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Certain skin conditions, including keratosis, psoriasis, eczema and acne, may be treated with UVB light therapy, including by using tanning beds in commercial salons. Using tanning beds allows patients to access UV exposure when dermatologist-provided phototherapy is not available. A systematic review of studies, publi... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Method suitable for effective testing of magnetoelastic effect in magnetic materials should fulfill the following requirements:
* magnetic circuit of the tested sample should be closed. Open magnetic circuit causes demagnetization, which reduces magnetoelastic effect and complicates its analysis.
* distribution of str... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The ARC fusion reactor (affordable, robust, compact) is a design for a compact fusion reactor developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC). ARC aims to achieve an engineering breakeven of three (to produce three times the electricity required to operate the machin... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
In spite of the second law of thermodynamics, crystallization of pure liquids usually begins at a lower temperature than the melting point, due to high activation energy of homogeneous nucleation. The creation of a nucleus implies the formation of an interface at the boundaries of the new phase. Some energy is expended... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, their simple derivatives and their polymers having linkages of the acetal type. They may be classified according to their degree of polymerization, and may be divided initially into three principal groups, namely sugars, oligosaccharides and polysacchar... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
In its properties hydrazoic acid shows some analogy to the halogen acids, since it forms poorly soluble (in water) lead, silver and mercury(I) salts. The metallic salts all crystallize in the anhydrous form and decompose on heating, leaving a residue of the pure metal. It is a weak acid (pK = 4.75.) Its heavy metal sal... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Orthopaedic implants help alleviate issues with the bones and joints of the body. They are used to treat bone fractures, osteoarthritis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis, and chronic pain. Examples include a wide variety of pins, rods, screws, and plates used to anchor fractured bones while they heal.
Metallic glasses based ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The fusion process alone currently does not achieve sufficient gain (power output over power input) to be viable as a power source. By using the excess neutrons from the fusion reaction to in turn cause a high-yield fission reaction (close to 100%) in the surrounding subcritical fissionable blanket, the net yield from... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Sedimentation in potable water treatment generally follows a step of chemical coagulation and flocculation, which allows grouping particles together into flocs of a bigger size. This increases the settling speed of suspended solids and allows settling colloids. | 5 | Separation Processes |
The use of an ideal high quality biomaterial with the inherent properties of biocompatibility is the most crucial factor that governs the long term efficiency of this technology. An ideal biomaterial for cell encapsulation should be one that is totally biocompatible, does not trigger an immune response in the host and ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Hypothermia has been applied therapeutically since antiquity. The Greek physician Hippocrates, the namesake of the Hippocratic Oath, advocated the packing of wounded soldiers in snow and ice. Napoleonic surgeon Baron Dominique Jean Larrey recorded that officers who were kept closer to the fire survived less often than ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The columns are made of stainless steel. Conical vanes are attached alternately to the wall of the column and to a central rotating shaft. The product is poured in at the top under vacuum, and steam is pumped into the column from below. The vanes provide a large surface area over which volatile compounds can evaporat... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The idea of hysteresis is used extensively in the area of labor economics, specifically with reference to the unemployment rate. According to theories based on hysteresis, severe economic downturns (recession) and/or persistent stagnation (slow demand growth, usually after a recession) cause unemployed individuals to l... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Galactomannans are polysaccharides consisting of a mannose backbone with galactose side groups, more specifically, a (1-4)-linked beta-D-mannopyranose backbone with branchpoints from their 6-positions linked to alpha-D-galactose, (i.e. 1-6-linked alpha-D-galactopyranose).
In order of increasing number of mannose-to-gal... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Founded in 2003 and formerly headquartered in East Norriton Township, Pennsylvania before moving to Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 2012, Tengion went public in 2010, after its stock has been approved for listing on the NASDAQ, through a $26 million IPO to help advance its research and development activities. Some of ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Treatment with RO is limited, resulting in low recoveries on high concentration (measured with electrical conductivity) and membrane fouling. RO applicability is limited by conductivity, organics, and scaling inorganic elements such as CaSO, Si, Fe and Ba. Low organic scaling can use two different technologies: spiral ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Light-emitting capacitor, or LEC, is a term used since at least 1961 to describe electroluminescent panels. General Electric has patents dating to 1938 on flat electroluminescent panels that are still made as night lights and backlights for instrument panel displays. Electroluminescent panels are a capacitor where the ... | 0 | Luminescence |
The energy levels needed to overcome the coulomb barrier, about 100 keV for D-T fuel, corresponds to millions of degrees, but is within the energy range that can be provided by even the smallest particle accelerators. For instance, the very first cyclotron, built in 1932, was capable of producing 4.8 MeV in a device th... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
This research, published in 2017, aimed to search for the solar neutrino effective magnetic moment. The search was completed using data from exposure from the Borexino experiment's second phase which consisted of data over 1291.5 days (3.54 years). The results yielded that the electron recoil spectrum shape was as expe... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The finding of a potential sperm donor and motivating them to actually donate sperm is typically called recruitment. A sperm bank can recruit donors by advertising, often in colleges, in local newspapers, and also on the internet.
A donor must be a fit and healthy male, normally between 18 and 45 years of age, and will... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Traditional weakly coordinating anions, such as perchlorate, tetrafluoroborate, and hexafluorophosphate, will nonetheless coordinate to very electrophilic cations, making these counterions unsuitable for some complexes. The highly reactive species [CpZr(CH)], for example, has been reported to abstract F from PF. Star... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Sonoluminescence can occur when a sound wave of sufficient intensity induces a gaseous cavity within a liquid to collapse quickly. This cavity may take the form of a preexisting bubble or may be generated through a process known as cavitation. Sonoluminescence in the laboratory can be made to be stable so that a single... | 0 | Luminescence |
As mentioned previously, is found in both diffuse and dense molecular clouds. By applying the reaction rate constants (α, β, and γ) corresponding to all of the currently available characterized reactions involving , it is possible to calculate k(T) for each of these reactions. By multiplying these k(T) by the relative... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Neutron generators are neutron source devices which contain compact linear particle accelerators and that produce neutrons by fusing isotopes of hydrogen together. The fusion reactions take place in these devices by accelerating either deuterium, tritium, or a mixture of these two isotopes into a metal hydride target w... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The nuclear fusion process works as follows: five billion years ago, the new Sun formed when gravity pulled together a vast cloud of hydrogen and dust, from which the Earth and other planets also arose. The gravitational pull released energy and heated the early Sun, much in the way Helmholtz proposed.
Thermal energy a... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Synthetic antiferromagnets (often abbreviated by SAF) are artificial antiferromagnets consisting of two or more thin ferromagnetic layers separated by a nonmagnetic layer. Dipole coupling of the ferromagnetic layers results in antiparallel alignment of the magnetization of the ferromagnets.
Antiferromagnetism plays a c... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Sensor-based sorting, is an umbrella term for all applications in which particles are detected using a sensor technique and rejected by an amplified mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic process.
The technique is generally applied in mining, recycling and food processing and used in the particle size range between . Sinc... | 5 | Separation Processes |
A phosphoroscope is piece of experimental equipment devised in 1857 by physicist A. E. Becquerel to measure how long it takes a phosphorescent material to stop glowing after it has been excited.
It consists of two rotating disks with holes in them. The holes are arranged on each disk at equal angular intervals and a co... | 0 | Luminescence |
Pebble circuits are a very advantageous location for the application of sensor-based ore sorters. Usually it is hard waste recirculating and limiting the total mill capacity. In addition, the tonnage is significantly lower in comparison to the total run-of-mine stream, the size range is applicable and usually uniform a... | 5 | Separation Processes |
The reaction mechanism is that of the related Hofmann degradation.
At first the carbonic acid amide (1) reacts with the sodium hypochlorite. After the separation of water and chloride an amine with a free bond is built 2. The intermediate (3) is generated by rearrangement. In the next step a hydrolysis takes place. Wa... | 6 | Carbohydrates |
There are several other bioprinting techniques which are less commonly used. Droplet-based bioprinting is a technique in which the bioink blend of cells and/or hydrogels are placed in droplets in precise positions. Most common amongst this approach are thermal and piezoelectric-drop-on-demand techniques. This method of... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In general, ultraviolet detectors use either a solid-state device, such as one based on silicon carbide or aluminium nitride, or a gas-filled tube as the sensing element. UV detectors that are sensitive to UV in any part of the spectrum respond to irradiation by sunlight and artificial light. A burning hydrogen flame, ... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
A blacklight, also called a UV-A light, Wood's lamp, or ultraviolet light, is a lamp that emits long-wave (UV-A) ultraviolet light and very little visible light. One type of lamp has a violet filter material, either on the bulb or in a separate glass filter in the lamp housing, which blocks most visible light and all... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Conventional deuteron fusion is a two-step process, in which an unstable high-energy intermediary is formed:
:H + H → HeNuclear isomer| + 24 MeV
Experiments have shown only three decay pathways for this excited-state nucleus, with the branching ratio showing the probability that any given intermediate follows a particu... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
There is a market for vials of processed sperm and for various reasons a sperm bank may sell-on stocks of vials which it holds known as onselling. The costs of screening of donors and storage of frozen donor sperm vials are not insignificant and in practice most sperm banks will try to dispose of all samples from an in... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Plant cryopreservation consist of the storage of seeds, pollen, tissue, or embryos in liquid nitrogen. This method can be used for virtually indefinite storage of material without deterioration over a much greater time-period relative to all other methods of ex situ conservation. Cryopreservation is also used for the c... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Cryobiology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering cryobiology. It was established in 1964 and is published by Elsevier on behalf of the Society for Cryobiology, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is D.M. Rawson (University of Bedfordshire). According to the Journal Citation Repo... | 1 | Cryobiology |
There are various expansions or additional techniques that can be applied in IVF, which are usually not necessary for the IVF procedure itself, but would be virtually impossible or technically difficult to perform without concomitantly performing methods of IVF. | 1 | Cryobiology |
Andrei Sakharov and F.C. Frank predicted the phenomenon of muon-catalyzed fusion on theoretical grounds before 1950. Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich also wrote about the phenomenon of muon-catalyzed fusion in 1954. Luis W. Alvarez et al.', when analyzing the outcome of some experiments with muons incident on a hydrogen bubb... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
* Potassium lactobionate: 100 mM
* KHPO: 25 mM
* MgSO: 5 mM
* Raffinose: 30 mM
* Adenosine: 5 mM
* Glutathione: 3 mM
* Allopurinol: 1 mM
* Hydroxyethyl starch: 50 g/L | 1 | Cryobiology |
The cold environments that psychrophiles inhabit are ubiquitous on Earth, as a large fraction of the planetary surface experiences temperatures lower than 10 °C. They are present in permafrost, polar ice, glaciers, snowfields and deep ocean waters. These organisms can also be found in pockets of sea ice with high salin... | 1 | Cryobiology |
* Imaging: contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
* Magnetic separation: cell-, DNA-, protein- separation, RNA fishing
* Treatments: targeted drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, magnetofection | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Glow sticks are used by militaries, and occasionally also police tactical units, as light sources during night operations or close-quarters combat in dark areas. They are also used to mark secured areas or objects of note. When worn, they can be used to identify friendly soldiers during nighttime operations. | 0 | Luminescence |
No evidence of harm to the fetus has been found when used during pregnancy. It is generally regarded as safe during breastfeeding. | 6 | Carbohydrates |
Electrical implants are being used to relieve pain from rheumatoid arthritis. The electric implant is embedded in the neck of patients with rheumatoid arthritics, the implant sends electrical signals to electrodes in the vagus nerve. The application of this device is being tested an alternative to medicating people wit... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Indias top court ruled that authorities must regulate the sale of acid. The Supreme Courts ruling on 16 July 2013, came after an incident in which four sisters suffered severe burns after being attacked with acid by two men on a motorbike. Acid which is designed to clean rusted tools is often used in the attacks can be... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
Guillemin effect is one of the magnetomechanical effects. It is connected with the tendency of a previously bent rod, made of magnetostrictive material, to be straightened, when subjected to magnetic field applied in the direction of rod's axis. | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
According to the Landau theory applied to the mean field picture for magnetism, the free energy of a ferromagnetic material close to a phase transition can be written as:
where , the magnetization, is the order parameter, is the applied magnetic field, is the critical temperature, and are material constants.
Close t... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Oleum is used in the manufacture of many explosives with the notable exception of nitrocellulose. (In modern manufacturing of nitrocellulose, the HSO concentration is often adjusted using oleum.) The chemical requirements for explosives manufacture often require anhydrous mixtures containing nitric acid and sulfuric a... | 4 | Acids + Bases |
A pure fusion weapon is a hypothetical hydrogen bomb design that does not need a fission "primary" explosive to ignite the fusion of deuterium and tritium, two heavy isotopes of hydrogen used in fission-fusion thermonuclear weapons. Such a weapon would require no fissile material and would therefore be much easier to d... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
In gene-activated matrix technology (GAM), cytokines and growth factors could be delivered not as recombinant proteins but as plasmid genes. GAM is one of the tissue engineering approaches to wound healing. Following gene delivery, the recombinant cytokine could be expressed in situ by endogenous would healing cells – ... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
* co-culture with stromal cells or feeder cells, and on specific culture substrates:
support cells and matrices provide developmental-like environmental signals.
* 3D cell aggregate formation, termed embryoid bodies (EBs): the aggregate aim at mimicking early embryonic development and instructing the cell differentiati... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
* The general mathematical formalism used to describe and solve the Heisenberg model and certain generalizations is developed in the article on the Potts model.
* In the continuum limit the Heisenberg model (2) gives the following equation of motion
:This equation is called the continuous classical Heisenberg ferromagn... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
A magnetic particle with uniaxial anisotropy has one easy axis. If the easy axis is in the direction, the anisotropy energy can be expressed as one of the forms:
where is the volume, the anisotropy constant, and the angle between the easy axis and the particle's magnetization. When shape anisotropy is explicitly co... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
Ultraviolet in sewage treatment is commonly replacing chlorination. This is in large part because of concerns that reaction of the chlorine with organic compounds in the waste water stream could synthesize potentially toxic and long lasting chlorinated organics and also because of the environmental risks of storing chl... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Davis and Bahcall continued their work to understand where they may have gone wrong or what they were missing, along with other astrophysicists who also did their own research on the subject. Many reviewed and redid Bahcall's calculations in the 1970s and 1980s, and although there was more data making the results more ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Both sphalerite and wurtzite are intrinsic, wide-bandgap semiconductors. These are prototypical II-VI semiconductors, and they adopt structures related to many of the other semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide. The cubic form of ZnS has a band gap of about 3.54 electron volts at 300 kelvins, but the hexagonal form ... | 0 | Luminescence |
The post-bioprinting process is necessary to create a stable structure from the biological material. If this process is not well-maintained, the mechanical integrity and function of the 3D printed object is at risk. To maintain the object, both mechanical and chemical stimulations are needed. These stimulations send si... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The Cells Alive System (CAS) is a line of commercial freezers manufactured by ABI Corporation, Ltd. of Chiba, Japan claimed to preserve food with greater freshness than ordinary freezing by using electromagnetic fields and mechanical vibrations to limit ice crystal formation that destroys food texture. They also are cl... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In 1985, Donna Strickland and Gérard Mourou invented a method to amplify laser pulses by "chirping". This changed a single wavelength into a full spectrum. The system amplified the beam at each wavelength and then reversed the beam into one color. Chirp pulsed amplification became instrumental for NIF and the Omega EP ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Colliding beam fusion (CBF), or colliding beam fusion reactor (CBFR), is a class of fusion power concepts that are based on two or more intersecting beams of fusion fuel ions that are independently accelerated to fusion energies using a variety of particle accelerator designs or other means. One of the beams may be rep... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
In 1896, Beijerinck first noted an incompatibility in solutions of agar, a water-soluble polymer, with soluble starch or gelatine. Upon mixing, they separated into two immiscible phases.
Subsequent investigation led to the determination of many other aqueous biphasic systems, of which the polyethylene glycol (PEG) - d... | 5 | Separation Processes |
EFDA has two locations, which each house a so-called Close Support Unit (CSU), responsible for part of EFDA's activities. The EFDA-CSU Garching is located in Garching, near Munich (Germany), and is hosted by the German [http://www.ipp.mpg.de/ Max-Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik]. [https://web.archive.org/web/200907231... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Contraceptive implants are primarily used to prevent unintended pregnancy and treat conditions such as non-pathological forms of menorrhagia. Examples include copper- and hormone-based intrauterine devices. | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Regenerative medicine deals with the "process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human or animal cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function". This field holds the promise of engineering damaged tissues and organs by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to functionally heal previousl... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
The proper combination of chemicals is selected for decellularization depending on the thickness, extracellular matrix composition, and intended use of the tissue or organ. For example, enzymes would not be used on a collagenous tissue because they disrupt the connective tissue fibers. However, when collagen is not pr... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
* The Career Achievement Award is aimed towards a recognition of individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the field of TERM and have carried out most of their career in the TERMIS-EU geographical area.
* The Mid Terms Career Award has been established in 2020 to recognize individuals that are within 10–2... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
One last area that has been actively studied is the synergy of different materials in promoting superior electroactive performance. Whether through various charge transport material, electrochemical species, or morphologies, exploiting the synergetic relationship between different materials has paved the way for even n... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
Stripping is mainly conducted in trayed towers (plate columns) and packed columns, and less often in spray towers, bubble columns, and centrifugal contactors.
Trayed towers consist of a vertical column with liquid flowing in the top and out the bottom. The vapor phase enters in the bottom of the column and exits out of... | 5 | Separation Processes |
An unusually exotic hypothesis of sonoluminescence, which has received much popular attention, is the Casimir energy hypothesis suggested by noted physicist Julian Schwinger and more thoroughly considered in a paper by Claudia Eberlein of the University of Sussex. Eberlein's paper suggests that the light in sonolumines... | 0 | Luminescence |
Calculation can be employed to determine the nuclear binding energy of nuclei. The calculation involves determining the mass defect, converting it into energy, and expressing the result as energy per mole of atoms, or as energy per nucleon. | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The black-and-white television screens require an emission color close to white. Usually, a combination of phosphors is employed.
The most common combination is (blue + yellow). Other ones are (blue + yellow), and (blue + green + red – does not contain cadmium and has poor efficiency). The color tone can be adjusted... | 0 | Luminescence |
A spin chain is a type of model in statistical physics. Spin chains were originally formulated to model magnetic systems, which typically consist of particles with magnetic spin located at fixed sites on a lattice. A prototypical example is the quantum Heisenberg model. Interactions between the sites are modelled by op... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The use of lithium to distinguish candidate brown dwarfs from low-mass stars is commonly referred to as the lithium test. Heavier stars like the Sun can retain lithium in their outer atmospheres, which never get hot enough for lithium depletion, but those are distinguishable from brown dwarfs by their size. Brown dwarf... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
The magnetocrystalline anisotropy parameters are generally defined for ferromagnets that are constrained to remain undeformed as the direction of magnetization changes. However, coupling between the magnetization and the lattice does result in deformation, an effect called magnetostriction. To keep the lattice from def... | 7 | Magnetic Ordering |
The major complication of IVF is the risk of multiple births. This is directly related to the practice of transferring multiple embryos at embryo transfer. Multiple births are related to increased risk of pregnancy loss, obstetrical complications, prematurity, and neonatal morbidity with the potential for long term dam... | 1 | Cryobiology |
In the muon-catalyzed fusion of most interest, a positively charged deuteron (d), a positively charged triton (t), and a muon essentially form a positively charged muonic molecular heavy hydrogen ion (d–μ–t). The muon, with a rest mass 207 times greater than the rest mass of an electron, is able to drag the more massiv... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Some amphibians and reptiles have the ability to regenerate limbs, eyes, spinal cords, hearts, intestines, and upper and lower jaws. The Japanese fire belly newt can regenerate its eye lens 18 times over a period of 16 years and retain its structural and functional properties. The cells at the site of the injury have t... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Heat is primarily generated in muscle tissue, including the heart, and in the liver, while it is lost through the skin (90%) and lungs (10%). Heat production may be increased two- to four-fold through muscle contractions (i.e. exercise and shivering). The rate of heat loss is determined, as with any object, by convecti... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Researchers in the field do not agree on a theory for cold fusion. One proposal considers that hydrogen and its isotopes can be absorbed in certain solids, including palladium hydride, at high densities. This creates a high partial pressure, reducing the average separation of hydrogen isotopes. However, the reduction i... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Valvular heart disease is a major cause of death globally. Both mechanical valves and fixed biological xenograft or homografts used clinically have many drawbacks. One study focused on fibrin-based heart valves to assess structure and mechanical durability on sheep revealed promising potential for patient originated va... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
An essential preliminary to the development of kidney storage and transplantation was the work of Alexis Carrel in developing methods for vascular anastomosis. Carrel went on to describe the first kidney transplants, which were performed in dogs in 1902; Ullman independently described similar experiments in the same ye... | 1 | Cryobiology |
Multiple tokamaks are currently under construction with the goal of becoming the first magnetically confined burning plasma experiment.
ITER, being built near Cadarache in France, has the stated goal of allowing fusion scientists and engineers to investigate the physics, engineering, and technologies associated with a ... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Many phosphors tend to lose efficiency gradually by several mechanisms. The activators can undergo change of valence (usually oxidation), the crystal lattice degrades, atoms – often the activators – diffuse through the material, the surface undergoes chemical reactions with the environment with consequent loss of effic... | 0 | Luminescence |
An ova bank, or cryobank, or egg cell bank is a facility that collects and stores human ova, mainly from ova donors, primarily for the purpose of achieving pregnancies of either the donor, at a later time (i.e. to overcome issues of infertility), or through third party reproduction, notably by artificial insemination. ... | 1 | Cryobiology |
The use of monoclonal antibodies for therapy is now widespread for treatment of cancers and inflammatory diseases. Using cellulose sulphate technology, scientists have successfully encapsulated antibody producing hybridoma cells and demonstrated subsequent release of the therapeutic antibody from the capsules. The caps... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In glow sticks, phenol is produced as a byproduct. It is advisable to keep the mixture away from skin and to prevent accidental ingestion if the glow stick case splits or breaks. If spilled on skin, the chemicals could cause slight skin irritation, swelling, or, in extreme circumstances, vomiting and nausea. Some of th... | 0 | Luminescence |
IVF may be used to overcome female infertility when it is due to problems with the fallopian tubes, making in vivo fertilisation difficult. It can also assist in male infertility, in those cases where there is a defect in sperm quality; in such situations intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be used, where a spe... | 1 | Cryobiology |
A size range coefficient of approximately three is advisable. A minimum amount of undersized fine material must enter the machines to optimize availability. Moisture of the feed is not important, if the material is sufficiently dewatered and the undersize fraction is efficiently removed. For surface detection technolog... | 5 | Separation Processes |
* Centrifugation and cyclonic separation, separates based on density differences
* Chelation
* Chromatography separates dissolved substances by different interaction with (i.e., travel through) a material.
** High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
** Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
** Countercurrent chromatograp... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Cryobiology is the study of living organisms, organs, biological tissues or biological cells at low temperatures. This knowledge is practically applied in three fields: cryonics, cryopreservation and cryosurgery. Please see cryobiology for more information. The Wikipedia entries related to cryobiology have typically be... | 1 | Cryobiology |
** HIBALL study by German and US institutions, Garching uses the high repetition rate of the RF accelerator driver to serve four reactor chambers and first-wall protection using liquid lithium inside the chamber cavity.
** Tore Supra construction starts at Cadarache, France. Its superconducting magnets will permit it t... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
It is also used to illuminate pictures painted with fluorescent colors, particularly on black velvet, which intensifies the illusion of self-illumination. The use of such materials, often in the form of tiles viewed in a sensory room under UV light, is common in the United Kingdom for the education of students with pro... | 8 | Ultraviolet Radiation |
In artificial fusion, the primary fuel is not constrained to be protons and higher temperatures can be used, so reactions with larger cross-sections are chosen. Another concern is the production of neutrons, which activate the reactor structure radiologically, but also have the advantages of allowing volumetric extract... | 3 | Nuclear Fusion |
Growing crystals for X-ray crystallography can be quite difficult. For X-ray analysis, single perfect crystals are required. Typically a small amount (5–100 mg) of a pure compound is used, and crystals are allowed to grow very slowly. Several techniques can be used to grow these perfect crystals:
* Slow evaporation of ... | 5 | Separation Processes |
Most prominent example of the application of sensor-based ore sorting is the rejection of barren waste before transporting and comminution. Waste rejection is also known under the term pre-concentration. A discrimination has been introduced by Robben. Rule of thumb is that at least 25% of liberated barren waste must be... | 5 | Separation Processes |
An organoid is a miniaturised and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in three dimensions that mimics the key functional, structural and biological complexity of that organ. They are derived from one or a few cells from a tissue, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, which can self-organi... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
Radioluminescence is the phenomenon by which light is produced in a material by bombardment with ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Radioluminescence is used as a low level light source for night illumination of instruments or signage. Radioluminescent paint is occasionally use... | 0 | Luminescence |
Its most advanced candidate is the Neo-Urinary Conduit. A Phase I clinical trial of the Tengion Neo-Urinary Conduit was completed in some health care institutions, in patients with bladder cancer who require a total cystectomy. The trial ended in December 2014, however information on the results has not yet been made p... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
In the early phase of drug development, animal models were the only way of obtaining in vivo data that would predict the human pharmacokinetic responses. However, experiments on animals are lengthy, expensive and controversial. For example, animal models are often subjected to mechanical or chemical techniques that sim... | 2 | Tissue Engineering |
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