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Ultraviolet illumination can be produced from longer wavelengths using non-linear optical materials. These can be a second harmonic generator. They must have a suitable birefringence in order to phase match the output frequency doubled UV light. One compound commercially used is L-arginine phosphate monohydrate known a... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Multi-layered OFM devices, reinforced with synthetic polymer were first described in 2008 and in the scientific literature in 2010. These devices, termed ‘reinforced biologics’ have been designed for applications in the surgical repair of hernia as an alternative to synthetic surgical mesh (a mesh prosthesis). OFM rein... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In these applications, the phosphor is directly added to the plastic used to mold the toys, or mixed with a binder for use as paints.
ZnS:Cu phosphor is used in glow-in-the-dark cosmetic creams frequently used for Halloween make-ups.
Generally, the persistence of the phosphor increases as the wavelength increases.
See... | 0 | Luminescence |
A gaur that died of natural causes had some skin cells frozen and added to the San Diego Frozen Zoo. Eight years later, DNA from these cells was inserted into a domestic-cow egg to create an embryo (trans-species cloning), which was then implanted in a domestic cow (Bos taurus). On 8 January 2001, the gaur, named Noah,... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The probability that fusion occurs is greatly increased compared to the classical picture, thanks to the smearing of the effective radius as the de Broglie wavelength as well as quantum tunneling through the potential barrier. To determine the rate of fusion reactions, the value of most interest is the cross section, w... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Laboratories have developed grading methods to judge oocyte and embryo quality. In order to optimise pregnancy rates, there is significant evidence that a morphological scoring system is the best strategy for the selection of embryos. Since 2009 where the first time-lapse microscopy system for IVF was approved for clin... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been formed in the areas with the highest occurrence of acid attacks to combat such attacks. Bangladesh has its Acid Survivors Foundation, which offers acid victims legal, medical, counseling, and monetary assistance in rebuilding their lives. Similar institutions exist i... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Fung was born in Jiangsu Province, China in 1919. He earned a bachelors degree in 1941 and a masters degree in 1943 from the National Central University (later renamed Nanjing University in mainland China and reinstated in Taiwan), and earned a Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1948. Fung was Profess... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
For ice, recrystallization refers to the growth of larger crystals at the expense of smaller ones. Some biological antifreeze proteins have been shown to inhibit this process, and the effect may be relevant in freezing-tolerant organisms. | 5 | Separation Processes |
The prototypical example of a spin chain is the Heisenberg model, described by Werner Heisenberg in 1928. This models a one-dimensional lattice of fixed particles with spin 1/2. A simple version (the antiferromagnetic XXX model) was solved, that is, the spectrum of the Hamiltonian of the Heisenberg model was determined... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The molar concentration of hydronium or ions determines a solution's pH according to
where M = mol/L. The concentration of hydroxide ions analogously determines a solution's pOH. The molecules in pure water auto-dissociate into aqueous protons and hydroxide ions in the following equilibrium:
In pure water, there is an... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Pulses and beans are the main dietary sources (although green beans, canned lentils, sprouted mung beans, tofu (not silken), and tempeh contain comparatively low amounts). Supplements of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase may reduce symptoms, assuming the enzyme product does not contain other FODMAPs, such as polyol artifi... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
A sized screen fraction with a size range coefficient (d95/d5) of 2-5 (optimal 2-3) is fed onto a vibratory feeder which has the function to create a mono-layer, by pre-accelerating the particles. A common misunderstanding in plant design is, that you can use the vibratory feeder to discharge from a buffer bunker but a... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Tanning facilities are ubiquitous in the US, although the figures are in decline. In a study in the US published in 2002, there was a higher density in colder areas with a lower median income and higher proportion of whites. A study in 1997 found an average of 50.3 indoor-tanning facilities in 20 US cities (13.89 facil... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
There is evidence that immunological mechanisms may injure hypothermically perfused kidneys after reimplantation if the perfusate contained specific antibody. Cross described two pairs of human cadaver kidneys that were perfused simultaneously with cryoprecipitated plasma containing type specific HLA antibody to one of... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The pioneers to the derivation of the rate of pycnonuclear fusion in one-component plasma (OCP) were Edwin Salpeter and David Van-Horn, with their article published in 1969. Their approach used a semiclassical method to solve the Schrödinger equation by using the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation, and Wigne... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
* Autologous MDSC Injections to Treat Urinary Incontinence: an in vivo injection technique for pure stress incontinence in female subjects in which defective muscle cells were replaced with stem cells that would differentiate to become functioning smooth muscle cells in the urinary sphincter
* Vascular Smooth Muscle re... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
One force capable of confining the fuel well enough to satisfy the Lawson criterion is gravity. The mass needed, however, is so great that gravitational confinement is only found in stars—the least massive stars capable of sustained fusion are red dwarfs, while brown dwarfs are able to fuse deuterium and lithium if the... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
For spin and a parameter for the deformation from the XXX model, the BAE (Bethe ansatz equation) is
Notably, for these are precisely the BAEs for the six-vertex model, after identifying , where is the anisotropy parameter of the six-vertex model. This was originally thought to be coincidental until Baxter showed th... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Superparamagnetism sets a limit on the storage density of hard disk drives due to the minimum size of particles that can be used. This limit on areal-density is known as the superparamagnetic limit.
* Older hard disk technology uses longitudinal recording. It has an estimated limit of 100 to 200 Gbit/in.
* Current hard... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Ovarian hyperstimulation is the stimulation to induce development of multiple follicles of the ovaries. It should start with response prediction by e.g. age, antral follicle count and level of anti-Müllerian hormone. The resulting prediction of e.g. poor or hyper-response to ovarian hyperstimulation determines the prot... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In 1937, the explanations for the light emission have favored electrical discharges. The first ideas have been about the charge separation in cavitation bubbles, which have been seen as spherical capacitors with charges at the center and the wall.
At the collapse, the capacitance decreases and voltage increases until ... | 0 | Luminescence |
Brain-on-a-chip devices create an interface between neuroscience and microfluidics by: 1) improving culture viability; 2) supporting high-throughput screening; 3) modeling organ-level physiology and disease in vitro/ex vivo, and 4) adding high precision and tunability of microfluidic devices. Brain-on-a-chip devices sp... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Single particle testing is an extensive but powerful laboratory procedure developed by Tomra. Outo of a sample set of multiple hundreds of fragments in the size range 30-60mm are measured individually on each of the available detection technologies. After recording of the raw data, all the fragments are comminute and a... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy is generally represented as an expansion in powers of the direction cosines of the magnetization. The magnetization vector can be written , where is the saturation magnetization. Because of time reversal symmetry, only even powers of the cosines are allowed. The nonzero terms i... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. The pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damaged. These natural chemicals most likely contribute to plant defence against p... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Stripping is a physical separation process where one or more components are removed from a liquid stream by a vapor stream. In industrial applications the liquid and vapor streams can have co-current or countercurrent flows. Stripping is usually carried out in either a packed or trayed column. | 5 | Separation Processes |
Lume is a short term for the luminous phosphorescent glowing solution applied on watch dials. There are some people who "relume" watches, or replace faded lume. Formerly, lume consisted mostly of radium; however, radium is radioactive and has been mostly replaced on new watches by less bright, but less toxic compounds.... | 0 | Luminescence |
The latest generation of the radioluminescent materials is based on tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with half-life of 12.32 years that emits very low-energy beta radiation. The devices are similar to a fluorescent tube in construction, as they consist of a hermetically sealed (usually borosilicate-glass) tub... | 0 | Luminescence |
Galactogen has been reported in the albumen gland of pulmonate snails such as Helix pomatia, Limnaea stagnalis, Oxychilus cellarius, Achatina fulica, Aplexa nitens and Otala lactea, Bulimnaea megasoma, Ariolimax columbianis, Ariophanta, Biomphalaria glabrata, and Strophochelius oblongus. This polysaccharide was also id... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Sensor-based ore sorting is in comparison to other coarse particle separation technologies relatively cheap. While the costs for the equipment itself are relatively high in capital expenditure and operating costs, the absence of extensive infrastructure in a system results in operating costs that are to be compared to ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Glucosinolates occur as secondary metabolites of almost all plants of the order Brassicales. This includes the economically important family Brassicaceae as well as Capparaceae and Caricaceae.
Outside of the Brassicales, the genera Drypetes and Putranjiva in the family Putranjivaceae, are the only other known occurrenc... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Numerous studies have been dedicated towards the development of effective methods to enable cardiac tissue regeneration in patients after ischemic heart disease. An emerging approach to answer the problems related to ischemic tissue repair is through the use of stem cell-based therapy. However, the actual mechanism due... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Catabolism is the metabolic reaction which cells undergo to break down larger molecules, extracting energy. There are two major metabolic pathways of monosaccharide catabolism: glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
In glycolysis, oligo- and polysaccharides are cleaved first to smaller monosaccharides by enzymes called ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Recreation of the prostate epithelium is motivated by evidence suggesting it to be the site of nucleation in cancer metastasis. These systems essentially serve as the next step in the development of cells cultured from mice to two and subsequently three-dimensional human cell culturing. PDMS developments have enabled t... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Monosaccharides are the major fuel source for metabolism, being used both as an energy source (glucose being the most important in nature as it is the product of photosynthesis in plants) and in biosynthesis. When monosaccharides are not immediately needed, they are often converted to more space-efficient (i.e., less w... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The absence of fructokinase results in the inability to phosphorylate fructose to fructose-1-phosphate within the cell. As a result, fructose is neither trapped within the cell nor directed toward its metabolism. Free fructose concentrations in the liver increase and fructose is free to leave the cell and enter plasma.... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The impact of ultraviolet radiation on human health has implications for the risks and benefits of sun exposure and is also implicated in issues such as fluorescent lamps and health. Getting too much sun exposure can be harmful, but in moderation, sun exposure is beneficial. | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Cold hardening has also been observed in insects such as the fruit fly and diamondback moth. The insects use rapid cold hardening to protect against cold shock during overwintering periods. Overwintering insects stay awake and active through the winter while non-overwintering insects migrate or die. Rapid cold hardenin... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Captive populations are subject to problems such as inbreeding depression, loss of genetic diversity and adaptations to captivity. It is important to manage captive populations in a way that minimizes these issues so that the individuals to be introduced will resemble the original founders as closely as possible, whic... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Spin ices are geometrically frustrated magnetic systems. While frustration is usually associated with triangular or tetrahedral arrangements of magnetic moments coupled via antiferromagnetic exchange interactions, as in Andersons Ising model, spin ices are frustrated ferromagnets. It is the very strong local magnetic ... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Galactomannans are used in foods as stabilisers. Guar and locust bean gum (LBG) are commonly used in ice cream to improve texture and reduce ice cream meltdown. LBG is also used extensively in cream cheese, fruit preparations and salad dressings. Tara gum is seeing growing acceptability as a food ingredient but is stil... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
A contract was signed between TERMIS and the Mary Ann Liebert publisher which designated the journal Tissue Engineering, Parts A, B, and C as the official journal of TERMIS with free on-line access for the membership. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Molecular distillation is a type of short-path vacuum distillation, characterized by an extremely low vacuum pressure, 0.01 torr or below, which is performed using a molecular still. It is a process of separation, purification and concentration of natural products, complex and thermally sensitive molecules for example ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Salting in refers to the effect where increasing the ionic strength of a solution increases the solubility of a solute, such as a protein. This effect tends to be observed at lower ionic strengths.
Protein solubility is a complex function of physicochemical nature of the protein, pH, temperature, and the concentration ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
In the 1950s, Norwegian scientist Scholander set out to explain how Arctic fish can survive in water colder than the freezing point of their blood. His experiments led him to believe there was “antifreeze” in the blood of Arctic fish. Then in the late 1960s, animal biologist Arthur DeVries was able to isolate the anti... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In naphtha cracking process, C4R4 refers to C4 residual obtained after separation of 1,3-butadiene, isobutylene, 1-butene, and cis- or trans-2-butene from C4 raffinate stream which mainly consists of n-butane. Normally C4R4 is a side product in tert-butyl alcohol plant if C4R3 is used for feed. | 5 | Separation Processes |
The Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine in Kharkiv is one of the institutes of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, and is the largest institute devoted to cryobiology research in the world. | 1 | Cryobiology |
Israel has the highest rate of IVF in the world, with 1,657 procedures performed per million people per year. Couples without children can receive funding for IVF for up to two children. The same funding is available for people without children who will raise up to two children in a single parent home. IVF is available... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Between 1995 and 2004 in the United States, an average of 1560 cold-related emergency department visits occurred per year and in the years 1999 to 2004, an average of 647 people died per year due to hypothermia. Of deaths reported between 1999 and 2002 in the US, 49% of those affected were 65 years or older and two-thi... | 1 | Cryobiology |
AFPs are thought to inhibit ice growth by an adsorption–inhibition mechanism. They adsorb to nonbasal planes of ice, inhibiting thermodynamically-favored ice growth. The presence of a flat, rigid surface in some AFPs seems to facilitate its interaction with ice via Van der Waals force surface complementarity. | 1 | Cryobiology |
Conventional fission power systems rely on a chain reaction of nuclear fission events that release a few neutrons that cause further fission events. By careful arrangement and the use of various absorber materials the system can be set in a balance of released and absorbed neutrons, known as criticality.
Natural urani... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Elevated O-GlcNAc has been associated with diabetes.
Pancreatic β cells synthesize and secrete insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. One study found that inhibition of OGA with streptozotocin followed by glucosamine treatment resulted in O-GlcNAc accumulation and apoptosis in β cells; a subsequent study showed that... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Psychrophiles include bacteria, lichens, snow algae, phytoplankton, fungi, and insects.
Among the bacteria that can tolerate extreme cold are Arthrobacter sp., Psychrobacter sp. and members of the genera Halomonas, Pseudomonas, Hyphomonas, and Sphingomonas. Another example is Chryseobacterium greenlandensis, a psychrop... | 1 | Cryobiology |
RO-purified rainwater collected from storm drains is used for landscape irrigation and industrial cooling in Los Angeles and other cities.
In industry, RO removes minerals from boiler water at power plants. The water is distilled multiple times to ensure that it does not leave deposits on the machinery or cause corrosi... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The main sources of CSDB data are:
* Scientific publications indexed in the dedicated citation databases, including [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ NCBI Pubmed] and [http://webofknowledge.com/ Thomson Reuters Web Of Science] (approx. 18000 records).
* CCSD (Carbbank ) database (approx. 3000 records).
The data are... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Pistol shrimp (also called snapping shrimp) produce a type of cavitation luminescence from a collapsing bubble caused by quickly snapping its claw. The animal snaps a specialized claw shut to create a cavitation bubble that generates acoustic pressures of up to 80 kPa at a distance of 4 cm from the claw. As it extends ... | 0 | Luminescence |
Ultraviolet helps detect organic material deposits that remain on surfaces where periodic cleaning and sanitizing may have failed. It is used in the hotel industry, manufacturing, and other industries where levels of cleanliness or contamination are inspected.
Perennial news features for many television news organizati... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Hydridohelium(1+), specifically , was first detected indirectly in 1925 by T. R. Hogness and E. G. Lunn. They were injecting protons of known energy into a rarefied mixture of hydrogen and helium, in order to study the formation of hydrogen ions like , and . They observed that appeared at the same beam energy (16 eV)... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Researchers in the field have developed approaches to produce living organs that are constructed with the appropriate biological and mechanical properties. 3D bioprinting is based on three main approaches: biomimicry, autonomous self-assembly and mini-tissue building blocks. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Hypothermia has played a major role in the success or failure of many military campaigns, from Hannibals loss of nearly half his men in the Second Punic War (218 B.C.) to the near destruction of Napoleons armies in Russia in 1812. Men wandered around confused by hypothermia, some lost consciousness and died, others shi... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The belt-type machine is generally more applicable to smaller and to adhesive feed. In addition, the feed presentation is more stable which makes it more applicable for more difficult and heterogenous applications. | 5 | Separation Processes |
Oleum is produced in the contact process, where sulfur is oxidized to sulfur trioxide which is subsequently dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid itself is regenerated by dilution of part of the oleum.
The lead chamber process for sulfuric acid production was abandoned, partly because it could not pro... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
In the United States, overall availability of IVF in 2005 was 2.5 IVF physicians per 100,000 population, and utilisation was 236 IVF cycles per 100,000. 126 procedures are performed per million people per year. Utilisation highly increases with availability and IVF insurance coverage, and to a significant extent also w... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Liquid inks can be any material that is liquid at deposition conditions. The liquid deposition properties are determined by the interactions between the liquid and the tip, the liquid and the surface, and the viscosity of the liquid itself. These interactions limit the minimum feature size of the liquid ink to about ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In physics, the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation (usually abbreviated as LLG equation), named for Lev Landau, Evgeny Lifshitz, and T. L. Gilbert, is a name used for a differential equation describing the dynamics (typically the precessional motion) of magnetization in a solid. It is a modified version by Gilbert of th... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Magnetic phase transitions can be either first order or second order. The nature of the transition can be inferred from the Arrott plot based on the slope of the magnetic isotherms. If the lines are all positive slope, the phase transition is second order, whereas if there are negative slope lines, the phase transition... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
A hysteresis effect may be observed in voicing onset versus offset. The threshold value of the subglottal pressure required to start the vocal fold vibration is lower than the threshold value at which the vibration stops, when other parameters are kept constant. In utterances of vowel-voiceless consonant-vowel sequence... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The design includes a removable vacuum vessel (the solid component that separates the plasma and the surrounding vacuum from the liquid blanket). It does not require dismantling the entire device. That makes it well-suited for evaluating design changes. | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The primary structure of RiAFP (the sequence may be found [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/313766639 here]) determined by Mass Spectroscopy, Edman degradation and by constructing a partial cDNA sequence and PCR have shown that a TxTxTxT internal repeat exists. Sequence logos constructed from the RiAFP internal rep... | 1 | Cryobiology |
During the degradation of α-hydroxy-substituted carbonic acid amides, the carbon chain shortens about one carbon-atom, too.
The reaction is very slow at room temperature, therefore the reaction mixture is heated up to 60–65 °C. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. EMT is essential for n... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Some cryoprotectants function by lowering the glass transition temperature of a solution or of a material. In this way, the cryoprotectant prevents actual freezing, and the solution maintains some flexibility in a glassy phase. Many cryoprotectants also function by forming hydrogen bonds with biological molecules as wa... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Abbreviations:
*Ex (nm): Excitation wavelength in nanometers
*Em (nm): Emission wavelength in nanometers
*MW: Molecular weight
*QY: Quantum yield | 0 | Luminescence |
Trehalose is a nonreducing sugar formed from two glucose units joined by a 1–1 alpha bond, giving it the name The bonding makes trehalose very resistant to acid hydrolysis, and therefore is stable in solution at high temperatures, even under acidic conditions. The bonding keeps nonreducing sugars in closed-ring form, ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Initial salting in at low concentrations is explained by the Debye–Huckel theory. Proteins are surrounded by the salt counterions (ions of opposite net charge) and this screening results in decreasing electrostatic free energy of the protein and increasing activity of the solvent, which in turn leads to increasing solu... | 5 | Separation Processes |
*. [http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0305-4608/5/5/017/meta;jsessionid=4B8D9A38523A828CD28C8CE67DD973E8.c5.iopscience.cld.iop.org ShieldSquare Captcha]
*. [https://archive.today/20130415143828/http://papercore.org/Sherrington1975 Papercore Summary http://papercore.org/Sherrington1975]
* [https://archive.today/... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Vaporization (from liquid to gas) is divided into two types: vaporization on the surface of the liquid is called evaporation, and vaporization at the boiling point with formation of bubbles in the interior of the liquid is called boiling. However there is no such distinction for the solid-to-gas transition, which is al... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Solid acids are used in catalysis in many industrial chemical processes, from large-scale catalytic cracking in petroleum refining to the synthesis of various fine chemicals.
One large scale application is alkylation, e.g., the combination of benzene and ethylene to give ethylbenzene. Another application is the rearran... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
The dyes used in early experimental cells (circa 1995) were sensitive only in the high-frequency end of the solar spectrum, in the UV and blue. Newer versions were quickly introduced (circa 1999) that had much wider frequency response, notably "triscarboxy-ruthenium terpyridine" [Ru(4,4',4"-(COOH)-terpy)(NCS)], which i... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
UV is an investigative tool at the crime scene helpful in locating and identifying bodily fluids such as semen, blood, and saliva. For example, ejaculated fluids or saliva can be detected by high-power UV sources, irrespective of the structure or colour of the surface the fluid is deposited upon. UV–vis microspectrosco... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition was first recognized as a feature of embryogenesis by Betty Hay in the 1980s. EMT, and its reverse process, MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition) are critical for development of many tissues and organs in the developing embryo, and numerous embryonic events such as gastrulation, neur... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Metamagnetism is a sudden (often, dramatic) increase in the magnetization of a material with a small change in an externally applied magnetic field. The metamagnetic behavior may have quite different physical causes for different types of metamagnets. Some examples of physical mechanisms leading to metamagnetic behavio... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
FODMAPs or fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols are short-chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine and ferment in the colon. They include short-chain oligosaccharide polymers of fructose (fructans) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS, stachyose, raffinose), d... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In magnetism, the Curie–Weiss law describes the magnetic susceptibility of a ferromagnet in the paramagnetic region above the Curie temperature:
where is a material-specific Curie constant, is the absolute temperature, and is the Curie temperature, both measured in kelvin. The law predicts a singularity in the susc... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
SBSL emits more light than MBSL due to fewer interactions between neighboring bubbles. Another advantage for SBSL is that a single bubble collapses without being affected by other surrounding bubbles, allowing more accurate studies on acoustic cavitation and sonoluminescence theories. Some exotic theories have been mad... | 0 | Luminescence |
Oleum is a harsh reagent, and is highly corrosive. One important use of oleum as a reagent is the secondary nitration of nitrobenzene. The first nitration can occur with nitric acid in sulfuric acid, but this deactivates the ring towards further electrophilic substitution. A stronger reagent, oleum, is needed to introd... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Cold fusion researchers were for many years unable to get papers accepted at scientific meetings, prompting the creation of their own conferences. The International Conference on Cold Fusion (ICCF) was first held in 1990 and has met every 12 to 18 months since. Attendees at some of the early conferences were described ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Glycogen synthase catalyzes the conversion of the glucosyl (Glc) moiety of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc) into glucose to be incorporated into glycogen via an α(1→4) glycosidic bond. However, since glycogen synthase requires an oligosaccharide primer as a glucose acceptor, it relies on glycogenin to initiate de ... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Signs and symptoms vary depending on the degree of hypothermia, and may be divided by the three stages of severity. People with hypothermia may appear pale and feel cold to touch.
Infants with hypothermia may feel cold when touched, with bright red skin and an unusual lack of energy.
Behavioural changes such as impair... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In the second step, the liquid mixtures of cells, matrix, and nutrients known as bioinks are placed in a printer cartridge and deposited using the patients' medical scans. When a bioprinted pre-tissue is transferred to an incubator, this cell-based pre-tissue matures into a tissue.
3D bioprinting for fabricating biolo... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Sperm banks make information available about the sperm donors whose donations they hold to enable customers to select the donor whose sperm they wish to use. This information is often available by way of an online catalog. Subscription fees to be able to view the sperm donor through California Cryobank, for example, st... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The tetrahydrate crystallizes as and two water molecules. The oxidation state of gold in and anion is +3. The salts of (tetrachloroauric(III) acid) are tetrachloroaurates(III), containing anions (tetrachloroaurate(III) anions), which have square planar molecular geometry. The Au–Cl distances are around 2.28 Å. Oth... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Cathode-ray tubes produce signal-generated light patterns in a (typically) round or rectangular format. Bulky CRTs were used in the black-and-white household television (TV) sets that became popular in the 1950s, as well as first-generation, tube-based color TVs, and most earlier computer monitors. CRTs have also been ... | 0 | Luminescence |
The live birth rate is the percentage of all IVF cycles that lead to a live birth. This rate does not include miscarriage or stillbirth; multiple-order births, such as twins and triplets, are counted as one pregnancy. A 2019 summary compiled by the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) which reports the ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Pre-bioprinting is the process of creating a model that the printer will later create and choosing the materials that will be used. One of the first steps is to obtain a biopsy of the organ, to sample cells. Common technologies used for bioprinting are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To p... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Matteucci effect is one of the magnetomechanical effects, which is thermodynamically inverse to Wiedemann effect. This effect was described by Carlo Matteucci in 1858. It is observable in amorphous wires with helical domain structure, which can be obtained by twisting the wire, or annealing under twist. The effect is m... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
RO removes both harmful contaminants and desirable minerals. Some studies report some relation between long-term health effects and consumption of water low on calcium and magnesium, although these studies are of low quality. | 5 | Separation Processes |
In general case LLE (2) is nonintegrable. But it admits the two integrable reductions:
: a) in the 1+1 dimensions, that is Eq. (3), it is integrable
: b) when . In this case the (1+1)-dimensional LLE (3) turns into the continuous classical Heisenberg ferromagnet equation (see e.g. Heisenberg model (classical)) which i... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is also produced by electric arcs, Cherenkov ... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
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