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This branch of engineering emerged gradually from chemical engineering as electrical power sources became available in the mid-19th century. Michael Faraday described his laws of electrolysis in 1833, relating for the first time the amount of electrical charge and converted mass. In 1886 Charles Martin Hall developed a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In addition to her research and teaching career, Lathrop was involved in national societies. In 1966, she helped establish the SNM Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee. She also was the first person to teach radiation safety to workers that would come into contact with radioactive material. After semi-retirement, ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biomimicry is the imitation, or mimicry, of biological systems, models, or structures, in synthetic areas. Oftentimes, biological materials can produce structures, that have properties and qualities far exceeding what synthetic materials can achieve. Biomimicry is being used to create comparable properties in synthetic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and enkephalin convertase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPE gene. This enzyme catalyzes the release of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides.
CPE is involved in the biosynthesis of most neuropeptides and peptide hormone... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
HACs were first constructed de novo in 1997 by adding alpha-satellite DNA to telomeric and genomic DNA in human HT1080 cells. This resulted in an entirely new microchromosome that contained DNA of interest, as well as elements allowing it to be structurally and mitotically stable, such as telomeric and centromeric sequ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the field of clinical imaging, with sufficient exposure, solarization of certain screen-film systems can occur which obscures details within the X-ray image and degrades the accuracy of the diagnosis. Even though degradation can occur this was found to be a rare phenomenon. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Abortive initiation occurs prior to promoter clearance.
# RNA polymerase binds to promoter DNA to form an RNA polymerase-promoter closed complex
# RNA polymerase then unwinds one turn of DNA surrounding the transcription start site to yield an RNA polymerase-promoter open complex
# RNA polymerase enters into abortive ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
FRET in lanthanide probes is a widely used technique to measure the distance between two points separated by approximately 15–100 Angstrom. Measurements can be done under physiological conditions in vitro with genetically encoded dyes, and often in vivo as well. The technique relies on a distant- dependent transfer of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An energy diagram can be created based on the Enthalpy of Reaction of the individual steps. The energy diagram can be used to compare homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions: Due to the high activation energy of the dissociation of nitrogen, the homogeneous gas phase reaction is not realizable. The catalyst avoids this... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chloroplastida chloroplasts, or green chloroplasts, are another large, highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage. Their host organisms are commonly known as green algae and land plants. They differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll b in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Experimental error is usually assumed to affect the rate and not the substrate concentration , so is the dependent variable. As a result, both ordinate and abscissa are subject to experimental error, and so the deviations that occur due to error are not parallel with the ordinate axis but towards or away from the o... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In the 1930s, USSR geochemist Alexander Fersman defined the relative abundance of chemical elements in geological objects, denoted in percents, as . This was in honor to the American geochemist Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, who pioneered in estimating the chemical composition of Earths crust, based on Clarke and colleague... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The earliest mention of the term can be found in a lecture given by Dr. Allan Macfadyen of the Jenner Institute of Preventative Medicine in 1902. Dr. Macfadyen described symbiotic fermentation as noting "a close relationship between the organisms at work, the action of one aiding or modifying the action of the other, w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The effect of changing the temperature in the equilibrium can be made clear by 1) incorporating heat as either a reactant or a product, and 2) assuming that an increase in temperature increases the heat content of a system. When the reaction is exothermic (ΔH is negative and energy is released), heat is included as a p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bridge expansion joints are designed to allow for continuous traffic between structures while accommodating movement, shrinkage, and temperature variations on reinforced and prestressed concrete, composite, and steel structures. They stop the bridge from bending out of place in extreme conditions, and also allow enoug... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This type of equipment has an eccentric drive or weights that causes the shaker to travel in an orbital path. The material rolls over the screen and falls with the induction of gravity and directional shifts. Rubber balls and trays provide an additional mechanical means to cause the material to fall through. The bal... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Aquasomes have also shown promise as vaccine carriers. In a 2022 study by Jitendra et al., aquasomes prepared with hydroxyapatite and merozoite surface protein-119 (MSP-119) were shown to possess immunoadjuvant properties. Specifically, the small size and relatively large surface area of the nanoparticles contributed t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
These circuits can be modelled in silico to predict the dynamics of a genetic system. Having constructed a computational model of the natural circuit of interest, one can use the model to make testable predictions about circuit performance. When designing a synthetic circuit for a specific engineering task, a model is ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The degree of dissociation in gases is denoted by the symbol , where refers to the percentage of gas molecules which dissociate. Various relationships between and exist depending on the stoichiometry of the equation. The example of dinitrogen tetroxide () dissociating to nitrogen dioxide () will be taken.
If the ini... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemical terms, actinism is the property of radiation that lets it be absorbed by a molecule and cause a photochemical reaction as a result. Albert Einstein was the first to correctly theorize that each photon would be able to cause only one molecular reaction. This distinction separates photochemical reactions from... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The dissociation rate in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology is the rate or speed at which a ligand dissociates from a protein, for instance, a receptor. It is an important factor in the binding affinity and intrinsic activity (efficacy) of a ligand at a receptor. The dissociation rate for a particular substrate ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The shape of the semiintegral can be used as an easy method to measure the amount of ohmic drop of an electrochemical cell in cyclic voltammetry. Essentially the semiintegral of a cyclic voltammogram at a planar electrode (an electrode that obeys to the rules of planar diffusion) has the shape of a sigmoid while the or... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Related to the title concept are the ideas of a van der Waals volume, V, and a van der Waals surface area, abbreviated variously as A, vdWSA, VSA, and WSA.
A van der Waals surface area is an abstract conception of the surface area of atoms or molecules from a mathematical estimation, either computing it from first pri... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Perfluorohexane has extremely high global warming potential (GWP) of 9,300. This leads to a need to find low GWP alternative. Novec 649 was considered a good drop-in replacement in many applications due to its similar thermo-physical properties and having a global warming potential of 1. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Trickling may have a variety of types of filter media used to support the biofilm. Types of media most commonly used include coke, pumice, plastic matrix material, open-cell polyurethane foam, clinker, gravel, sand and geotextiles. Ideal filter medium optimizes surface area for microbial attachment, wastewater retentio... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cytochrome c has been used to detect peroxide production in biological systems. As superoxide is produced, the number of oxidised cytochrome c increases, and reduced cytochrome c decreases. However, superoxide is often produced with nitric oxide. In the presence of nitric oxide, the reduction of cytochrome c is inhibit... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are two suggested mechanisms behind physical hydrogel formation, the first one being the gelation of nanofibrous peptide assemblies, usually observed for oligopeptide precursors. The precursors self-assemble into fibers, tapes, tubes, or ribbons that entangle to form non-covalent cross-links. The second mechanism... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bromocresol purple is used in medical laboratories to measure albumin. Use of BCP in this application may provide some advantage over older methods using bromocresol green. In microbiology, it is used for staining dead cells based on their acidity, and for the isolation and assaying of lactic acid bacteria.
In photogra... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ivan Ivanovich Ostromislensky (, also Iwan Ostromislensky) (9 September 1880 – 16 January 1939) was a Russian organic chemist. He is credited as the pioneer in studying polymerization of synthetic rubber as well as inventor of various industrial technologies for production of synthetic rubber, polymers and pharmaceutic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to temperature and, between 0 °C and 40 °C, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most surface aerated vessels operate at between 4 °C and 32 °C. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Plutonium, like other actinides, readily forms a plutonium dioxide (plutonyl) core (PuO). In the environment, this plutonyl core readily complexes with carbonate as well as other oxygen moieties (OH, NO, NO, and SO) to form charged complexes which can be readily mobile with low affinities to soil.
*PuOCO
*PuO(CO)
*PuO(... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Composite metal foam has shown an ability to shield against x-ray and neutron radiation, absorbs/mitigates shocks, sounds, and vibrations, and can withstand over 1,000,000 high load cycles, outperforming traditional solid metals in each case. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Radical cascades are those in which the
key step constitutes a radical reaction. The high reactivity of free radical
species renders radical-based synthetic approaches decidedly suitable for
cascade reactions.
One of the most widely recognized
examples of the synthetic utility of radical cascades is the cyclization
seq... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One study used the water advancing contact angle to estimate the wettability of fifty-five oil reservoirs. De-oxygenated synthetic formation brine and dead anaerobic crude was tested on quartz and calcite crystals at reservoir temperature. Contact angles from 0 to 75 degrees were deemed water wet, 75 to 105 degrees as ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Controlled radical polymerization, namely reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT), is a common method for the polymerization of acrylates, methacrylates and acrylamides. Usually, a thiocarbonate is used in combination with an effective initiator for RAFT. The thiocarbonate moiety can be f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several variations of thermal spraying are distinguished:
*Plasma spraying
*Detonation spraying
*Wire arc spraying
*Flame spraying
*High velocity oxy-fuel coating spraying (HVOF)
*High velocity air fuel (HVAF)
*Warm spraying
*Cold spraying
*Spray and Fuse
In classical (developed between 1910 and 1920) but still widely ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The salt marsh plant Batis maritima contains the enzyme methyl chloride transferase that catalyzes the synthesis of CHCl from S-adenosine-L-methionine and chloride. This protein has been purified and expressed in E. coli, and seems to be present in other organisms such as white rot fungi (Phellinus pomaceus), red algae... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Albert Ghiorso is credited with having co-discovered the following elements
* Americium ca. 1945 (element 95)
* Curium in 1944 (element 96)
* Berkelium in 1949 (element 97)
* Californium in 1950 (element 98)
* Einsteinium in 1952 (element 99)
* Fermium in 1953 (element 100)
* Mendelevium in 1955 (element 101)
* Nobel... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The exact purity of very fine precious metals such as platinum, gold and silver can be of great interest. Based on the system of millesimal fineness, a metal is said to be one nine or one nine fine if it is 900 fine, or 90% pure. A metal that is 990 fine is then described as two nines fine and one that is 999 fine is d... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A water jet, or pump-jet, is a marine propulsion system that uses a jet of water. The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal compressor and nozzle. The pump-jet must be driven by a separate engine such as a Diesel or gas turbine. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Taking into account the HiFIT process during development, on same load level and same lifetime, the construction can be slimmed down specifically. Extensive experimental investigations on structural details and FEM-supported-design methods has shown the high efficiency with conventional S235, S355J2 and fine grain stee... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The C-N distance in isocyanides is 115.8 pm in methyl isocyanide. The C-N-C angles are near 180°.
Akin to carbon monoxide, isocyanides are described by two resonance structures, one with a triple bond between the nitrogen and the carbon and one with a double bond between. The π lone pair of the nitrogen stabilizes the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
1. van Kretschmar, J. B., Bailey W. D., Arellano, C., Thompson, G. D., Sutula, C. L., Roe, R. M., Feeding disruption tests for monitoring the frequency of larval lepidopteran resistance to Cry1Ac, Cry1F, and Cry1Ab, Crop Prot. 30(7), 863-870 (2011)
2. Roe, R. M., W. D. Bailey, W. D., Gould, F., Sorenson, C. E., Kennedy... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cellular noise is random variability in quantities arising in cellular biology. For example, cells which are genetically identical, even within the same tissue, are often observed to have different expression levels of proteins, different sizes and structures. These apparently random differences can have important biol... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Dextrorphan was formerly a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, but was unscheduled on October 1, 1976. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Animal research (on mice), which is pre-clinical, also found Retinoid acid, the bioactive metabolite of vitamin A, to have an effect on brain areas responsible for memory and learning. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Waters was appointed as a lecturer in chemistry at the University of Auckland in 1961, rising to the rank of associate professor. In 1983, she joined Massey University as a senior research fellow and associate professor in chemistry, and in 2000 she was made a full professor at Massey's Albany campus. Following her ret... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Paralogs: FAM227A
Orthologs: FAM227B is present in Deuterostomia and Protostomia, dating as far back as porifera. FAM227B is not present in choanoflagellates, and gene alignment sequences have shown that FAM227B is a rapidly evolving gene due to its evolution trajectory compared to cytochrome c and fibrinogen alpha. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Collective diffusion is the diffusion of a large number of particles, most often within a solvent.
Contrary to brownian motion, which is the diffusion of a single particle, interactions between particles may have to be considered, unless the particles form an ideal mix with their solvent (ideal mix conditions correspon... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Bonnoris noted, “The environmental justice movement posits that the distribution of environmental harms and benefits should be fairly apportioned among all communities”. As Bonnoris argued, the burden of air pollution is disproportionally distributed among communities based on their racial, social or economic status. D... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are over 300 types of ion channels just in the cells of the inner ear. Ion channels may be classified by the nature of their gating, the species of ions passing through those gates, the number of gates (pores), and localization of proteins.
Further heterogeneity of ion channels arises when channels with different... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most plastic items, like packaging materials, are used briefly and only once. These rarely experience polymer degradation during their service-lives. Other items experience only gradual degradation from the natural environment. Some plastic items, however, can experience long service-lives in aggressive environments, p... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Pesticide residue refers to the pesticides that may remain on or in food, after they are applied to food crops. The maximum allowable levels of these residues in foods are stipulated by regulatory bodies in many countries. Regulations such as pre-harvest intervals also prevent harvest of crop or livestock products if r... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
While statins may reduce CoQ in the blood it is unclear if they reduce CoQ in muscle. Evidence does not support that supplementation improves side effects from statins. However, a more recent metanalysis conducted in China, one of the world's largest producers of this supplement, concluded that, "CoQ supplementation am... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Collapsible flow is a phenomenon that occurs in steady flow in tubes with significant distensibility, or the capability of swelling or stretching, under conditions of lower internal pressure relative to pressure outside the tube. Such conditions occur rarely in industrial applications but are very common in biological ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The EXPOSE-E experiments are:
* PROCESS, study photochemical organic compounds in Earth orbit. Relevant to comets, meteorites, Mars and Titan.
* ADAPT, study molecular adaptation strategies of microorganisms in analogues to meteoritic matter to different space and planetary UV climate conditions.
* PROTECT, study of sp... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ramos, F.T.; Dores E.F.G.C.; Weber O.L.S.; Beber D.C.; Campelo Jr J.H.; Maia J.C.S. (2018) "Soil organic matter doubles the cation exchange capacity of tropical soil under no-till farming in Brazil". J Sci Food Agric. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.8881/abstract 10.1002/jsfa.8881] | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Ferredoxins typically carry out a single electron transfer.
However a few bacterial ferredoxins (of the 2[4Fe4S] type) have two iron sulfur clusters and can carry out two electron transfer reactions. Depending on the sequence of the protein, the two transfers can have nearly identical reduction potentials or they may b... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several of the principles which corpuscularianism proposed became tenets of modern chemistry.
*The idea that compounds can have secondary properties that differ from the properties of the elements which are combined to make them became the basis of molecular chemistry.
*The idea that the same elements can be predictab... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As established by X-ray crystallography, octachlorodimolybdate(II) anion ([MoCl]) has an eclipsed conformation. This sterically unfavorable geometry is given as evidence for a quadruple bond between the Mo centers.
Experiments such as X-ray and electron diffraction analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance, microwave spectr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bravais lattices, also referred to as space lattices, describe the geometric arrangement of the lattice points, and therefore the translational symmetry of the crystal. The three dimensions of space afford 14 distinct Bravais lattices describing the translational symmetry. All crystalline materials recognized today, no... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peri urban areas are often less densely populated than urban centers. Therefore, they have more space and on-site sanitation systems can be effective for solid and liquid treatment. In most such peri-urban areas, it is less likely that they will be connected to a conventional centralized sewerage system in the short or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The sievert (symbol: Sv) is a unit in the International System of Units (SI) intended to represent the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, which is defined as the probability of causing radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage. The sievert is important in dosimetry and radiation protection. It is named aft... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1850, Charles-Adolphe Wurtz described a colorless platinum tetrammine with the formula [Pt(etn)]Cl 2HO; Wolffram (H. Wolffram, Dissertation, Königsberg, 1900.), whom the compound is named after, obtained a red salt from this by action of hydrogen peroxide in hydrochloric acid, and initially considered it to be isome... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Primary treatment is the "removal of a portion of the suspended solids and organic matter from the sewage".It consists of allowing sewage to pass slowly through a basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface and are skimmed off. These basins are called prim... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ionochromic materials exist in a wide range of molecules, including organic molecules, pH-sensitive dyes and indicators, and other color-changing compounds with chromophores. Some of these molecules include phthalides, fluorans, and leucotriarylmethanes. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sirpα migratory DCs (mDCs) form second subset of thymic DCs. They rise extrathymically, and were shown to present self antigens, especially blood-borne antigens, in the thymus, which they acquire in the periphery. They were also shown to be more efficient in T regulatory cells selection than clonal deletion. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Flutamide has been found to be effective in the treatment of female pattern hair loss in a number of studies. In one study of 101 pre- and postmenopausal women, flutamide alone or in combination with an oral contraceptive produced a marked decrease in hair loss scores after 1 year of treatment, with maximum effect afte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Agnes Fay Morgan Research Award, Iota Sigma Pi, 2019
*Marshall University College of Science Distinguished Alumni Award, 2019
*Eli Lilly Young Investigator Award in Analytical Chemistry, 2018
*US HUPO Robert J. Cotter New Investigator Award, 2018
* NSF CAREER Award, 2015
* Arthur C. Neish Young Investigator Award, 201... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Progesterone is commercially produced by semisynthesis. Two main routes are used: one from yam diosgenin first pioneered by Marker in 1940, and one based on soy phytosterols scaled up in the 1970s. Additional (not necessarily economical) semisyntheses of progesterone have also been reported starting from a variety of ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
One of the most basic tasks in spectroscopy is to characterize the spectrum of a light source: how much light is emitted at each different wavelength. The most straightforward way to measure a spectrum is to pass the light through a monochromator, an instrument that blocks all of the light except the light at a certain... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Also called Kharasch effect (named after Morris S. Kharasch), these reactions that do not involve a carbocation intermediate may react through other mechanisms that have regioselectivities not dictated by Markovnikov's rule, such as free radical addition. Such reactions are said to be anti-Markovnikov, since the haloge... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The sessile drop method is another popular way to measure contact angles, and is done by placing a two-dimensional drop on a solid surface and controlling the volume of liquid in the drop. The sessile drop method and the captive bubble method are usually interchangeable in performing experiments as they are both based ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
After an incident particle has fused with a parent nucleus, if the excitation energy is sufficient, the nucleus breaks into fragments. This is called scission, and occurs at about 10 seconds. The fragments can emit prompt neutrons at between 10 and 10 seconds. At about 10 seconds, the fragments can emit gamma rays. At ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Many reactions produce carboxylic acids but are used only in specific cases or are mainly of academic interest.
* Disproportionation of an aldehyde in the Cannizzaro reaction
* Rearrangement of diketones in the benzilic acid rearrangement
* Involving the generation of benzoic acids are the von Richter reaction from nit... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The technique is closely related to using gas adsorption to measure pore sizes, but uses the Gibbs–Thomson equation rather than the Kelvin equation. They are both particular cases of the Gibbs Equations of Josiah Willard Gibbs: the Kelvin equation is the constant temperature case, and the Gibbs–Thomson equation is the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Cryptands enjoy some commercial applications (e.g. in homogenous-time-resolved-fluorescence, HTRF, technologies using Eu3+ as central ion). More importantly, they are reagents for the synthesis of inorganic and organometallic salts. Although more expensive and more difficult to prepare than crown ethers, cryptands bind... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that has two major species, HIV-1 which causes the majority of the epidemic, and HIV-2, a close relative whose distribution is concentrated in western Africa. HIV infection was first described in 1981 in San Francisco and New York City. In 1985, HIV was identified as t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Zofenopril (INN) is a medication that protects the heart and helps reduce high blood pressure. It is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
In small studies, zofenopril appeared significantly more effective in reducing hypertension than two older antihypertensive drugs, atenolol and enalapril, and was associ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To collect the very fine particles a new technology is used in the field of "nano" spray drying. The reason is that common cyclone technology depends on the particle mass; particles smaller than 2 μm can't be separated and instead exit the system along with the exhaust gas.
The electrostatic particle collector charges ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The cyclol fabric was shown to be implausible for several reasons. Hans Neurath and Henry Bull showed that the dense packing of side chains in the cyclol fabric was inconsistent with the experimental density observed in protein films. Maurice Huggins calculated that several non-bonded atoms of the cyclol fabric would a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Albert Attalla died at Banner Thunderbird Medical Center on May 26, 2014, of cardiac arrest after suffering from a brain hemorrhage on May 12. His wife and middle daughter were by his side when he passed.
He donated his body to Research for Life and after all tissue samples were taken, his body was cremated and returne... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
MS-SnuPE employs the primer extension method initially designed for analyzing single-nucleotide polymorphisms. DNA is bisulfite-converted, and bisulfite-specific primers are annealed to the sequence up to the base pair immediately before the CpG of interest. The primer is allowed to extend one base pair into the C (or... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Ellipsometry can also be done as imaging ellipsometry by using a CCD camera as a detector. This provides a real time contrast image of the sample, which provides information about film thickness and refractive index. Advanced imaging ellipsometer technology operates on the principle of classical null ellipsometry and r... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are four known mammalian protein kinases that phosphorylate eIF2α, including PKR-like ER kinase (PERK, EIF2AK3), heme-regulated eIF2α kinase (HRI, EIF2AK1), general control non-depressible 2 (GCN2, EIF2AK4) and double stranded RNA dependent protein kinase (PKR, EIF2AK2). | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A wide variety of phenols undergo O-methylation to give anisole derivatives. This process, catalyzed by such enzymes as caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, is a key reaction in the biosynthesis of lignols, percursors to lignin, a major structural component of plants.
Plants produce flavonoids and isoflavones with methyl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A crystallite is a small or even microscopic crystal which forms, for example, during the cooling of many materials. Crystallites are also referred to as grains.
Bacillite is a type of crystallite. It is rodlike with parallel longulites. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Due to low emission rate experiments should be performed in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). In some studies the materials were previously doped with tritium. MSGE rate then was measured by radioactivity outcome from the material under applied mechanical stress. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
To determine five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), several dilutions of a sample are analyzed for dissolved oxygen before and after a five-day incubation period at 20 °C in the dark. In some cases, bacteria are used to provide a standardized community to uptake oxygen while consuming the organic matter in the sampl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from an electron donor such as NADH to an acceptor such as O through an electron transport chain, releasing energy. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to create a high-energy electron donor which can subsequently reduce oxidized components and... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To place the sample under investigation into the x-ray beam, a sample holder is required. While in white-beam techniques a simple fixed holder is sometimes sufficient, experiments with monochromatic techniques typically require one or more degrees of freedom of rotational motion. Samples are therefore placed on a diffr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Liquid fuels are liquids containing dissolved nuclear fuel and have been shown to offer numerous operational advantages compared to traditional solid fuel approaches.
Liquid-fuel reactors offer significant safety advantages due to their inherently stable "self-adjusting" reactor dynamics. This provides two major benefi... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
SDS is not carcinogenic in low concentrations according to some studies. Like all detergents, sodium lauryl sulfate removes oils from the skin, and can cause skin and eye irritation. It has been shown to irritate the skin of the face, with prolonged and constant exposure (more than an hour) in young adults. SDS may wor... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The following table and diagram show experimentally determined surface tensions in the mixture of water and propionic acid.
This example shows a good agreement between the published value a=2.6*10 and the calculated value a=2.59*10 at the smallest given mole fraction of 0.00861 but at higher concentrations of propionic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
* Loading: Analogous to the starting stage, each module loads its specific amino acid onto its PCP-domain.
* Condensation: The C-domain catalyzes the amide bond formation between the thioester group of the growing peptide chain from the previous module with the amino group of the current module. The extended peptide is... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
One application for sodium tert-butoxide is as a non-nucleophilic base. It has been widely used in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination, as in this typical example:
Sodium tert-butoxide is used to prepare tert-butoxide complexes. For example hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III) is thus obtained by the salt metathesis reaction fr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A magnetohydrodynamic generator (MHD generator) is a magnetohydrodynamic converter that transforms thermal energy and kinetic energy directly into electricity. An MHD generator, like a conventional generator, relies on moving a conductor through a magnetic field to generate electric current. The MHD generator uses hot ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Many organofluorine compounds are produced by electrofluorination. One manifestation of this technology is the Simons process, which can be described as:
:RC–H + HF → RC–F + H
In the course of a typical synthesis, this reaction occurs once for each C–H bond in the precursor. The cell potentia... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Following the invention of X-ray crystallography techniques in the 1910s, the atomic structure of many compounds was investigated. Most metals have relatively simple structures. However, in 1923 Linus Pauling reported on the structure of the intermetallic NaCd, which had such a complicated structure he was unable to f... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Prior to 1925, the materials used in implant surgery were primarily relatively pure metals. The success of these materials was surprising considering the relatively primitive surgical techniques. The 1930s marked the beginning of the era of better surgical techniques as well as the first use of alloys such as vitallium... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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