spectrometry
*Isotopic labeling | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Secondary treatment systems are classified as fixed-film or suspended-growth systems A great number of secondary treatment processes exist, see List of wastewater treatment technologies. The main ones are explained below. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Early vacuum experimenters found a rather surprising behavior. An arc would sometimes take place in a long irregular path rather than at the minimal distance between the electrodes. For example, in air, at a pressure of one atmosphere, the distance for minimal breakdown voltage is about 7.5 μm. The voltage required to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The effectiveness of honeycomb, in reducing the swirl and turbulence level, is studied by simulating the flow field using standard k-ε turbulence model in commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD is the most precise and economical approach to estimate the effectiveness of a honeycomb.
A computational domain o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The lime industry is a significant carbon dioxide emitter. The manufacture of one tonne of calcium oxide involves decomposing calcium carbonate, with the formation of 785 kg of CO in some applications, such as when used as mortar; this CO is later re-absorbed as the mortar goes off.
If the heat supplied to form the lim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The methylglyoxal pathway is an offshoot of glycolysis found in some prokaryotes, which converts glucose into methylglyoxal and then into pyruvate. However unlike glycolysis the methylglyoxal pathway does not produce adenosine triphosphate, ATP. The pathway is named after the substrate methylglyoxal which has three c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
[https://digitalinsights.qiagen.com/products-overview/discovery-insights-portfolio/analysis-and-visualization/qiagen-ipa/ Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA)] is a metabolic pathway analysis software package that helps researchers model, analyze, and comprehend complex biological systems by associating specific metabolite... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This step is very critical and important for any molecular-based technique since it ensures that the small RNA fragments found in the samples to be analyzed are characterized by a good level of purity and quality. There are different purification methods that can be used, based on the purposes of the experiment:
* aci... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Beginning with this initial sequence:<br />
The complement created by base pairing is:<br />
The reverse complement is:<br />
And, the inverted repeat sequence is:<br />
"nnnnnn" represents any number of intervening nucleotides. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Today, the College comprises one of the largest chemistry programs in the nation, with a faculty of 96 professors, researchers, and lecturers and an enrollment of 963 undergraduate, 539 postgraduate, and 123 postdoctoral students. In the spring of 2021, the College conferred 187 bachelor's degrees and 93 graduate degr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cellosaurus is an online knowledge base on cell lines, which attempts to document all cell lines used in biomedical research. It is provided by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB). It is an ELIXIR Core Data Resource as well as an IRDiRC's Recognized Resource. It is the contributing resource for cell lines on t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics and chemistry, a selection rule, or transition rule, formally constrains the possible transitions of a system from one quantum state to another. Selection rules have been derived for electromagnetic transitions in molecules, in atoms, in atomic nuclei, and so on. The selection rules may differ according to t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) structures were studied using both photo-methionine (photo-activatable) and bifunctional cross linkers. Photo-methionine used in COX-2 had shown just as the bifunctional cross-linker that there was a dimeric structure which this was consistent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many coal-firing power stations use flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) to remove sulfur-containing gases from their stack gases. For a typical coal-fired power station, FGD will remove 95% or more of the SO in the flue gases. An example of FGD is the wet scrubber which is commonly used. A wet scrubber is basically a reacti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some species secrete gels that are effective in parasite control. For example, the long-finned pilot whale secretes an enzymatic gel that rests on the outer surface of this animal and helps prevent other organisms from establishing colonies on the surface of these whales' bodies.
Hydrogels existing naturally in the bod... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In Australia, the average age of women undergoing ART treatment is 35.5 years among those using their own eggs (one in four being 40 or older) and 40.5 years among those using donated eggs. While IVF is available in Australia, Australians using IVF are unable to choose their baby's gender. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1893, the American botanist Charles Reid Barnes proposed two terms, photosyntax and photosynthesis, for the biological process of synthesis of complex carbon compounds out of carbonic acid, in the presence of chlorophyll, under the influence of light. The term photosynthesis is derived from the Greek phōs (φῶς, glea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The idea of a database to document all known molecular interactions was originally put forth by Tony Pawson in the 1990s and was later developed by scientists at the University of Toronto in collaboration with the University of British Columbia. The development of the Biomolecular Interaction Network Database (BIND) ha... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Typical levels of beryllium that industries may release into the air are of the order of , averaged over a 30-day period, or of workroom air for an 8-hour work shift. Compliance with the current U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit for beryllium of has been determined t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H, or hydrogen ion, gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' en... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SNP genotyping is the measurement of genetic variations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between members of a species. It is a form of genotyping, which is the measurement of more general genetic variation. SNPs are one of the most common types of genetic variation. An SNP is a single base pair mutation at a s... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since their discovery in the 1970s, many restriction enzymes have been identified; for example, more than 3500 different Type II restriction enzymes have been characterized. Each enzyme is named after the bacterium from which it was isolated, using a naming system based on bacterial genus, species and strain. For examp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
SOFIA provides, among other things, methods to diagnose prion diseases by detection of PrP in biological samples. Samples can be brain tissue, nerve tissue, blood, urine, lymphatic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, or a combination thereof. Absence of PrP indicates no infection with the infectious agent up to the detection l... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A knockout moss is a kind of genetically modified moss. One or more of the moss's specific genes are deleted or inactivated ("knocked out"), for example by gene targeting or other methods. After the deletion of a gene, the knockout moss has lost the trait encoded by this gene. Thus, the function of this gene can be inf... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Water is the most abundant substance on Earths surface and also the third most abundant molecule in the universe, after and . 0.23 ppm of the earths mass is water and 97.39% of the global water volume of 1.38 km is found in the oceans.
Water is far more prevalent in the outer Solar System, beyond a point called the fr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Air turbines spin the burr in high-speed dental handpieces, at speeds over 180,000 rpm, but with limited torque. A turbine is small enough to fit in the tip of a handpiece without adding to the weight. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lectin and antibody arrays provide high-throughput screening of many samples containing glycans. This method uses either naturally occurring lectins or artificial monoclonal antibodies, where both are immobilized on a certain chip and incubated with a fluorescent glycoprotein sample.
Glycan arrays, like that offered by... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
S is made by neutron bombardment of Cl
:Cl + n → S + p
It decays by beta-decay with a half-life of 87.51 days. It is used to label the sulfur-containing amino-acids methionine and cysteine. When a sulfur atom replaces an oxygen atom in a phosphate group on a nucleotide a thiophosphate is produced, so S can also be use... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inadequate magnesium intake frequently causes muscle spasms, and has been associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, anxiety disorders, migraines, osteoporosis, and cerebral infarction. Acute deficiency (see hypomagnesemia) is rare, and is more common as a drug side-effect (such as chronic a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of oxacillin is contraindicated in individuals that have experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to any medication in the penicillin family of antibiotics. Cross-allergenicity has been documented in individuals taking oxacillin that experienced a previous hypersensitivity reaction when given cephalosporins and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnetoelastic filaments are one-dimensional composite structures that exhibit both magnetic and elastic properties. Interest in these materials tends to focus on the ability to precisely control mechanical events using an external magnetic field. Like piezoelectricity materials, they can be used as actuators, but do n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Warburg diffusion element is an equivalent electrical circuit component that models the diffusion process in dielectric spectroscopy. That element is named after German physicist Emil Warburg.
A Warburg impedance element can be difficult to recognize because it is nearly always associated with a charge-transfer res... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Current methods to radiofluorinate non-activated aromatic rings are generally limited to esoteric electrophilic [F]F reactions, transition-metal mediated, or iodonium salt based methods. The Vasdev Lab has a long-established history of labeling non-activated aromatics and recently discovered a simple synthetic strategy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An action spectrum is a graph of the rate of biological effectiveness plotted against wavelength of light. It is related to absorption spectrum in many systems. Mathematically, it describes the inverse quantity of light required to evoke a constant response. It is very rare for an action spectrum to describe the level... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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