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IMFP data can be collected from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Electron Inelastic-Mean-Free-Path Database or the NIST Database for the Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis (SESSA). The data contains IMFPs determined by EPES for energies below 2 keV. Otherwise, IMFPs can be dete... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An alternative method for analyzing the autocorrelation function can be achieved through an inverse Laplace transform known as CONTIN developed by Steven Provencher. The CONTIN analysis is ideal for heterodisperse, polydisperse, and multimodal systems that cannot be resolved with the cumulant method. The resolution for... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biophysical organic chemistry is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry.
Natural product chemistry is the process of Identifying compounds found in nature to determine their properties. Compound discoveries have and often lead to medicinal uses, develop... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
First a strongly hydrophobic essential oil such as trans-anethole is dissolved in a water-miscible solvent, such as ethanol, and the ethanol itself forms a solution (a homogenous mixture) with water.
If then the concentration of ethanol is lowered by addition of more water the hydrophobic substance precipitates from t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Hertz–Knudsen equation describes the non-dissociative adsorption of a gas molecule on a surface by expressing the variation of the number of molecules impacting on the surfaces per unit of time as a function of the pressure of the gas and other parameters which characterise both the gas phase molecule and the surfa... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In general, ligands are viewed as electron donors and the metals as electron acceptors, i.e., respectively, Lewis bases and Lewis acids. This description has been semi-quantified in many ways, e.g. ECW model. Bonding is often described using the formalisms of molecular orbital theory.
Ligands and metal ions can be orde... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Porous turf, if properly constructed, can be used for occasional parking like that at churches and stadia. Plastic turf reinforcing grids can be used to support the increased load. Living turf transpires water, actively counteracting the "heat island" with what appears to be a green open lawn. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Azomethine ylides are nitrogen-based 1,3-dipoles, consisting of an iminium ion next to a carbanion. They are used in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to form five-membered heterocycles, including pyrrolidines and pyrrolines. These reactions are highly stereo- and regioselective, and have the potential to form four n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Active blue roof systems control the rate at which water drains from a rooftop through mechanical means. Sometimes referred to as automated roof runoff management systems, active blue roofs use valve configurations and controls to monitor and regulate the discharge of stormwater runoff from roofs. Water ponded on the r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Molecular fly-by collisions take little time, something like 10 s.
Optical transition of collisional complexes of molecules generate spectral
"lines" that are very broad - roughly five orders of magnitude broader
than the most familiar "ordinary" spectral lines (Heisenberg's uncertainty
relation). The resulting spe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of pressure is central to the study of both fluid statics and fluid dynamics. A pressure can be identified for every point in a body of fluid, regardless of whether the fluid is in motion or not. Pressure can be measured using an aneroid, Bourdon tube, mercury column, or various other methods.
Some of the t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Calcareous is used as an adjectival term applied to anatomical structures which are made primarily of calcium carbonate, in animals such as gastropods, i.e., snails, specifically in relation to such structures as the operculum, the clausilium, and the love dart. The term also applies to the calcium carbonate tests of, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Arylsulfonic acids are susceptible to hydrolysis, the reverse of the sulfonation reaction. Whereas benzenesulfonic acid hydrolyzes above 200 °C, most related derivatives are easier to hydrolyze. Thus, heating aryl sulfonic acids in aqueous acid produces the parent arene. This reaction is employed in several scenarios... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A third element was presently supplied in the rich repertory of decorative motives, Egyptian and Assyrian, that was brought to Europe by Phoenician traders or fetched from Asia by adventurous Greeks. A vast amount of oriental merchandise found its way into Greece and Italy around 800 BC. There is some uncertainty about... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
V̇O max is expressed either as an absolute rate in (for example) litres of oxygen per minute (L/min) or as a relative rate in (for example) millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of the body mass per minute (e.g., mL/(kg·min)). The latter expression is often used to compare the performance of endurance sports athletes. How... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Quasi-equilibrium is different from classical chemical equilibrium, but can be described using a similar thermodynamic treatment. Consider the reaction below
where complete equilibrium is achieved between all the species in the system including activated complexes, [AB] . Using statistical mechanics, concentration of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Construction on bay mud sites is difficult because of the soil's low strength and high compressibility. Very lightweight buildings can be constructed on bay mud sites if there is a thick enough layer of non-bay-mud soil above the bay mud, but buildings which impose significant loads must be supported on deep foundation... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydrogen embrittlement (HE), also known as hydrogen-assisted cracking or hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), is a reduction in the ductility of a metal due to absorbed hydrogen. Hydrogen atoms are small and can permeate solid metals. Once absorbed, hydrogen lowers the stress required for cracks in the metal to initiate an... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Empirical scales are based on the measurement of physical parameters that express the property of interest to be measured through some formal, most commonly a simple linear, functional relationship. For the measurement of temperature, the formal definition of thermal equilibrium in terms of the thermodynamic coordinate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Drugs or toxic chemicals are useful in killing pathogenic bacteria or tumor cells, and studying how they mechanistically develop tolerance to a wide range of drugs can improve anti-bacterial and cancer therapeutics. Pdr5p has a similar mechanism of actions and functions to human multidrug resistance protein, whose over... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
11β-hydroxylase has strong catalytic activity during conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, by catalyzing the hydroxylation of carbon hydrogen bond at 11-beta position. Note the extra "–OH" added at the 11 position (near the center, on ring "C"): | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Glycoconjugate is the covalently bonded product of oligosaccharides to the biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. They play indispensable role in the biological activities of mammalian cells from energy generation to cell signalling. These glycoconjugates with short oligosaccharide structures are important for the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A grant of £670,000 was awarded in 1985 by the then Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) to establish a national Mass Spectrometry Center at Swansea University to provide an analytical service to British Universities. It was officially opened in April 1987 by Lord Callaghan. In 2002, the center was enlarged ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Analyses are done to assist in design, operation, maintenance and optimization of water distribution systems. There are two main types of analyses: hydraulic, and water quality behavior as it flows through a water distribution system. Optimizing the design of water distribution networks is a complex task. However, a la... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
All metal castings experience segregation to some extent, and a distinction is made between macrosegregation and microsegregation. Microsegregation refers to localized differences in composition between dendrite arms, and can be significantly reduced by a homogenizing heat treatment. This is possible because the distan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Decellularization (also spelled decellularisation in British English) is the process used in biomedical engineering to isolate the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a tissue from its inhabiting cells, leaving an ECM scaffold of the original tissue, which can be used in artificial organ and tissue regeneration. Organ and ti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
When the two intersecting planes are described in terms of Cartesian coordinates by the two equations
the dihedral angle, between them is given by:
and satisfies It can easily be observed that the angle is independent of and .
Alternatively, if and are normal vector to the planes, one has
where is the dot produc... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The utility of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions is enhanced by the use of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Indeed, Pd-NHC complexes have been proven effective in Suzuki-Miyaura, Negishi, Sonogashira, Kumada-Tamao-Corriu, Hiyama, and Stille cross-coupling. Compared to the corresponding Pd-phosphine catalysts,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Valve positions are operating conditions determined by the position of the disc or rotor in the valve. Some valves are made to be operated in a gradual change between two or more positions. Return valves and non-return valves allow fluid to move in 2 or 1 directions respectively. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Seizures are characterized by high levels of synchronized neuronal activity. One important regulator of neuronal activity is the hyperpolarizing A-type current mediated by potassium channel KV4.2. miR-324-5p downregulates KV4.2, exacerbating conditions that lead to seizure onset, and downregulation of miR-324-5p in mou... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Selenium deficiency can occur in patients with severely compromised intestinal function, those undergoing total parenteral nutrition, and in those of advanced age (over 90). Also, people dependent on food grown from selenium-deficient soil are at risk. Although New Zealand has low levels of selenium in its soil, advers... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The clearest waters occur in oligotrophic ocean regions such as the South Pacific Gyre, tropical coastal waters, glacially-formed lakes with low sediment inputs, and lakes with some kind of natural filtration occurring at the inflow point. Blue Lake in New Zealand holds the record for the highest water clarity of any l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sodium laureth sulfate, or sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), is a detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products (soaps, shampoos, toothpastes, etc.). It is an inexpensive and effective foamer. Sodium lauryl sulfate (also known as sodium dodecyl sulfate or SDS) and ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) are com... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The punkah (fan) was used in India about 500 BCE. It was a handheld fan made from bamboo strips or other plant fiber, that could be rotated or fanned to move air. During British rule, the word came to be used by Anglo-Indians to mean a large swinging flat fan, fixed to the ceiling and pulled by a servant called the pun... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
EPE foams were first manufactured in the 1970s.
Production of the PE beads is usually by extrusion, followed by chopping, producing a pellet. Autoclave expansion is the most common route the bead foam. Butane or pentane is often used as a blowing agent (before 1992 CFCs may have been used). Depending on the specific pr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sometimes, stereoelectronic effects can win over extreme steric clash. In a similar cyclobutene ring-opening reaction, the trimethylsilyl group, which is very bulky, still favors the inward rotation. The stereoelectronic effect, which is the interaction shown above when the acceptor orbital is the σ*(Si–CH), appears to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many tablets today are coated after being pressed. Although sugar-coating was popular in the past, the process has many drawbacks. Modern tablet coatings are polymer and polysaccharide based, with plasticizers and pigments included. Tablet coatings must be stable and strong enough to survive the handling of the tablet,... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Section 1.3 explains the rules for writing scientific symbols and names, for example, where to use capital letters or italics, and where their use is incorrect. The typographical rules are extensive, including even such detail as whether "20°C" or "20 °C" is the correct form. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Adsorption is the adhesion of ions or molecules onto the surface of another phase. Adsorption may occur via physisorption and chemisorption. Ions and molecules can adsorb to many types of surfaces including polymer surfaces. A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating subunits bound together by covalent bonds. ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Increased carbon dioxide levels, mostly from burning fossil fuels, are changing ocean chemistry. Global warming and changes in salinity have significant implications for the ecology of marine environments. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In fluid dynamics, the Plateau–Rayleigh instability, often just called the Rayleigh instability, explains why and how a falling stream of fluid breaks up into smaller packets with the same volume but less surface area. It is related to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability and is part of a greater branch of fluid dynamics co... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1950s, Norwegian scientist Scholander set out to explain how Arctic fish can survive in water colder than the freezing point of their blood. His experiments led him to believe there was “antifreeze” in the blood of Arctic fish. Then in the late 1960s, animal biologist Arthur DeVries was able to isolate the anti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Because unsaturated alanes are oxygen- and moisture-sensitive, they are most often prepared for immediate use without isolation. However, the method of preparation determines the configuration of the intermediate unsaturated alane, which is directly related to the configuration of the product (transfer of the alkenyl g... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Nernst–Planck equation is applied in describing the ion-exchange kinetics in soils. It has also been applied to membrane electrochemistry. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The EBF was founded in the fall of 2006 at the initiative of twelve pharmaceutical companies, all of them having bioanalytical laboratory activities in Europe. The goal of bringing these companies together was to implement a platform for discussions of science and regulatory issues. Views and recommendations following ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Magnetic nanoparticle synthesis can sometimes lead to a wide range of differently sized particles. The size of particles can influence their usefulness. Specifically, nanoparticles that are less than 10 nm or greater than 200 nm in size tend to be cleared from the body more quickly. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metals bound to so-called triply bonded carbyne, imide, nitride (nitrido), and oxide (oxo) ligands are generally assigned to high oxidation states with low d electron counts. The high oxidation state stabilizes the highly reduced ligands. The low d electron count allow for many bonds between ligands and the metal cente... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
PAC is commonly used as a large capacity vector which allows propagation of large DNA inserts in Escherichia coli. This feature has been commonly used for:
* building genome libraries for human, mouse, etc, helps with projects such as Human Genome Project
* libraries served as the template for gene sequencing (example:... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Restriction enzymes recognize a specific sequence of nucleotides and produce a double-stranded cut in the DNA. The recognition sequences can also be classified by the number of bases in its recognition site, usually between 4 and 8 bases, and the number of bases in the sequence will determine how often the site will ap... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine. Its principal mechanism of action relies on its direct action on the adrenergic receptor system. The vasoconstriction that pseudoephedrine produces is believed to be principally an α-adrenergic receptor response.
Pseudoephedrine acts on α- and β2-adrenergic receptors, to caus... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Burgess reagent (methyl N-(triethylammoniumsulfonyl)carbamate) is a mild and selective dehydrating reagent often used in organic chemistry. It was developed in the laboratory of Edward M. Burgess at Georgia Tech.
The Burgess reagent is used to convert secondary and tertiary alcohols with an adjacent proton into al... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Improvements to this early design included a focus on the weight and wear of the downcomer. The downcomer was originally built with polyurethane-lined steel, and then changed to a high-density polyethylene ("HDPE") construction with seven elements.
The orifice plate used to generate the slurry jet was a high-wear item ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lipidomics is the large-scale study of pathways and networks of cellular lipids in biological systems The word "lipidome" is used to describe the complete lipid profile within a cell, tissue, organism, or ecosystem and is a subset of the "metabolome" which also includes other major classes of biological molecules (such... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Since it is not possible to measure K for all substances, various models have been developed to allow for their prediction, e.g. Quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) or linear free energy relationships (LFER) such as the Hammett equation.
A variant of the UNIFAC system can also be used to estimate octan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Reynolds operators are often given by projecting onto an invariant subspace of a group action.
*The "Reynolds operator" considered by was essentially the projection of a fluid flow to the "average" fluid flow, which can be thought of as projection to time-invariant flows. Here the group action is given by the action ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neurotrophin mimetics are small molecules or peptide like molecules that can modulate the action of the neurotrophin receptor.
One of the main causes of neurodegeneration involves changes in the expression of neurotrophins (NTs) and/or their receptors (TrkA, TrkB, TrkC and p75NTR). Indeed, these imbalances or changes i... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It can involve the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, electron diffraction patterns including convergent-beam electron diffraction or combinations of these. I... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Different kinds of stimuli result in different responses within the Arabidopsis plant. A wound or damage to the plant causes a wound-activated surface potential (WASP) changes that serve as an alert message to undamaged tissues. This wound response results in a plasma membrane depolarization, H+ and Ca efflux and K+ in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Antibody (or immunoglobulin) structure is made up of two heavy-chains and two light-chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds. The arrangement or processes that put together different parts of this antibody molecule play important role in antibody diversity and production of different subclasses or clas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction of an organic substrate with phosgene is called phosgenation. Phosgenation of diols give carbonates (R = H, alkyl, aryl), which can be either linear or cyclic:
An example is the reaction of phosgene with bisphenol A to form polycarbonates. Phosgenation of diamines gives di-isocyanates, like toluene diisocy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Most enzyme mimic studies are motivated by a combination of factors, including factors that are unrelated to the enzyme. Several of the factors that are related to the enzyme are listed below.
Defining the active site structure. A number of important active sites are still poorly defined. This includes the oxygen evolv... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Lithium toxicity, which is also called lithium overdose and lithium poisoning, is the condition of having too much lithium in the blood. This condition also happens in persons that are taking lithium in which the lithium levels are affected by drug interactions in the body.
In acute toxicity, people have primarily gast... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In covalent imprinting, the template molecule is covalently bonded to the functional monomers that are then polymerized together. After polymerization, the polymer matrix is cleaved from the template molecule, leaving a cavity shaped as the template. Upon rebinding with the original molecule, the binding sites will int... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Prix Michel-Sarrazin is awarded annually in the Canadian province of Quebec by the Club de Recherches Clinique du Québec to a celebrated Québécois scientist who, by their dynamism and productivity, have contributed in an important way to the advancement of research biomedical. It is named in honour of Michel Sarraz... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Yeast Metabolome Database is a freely accessible, online database of >2,000 small molecule metabolites found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast). The YMDB contains two kinds of information:
# Chemical information and
# Biochemical information.
The chemical information in YMDB includes 2,027 m... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At a given point of time, degree distribution , is the probability that a randomly chosen monomer has connected neighbours. The central idea of the random graph theory of gelation is that a cross-linked or branched polymer can be studied separately at two levels: 1) monomer reaction kinetics that predicts and 2) rand... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, concentration polarization denotes the part of the polarization of an electrolytic cell resulting from changes in the electrolyte concentration due to the passage of current through the electrode/solution interface. Here polarization is understood as the shift of the electrochemical potential diffe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Walsh diagrams, often called angular coordinate diagrams or correlation diagrams, are representations of calculated orbital binding energies of a molecule versus a distortion coordinate (bond angles), used for making quick predictions about the geometries of small molecules. By plotting the change in molecular orbital ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani (born 1964) is an Iranian chemist and Professor of Organic Chemistry at Alzahra University. Mohammadi Ziarani is among the most-cited Iranian researchers and is known for her works on organic chemistry, nanochemistry, multi-component reactions, natural product synthesis, and asymmetric synthesi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Ferrier carbocyclization (or Ferrier II reaction) is an organic reaction that was first reported by the carbohydrate chemist Robert J. Ferrier in 1979. It is a metal-mediated rearrangement of enol ether pyrans to cyclohexanones. Typically, this reaction is catalyzed by mercury salts, specifically mercury(II) chlo... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Topography is "classically" applied to inorganic crystals, such a metals and semiconductors. However, it is nowadays applied more and more often also to organic crystals, most notably proteins. Topographic investigations can help to understand and optimize crystal growth processes also for proteins. Numerous studies ha... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Nevado was born in Madrid and grew up in Spain. She was the first scientist in her family. At high school she was inspired by her chemistry and physics teachers to pursue a career in science. She eventually studied chemistry at the Autonomous University of Madrid, and earned her bachelor's degree in 2000. During one su... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Norrish type I reaction is the photochemical cleavage or homolysis of aldehydes and ketones into two free radical intermediates (α-scission). The carbonyl group accepts a photon and is excited to a photochemical singlet state. Through intersystem crossing the triplet state can be obtained. On cleavage of the α-carb... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are relatively few CRESU apparatuses in existence for the simple reason that the gas throughput and pumping requirements are huge, which makes them expensive to run. Two of the leading centres have been the University of Rennes (France) and the University of Birmingham (UK). A more recent development has been a p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Vitamin D toxicity is rare. It is caused by supplementing with high doses of vitamin D rather than sunlight. The threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established; however, according to some research:
* 100μg/day (4k IU), have been show to not cause toxic levels. ages 9–71
* 240 μg/day (10k IU), over 5 months h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Before the discovery of msDNA in myxobacteria, a group of swarming, soil-dwelling bacteria, it was thought that the enzymes known as reverse transcriptases (RT) existed only in eukaryotes and viruses. The discovery led to an increase in research of the area. As a result, msDNA has been found to be widely distributed am... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As the first line strategy, the troops were given synthetic drugs. Drug combinations using pyrimethamine and dapsone, pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, and sulfadoxine and piperaquine phosphate were tested in the battlefield. Because these drugs had serious adverse effects, the primary focus was to examine traditional Chi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This diagram shows an o-alkylation between phenol and methanol. Unlike the c-alkylation, the o-alkylation replaces the hydrogen atom on the -OH group with the methyl group (from the methanol). The product of the o-alkylation is methoxybenzene, better-known as anisole, and water, which is not shown in the diagram. Aniso... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recent research has implicated the UPR in the transformation of cells in to cancer cells. Researchers have identified the SIRT3 axis of UPR as a marker to differentiate between metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer. As many cancers exhibit a metabolic shift from oxidative phosporylation-depentent energy producti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
N-Oleoylsarcosine is a clear, yellow to brown, viscous liquid, which is sparsely soluble in water and acts acidic. As long-chain N-acylamino acid, the surfactant is soluble in many organic solvents and in mineral oil. In the alkaline it dissolves well in water. Because of its carboxamide structure, Sarkosyl O is chemic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The C-terminus of RPB1 is appended to form the C-terminal domain (CTD). The carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II typically consists of up to 52 repeats of the sequence Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser. The domain stretches from the core of the RNAPII enzyme to the exit channel, this placement is effective due to its... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases (protein kinase A) are activated by the signal cascade originated by the activation of the G protein Gs by the LHCG-receptor. Activated Gs binds the enzyme adenylate cyclase and this leads to the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Cyclin AMP-dependent protein kinases are present as te... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist. Antagonist drugs interfere in the natural operation of receptor proteins. They are sometimes called blockers; examples include alpha b... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hydraulic jumps can be seen in both a stationary form, which is known as a "hydraulic jump", and a dynamic or moving form, which is known as a positive surge or "hydraulic jump in translation". They can be described using the same analytic approaches and are simply variants of a single phenomenon. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Two major modifications of the biuret test are commonly applied in modern colorimetric analysis of peptides: the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay and the Lowry assay. In these tests, the Cu formed during the biuret reaction reacts further with other reagents, leading to a deeper color.
In the BCA test, Cu forms a deep pu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Neglecting the carbon utilised for biomass formation (known to be a small fraction of the total carbon utilised) basic biochemistry balances can be performed based on the established metabolic pathways of these organisms. Using glucose as substrate the natural producing succinic acid producers are first considered. Th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The basic property of fluorescence are extensively used, such as a marker of labelled components in cells (fluorescence microscopy) or as an indicator in solution (Fluorescence spectroscopy), but other additional properties, not found with radioactivity, make it even more extensively used. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The Confederation of European Environmental Engineering Societies (CEEES) was created as a co-operative international organization for information exchange regarding environmental engineering between the various European societies in this field.
The CEEES maintains an online public discussion forum for the interchange ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
β-elimination or elimination reactions occur through the loss of a substituent leaving group and loss of a proton to form a pi bond. E1 and E2 are two different mechanisms for elimination reactions, and E1 involves a carbocation intermediate. In E1, a leaving group detaches from a carbon to form a carbocation reaction ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1956 a heterogeneous catalyst made of palladium deposited on silk was shown to effect asymmetric hydrogenation. Later, in 1968, the groups of William Knowles and Leopold Horner independently published the examples of asymmetric hydrogenation using a homogeneous catalysts. While exhibiting only modest enantiomeric ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
"Tar" and "pitch" can be used interchangeably. Asphalt (naturally occurring pitch) may also be called either "mineral tar" or "mineral pitch". There is a tendency to use "tar" for more liquid substances and "pitch" for more solid (viscoelastic) substances. Both "tar" and "pitch" are applied to viscous forms of asphalt,... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is thought to participate in the transfer of the phosphorylation potential from the matrix to the cytosol and vice versa. However, it is strongly favored towards GTP hydrolysis, thus it is not really considered as an important source of intra-mitochondrial substrate-level... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*BAT1 aka DDX39B which is involved in RNA splicing
*BSG Basigin Immunoglobulin Superfamily, extracellular metalloproteinase
*MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor
*TAPBP | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flow systems can be scaled to the tons per hour scale. Plant redesign (batch to conti for an existing plant), Unit Operation (exchanging only one reaction step) and Modular Multi-purpose (Cutting a continuous plant into modular units) are typical realization solutions for flow processes. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
*4.C.1 The Proposed Fatty Acid Transporter (FAT) Family
*4.C.2 The Carnitine O-Acyl Transferase (CrAT) Family
*4.C.3 The Acyl-CoA Thioesterase (AcoT) Family | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
At room temperature and below, hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid reacts with ketones and aldehydes as a nucleophile to the corresponding oxime-O-sulfonic acids or their salts. The oxime-O-sulfonic acids of aldehydes react above room temperature upon elimination of sulfuric acid in high yields to nitriles.
Aliphatic ketones... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A revolution in this area occurred in the 1990s with the introduction of the [[Tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate|tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate]] ion, , commonly abbreviated as and colloquially called "BARF". This anion is far less coordinating than tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
NTA has been used by commercial, academic, and government laboratories working with nanoparticle toxicology, drug delivery, exosomes, microvesicles, bacterial membrane vesicles, and other small biological particles, virology and vaccine production, ecotoxicology, protein aggregation, orthopedic implants, inks and pigme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In the liver and peripheral tissues of humans, retinol is reversibly converted to retinal by the action of alcohol dehydrogenases, which are also responsible for the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Retinal is irreversibly oxidized to retinoic acid (RA) by the action of aldehyde dehydrogenases. RA regulates the a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
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