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The IIR holds international conferences and congresses on key themes which include:
* natural refrigerants
* the cold chain
* magnetic refrigeration
* cryogenics
* compressors
* phase-change materials and slurries
* thermophysical properties and transfer processes of refrigerants
* new technologies | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Physicochemical distance is a measure that assesses the difference between replaced amino acids. The value of distance is based on properties of amino acids. There are 134 physicochemical properties that can be used to estimate similarity between amino acids. Each physicochemical distance is based on different composit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ions of opposite charge are naturally attracted to each other by the electrostatic force. This is described by Coulomb's law:
where is the force of attraction, and are the magnitudes of the electrical charges, is the dielectric constant of the medium and is the distance between the ions. For ions in solution this ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Additive effects can occur with drugs with either equivalent or overlapping actions, or independent actions. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Corrosive compounds, especially O and CO must be removed, usually by use of a deaerator. Residual amounts can be removed chemically, by use of oxygen scavengers. Additionally, feed water is typically alkalized to a pH of 9.0 or higher, to reduce oxidation and to support the formation of a stable layer of magnetite on t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lamellar phase refers generally to packing of polar-headed long chain nonpolar-tail molecules in an environment of bulk polar liquid, as sheets of bilayers separated by bulk liquid. In biophysics, polar lipids (mostly, phospholipids, and rarely, glycolipids) pack as a liquid crystalline bilayer, with hydrophobic fatty ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The school of metalwork in Mosul is believed to have been founded in the early 13th century under Zengid patronage. During this time, the Zengid region was operating as a vassal under the Ayyubid Sultanate. Control over Mosul as a city central to trade between China, the Mediterranean, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia was con... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many vertebrate axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath, allowing rapid and efficient saltatory ("jumping") propagation of action potentials. The contacts between neurons and glial cells display a very high level of spatial and temporal organization in myelinated fibers. The myelinating glial cells - oligodendrocytes i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The cyclol hypothesis is the now discredited first structural model of a folded, globular protein, formulated in the 1930s. It was based on the cyclol reaction of peptide bonds proposed by physicist Frederick Frank in 1936, in which two peptide groups are chemically crosslinked. These crosslinks are covalent analogs ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A significant indentation on the middle section of the pillar, approximately from the current courtyard ground level, has been shown to be the result of a cannonball fired at close range. The impact caused horizontal fissuring of the column in the area diametrically opposite to the indentation site, but the column its... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This standard method is recognized by EPA, which is labeled Method 5210B in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. In order to obtain BOD, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a sample must be measured before and after the incubation period, and appropriately adjusted by the sample corresp... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pumps vary in pressure capacity, but their performance is measured on their ability to yield a consistent and reproducible volumetric flow rate. Pressure may reach as high as 60 MPa (6000 lbf/in), or about 600 atmospheres. Modern HPLC systems have been improved to work at much higher pressures, and therefore are able t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound is any substance that increases the availability of oxygen in body tissues by influencing the molecular structure of water in blood plasma and thereby promoting the movement (diffusion) of oxygen through plasma. Oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds have shown promise in the treatm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In physics and chemistry, specifically in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and electron spin resonance (ESR), the Bloch equations are a set of macroscopic equations that are used to calculate the nuclear magnetization M = (M, M, M) as a function of time when relaxation times T and T a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chemolithotrophy is a type of metabolism where energy is obtained from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. Most chemolithotrophic organisms are also autotrophic. There are two major objectives to chemolithotrophy: the generation of energy (ATP) and the generation of reducing power (NADH). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Synthetic polymers invariably consist of a mixture of macromolecular species with different degrees of polymerization and therefore of different molecular weights. There are different types of average polymer molecular weight, which can be measured in different experiments. The two most important are the number averag... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Highly charged ions interact strongly with water, breaking hydrogen bonds and inducing electrostatic structuring of nearby water, and are thus called "structure-makers" or "kosmotropes". Conversely, weak ions can disrupt the structure of water, and are thus called "structure-breakers" or
"chaotropes". The order ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Another form of the Colebrook-White equation exists for free surfaces. Such a condition may exist in a pipe that is flowing partially full of fluid. For free surface flow:
The above equation is valid only for turbulent flow. Another approach for estimating f in free surface flows, which is valid under all the flow regi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the US, more copper is recovered and put back into service from recycled material than is derived from newly mined ore. Copper's recycle value is so great that premium-grade scrap normally has at least 95% of the value of primary metal from newly mined ore. In Europe, about 50% of copper demand comes from recycling ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Autoinducer-2 (AI-2), a furanosyl borate diester or tetrahydroxy furan (species dependent), is a member of a family of signaling molecules used in quorum sensing. AI-2 is one of only a few known biomolecules incorporating boron. First identified in the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi, AI-2 is produced and recognized by... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An ion-neutral complex in chemistry is an aggregate of an ion with one or more neutral molecules in which at least one of the partners has a rotational degree of freedom about an axis perpendicular to the intermolecular direction In chemistry, the dissociation of a molecule into two or more fragments can take place i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface runoff can cause erosion of the Earth's surface; eroded material may be deposited a considerable distance away. There are four main types of soil erosion by water: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion and gully erosion. Splash erosion is the result of mechanical collision of raindrops with the soil surfa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Podsolisation is an extreme form of leaching which causes the eluviation of iron and aluminium sesquioxides.
The process generally occurs in areas where precipitation is greater than evapotranspiration. The minerals are removed by a process known as leaching.
When organic material is broken down nutrients are released... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Further research with double layers on ruthenium dioxide films in 1971 by Sergio Trasatti and Giovanni Buzzanca demonstrated that the electrochemical behavior of these electrodes at low voltages with specific adsorbed ions was like that of capacitors. The specific adsorption of the ions in this region of potential coul... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bencao Gangmu calls the concoction miren (蜜人), translated as "honey person" or "mellified man". Miziren (蜜漬人 "honey-saturated person") is a modern synonym. The place it comes from is Tianfangguo, an old name for Arabia or the Middle East. The Chinese munaiyi (木乃伊), along with "mummy" loanwords in many other languages, ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, a calibration curve, also known as a standard curve, is a general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration. A calibration curve is one approach to the problem of instrument calibrati... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In some considerations, hydrology is thought of as starting at the land-atmosphere boundary and so it is important to have adequate knowledge of both precipitation and evaporation. Precipitation can be measured in various ways: disdrometer for precipitation characteristics at a fine time scale; radar for cloud properti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The set of all possible positions r and momenta p is called the phase space of the system; in other words a set of three coordinates for each position coordinate x, y, z, and three more for each momentum component , , . The entire space is 6-dimensional: a point in this space is , and each coordinate is parameterized b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 2008, Acambis announced work on a universal flu vaccine (ACAM-FLU-ATM) based on the less variable M2 protein component of the flu virus shell. See also H5N1 vaccines.
In 2009, the Wistar Institute in Pennsylvania received a patent for using "a variety of peptides" in a flu vaccine, and announced it was seeking a cor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The adhesion of gas or liquid molecules to the surface is known as adsorption. This can be due to either chemisorption or physisorption, and the strength of molecular adsorption to a catalyst surface is critically important to the catalyst's performance (see Sabatier principle). However, it is difficult to study these ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The curing process can be monitored by measuring changes in various parameters:
*the concentration of specific reactive resin species using spectroscopic methods such as FTIR & Raman;
*the refractive index or fluorescence of the resin (optical property);
*the internal resin strain (mechanical property) with the use of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In operating batteries and fuel cells, charge transfer coefficient is the parameter that signifies the fraction of overpotential that affects the current density. This parameter has had a mysterious significance in electrochemical kinetics for over three quarters of the previous century. It can also be said that charge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Photofragment ion imaging or, more generally, Product Imaging is an experimental technique for making measurements of the velocity of product molecules or particles following a chemical reaction or the photodissociation of a parent molecule. The method uses a two-dimensional detector, usually a microchannel plate, to ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value. The repolarization phase usually returns the membrane potential back to the resting memb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During springtime in the polar regions of Earth, unique photochemistry converts inert halide salt ions (e.g. Br) into reactive halogen species (e.g. Br atoms and BrO) that episodically deplete ozone in the atmospheric boundary layer to near zero levels. These processes are favored by light and low temperature condition... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Oxidative deamination is the first step to breaking down the amino acids so that they can be converted to sugars. The process begins by removing the amino group of the amino acids. The amino group becomes ammonium as it is lost and later undergoes the urea cycle to become urea, in the liver. It is then released into th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are non-autonomous, non-coding transposable elements (TEs) that are about 100 to 700 base pairs in length. They are a class of retrotransposons, DNA elements that amplify themselves throughout eukaryotic genomes, often through RNA intermediates. SINEs compose about 13% of the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A large group of bacterial exotoxins are referred to as "A/B toxins", in essence because they are formed from two subunits. The "A" subunit possesses enzyme activity, and is transferred to the host cell following a conformational change in the membrane-bound transport "B" subunit. Pertussis toxin is an exotoxin with si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Coriolis meter shown in fig.(8) is very accurate in single-phase conditions but inaccurate to measure two-phase flows. It poses a complex fluid structure interaction problem in case of two-phase operation. There is a scarcity of theoretical models available to predict the errors reported by Coriolis meter in aforementi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HDAC8 has been found to be most similar to HDAC3. Its major feature is its catalytic domain which contains an NLS region in the center. Two transcripts of this HDAC have been found which include a 2.0kb transcript and a 2.4kb transcript. Unlike the other HDAC molecules, when purified, this HDAC showed to be enzymatical... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Manganese is an essential biological element in all organisms. It is used in many enzymes and proteins. It is essential in plants. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Upon heating to 420 °C, it rearranges to form the meta isomer. The para isomer is produced by heating to temperatures above 600 °C. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Also known as a "bonderizer" bonding agents (spelled dentin bonding agents in American English) are resin materials used to make a dental composite filling material adhere to both dentin and enamel.
Bonding agents are often methacrylates with some volatile carrier and solvent like acetone. They may also contain diluent... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early Naiyyayikas wrote very little about Ishvara (literally, the Supreme Soul). Evidence available so far suggests that early Nyāya scholars were non-theistic or atheists. Later, and over time, Nyāya scholars tried to apply some of their epistemological insights and methodology to the question: does God exist? Some of... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The rpoB gene encodes the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase and the homologous plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). It codes for 1342 amino acids in E. coli, making it the second-largest polypeptide in the bacterial cell. It is targeted by the rifamycin family of antibacterials, such as rifampin. Mutations in rpo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Thus it was noted that along the reaction coordinate of pericyclic processes one could have either a Möbius or a Hückel array of basis orbitals. With 4n or 4n + 2 electrons, one is then led to a prediction of allowedness or forbiddenness. Additionally, the M–H mnemonics give the MOs at part reaction. At each degeneracy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Nyāya theory of error is similar to that of Kumarilas Viparita-khyati (see Mimamsa). The Naiyyayikas also believe like Kumarila that error is due to a wrong synthesis of the presented and the represented objects. The represented object is confused with the presented one. The word anyatha<nowiki/> means elsewise and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There have been very few commercial uses for blue billy, either as a by-product of production or as a means of disposal when unintended deposits are discovered.
It has been offered for sale as an ingredient in sulfuric acid production, although with little commercial acceptance.
In the past, blue billy has been sold as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hybridization is a basic property of nucleotide sequences and is taken advantage of in numerous molecular biology techniques. Overall, genetic relatedness of two species can be determined by hybridizing segments of their DNA (DNA-DNA hybridization). Due to sequence similarity between closely related organisms, higher t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Muscleblind Like Splicing Regulator 1 (MBNL1) is an RNA splicing protein that in humans is encoded by the MBNL1 gene. It has a well characterized role in Myotonic dystrophy where impaired splicing disrupts muscle development and function. In addition to regulating mRNA maturation of hundreds of genes MBNL1 (along with ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sulfide ion, S, does not exist in aqueous alkaline solutions of NaS. Instead sulfide converts to hydrosulfide:
:S + HO → SH + OH
Upon treatment with an acid, sulfide salts convert to hydrogen sulfide:
:S + H → SH
:SH + H → HS
Oxidation of sulfide is a complicated process. Depending on the conditions, the o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many types of substances are known to interact with amphetamine, resulting in altered drug action or metabolism of amphetamine, the interacting substance, or both. Inhibitors of the enzymes that metabolize amphetamine (e.g., CYP2D6 and FMO3) will prolong its elimination half-life, meaning that its effects will last lon... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aluminium chloride finds a wide variety of other applications in organic chemistry. For example, it can catalyse the ene reaction, such as the addition of 3-buten-2-one (methyl vinyl ketone) to carvone:
It is used to induce a variety of hydrocarbon couplings and rearrangements.
Aluminium chloride combined with aluminiu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Concentration of rNTPs within the cell is 10 to 10 times higher than the concentration of dNTP. Thus, during DNA replication the higher concentration of rNTP poses a problem as it can be erroneously incorporated into the developing DNA strand by DNA polymerases. The usage of RNA primers during DNA replication is an exa... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
tert-butyl hydroperoxide is potentially dangerous, but explosions are rare.
A solution of tert-butyl hydroperoxide and water with a concentration of greater than 90% is forbidden to be shipped according to US Department of Transportation Hazardous Materials Table 49 CFR 172.101.
In some sources it also has an NFPA 704 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The mechanism of the above reaction has not been resolved, but it has been suggested that is found in its ionic form and the reaction proceeds via nucleophilic attack of by (from dissociation). Elimination of HCl (the major side product) creates a reactive nucleophilic intermediate
which through further attack of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Gray arsenic, also called grey arsenic or metallic arsenic, is the most stable allotrope of the element at room temperature, and as such is its most common form. This soft, brittle allotrope of arsenic has a steel gray, metallic color, and is a good conductor. The rhombohedral form of this allotrope is analogous to the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In solution, the acid and the hydrogen rhodizonate ion are mostly hydrated, with some of the carbonyl groups >C=O replaced by geminal hydroxyls, . | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
On September 27, 2012, NASA scientists announced that the Curiosity rover found evidence for an ancient streambed suggesting a "vigorous flow" of water on Mars.
On December 3, 2012, NASA reported that Curiosity performed its first extensive soil analysis, revealing the presence of water molecules, sulfur and chlorine ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marie-Louise von Franz describes in her introduction to Ibn Umails "Book of the Explanation of the Symbols — Kitāb Ḥall ar-Rumūz" the contributions of Islamic alchemy as follows: In the 7th to 8th century, Islamic scholars were mainly concerned with translating ancient Hermetic-Gnostic texts without changing them. Grad... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The similarities to graphite also include the possibility of scotch-tape delamination (exfoliation), resulting in phosphorene, a graphene-like 2D material with excellent charge transport properties, thermal transport properties and optical properties. Distinguishing features of scientific interest include a thickness d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An outron is a nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of the primary transcript of a gene that is removed by a special form of RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product. Whereas intron sequences are located inside the gene, outron sequences lie outside the gene. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
3-phosphoglycerate can be separated and measured using paper chromatography as well as with column chromatography and other chromatographic separation methods. It can be identified using both gas-chromatography and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry and has been optimized for evaluation using tandem MS techniques. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element on earth. It is the fourth most abundant element in vertebrates and the most abundant divalent cation within cells. The most available form of magnesium (Mg) for living organisms can be found in the hydrosphere. The concentration of Mg in seawater is around 55 mM. Mg is rea... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Subfractions of LDL cholesterol that are implicated in causing atherosclerosis have reduced levels of sialic acid. These include small high density LDL particles and electronegative LDL. Reduced levels of sialic acid in small high density LDL particles increases the affinity of those particles for the proteoglycans in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In more common usage, an oxidizing agent transfers oxygen atoms to a substrate. In this context, the oxidizing agent can be called an oxygenation reagent or oxygen-atom transfer (OAT) agent. Examples include (permanganate), (chromate), OsO (osmium tetroxide), and especially (perchlorate). Notice that these species a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The insert is created by PCR using Taq polymerase. This polymerase lacks 3 to 5 proofreading activity and, with a high probability, adds a single, 3-adenine overhang to each end of the PCR product. It is best if the PCR primers have guanines at the 5 end as this maximizes probability of Taq DNA polymerase adding the te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The report commissioned from Atkins Global by Rochdale council, at a cost of £80,000, was published in July 2006 and claimed that previous tests on the land, carried out on behalf of the developers, were not thorough enough, and that extensive work would be required before councillors should even consider the controver... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
* 1881, Jecker Prix, Section de Chimie de L' Academie des Sciences for contributions to organic chemistry | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gene deserts are regions of the genome that are devoid of protein-coding genes. Gene deserts constitute an estimated 25% of the entire genome, leading to the recent interest in their true functions. Originally believed to contain inessential and “junk” DNA due to their inability to create proteins, gene deserts have si... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pharmacologic down-regulation of (mTOR) pathway during chemotherapy in a mouse model prevents activation of primordial follicles, preserves ovarian function, and maintains normal fertility using clinically available inhibitors INK and RAD. In that way, it helps to maintain fertility while undergoing chemotherapy treatm... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In small capillary hemodynamics, the cell-free layer is a near-wall layer of plasma absent of red blood cells since they are subject to migration to the capillary center in Poiseuille flow. Cell-free marginal layer model is a mathematical model which tries to explain Fåhræus–Lindqvist effect mathematically. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
William C. Brown demonstrated in 1964, during Walter Cronkite's CBS News program, a microwave-powered model helicopter that received all the power it needed for flight from a microwave beam. Between 1969 and 1975, Bill Brown was technical director of a JPL Raytheon program that beamed 30 kW of power over a distance of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lingual organoids are organoids that recapitulate, at least partly, aspects of the tongue physiology. Epithelial lingual organoids have been generated using BMI1 expressing epithelial stem cells in three-dimensional culture conditions through the manipulation of EGF, WNT, and TGF-β. This organoid culture, however, lac... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The ocean's chemistry is changing due to the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO). Ocean pH, carbonate ion concentrations ([CO]), and calcium carbonate mineral saturation states (Ω) have been declining as a result of the uptake of approximately 30% of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions over the past 270 ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Replication timing domains have been shown to be associated with TADs as their boundary is co localized with the boundaries of TADs that are located at either sides of compartments. Insulated neighborhoods, DNA loops formed by CTCF/cohesin-bound regions, are proposed to functionally underlie TADs. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For double bonded molecules, Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules (CIP rules) are followed to determine the priority of substituents of the double bond. If both of the high priority groups are on the same side of the double bond (cis configuration), then the stereoisomer is assigned the configuration Z (zusammen, German w... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The manufacture and installation of pressure piping is tightly regulated by the ASME "B31" code series such as B31.1 or B31.3 which have their basis in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). This code has the force of law in Canada and the US. Europe and the rest of the world has an equivalent system of codes... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There is evidence for multiple euxinic events during the Phanerozoic. It is most likely that euxinia was periodic during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, but geologic data is too sparse to draw any large scale conclusions. In this eon, there is some evidence that euxinic events are potentially linked with mass extinction ev... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anoxic conditions result from a combination of environmental conditions including density stratification, inputs of organic material or other reducing agents, and physical barriers to water circulation. In fjords, shallow sills at the entrance may prevent circulation, while at continental boundaries, circulation may b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the computation of a LIC image is expensive but inherently parallel, it has also been parallelized and, with availability of GPU-based implementations, it has become interactive on PCs. Also for UFLIC an interactive GPU-based implementation has been presented. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Permeable paving systems, especially those with porous surfaces, require maintenance in order to keep the pores clear of fine aggregates as to not hinder the systems ability to infiltrate stormwater. The frequency of cleaning is again dependent on many site specific factors, such as runoff volume, neighboring sites and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selenols are structurally similar to thiols, but the bond is about 8% longer at 196 pm. The angle approaches 90°. The bonding involves almost pure p-orbitals on Se, hence the near 90 angles. The bond energy is weaker than the bond, consequently selenols are easily oxidized and serve as H-atom donors. The Se-H bond ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Chandrasekhar number is usually denoted by the letter , and is motivated by a dimensionless form of the Navier-Stokes equation in the presence of a magnetic force in the equations of magnetohydrodynamics:
where is the Prandtl number, and is the magnetic Prandtl number.
The Chandrasekhar number is thus defined as... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are three standard positions for pressure tappings (also called taps), commonly named as follows:
* placed immediately upstream and downstream of the plate; convenient when the plate is provided with an orifice carrier incorporating tappings
* or placed one pipe diameter upstream and half a pipe diameter downstr... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A more accurate approach as claimed by Grunenberg is to exploit compliance constants as means for describing chemical bonds as shown below.
All the calculated compliance constants above are given in N unit. For both n-butane and cyclobutane, the results are the same regardless of the choice of the coordinate systems. O... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
At the nanoscale, size effects and different dimensional constraints, like grain boundaries, dislocations, and distribution of voids, can tremendously change the properties of a material. Nanolattices possess unparalleled mechanical properties. Nanolattices are the strongest existing cellular materials despite being ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
By the Late Bronze Age, the copper bun ingot, either in a simple form or with a hole in its center, had become the main form of copper ingot, replacing the earlier ‘bar ingot’ or rippenbarre. Weights of complete examples average ~4 kg, but examples of up to about 7 kg are known. Many early finds of British LBA bun ingo... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In aerobic cells with sufficient oxygen, as in most human cells, the pyruvate is further metabolized. It is irreversibly converted to acetyl-CoA, giving off one carbon atom as the waste product carbon dioxide, generating another reducing equivalent as NADH. The two molecules acetyl-CoA (from one molecule of glucose) th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Knudsen number can be related to the Mach number and the Reynolds number.
Using the dynamic viscosity
with the average molecule speed (from Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution)
the mean free path is determined as follows:
Dividing through by L (some characteristic length), the Knudsen number is obtained:
where
: is the... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cumulative effects from this process should not be confused with long-term effects – when short-term effects have disappeared and long-term effects are subclinical, reirradiation can still be problematic. These doses are calculated by the radiation oncologist and many factors are taken into account before the subsequen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the first step the polymers are processed by means of common techniques, such as injection or extrusion, thermoforming, at a temperature (T) at which the polymer melts, obtaining a final shape which is called "permanent" shape.
The next step is called system programming and involves heating the sample to a transitio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The theoretically predicted maximum of the melting curve (the prerequisite for the liquid metallic hydrogen) was discovered by Shanti Deemyad and Isaac F. Silvera by using pulsed laser heating. Hydrogen-rich molecular silane () was claimed to be metallized and become superconducting by M.I. Eremets et al.. This claim i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) tried and failed to organize the steelworkers in 1919. Although the strike gained widespread middle-class support because of its demand and the 12-hour day, the strike failed and unionization was postponed until the late 1930s. The mills ended the 12-hour day in the early 1920s.
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
During operation, Mount Polley runs four shifts. There is a day shift and a night shift each running twelve hours. Around 370 workers work these shifts seven days on and then get seven days off. About 50 staff include administrators, supervisors, warehouse operators, engineers, geologists, assayers, technical personnel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
18-Crown-6 binds to a variety of small cations, using all six oxygens as donor atoms. Crown ethers can be used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalysts. Salts which are normally insoluble in organic solvents are made soluble by crown ether. For example, potassium permanganate dissolves in benzene in the presence o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monocyclic cycloalkenes are cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, and so on. Bicyclic alkenes include norbornene and norbornadiene.
Two more examples are shown below, methylenecyclohexane on the left and 1-methylcyclohexene on the right:
An exocyclic group is always shown outs... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Debye length has become increasingly significant in the modeling of solid state devices as improvements in lithographic technologies have enabled smaller geometries.
The Debye length of semiconductors is given:
where
* ε is the dielectric constant,
* k is the Boltzmann constant,
* T is the absolute temperature in k... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cytochrome c is a highly conserved protein across the spectrum of eukaryotic species, found in plants, animals, fungi, and many unicellular organisms. This, along with its small size (molecular weight about 12,000 daltons), makes it useful in studies of cladistics. Cytochrome c has been studied for the glimpse it gives... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
For pure substances so that . In a single phase () condition of a pure component system, two variables (), such as temperature and pressure, can be chosen independently to be any pair of values consistent with the phase. However, if the temperature and pressure combination ranges to a point where the pure component u... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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