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Under a standard set of conditions, the melting point of a substance is a characteristic property. The melting point is often equal to the freezing point. However, under carefully created conditions, supercooling, or superheating past the melting or freezing point can occur. Water on a very clean glass surface will oft... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The longitudinal (or spin-lattice) relaxation time T is the decay constant for the recovery of the z component of the nuclear spin magnetization, M, towards its thermal equilibrium value, . In general,
In specific cases:
*If M has been tilted into the xy plane, then and the recovery is simply
i.e. the magnetization re... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The society publishes the magazine Australian Biochemist with three issues per year. The publication started in 1998, following on from the ABS/ASBMB newsletter, which was started in 1970. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In practice, the atomic mass constant is determined from the electron rest mass m and the electron relative atomic mass A(e) (that is, the mass of electron divided by the atomic mass constant). The relative atomic mass of the electron can be measured in cyclotron experiments, while the rest mass of the electron can be ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In July 1987, Lower Saxony’s minister of Science and Art approved the establishment of the ICBM as a cooperation of the university departments of mathematics, biology, physics and chemistry. In 1991, the ICBM was approved as a central organisation of the University of Oldenburg. The registered association „Centre for R... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Thermolysin is an enzyme produced by Bacillus thermoproteolyticus that catalyses the hydrolysis of peptides containing hydrophobic amino acids. Therefore, it is also a target for antibacterial agents. The enzymatic reaction mechanism starts form the small peptide molecule and replaces the zinc binding water molecule to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Rewrite the second equation as
In the neighborhood of the weak discontinuity, the quantities to the first order (such as ) reduces the above equation to
At this point, it is worth mentioning that in general, disturbances in gases are propagated with respect to the gas at the local sound speed. In other words, in the fi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Jones became interested in science as a freshman at high school, where she took part in a national Science Technology Engineering Program. She earned a BS in biochemistry at Syracuse University in 1999. Jones completed her PhD at Georgia State University and specialized in structural biology.
Jones received postdoctora... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The law can be expressed in terms of attenuation coefficient, but in this case is better called the Bouguer-Lambert's law. The (Napierian) attenuation coefficient and the decadic attenuation coefficient of a material sample are related to its number densities and amount concentrations asrespectively, by definition o... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marrow is part of I'm a Scientist, Get me out of here! energy generation zone. He has also been a key developer and academic consultant for the Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS). Global Cycle Network Technology (GCN Tech) interviewed James about carbon fibre fatigue and strain in 20... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Asymmetric ester hydrolysis with pig liver esterase is the enantioselective conversion of an ester to a carboxylic acid through the action of the enzyme pig liver esterase (EC 3.1.1.1). Asymmetric ester hydrolysis involves the selective reaction of one of a pair of either enantiotopic (within the same molecule and rela... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
There are two digits. The first digit is the priority number of the ligand on the fourfold (C) axis of the idealised pyramid the second digit is the priority number of the ligand trans to ligand of lowest priority in the plane perpendicular to the 4 fold axis. (If there is more than one choice then the highest numeric... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Filtration is movement of water and solute molecules across the cell membrane due to hydrostatic pressure generated by the cardiovascular system. Depending on the size of the membrane pores, only solutes of a certain size may pass through it. For example, the membrane pores of the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys are ve... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
There are many classes of neutral homoaromatic compounds although there is much debate as to whether they truly exhibit homoaromatic character or not.
One class of neutral homoaromatics are called monohomoaromatics, one of which is cycloheptatriene, and numerous complex monohomoaromatics have been synthesized. One par... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
While characterizing the compound resulting from deprotonation of cyclooctatriene by H NMR spectroscopy, the group observed that the resonance corresponding to two protons bonded to the same methylene bridge carbon exhibited an astonishing degree of separation in chemical shift.
From this observation, Pettit, et al. co... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Sometimes it is more convenient to display graphical spectra with vertical axes that show the relative spectral flux density. In this case, the spectral flux density at a given wavelength is expressed as a fraction of some arbitrarily chosen reference value. Relative spectral flux densities are expressed as pure number... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Between November 2015 and October 2018, the Wellcome Trust supported a project to develop the [http://www.guidetoimmunopharmacology.org IUPHAR Guide to IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY] (GtoImmuPdb), based on the GtoPdb schema. The GtoImmuPdb is an open-access resource that brings an immunological perspective to the high-quality, ex... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The key to the two-hybrid screen is that in most eukaryotic transcription factors, the activating and binding domains are modular and can function in proximity to each other without direct binding. This means that even though the transcription factor is split into two fragments, it can still activate transcription when... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
ATP has recently been proposed to act as a biological hydrotrope and has been shown to affect proteome-wide solubility. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
A useful heuristic is to imagine air starting from rest, experiencing a force directed from areas of high pressure toward areas of low pressure, called the pressure gradient force. If the air began to move in response to that force, however, the Coriolis "force" would deflect it, to the right of the motion in the north... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Photoluminescence (PL) is a phenomenon related to the ability of some compounds that, after absorbing specific electromagnetic radiation, relax to a lower energy state through emission of photons. This spectroelectrochemical technique is limited to those compounds with fluorescent or luminescent properties. The experim... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The defendants were pipemakers who were operating in agreement. When municipalities offered projects available to the lowest bidder, all companies but the one designated would overbid, guaranteeing the success of the designated low bidder if no bidder outside the group submitted a bid.
The government argued that some a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
To obtain the effect, it is necessary to achieve a phase separation, one of these phases works as the trigger for the temporary form, using a transition temperature that can be Tm or Tg and in this effect is called T. A second phase has the higher transition temperature and above this temperature the polymer melts and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Monomers undergoing supramolecular polymerization are considered to be in equilibrium with the growing polymers, and thermodynamic factors therefore dominate the system. However, when the constituent monomers are connected via strong and multivalent interactions, a "metastable" kinetic state can dominate the polymeriz... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In biochemistry there are many instances of acyl groups, in all major categories of biochemical molecules.
Acyl-CoAs are acyl derivatives formed via fatty acid metabolism. Acetyl-CoA, the most common derivative, serves as an acyl donor in many biosynthetic transformations. Such acyl compounds are thioesters.
Names of a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Limit values for VOC emissions into indoor air are published by AgBB, AFSSET, California Department of Public Health, and others. These regulations have prompted several companies in the paint and adhesive industries to adapt with VOC level reductions their products. VOC labels and certification programs may not proper... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Surface conductivity may refer to the electrical conduction across a solid surface measured by surface probes. Experiments may be done to test this material property as in the n-type surface conductivity of p-type. Additionally, surface conductivity is measured in coupled phenomena such as photoconductivity, for exampl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
This timeline of biology and organic chemistry captures significant events from before 1600 to the present. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition, which means that as long as solid and liquid coexist, the temperature of the whole system remains very nearly equal to the melting point due to the slow removal of heat w... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The term "ionic liquid" in the general sense was used as early as 1943.
The discovery date of the "first" ionic liquid is disputed, along with the identity of its discoverer. Ethanolammonium nitrate (m.p. 52–55 °C) was reported in 1888 by S. Gabriel and J. Weiner. In 1911 Ray and Rakshit, during preparation of the nitr... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since development of the aluminium gallium nitride LED in the early 2000s, UV LED technology has seen sustained growth in the UV curing marketplace. Generating energy most efficiently in the 365-405 nm UVA wavelengths, continued technological advances, have allowed for improved electrical efficiency of UV LEDs as well ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydrolysis reaction for a hydrated metal ion in aqueous solution can be written as:
:p M + q HO ⇌ M(OH) + q H
and the corresponding formation constant as:
and associated equilibria can be written as:
:MO(OH)(s) + z H ⇌ M + (z–x) HO
:MO(OH)(s) + x HO ⇌ M + z OH
:p MO(OH)(s) + (pz–q) H ⇌ M(OH) + (pz–px–q) HO | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Solutions to wave propagation problems in linear elastic transversely isotropic media can be constructed by superposing solutions for the quasi-P wave, the quasi S-wave, and a S-wave polarized orthogonal to the quasi S-wave.
However, the equations for the angular variation of velocity are algebraically complex and the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Suppose we are interested in finding the maximum power that can be extracted from the fluid. The power in the fluid is given by the following expression:
where is the fluid density as before, is the fluid velocity, and is the area of an imaginary surface through which the fluid is flowing. The power extracted from t... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Gheorghe Spacu (December 5, 1883 – July 23, 1955) was a Romanian inorganic chemist.
Born in Iași, he attended the city's National College from 1894 to 1901. He subsequently enrolled in the physics and chemistry section of the sciences faculty at the University of Iași. There, his professors included Petru Poni (inorgan... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Combustion (in a fireplace, gas heater, candle, oil lamp, etc.) consumes oxygen while producing carbon dioxide and other unhealthy gases and smoke, requiring ventilation air. An open chimney promotes infiltration (i.e. natural ventilation) because of the negative pressure change induced by the buoyant, warmer air leavi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The compound was protected by a patent which was assigned to the German pharmaceutical company Hoechst AG (since merged into Aventis) on 29 October 1991. The patent was scheduled to expire on 29 October 2008. On 11 September 2007, in an appeal by the Indian company Lupin Ltd., the United States Court of Appeals for the... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The concept of selectivity is used to quantify the extent to which one chemical substance, A, binds each of two other chemical substances, B and C. The simplest case is where the complexes formed have 1:1 stoichiometry. Then, the two interactions may be characterized by equilibrium constants and .
where [X] represents... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Organocerium chemistry is the science of organometallic compounds that contain one or more chemical bond between carbon and cerium. These compounds comprise a subset of the organolanthanides. Most organocerium compounds feature Ce(III) but some Ce(IV) derivatives are known. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Early process control breakthroughs came most frequently in the form of water control devices. Ktesibios of Alexandria is credited for inventing float valves to regulate water level of water clocks in the 3rd century BC. In the 1st century AD, Heron of Alexandria invented a water valve similar to the fill valve used in... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Counting d electrons is a formalism. Often it is difficult or impossible to assign electrons and charge to the metal center or a ligand. For a high-oxidation-state metal center with a +4 charge or greater it is understood that the true charge separation is much smaller. But referring to the formal oxidation state and ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The discovery of paper chromatography in 1943 by Martin and Synge provided, for the first time, the means of surveying constituents of plants and for their separation and identification. Erwin Chargaff credits in Weintraub's history of the man the 1944 article by Consden, Gordon and Martin. There was an explosion of ac... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
From 1943 on, Booth started working on the determination of crystal structures using X-ray diffraction data. The computations involved were extremely tedious and there was ample incentive for automating the process and he developed an analogue computer to compute the reciprocal spacings of the diffraction pattern.
In... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
A drug carrier or drug vehicle is a substrate used in the process of drug delivery which serves to improve the selectivity, effectiveness, and/or safety of drug administration. Drug carriers are primarily used to control the release of drugs into systemic circulation. This can be accomplished either by slow release of ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Some evidence shows that alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of chemicals. A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasiti... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In solid-state physics and solid-state chemistry, a band gap, also called a bandgap or energy gap, is an energy range in a solid where no electronic states exist. In graphs of the electronic band structure of solids, the band gap refers to the energy difference (often expressed in electronvolts) between the top of the ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anabolic processes build organs and tissues. These processes produce growth and differentiation of cells and increase in body size, a process that involves synthesis of complex molecules. Examples of anabolic processes include the growth and mineralization of bone and increases in muscle mass. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (or C/EBPs) is a family of transcription factors composed of six members, named from C/EBPα to C/EBPζ. They promote the expression of certain genes through interaction with their promoters. Once bound to DNA, C/EBPs can recruit so-called co-activators (such as CBP) that in turn can open... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
As they require the conjunction of specific environmental conditions to form, particular mineral deposit types tend to occupy specific geodynamic niches, therefore, this page has been organised by metal commodity. It is also possible to organise theories the other way, namely according to geological criteria of formati... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
During the fading, colourant molecules undergo various chemical processes which result in fading.
When a UV-photon reacts with a molecule acting as colourant, the molecule is excited from the ground state to an excited state. The excited molecule is highly reactive and unstable. During the quenching of the molecule fro... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Peggoty Mutai is a Kenyan chemist. Born in Kericho, her interests include medicinal chemistry, in particular working with the search for new treatments against parasitic worms.
After studying at the Universi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Hot tapping, or pressure tapping, is the method of making a connection to existing piping or pressure vessels without the interrupting or emptying of that section of pipe or vessel. This means that a pipe or tank can continue to be in operation whilst maintenance or modifications are being done to it. The process is a... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The idea of synthetic fibre reinforced pipe has origins in the flexible hose and offshore industry where it has been frequently used for applications such as control lines in umbilicals and production flowlines for over 30 years. However, the commercialisation and realisation of a competitive product for the onshore oi... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Differences in the abundance of isotopes among natural samples are extremely small (almost always below 0.1% or 1 per mille). Nevertheless, these very small differences can record meaningful geological processes. To compare these tiny but meaningful differences, isotope abundances in natural materials are often reporte... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The chute-type machine has a lower footprint and fewer moving parts which results in lower investment and operating costs. In general, it is more applicable to well liberated material and surface detection, because a double sided scanning is possible on a more reliable on the system. The applicable top size of the chut... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Chloromethane is an abundant organohalogen, anthropogenic or natural, in the atmosphere. Natural sources produce an estimated 4,100,000,000 kg/yr. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
An electron avalanche happens between two unconnected electrodes in a gas when an electric field exceeds a certain threshold. Random thermal collisions of gas atoms may result in a few free electrons and positively charged gas ions, in a process called impact ionization. Acceleration of these free electrons in a strong... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The Papkovich–Neuber solution represents the velocity and pressure fields of an incompressible Newtonian Stokes flow in terms of two harmonic potentials. | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Standard monolayer cell culturing on tissue culture plastic has notably improved the understanding of basic cell biology, but it does not replicate the complex 3D architecture of in vivo tissue, and it can significantly modify cell properties. This often compromises experiments in basic life science, leads to misleadin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Microglobulin is a globulin of relatively small molecular weight. It can be contrasted to macroglobulin.,
Examples include:
* Beta-2 microglobulin
* Alpha-1-microglobulin | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Fluorides include compounds that contain ionic fluoride and those in which fluoride does not dissociate. The nomenclature does not distinguish these situations. For example, sulfur hexafluoride and carbon tetrafluoride are not sources of fluoride ions under ordinary conditions.
The systematic name fluoride, the valid I... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Stationary phases can react with CDAs to form chiral stationary phases which can resolve chiral molecules. By reacting with alcohols on a silicate stationary phase, CDAs add a chiral center to the stationary phase, which allows for the separation of chiral molecules. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The hydrolysis of nitriles RCN proceeds in the distinct steps under acid or base treatment to first give carboxamides and then carboxylic acids RCOOH. The hydrolysis of nitriles to carboxylic acids is efficient. In acid or base, the balanced equations are as follows:
Strictly speaking, these reactions are mediated (a... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Oxidative lesions are an umbrella category of lesions caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), other byproducts of cellular metabolism, and exogenous factors such as ionizing or ultraviolet radiation. Byproducts of oxidative respiration are the main source of reactive species which caus... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The head group classification of a surfactant is determined by the head group ion type. Ionic surfactants derive their amphiphilicity from a charged hydrophilic head group and tend to be small, low molecular weight molecules. Ionic surfactants will stabilize particles suspended in a paint by electrostatic repulsion and... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Fancy and Kodadek's invention of PICUP in 1999 was the first time proteins cross-linking was able to be performed in such a short period of time (1 second) and without modifying the structure of the proteins in question. Additionally, PICUP was able to be performed at physiological pH of 7.4, which opened doors for fur... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Cyclopropanation of olefins with diazocarbonyl compounds is commonly accomplished using rhodium carboxylate complexes, although copper was originally used. The scope of the olefin is generally quite broad—electron-rich, neutral, and electron-poor olefins have all been cyclopropanated efficiently using rhodium-based cat... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The components of bitumen include four main classes of compounds:
* Naphthene aromatics (naphthalene), consisting of partially hydrogenated polycyclic aromatic compounds
* Polar aromatics, consisting of high molecular weight phenols and carboxylic acids produced by partial oxidation of the material
* Saturated hydrocar... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The emission of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) during plastic deformation and crack propagation in metals and rocks has been studied. The EMR emissions from metals and alloys have also been explored and confirmed. Molotskii presented a dislocation mechanism for this type of EMR emission. In 2005, Srilakshmi and Misra ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts:
* The chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane.
* The electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane.
When th... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Unlike the hormones with which it competes, flutamide is not a steroid; rather, it is a substituted anilide. Hence, it is described as nonsteroidal in order to distinguish it from older steroidal antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate and megestrol acetate. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mining is the largest source of uranium contamination in the environment. Uranium milling creates radioactive waste in the form of tailings, which contain uranium, radium, and polonium. Consequently, uranium mining results in "the unavoidable radioactive contamination of the environment by solid, liquid and gaseous was... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
The data stored in SABIO-RK in a comprehensive manner is mainly extracted manually from literature. This includes reactions, their participants (substrates, products), modifiers (inhibitors, activators, cofactors), catalyst details (e.g. EC enzyme classification, protein complex composition, wild type / mutant informat... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In Japan, "clarke" is translated as . The word is always added, which happens to make the term appear similar in form with scientific constants such as . The term may have a narrower sense than Fersman's. Several of the following constraints may apply:
* Only of Earth's crust
* Lithosphere approximated as a 10 mile-de... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Consider a typical chemical reaction in which two reactants A and B combine to form a product C:
This can also be written
The prefactors −1, −2 and 3 (with negative signs for reactants because they are consumed) are known as stoichiometric coefficients. One molecule of A combines with two of B to form 3 of C, so if we ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Mayeda worked initially as a laboratory assistant to Harold Urey at the University of Chicago, where she was hired initially to wash glassware. They used mass spectrometry to measure oxygen isotopes in the shells of marine molluscs which gave information on the prehistoric temperatures of ocean waters and hence paleocl... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1832, the family settled in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, east of Christiansville (now Chase City). Although he arrived too late to obtain the prospective teaching position, John William established a laboratory in Christiansville. Here he conducted experiments and published eight papers before entering medical sch... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Air is liquefied by the Linde process, in which air is alternately compressed, cooled, and expanded, each expansion results in a considerable reduction in temperature. With the lower temperature the molecules move more slowly and occupy less space, so the air changes phase to become liquid. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Bioglass 8625, also called Schott 8625, is a soda-lime glass used for encapsulation of implanted devices. The most common use of Bioglass 8625 is in the housings of RFID transponders for use in human and animal microchip implants. It is patented and manufactured by Schott AG. Bioglass 8625 is also used for some piercin... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Because many polymers are composed of primarily of hydrocarbon chains with at most slightly polar functional groups, they tend to have low surface energies and thus adsorb rather poorly. While this can be advantageous for some applications, modification of polymer surfaces is crucial for many other applications in whic... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Since there is no rotation at large , becomes independent of resulting in . Hence and .
Here the boundary conditions for the fluid are
Self-similar solution is obtained by introducing following transformation,
where is the fluid density.
The self-similar equations are
with boundary conditions for the fluid are
... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another type of drug delivery vehicle used is polymeric micelles. They are prepared from certain amphiphilic co-polymers consisting of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomer units. They can be used to carry drugs that have poor solubility. This method offers little in the terms of size control or function malleabili... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Metals can be toxic in high quantities. Either ingestion or faulty metabolic pathways can lead to metal toxicity (metal poisoning). Sources of toxic metals include cadmium from tobacco, arsenic from agriculture and mercury from volcanoes and forest fires. Nature, in the form of trees and plants, is able to trap many to... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
The population of vibrationally excited states follows a Boltzmann distribution, so low-frequency vibrational states are appreciably populated even at room temperatures. As the moment of inertia is higher when a vibration is excited, the rotational constants (B) decrease. Consequently, the rotation frequencies in each ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Marquis reagent was first discovered in 1896 and described by the Russian (Estonian) pharmacologist, Eduard Markus (1871–1944) () in his magister dissertation in 1896; and named after him, and was tested for the first time at the University of Dorpat. The reagent should be stored in the freezer for maximum shelf ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
AFM scanners are made from piezoelectric material, which expands and contracts proportionally to an applied voltage. Whether they elongate or contract depends upon the polarity of the voltage applied. Traditionally the tip or sample is mounted on a "tripod" of three piezo crystals, with each responsible for scanning in... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Due to their toxicity, use of first-generation glycopeptide antibiotics is restricted to patients who are critically ill, who have a demonstrated hypersensitivity to the β-lactams, or who are infected with β-lactam-resistant species, as in the case of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These antibiotics are e... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In chemistry, an alkali (; from ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym f... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
*Chandler Chemistry Laboratory at Lehigh University, constructed in 1884
*Joseph Priestley House, U.S. home of Joseph Priestley, discoverer of oxygen, from 1798 to 1804 | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Modified bisulfite sequencing was optimized for rRNA, tRNA, and miRNA molecules from Drosophila.
Bisulfite treatment has been most widely used to detect dm5C (DNA m5C). The treatment essentially converts a cytosine to a uridine, but methylated cytosines would be unchanged by the treatment.
Previous attempts to develop ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
Another technique that has been gaining ground for single molecule experiments is the use of optical tweezers for applying mechanical forces on molecules. A strongly focused laser beam has the ability to catch and hold particles (of dielectric material) in a size range from nanometers to micrometers. The trapping actio... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
In 1992, Hunter was jointly awarded the Meldola Medal and Prize by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It is awarded to a British chemist who was under 32 years of age for promising original investigations in chemistry. In 1999, he was jointly awarded the Corday–Morgan Medal and Prize by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
His medical interest led him to investigate the gases the miners breathed – fire damp (methane) and choke damp (oxygen depleted air). Carlisle Spedding helped to build a laboratory for Brownrigg and fed it with gases from a nearby coal mine through lead pipes. Brownrigg developed methods of collecting and transferring ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In chemistry, many reactions depend on the absorption of photons to provide the energy needed to overcome the activation energy barrier and hence can be labelled light-dependent. Such reactions range from the silver halide reactions used in photographic film to the creation and destruction of ozone in the upper atmosph... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Several methods have been proposed for technetium-99 separation including: crystallization, liquid-liquid extraction, molecular recognition methods, volatilization, and others.
In 2012 the crystalline compound Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 (NDTB-1) was presented by researchers at the University of Notre Dame. It can be t... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Anhydrous can be prepared from zinc and hydrogen chloride gas at 700 °C:
Aqueous solutions may be readily prepared similarly by treating Zn metal, zinc carbonate, zinc oxide, and zinc sulfide with hydrochloric acid:
Hydrates can be produced by evaporation of an aqueous solution of zinc chloride. Different evaporation ... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Aerobic respiration is the most preferred remineralisation reaction due to its high energy yield. Although oxygen is quickly depleted in the sediments and is generally exhausted centimeters from the sediment-water interface. | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
Two oligonucleotides are used for this step (Figure 1: Adapter oligos). One of the oligonucleotides contains a 12-nucleotide single-stranded random tag sequence followed by a fixed 5' nucleotide sequence (black sequence in Figure 1). In this step, oligonucleotides are annealed in a complementary region by incubation at... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
This gene encodes a member of the tyrosine kinase and, to be more specific, the Janus kinases (JAKs) protein families. This protein associates with the cytoplasmic domain of type I and type II cytokine receptors and promulgate cytokine signals by phosphorylating receptor subunits. It is also component of both the type ... | 1 | Applied and Interdisciplinary Chemistry |
In its simplest form, photosynthesis is adding water to to produce sugars and oxygen, but a complex chemical pathway is involved, facilitated along the way by a range of enzymes and co-enzymes. The enzyme RuBisCO is responsible for "fixing" – that is, it attaches it to a carbon-based molecule to form a sugar, which c... | 0 | Theoretical and Fundamental Chemistry |
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