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Wetting is a measure of the thermodynamic compatibility of two surfaces. If the surfaces are well-matched, the surfaces will "desire" to interact with each other, minimizing the surface energy of both phases, and the surfaces will come into close contact. Because the intermolecular attractions strongly correlate with d... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
#Rutile (TiO) frequently exhibits a prismatic or acicular growth habit. In the presence of alkali dopants or a solid-state ZrSiO dopant, rutile has been observed to crystallise from an anatase parent-phase in the form of abnormally large grains existing in a matrix of finer, equiaxed anatase or rutile grains.
# Alumina... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Inner sphere complex is a type of surface complex that refers to the surface chemistry changing a water-surface interface to one without water molecules bridging a ligand to the metal ion. Formation of inner sphere complexes occurs when ions bind directly to the surface with no intervening water molecules. These types ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since the early observations, several theoretical models have been proposed, to explain the experimental observation of the exclusion zone. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The reaction has the following mechanism:
The rate of each species are:
These equations cannot be solved, because each one has values that change with time. For example, the first equation contains the concentrations of [Br], and , which depend on time, as can be seen in their respective equations.
To solve the rate... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The above uses and effects are consequences of the fact that the solution is a source of effectively free elemental iodine, which is readily generated from the equilibrium between elemental iodine molecules and polyiodide ions in the solution. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a column filled with a transporting medium and a balloon filled with a working fluid. Due to the hydrostatic pressure of the transporting medium, the pressure inside the column increases along the z axis (see figure). Initially, the balloon is inflated by the working fluid at temperature T and pressure P and l... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a laboratory method used to detect and locate a DNA sequence, often on a particular chromosome.
In the 1960s, researchers Joseph Gall and Mary Lou Pardue found that molecular hybridization could be used to identify the position of DNA sequences in situ (i.e., in their natura... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
4,5-Dihydroorotic acid is a derivative of orotic acid which serves as an intermediate in pyrimidine biosynthesis. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Visual phototransduction in invertebrates like the fruit fly differs from that of vertebrates, described up to now. The primary basis of invertebrate phototransduction is the PI(4,5)P cycle. Here, light induces the conformational change into rhodopsin and converts it into meta-rhodopsin. This helps in dissociation of G... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The regulation of translation in eukaryotes is more complex than in prokaryotes. Initially, the eIF4F complex is recruited to the 5′ cap, which in turn recruits the ribosomal complex to the 5′ UTR. Both eIF4E and eIF4G bind the 5′ UTR, which limits the rate at which translational initiation can occur. However, this is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In 1962, Edwards and Pearson (the latter of HSAB theory) introduced the phrase alpha effect for this anomaly. He offered the suggestion that the effect was caused by a transition state (TS) stabilization effect: on entering the TS the free electron pair on the nucleophile moves away from the nucleus, causing a partial ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tritium for American nuclear weapons was produced in special heavy water reactors at the Savannah River Site until their closures in 1988. With the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) after the end of the Cold War, the existing supplies were sufficient for the new, smaller number of nuclear weapons for some time.
... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Standard reduction potentials in aqueous solution are also a useful way of predicting the non-aqueous chemistry of the metals involved. Thus, metals with high negative potentials, such as sodium, or potassium, will ignite in air, forming the respective oxides. These fires cannot be extinguished with water, which also r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
It is possible to scrub sulfur dioxide by using a cold solution of sodium sulfite; this forms a sodium hydrogen sulfite solution. By heating this solution it is possible to reverse the reaction to form sulfur dioxide and the sodium sulfite solution. Since the sodium sulfite solution is not consumed, it is called a rege... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ELS is useful for characterizing information about the surface of proteins. Ware and Flygare (1971) demonstrated that electrophoretic techniques can be combined with laser beat spectroscopy in order to simultaneously determine the electrophoretic mobility and diffusion coefficient of bovine serum albumin. The width of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monothiophosphate is the anion [POS], which has C symmetry. A common salt is sodium monothiophosphate (NaPOS). Monothiophosphate is used in research as an analogue of phosphate in biochemistry. Monothiophosphate esters are biochemical reagents used in the study of transcription, substitution interference assays. Someti... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A three-step mechanism was derived in 1987 by Peters and Forman A. Williams by assuming steady-state approximation for the hydrogen radical. Then, | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
can be expressed as follows:
where:
, so that .
The vector Laplacian of a vector of the type reads:
It can thus be calculated that:
Therefore:
Thus the vorticity is:
where we have used the vanishing of the divergence of to relate the vector laplacian and a double curl.
The equation of motion's left hand side is the c... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
NCoR (nuclear receptor co-repressor) directly binds to the D and E domains of nuclear receptors and represses their transcriptional activity. Class I histone deacetylases are recruited by NCoR through SIN3, and NCoR directly binds to class II histone deacetylases. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Terephthalaldehyde (TA) is an organic compound with the formula CH(CHO). It is one of three isomers of benzene dicarboxaldehyde, in which the aldehyde moieties are positioned in the para conformation on the benzene ring. Terephthalaldehyde appears as a white to beige solid, typically in the form of a powder. It is solu... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sunset yellow is used in foods, condoms, cosmetics, and drugs. Sunset yellow FCF is used as an orange or yellow-orange dye. For example, it is used in candy, desserts, snacks, sauces, and preserved fruits.
Sunset yellow is often used in conjunction with E123, amaranth, to produce a brown colouring in both chocolates a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The energy required to break the base-base hydrogen bonding between two strands of DNA is dependent on their length, GC content and their complementarity. By heating a reaction-mixture that contains double-stranded DNA sequences and measuring dissociation against temperature, these attributes can be inferred.
Originall... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Regenerative medicine deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human or animal cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function". This field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues and organs by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to functionally heal previousl... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Changes in animal populations, whether increases or decreases, can indicate pollution. For example, if pollution causes depletion of a plant, animal species that depend on that plant will experience population decline. Conversely, overpopulation may be opportunistic growth of a species in response to loss of other spec... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Micellar solubilization is widely utilized, e.g. in laundry washing using detergents, in the pharmaceutical industry, for formulations of poorly soluble drugs in solution form, and in cleanup of oil spills using dispersants. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions, existing substituent groups on the aromatic ring influence the overall reaction rate or have a directing effect on positional isomer of the products that are formed.
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There is a strong scientific consensus that greenhouse effect due to carbon dioxide is a main driver of climate change. Following is an illustrative model meant for a pedagogical purpose, showing the main physical determinants of the effect.
Under this understanding, global warming is determined by a simple energy budg... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Sea salt aerosols are mainly constituted of sodium chloride (NaCl), but other chemical ions which are common in sea water, such as K, Mg, Ca, SO and so on, can also be found. A recent study revealed that sea salt aerosols also contain a substantial amount of organic matter. Mostly, organic materials are internally mixe... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The presence of ptaquiloside has been detected in a variety of ferns, including the species in the genera Pteridium (bracken), Pteris, Microlepia, and Hypolepis. Pteridium aquilinum (commonly known as bracken fern) is the most common ptaquiloside-containing fern with a wide geographical and ecological distribution. It ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) are a group of allelopathic chemicals typically associated with diatom-copepod predator-prey interactions. These compounds are classified by an aldehyde group covalently bound to long carbon chains containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples include isomers of heptadiena... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
PDE3 enzymes are involved in regulation of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Molecules that inhibit PDE3 were originally investigated for the treatment of heart failure, but, because of unwanted arrhythmic side-effects, they are not studied for that indication any longer. Nonetheless, the PDE3 inhibitor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ab initio or first principles calculations are any of a number of software packages making use of density functional theory to solve for the quantum mechanical state of a system. Perfect crystals are an ideal subject for such calculations because of their high periodicity. Since every simulation package will vary in ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The objective of environmental risk assessment is to protect the environment from adverse effects. Researchers are further developing QSAR models with the ultimate goal providing a clear insight about a mode of toxic action, but also about what the actual target site is, the concentration of the chemical at this target... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Mutations in super-enhancers have been noted in various diseases, including cancers, type 1 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis, Crohn’s disease, Graves disease, vitiligo, and atrial fibrillation. A similar enrichment in diseas... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Neutron capture nucleosynthesis describes two nucleosynthesis pathways: the r-process and the s-process, for rapid and slow neutron captures, respectively. R-process describes neutron capture in a region of high neutron flux, such as during supernova nucleosynthesis after core-collapse, and yields neutron-rich nuclides... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since its inception as a tool of analytical chemistry, LC-MS/MS spread rapidly and indeed continues to do so in (amongst others) bioanalytical fields. One of the advantages of the technique is its selectivity for many analytes of interest. However, this high selectivity could lead to a misconception that it is always p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Spectral line shape or spectral line profile describes the form of an electromagnetic spectrum in the vicinity of a spectral line – a region of stronger or weaker intensity in the spectrum. Ideal line shapes include Lorentzian, Gaussian and Voigt functions, whose parameters are the line position, maximum height and hal... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Copepods are sometimes found in public main water supplies, especially systems where the water is not mechanically filtered, such as New York City, Boston, and San Francisco. This is not usually a problem in treated water supplies. In some tropical countries, such as Peru and Bangladesh, a correlation has been found be... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trimethylsilylpropanoic acid (TMSP or TSP) is a chemical compound containing a trimethylsilyl group. It is used as internal reference in nuclear magnetic resonance for aqueous solvents (e.g. DO). For that use it is often deuterated (3-(trimethylsilyl)-2,2,3,3-tetradeuteropropionic acid or TMSP-d). Other internal refere... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Besides the individual toxic effects of each metal, a wide range of metals are nephrotoxic in humans and/or in animals. Some metals and their compounds are carcinogenic to humans. A few metals, such as lead and mercury, can cross the placental barrier and adversely affect fetal development. Several (cadmium, zinc, copp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Health Canada classifies VOCs as organic compounds that have boiling points roughly in the range of . The emphasis is placed on commonly encountered VOCs that would have an effect on air quality. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A quantitative method to determine the amount of phosphate present in samples, such as boiler feedwater, is as follows. A measured amount of boiler water is poured into a mixing tube and ammonium heptamolybdate reagent is added. The tube is then stoppered and vigorously shaken. The next step is to add dilute stannous c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The model calculates the ground water levels and the incoming and outgoing ground water flows between the polygons by a numerical solution of the well-known Boussinesq equation. The levels and flows influence each other mutually.
The ground water situation is further determined by the vertical groundwater recharge that... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Viruses can be spread by direct transfer of sap by contact of a wounded plant with a healthy one. Such contact may occur during agricultural practices, as by damage caused by tools or hands, or naturally, as by an animal feeding on the plant. Generally TMV, potato viruses and cucumber mosaic viruses are transmitted via... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lake surface temperatures fluctuate between in winter, and in summer. From 1979 to 2011 annual rainfall was at the lake, and at Cerro La Laguna, the highest part of the catchment. The residence time of water in the lake is therefore 35 ± 6 days assuming homogeneous water mixing. In actuality the lake is strongly ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A large number of variant annotation tools are available for variant annotation. The annotation by different tools does not alway agree amongst each other, as the defined rules for data handling differ between applications. It is frankly impossible to perform a perfect comparison of the available tools. Not all tools h... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In order for a molecule (or crystal) to exhibit circular birefringence and circular dichroism, it must be distinguishable from its mirror image. An object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image is said to be chiral, and optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism are known as chiroptical properties.
Mos... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Traditionally metal nitrito complexes are prepared by salt metathesis or ligand substitution reactions using alkali metal nitrite salts, such as sodium nitrite. At neutral pH, nitrite exists predominantly as the anion, not nitrous acid.
Metal nitrosyl complexes undergo base hydrolysis, yielding nitrite complexes. This ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The non-pathogenic and gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, is used for high level production of recombinant proteins; commonly for the development bio-therapeutics and vaccines. P. fluorescens is a metabolically versatile organism, allowing for high throughput screening and rapid development of complex pro... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bioluminescent bacteria are light-producing bacteria that are predominantly present in sea water, marine sediments, the surface of decomposing fish and in the gut of marine animals. While not as common, bacterial bioluminescence is also found in terrestrial and freshwater bacteria. These bacteria may be free living (su... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AQC processes are of particular importance in laboratories analysing environmental samples where the concentration of chemical species present may be extremely low and close to the detection limit of the analytical method. In well managed laboratories, AQC processes are built into the routine operations of the laborato... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ostwald ripening is a process in which large particles grow at the expense of the smaller particles as a result of dissolution of small particles and deposition of the dissolved molecules on the surfaces of the larger particles. It occurs because smaller particles have a higher surface energy than larger particles. Thi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two examples of boron-containing compounds that have been linked to porphyrin are BODIPY and diketonate.
The BODIPY chromophore acts as an antenna: it absorbs a broad range of UV-visible light, then emits at a wavelength compatible with porphyrin absorption, allowing for efficient energy transfer.
This work has been ex... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The definition employed by Lieb and Yngvason is rather different since the state changes considered can be the result of arbitrarily complicated, possibly violent, irreversible processes and there is no mention of heat or differential forms. In the example of the water given above, if the stirring is done slowly, the t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Both dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) measure the Brownian motion of nanoparticles whose speed of motion, or diffusion constant, Dt, is related to particle size through the Stokes–Einstein equation.
where
*Dt is the diffusion constant, a product of diffusion coefficient D and time... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A brass mill is a mill which processes brass. Brass mills are common in England; many date from long before the Industrial Revolution.
;Examples of brass mills include:
*Brassmill (Ross on Wye)
*Saltford Brass Mill | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The creation of the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) in London in 1881 led to the eventual formation of a number of satellite groups. A number of informal meetings were held in 1894, with the goal of organizing a New York section of the Society of Chemical Industry. On May 2, 1894, analytical chemist Arthur McGeorge ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The main threat of beta radiation exposure comes from hot particles in contact with or close to the skin of a person. Also, swallowed or inhaled hot particles could cause beta burns. As it is important to avoid bringing hot particles into the shelter, one option is to remove one's outer clothing, or follow other decont... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treatment of neuropathic pain, nor for treatment of essential tremors. Levetiracetam has not been found to be useful for treating all developmental disorders within the autism spectrum; studies have only proven to be an effective treatment for partial, myoclonic, or to... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tartaric acid is a white, crystalline organic acid that occurs naturally in many fruits, most notably in grapes but also in tamarinds, bananas, avocados, and citrus. Its salt, potassium bitartrate, commonly known as cream of tartar, develops naturally in the process of fermentation. Potassium bitartrate is commonly mi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Deuterium and tritium are both considered first-generation fusion fuels; they are the easiest to fuse, because the electrical charge on their nuclei is the lowest of all elements. The three most commonly cited nuclear reactions that could be used to generate energy are:
:H + H → n (14.07 MeV) + He (3.52 MeV)
:H + H → n... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Erwin Hahn first used inversion recovery technique to determine the value of T1 (the time taken for longitudinal magnetisation to recover 63% of its maximum value) for water in 1949, 3 years after the nuclear magnetic resonance was discovered. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The value is defined as the total energy released in a given nuclear decay. In beta decay, is therefore also the sum of the kinetic energies of the emitted beta particle, neutrino, and recoiling nucleus. (Because of the large mass of the nucleus compared to that of the beta particle and neutrino, the kinetic energy o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles. Limescale is either white or brown in colour due to the presence of iron compounds. Glass surfaces may also exhibit scaling stai... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the spring of 2012, the Molecularium Project launched NanoSpace, an online molecular theme park. Visitors to NanoSpace learn scientific concepts with games, activities and movies. Areas within Nanospace include the Hall of Atoms and Molecules, H2O park (the water cycle), Sizes in the Universe (scale and scientific n... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The feed water to the IGF float tank is often (but not always) dosed with a coagulant (such as ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate) to flocculate the suspended matter.
The bubbles may be generated by an impeller, eductors or a sparger. The bubbles adhere to the suspended matter, causing the suspended matter to float to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Intrinsic viscosity is a measure of a solute's contribution to the viscosity of a solution. It should not be confused with inherent viscosity, which is the ratio of the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity to the mass concentration of the polymer.
Intrinsic viscosity is defined as
where is the viscosity in th... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The use of crucibles in the Iron Age remains very similar to that of the Bronze Age with copper and tin smelting being used to produce bronze. The Iron Age crucible designs remain the same as the Bronze Age.
The Roman period shows technical innovations, with crucibles for new methods used to produce new alloys. The sme... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Hybrid hydrogels combine synthetic and biological materials and take advantage of the best properties of each. Synthetic polymers are easily customizable and can be tailored for specific functions such as biocompatibility. Biological polymers such as peptides also have adventitious properties such as specificity of bin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Clumped isotope analyses have recently been used to constrain the paleoaltitude or uplift history of a region. Air temperature decreases systematically with altitude throughout the troposphere (see lapse rate). Due to the close coupling between lake water temperature and air temperature, there is a similar decrease i... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Although 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a useful method for the generation of five-membered heterocyclic compounds, few methods exist to synthesize five-membered carbocyclic rings in a single step via annulation. Most of these, like TMM cycloaddition, rely on the generation of a suitable three-atom component for combinat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change. These reactions involve electrons moving via an electronically-conducting phase (typically an external electrical circuit, but not necessarily, as in electroless... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Tyrosine phosphorylation sites in growth factor receptors serve two major purposes—to control the state of activity of the kinase and to create binding sites for downstream signal transduction molecules, which in many cases also are substrates for the kinase. The second part of the tyrosine kinase domain in the PDGFβ r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A colloid has a dispersed phase and a continuous phase, whereas in a solution, the solute and solvent constitute only one phase. A solute in a solution are individual molecules or ions, whereas colloidal particles are bigger. For example, in a solution of salt in water, the sodium chloride (NaCl) crystal dissolves, and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Some drug classes have been amalgamated from these three principles to meet practical needs. The class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is one such example. Strictly speaking, and also historically, the wider class of anti-inflammatory drugs also comprises steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The IX Brigade, led by Okladnikov, worked in the Greater Balkan region of Turkmenistan, and in the plateau of Krasnovodsk. The finds at the Jebel rock shelter site near the Caspian Sea on the southwestern end of the Uly Balkan massif was a stratigraphic sequence of Mesolithic and Neolithic deposits, considered a model ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily is a further PP group that uses Asp as a nucleophile and was recently shown to have dual-specificity. These PPs can target both Ser and Tyr, but are thought to have greater specificity towards Tyr. A subfamily of HADs, the Eyes Absent Family (Eya), are also transcription fact... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Benzyl chloroformate is commonly used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the benzyloxycarbonyl (formerly called carboxybenzyl) protecting group for amines. The protecting group is abbreviated Cbz or Z (in honor of discoverer Zervas), hence the alternative shorthand designation for benzyl chloroformate as Cbz-... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This concept of clone assumes importance as all the cells that form a clone share common ancestry, which has a very significant consequence: shared genotype.
# One of the most prominent usage is in describing a clone of B cells. The B cells in the body have two important phenotypes (functional forms)—the antibody secre... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
EmBiology was originally launched as EMBiology in 2005 as a life science bibliographic database in a partnership with Ovid Technologies as a smaller version of Embase. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In these glycosides, the aglycone part is a steroid nucleus. These glycosides are found in the plant genera Digitalis, Scilla, and Strophanthus. They are used in the treatment of heart diseases, e.g., congestive heart failure (historically as now recognised does not improve survivability; other agents are now preferred... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The clay hypothesis for the origin of life was proposed by Graham Cairns-Smith in 1985. It postulates that complex organic molecules arose gradually on pre-existing, non-organic replication surfaces of silicate crystals in contact with an aqueous solution. The clay mineral montmorillonite has been shown to catalyze the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The MAP2 family is involved in the development of neurons, mostly present during early stages of axon formation then disappear later. However they exist in mature dendrites as well. Different forms of MAP2s are formed by different post-translational modifications of the mRNA. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Homologous recombination is the exchange of genes between two DNA strands that include extensive regions of base sequences that are identical to one another. In eukaryotic species, bacteria, and some viruses, homologous recombination happens spontaneously and is a useful tool in genetically engineered. Homologous recom... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Electrode potential and other environmental factors such as temperature, pH and degree of aeration can greatly impact the results off this accelerated stress corrosion cracking test, as can the specimen surface finish and metallurgical condition. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
AB chromosome translocation analyses place on short arm of chromosome 4 (4S; Simcox and Weber 1985 ). There is close linkage to other genes in the benzoxazinoid synthesis pathway [bx2, bx3, bx4, bx5 Frey et al. 1995, 1997 ). Gene bx1 is 2490 bp from bx2 (Frey et al. 1997 ); between umc123 and agrc94 on 4S (Melanson et ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ammonia is explosive when mixed with air (15 – 25%). Other lower azanes can also form explosive mixtures with air. The lighter liquid azanes are highly flammable; this risk increases with the length of the nitrogen chain. One consideration for detection and risk control is that ammonia is lighter than air, creating the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Galactogen is a polysaccharide of galactose that functions as energy storage in pulmonate snails and some Caenogastropoda. This polysaccharide is exclusive of the reproduction and is only found in the albumen gland from the female snail reproductive system and in the perivitelline fluid of eggs. Furthermore, galactogen... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Langmuir is indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, Scopus, EBSCOhost, British Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and SwetsWise. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Recent works have shown that plants can respond to airborne sounds at audible frequencies and that they also produce airborne sounds at the ultrasonic range, presumably audible to multiple organisms including bats, mice, moths and other insects. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cancer cells lack or have reduced ferrochelatase activity and this results in accumulation of Protoporphyrin IX, a fluorescent substance that can easily be visualized. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fas ligand has been shown to interact with:
* CASP8,
* EZR,
* FADD,
* FNBP1,
* FYN,
* FAS,
* Grb2,
* PACSIN2, and
* TNFRSF6B. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Lamb and Batchelor define the stream function as follows.
Using the expression derived above for the total volumetric flux, , this can be written as
In words, the stream function is the volumetric flux through the test surface per unit thickness, where thickness is measured perpendicular to the plane of flow.
The ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Single 20 to 40mg oral doses generally give rise to peak plasma esomeprazole concentrations of 0.5-1.0mg/L within 1–4 hours, but after several days of once-daily administration, these levels may increase by about 50%. A 30-minute intravenous infusion of a similar dose usually produces peak plasma levels on the order of... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Multiscale turbulence is a class of turbulent flows in which the chaotic motion of the fluid is forced at different length and/or time scales. This is usually achieved by immersing in a moving fluid a body with a multiscale, often fractal-like, arrangement of length scales. This arrangement of scales can be either pass... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The acid dissociation constant for an acid is a direct consequence of the underlying thermodynamics of the dissociation reaction; the pK value is directly proportional to the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction. The value of the pK changes with temperature and can be understood qualitatively based on Le ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unsaturated fluorocarbons are far more reactive than fluoroalkanes. Although difluoroacetylene is unstable (as is typical for related alkynes, see dichloroacetylene), hexafluoro-2-butyne and related fluorinated alkynes are well known. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A general [p+q]-cycloaddition is a concerted addition reaction between two components, one with p π-electrons, and one with q π-electrons. This reaction is symmetry allowed under the following conditions:
* For a supra/supra or antara/antara cycloaddition, it is thermally allowed if p + q = 4n + 2 and photochemically ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A heterocyclic compound is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Cyclic compounds that have both carbon and non-carbon atoms present are heterocyclic carbon compounds, and the name refers to inorganic cyclic compounds as well (e.g., siloxanes, which contain only ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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