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The signals that initiate cell invasion are not well understood , but there is increasing evidence that extracellular physical signals play an important role . Here we show that epithelial cell invasion in the intestine of zebrafish meltdown ( mlt ) mutants arises in response to unregulated contractile tone in the surr...	The epithelial cells lining the digestive tract are separated from the connective tissue stroma by a thin layer of extracellular matrix called the basement membrane . During cell invasion , as occurs during cancer metastasis , epithelial cells breach the basement membrane and invade the tissue stroma . The proteases us...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "cellular", "structures", "animal", "genetics", "genetic", "mutation", "redox", "signaling", "mechanisms", "of", "signal", "transduction", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "organism", "deve...	2012	Smooth Muscle Tension Induces Invasive Remodeling of the Zebrafish Intestine
Extrastriate cortical areas are frequently composed of subpopulations of neurons encoding specific features or stimuli , such as color , disparity , or faces , and patches of neurons encoding similar stimulus properties are typically embedded in interconnected networks , such as the attention or face-processing network...	The cortex of primates consists of many areas that are highly interconnected , forming widespread functional networks engaged in specific tasks . Cortical areas frequently consist of submodules , columns , or patches of neurons that share functional properties . The neuronal characteristics of such clusters of neurons ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Effective Connectivity of Depth-Structure–Selective Patches in the Lateral Bank of the Macaque Intraparietal Sulcus
Patterning and growth are linked during early development and have to be tightly controlled to result in a functional tissue or organ . During the development of the Drosophila eye , this linkage is particularly clear: the growth of the eye primordium mainly results from proliferating cells ahead of the morphogenetic f...	Patterning and growth of a tissue are linked during early development and have to be tightly controlled . During the development of the Drosophila eye , this linkage is particularly clear: A moving signaling wave sweeps across the tissue that will eventually develop into the eye of the fly . This wave is responsible fo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "light", "microscopy", "neuroscience", "animals", "cell", "differentiation", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "microscopy", "eyes", "drosophila", "...	2016	A Model of the Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Drosophila Eye Disc Development
Chagas disease is caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi . It has high mortality as well as morbidity rates and usually affects the poorer sections of the population . The development of new , less harmful and more effective drugs is a promising research target , since current standard treatments are highl...	Chagas disease is a parasitic protozoan that affects the poorest population in the world , causing a high mortality and morbidity . As a result of highly toxic and long-term treatments , the discovery of novel , safe and more efficacious drugs is essential . Natural products isolated from plants are commonly used as dr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Soulamarin Isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae) Induces Plasma Membrane Permeabilization of Trypanosoma cruzi and Mytochondrial Dysfunction
Cellular reprogramming has been recently intensively studied experimentally . We developed a global potential landscape and kinetic path framework to explore a human stem cell developmental network composed of 52 genes . We uncovered the underlying landscape for the stem cell network with two basins of attractions repr...	Cellular differentiation and reprogramming have been extensively studied using experimental methods . We developed a landscape and kinetic path approach to explore the global stability of a stem cell developmental network . The cell fates are quantified by the basins of attractions of the underlying landscape . The dev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "biophysics", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2013	Quantifying Cell Fate Decisions for Differentiation and Reprogramming of a Human Stem Cell Network: Landscape and Biological Paths
Studies of motor control have almost universally examined firing rates to investigate how the brain shapes behavior . In principle , however , neurons could encode information through the precise temporal patterning of their spike trains as well as ( or instead of ) through their firing rates . Although the importance ...	A central question in neuroscience is how neurons use patterns of electrical events to represent sensory information and control behavior . Neurons might use two different codes to transmit information . First , signals might be conveyed by the total number of electrical events ( called “action potentials” ) that a neu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroethology", "behavioral", "neuroscience", "anatomy", "nervous", "system", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "motor", "system", "neuroscience" ]	2014	Millisecond-Scale Motor Encoding in a Cortical Vocal Area
Neutrophils and macrophages provide the first line of cellular defence against pathogens once physical barriers are breached , but can play very different roles for each specific pathogen . This is particularly so for fungal pathogens , which can occupy several niches in the host . We developed an infection model of ta...	For people with compromised immune systems , such as those suffering from AIDS , fungal infections are difficult to treat and often deadly . Different fungal species have different ways of avoiding destruction by the immune system during infection . For Talaromyces marneffei , the ability to infect host macrophages and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "fish", "immune", "cells", "yeast", "infections", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "developme...	2018	Macrophages protect Talaromyces marneffei conidia from myeloperoxidase-dependent neutrophil fungicidal activity during infection establishment in vivo
Recent sequencing projects have provided deep insight into fungal lifestyle-associated genomic adaptations . Here we report on the 25 Mb genome of the mutualistic root symbiont Piriformospora indica ( Sebacinales , Basidiomycota ) and provide a global characterization of fungal transcriptional responses associated with...	Plant-associated fungi comprise a wide range of lifestyles , such as biotrophy , necrotrophy and hemibiotrophy . Biotrophic fungi require actively metabolizing plant tissues and avoid extensive damage while keeping their host alive . They include pathogenic as well as mutualistic forms . Necrotrophic fungi , which kill...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "plant", "microbiology", "plant", "biology", "plant", "pathology", "biology", "genomics", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	Endophytic Life Strategies Decoded by Genome and Transcriptome Analyses of the Mutualistic Root Symbiont Piriformospora indica
Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) have a role in many physiological processes , including energy production , modulation of inflammation , and maintenance of cell membrane integrity . High plasma PUFA concentrations have been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease and mortality . To identify gene...	Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA ) have a number of beneficial effects on human health . Plasma PUFA concentrations are determined by a combination of dietary intake and metabolic efficiency . To determine the genes involved in PUFA homeostasis , we scanned the genome for genetic variations associated with plasma PUF...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ]	2009	Genome-Wide Association Study of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the InCHIANTI Study
Nucleic acid amplification is a powerful molecular biology tool , although its use outside the modern laboratory environment is limited due to the relatively cumbersome methods required to extract nucleic acids from biological samples . To address this issue , we investigated a variety of materials for their suitabilit...	Nucleic acid amplification has proven to be indispensable in laboratories around the world for a myriad of applications from diagnostics to genotyping . The first step in any application aiming to amplify DNA or RNA is the extraction of nucleic acids from a complex biological sample; a task traditionally requiring spec...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "methods", "and", "resources", "chemical", "compounds", "cellulose", "purification", "techniques", "brassica", "rna", "extraction", "organic", "compounds", "organisms", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", ...	2017	Nucleic acid purification from plants, animals and microbes in under 30 seconds
The pathways that comprise cellular metabolism are highly interconnected , and alterations in individual enzymes can have far-reaching effects . As a result , global profiling methods that measure gene expression are of limited value in predicting how the loss of an individual function will affect the cell . In this wo...	The adaptation of a bacterial pathogen to the environments encountered during infection requires the wholesale remodeling of cellular physiology . One of the major changes encountered upon infection is nutritional , as the bacterium is forced to utilize compounds scavenged from the host . Mycobacterium tuberculosis has...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	High-Resolution Phenotypic Profiling Defines Genes Essential for Mycobacterial Growth and Cholesterol Catabolism
Animals live together with diverse bacteria that can impact their biology . In Drosophila melanogaster , gut-associated bacterial communities are relatively simple in composition but also have a strong impact on host development and physiology . It is generally assumed that gut bacteria in D . melanogaster are transien...	Animals , including humans , live together with complex bacterial communities in their gut that influence their physiology and health . The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model organism to study host–microbe interactions and harbors a relatively simple gut bacterial community . The dominating hypothe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "gut", "bacteria", "animals", "animal", "models", "age", "groups", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "adults", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "crops", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "bacteria", "drosophila", "re...	2018	Drosophila melanogaster establishes a species-specific mutualistic interaction with stable gut-colonizing bacteria
In a previous paper we have shown that , when DNA samples for cases and controls are prepared in different laboratories prior to high-throughput genotyping , scoring inaccuracies can lead to differential misclassification and , consequently , to increased false-positive rates . Different DNA sourcing is often unavoidab...	Genome-wide disease association studies are becoming more common and involve genotyping cases and controls at a large number of SNP markers spread throughout the genome . We have shown previously that such studies can have an inflated false-positive rate , the result of genotype calling inaccuracies when DNA samples fo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics", "homo", "(human)", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology" ]	2007	A Method to Address Differential Bias in Genotyping in Large-Scale Association Studies
Sensing and response to changes in nutrient availability are essential for the lifestyle of environmental and pathogenic bacteria . Serine/threonine protein kinase G ( PknG ) is required for virulence of the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and its putative substrate GarA regulates the tricarboxylic acid cyc...	A key feature of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis is its ability to survive and replicate within human macrophages . Protein kinase G ( PknG ) is known to be required for virulence of M . tuberculosis and is the only bacterial serine/threonine protein kinase to be known as a virulence factor . However , the mole...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "immune", "cells", "chemical", "compounds", "immunology", "neuroscience", "organic", "compounds", "asparagine", "metabolomics", "metabolites", "acidic", "amino", "acids", "amin...	2017	PknG senses amino acid availability to control metabolism and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Meiotic recombination , an essential aspect of sexual reproduction , is initiated by programmed DNA double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) . DSBs are catalyzed by the widely-conserved Spo11 enzyme; however , the activity of Spo11 is regulated by additional factors that are poorly conserved through evolution . To expand our unde...	For most eukaryotes , recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis is an essential aspect of sexual reproduction . Meiotic recombination is initiated by programmed double-strand breaks in DNA , which have the potential to induce mutations if not efficiently repaired . To better understand the mechanisms ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "And", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "biology", "model", "organisms" ]	2013	Identification of DSB-1, a Protein Required for Initiation of Meiotic Recombination in Caenorhabditis elegans, Illuminates a Crossover Assurance Checkpoint
Bubonic is the most prevalent plague form in Madagascar . Indoor ground application of insecticide dust is the conventional method used to control potentially infected rodent fleas that transmit the plague bacterium from rodents to humans . The use of bait stations is an alternative approach for vector control during p...	Insecticide ground dusting inside houses is the recommended measure to control rat fleas responsible for bubonic plague transmission . The main inconvenience of this method is the direct contact of houseowners to the toxic insecticide dust and spillage in environment . A bait station approach , where the insecticide is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "plagues", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "models", "bacterial", "diseases", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "fleas", "infectious", "disease...	2019	Field assessment of insecticide dusting and bait station treatment impact against rodent flea and house flea species in the Madagascar plague context
Cohesin is a well-known mediator of sister chromatid cohesion , but it also influences gene expression and development . These non-canonical roles of cohesin are not well understood , but are vital: gene expression and development are altered by modest changes in cohesin function that do not disrupt chromatid cohesion ...	The cohesin protein complex binds to chromosomes and helps ensure that chromosomes are divided equally into the daughter cells when a cell divides . Cohesin also affects how genes are expressed . Small changes in cohesin alter gene expression and development , causing Cornelia de Lange syndrome , a genetic disease . Co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "genetics", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2013	Genome-Wide Control of RNA Polymerase II Activity by Cohesin
Hereditary spastic paraplegia ( HSP ) is characterized by a dying back degeneration of corticospinal axons which leads to progressive weakness and spasticity of the legs . SPG11 is the most common autosomal-recessive form of HSPs and is caused by mutations in SPG11 . A recent in vitro study suggested that Spatacsin , t...	Autophagy is a degradative pathway for the removal and subsequent recycling of dysfunctional intracellular components . The material destined for degradation is initially enclosed by a double membrane , the autophagosome . In autolysosomes , which result from fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes , the material is fi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	In Vivo Evidence for Lysosome Depletion and Impaired Autophagic Clearance in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Type SPG11
The most commonly studied prokaryotic sensory signal transduction systems include the one-component systems , phosphosignaling systems , extracytoplasmic function ( ECF ) sigma factor systems , and the various types of second messenger systems . Recently , we described the regulatory role of two separate sensory system...	The ability to sense stimuli triggered by the extracellular environment is a fundamental requirement of all cellular life . For prokaryotes , there are a variety of recognized classes of sensory systems that are used to detect and respond to environmental stimuli . In the current study , we provide the first evidence f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzymes", "pathogens", "microbiology", "operons", "enzymology", "membrane", "proteins", "regulator", "genes", "gene", "types", "dna", "molecular", "biology", "technique...	2018	LytTR Regulatory Systems: A potential new class of prokaryotic sensory system
Understanding sleep and its perturbation by environment , mutation , or medication remains a central problem in biomedical research . Its examination in animal models rests on brain state analysis via classification of electroencephalographic ( EEG ) signatures . Traditionally , these states are classified by trained h...	Machine learning-based approaches hold great promise to pave the way for high-throughput animal sleep monitoring . With the novel developments of gene-engineering techniques and the proliferation of experimental sleep studies , the need for the automation and cross-lab standardization of sleep scoring becomes more immi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "markov", "models", "neural", "networks", "engineering", "and", "technology", "sleep", "signal", "processing", "brain", "electrophysiology", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "signal", "filtering", "physiological", "processes", ...	2019	SPINDLE: End-to-end learning from EEG/EMG to extrapolate animal sleep scoring across experimental settings, labs and species
Central nervous system ( CNS ) infection continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity , necessitating new approaches for investigating its pathogenesis , prevention and therapy . Escherichia coli is the most common Gram-negative bacillary organism causing meningitis , which develops following penetrati...	Escherichia coli is the most common Gram-negative bacillary organism causing meningitis , and E . coli meningitis continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity . E . coli penetration of the blood–brain barrier ( BBB ) is essential for the development of E . coli meningitis , but the underlying mechanism...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "inflammatory", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "enzymes", "enzymology", "egfr", "signaling", "microbiology", "bacterial", "diseases", "signaling", "cascades", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "mutagen...	2016	Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Activation of EGFR As a Novel Target for Meningitic Escherichia coli Penetration of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Many candidate genes have been studied for asthma , but replication has varied . Novel candidate genes have been identified for various complex diseases using genome-wide association studies ( GWASs ) . We conducted a GWAS in 492 Mexican children with asthma , predominantly atopic by skin prick test , and their parents...	Asthma is a leading chronic childhood disease with a presumed strong genetic component , but no genes have been definitely shown to influence asthma development . Few genetic studies of asthma have included Hispanic populations . Here , we conducted a genome-wide association study of asthma in 492 Mexican children with...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "respiratory", "medicine/asthma", "respiratory", "medicine/respiratory", "pediatrics" ]	2009	Genome-Wide Association Study Implicates Chromosome 9q21.31 as a Susceptibility Locus for Asthma in Mexican Children
Enterovirus A71 ( EV-A71 ) is a non-polio neurotropic enterovirus with pandemic potential . There are no antiviral agents approved to prevent or treat EV-A71 infections . We here report on the molecular mechanism by which a novel class of tryptophan dendrimers inhibits ( at low nanomolar to high picomolar concentration...	Enterovirus A71 ( EV-A71 ) is the virus responsible for most of the severe forms of hand , foot and mouth disease ( HFMD ) associated with neurological involvement and mortality in young children under the age of 5 . Seasonal outbreaks of HFMD -with a 2–3 years epidemic cycle- are recurring around the world , especiall...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "cell", "physiology", "chemical", "characterization", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "molecular", "dynamics", "drugs", "microbiology", "electron", "cryo-microscopy", "microscopy", "pharmacology", "heparin", "research", "and", "analysis", "meth...	2019	Viral engagement with host receptors blocked by a novel class of tryptophan dendrimers that targets the 5-fold-axis of the enterovirus-A71 capsid
The recent discovery of functional brown adipocytes in adult humans illuminates the potential of these cells in the treatment of obesity and its associated diseases . In rodents , brown adipocyte-like cells are known to be recruited in white adipose tissue ( WAT ) by cold exposure or β-adrenergic stimulation , but the ...	Obesity is caused by the accumulation of surplus energy in a fatty tissue called white adipose tissue ( WAT ) and can lead to important health problems such as diabetes . Mammals additionally possess brown adipose tissue ( BAT ) , which serves to generate body heat to stabilize body temperature under exposure to cold ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "diabetes", "mellitus", "type", "2", "stem", "cells", "cell", "biology", "diabetic", "endocrinology", "endocrinology", "cellular", "types", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology" ]	2012	Essential Role for miR-196a in Brown Adipogenesis of White Fat Progenitor Cells
Burkholderia thailandensis is a Gram-negative soil bacterium used as a model organism for B . pseudomallei , the causative agent of melioidosis and an organism classified category B priority pathogen and a Tier 1 select agent for its potential use as a biological weapon . Burkholderia species are reportedly “highly res...	Burkholderia species such as B . pseudomallei , which causes melioidosis , and the model organism B . thailandensis are extremely resistant to antibiotics , including cyclic peptide antibiotics such as polymyxin B . Treatment for Burkholderia infections is impeded by this resistance , and new approaches are needed . We...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Snake Cathelicidin NA-CATH and Smaller Helical Antimicrobial Peptides Are Effective against Burkholderia thailandensis
The 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak massively hit Guinea . The coastal districts of Boffa , Dubreka and Forecariah , three major foci of Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) , were particularly affected . We aimed to assess the impact of this epidemic on sleeping sickness screening and caring activities . We used preexisting...	This work was conducted in coastal Guinea , the last focus in Western Africa where the transmission of Human African Trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) is still very active . The Guinean government and his partners are conducting HAT control activities to reduce the burden of this neglected tropical disease and , as set-up by WHO...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "guinea", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "african", "trypanosomiasis", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "ebola", "hemorrhagic", "fever", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "trypanosoma", "brucei", "protozoans", "neglected", "...	2017	Impact of the Ebola outbreak on Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection medical activities in coastal Guinea, 2014-2015: A retrospective analysis from the Guinean national Human African Trypanosomiasis control program
The absence of a functional ATP Binding Cassette ( ABC ) protein called the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ( CFTR ) from apical membranes of epithelial cells is responsible for cystic fibrosis ( CF ) . Over 90% of CF patients carry at least one mutant allele with deletion of phenylalanine at positi...	Deletion of a single residue , phenylalanine at position 508 , in the first nucleotide binding domain ( NBD1 ) of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ( CFTR ) is present in approximately 90% of cystic fibrosis ( CF ) patients . Experiments show that this mutant protein exhibits inefficient biosynthe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics/protein", "folding" ]	2008	Diminished Self-Chaperoning Activity of the ΔF508 Mutant of CFTR Results in Protein Misfolding
The effects of somatic mutations that transform polyspecific germline ( GL ) antibodies to affinity mature ( AM ) antibodies with monospecificity are compared among three GL-AM Fab pairs . In particular , changes in conformational flexibility are assessed using a Distance Constraint Model ( DCM ) . We have previously e...	Antibodies are protective proteins used by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign objects through interactions with a specific part of the target , called an antigen . Antibody structures are Y-shaped , contain multiple protein chains , and include two antigen-binding sites . The binding sites are locate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Rigidity Emerges during Antibody Evolution in Three Distinct Antibody Systems: Evidence from QSFR Analysis of Fab Fragments
The AmtB channel passively allows the transport of NH4+ across the membranes of bacteria via a “gas” NH3 intermediate and is related by homology ( sequentially , structurally , and functionally ) to many forms of Rh protein ( both erythroid and nonerythroid ) found in animals and humans . New structural information on ...	Selective flow of ammonium manifests itself in a unique way in the case of the ammonium channel , AmtB , allowing it to interact closely with cytoplasmic signal transduction proteins in order to “sense” the presence of extracellular ammonium . Although it is well known that AmtB transports ammonia ( NH3 ) rather than a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "none", "molecular", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2007	Deprotonation by Dehydration: The Origin of Ammonium Sensing in the AmtB Channel
Obesity is defined by excessive lipid accumulation . However , the active mechanistic roles that lipids play in its progression are not understood . Accumulation of ceramide , the metabolic hub of sphingolipid metabolism , has been associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity in humans and model systems . Here , we u...	Obesity is characterized by excessive weight gain that increases one's risk for pathologies such as Type II diabetes and heart disease . It is well-known that a high calorie diet rich in saturated fats contributes to excessive weight gain . However , the role that saturated fats play in this process goes far beyond sim...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Identification of Sphingolipid Metabolites That Induce Obesity via Misregulation of Appetite, Caloric Intake and Fat Storage in Drosophila
The risk of human infection with sylvatic chikungunya ( CHIKV ) virus was assessed in a focus of sylvatic arbovirus circulation in Senegal by investigating distribution and abundance of anthropophilic Aedes mosquitoes , as well as the abundance and distribution of CHIKV in these mosquitoes . A 1650 km2 area was classif...	Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne virus that infects and sickens people in many tropical , urban regions of the world . This virus circulates in forest cycles of West Africa , where mosquitoes transmit it among non-human primates . It also infects humans via bridge vectors , mosquitoes that feed on both non-human primate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "geography", "ecology", "earth", "sciences", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Landscape Ecology of Sylvatic Chikungunya Virus and Mosquito Vectors in Southeastern Senegal
The ABO blood group influences susceptibility to severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria . Recent evidence indicates that the protective effect of group O operates by virtue of reduced rosetting of infected red blood cells ( iRBCs ) with uninfected RBCs . Rosetting is mediated by a subgroup of PfEMP1 adhesins , with RBC b...	Rosetting , the capacity of infected red blood cells ( RBCs ) to bind uninfected RBCs , is a Plasmodium falciparum virulence factor . Rosetting is influenced by the ABO blood group , being less efficient with O RBCs . Although this preference may account for protection against severe malaria afforded by the O blood gro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "physics", "materials", "science", "protein", "folding", "microbial", "pathogens", "chemistry", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biophysics", "crystallography", "parasitology" ]	2012	Structural Basis for the ABO Blood-Group Dependence of Plasmodium falciparum Rosetting
During the morphological process of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis two adjacent daughter cells ( called the mother cell and forespore ) follow different programs of gene expression that are linked to each other by signal transduction pathways . At a late stage in development , a signaling pathway emanating from the f...	Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis is a broadly conserved mechanism for transducing information across lipid bilayers . In these signaling pathways a protease on one side of the membrane triggers the activation of a membrane-embedded protease that cleaves its substrate within or adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "enzymes", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "metabolic", "processes", "cell", "processes", "signal", "processing", "en...	2018	Evidence that regulation of intramembrane proteolysis is mediated by substrate gating during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis
The immunobiology underlying the slow acquisition of skin immunity to group A streptococci ( GAS ) , is not understood , but attributed to specific virulence factors impeding innate immunity and significant antigenic diversity of the type-specific M-protein , hindering acquired immunity . We used a number of epidemiolo...	GAS skin infections pose a significant health problem in the tropics . They are highly prevalent in developing countries as well as amongst the Indigenous populations of developed countries . In at-risk impoverished communities the epidemiology of GAS infections is very dynamic , leading to very high rates of streptoco...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "dermatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "body", "fluids", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "spleen", "immunology", "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "immunology", "clinical", "medicine", "skin", "infections", "antibo...	2016	Streptococcal Immunity Is Constrained by Lack of Immunological Memory following a Single Episode of Pyoderma
A farmer’s decision on whether to control a pest is usually based on the perceived threat of the pest locally and the guidance of commercial advisors . Therefore , farmers in a region are often influenced by similar circumstances , and this can create a coordinated response for pest control that is effective at a lands...	A farmer’s decision on whether to control a pest is usually based on the perceived threat of the pest locally and the guidance of commercial advisors . Therefore , farmers in a region are often influenced by similar circumstances , and this can create a coordinated response to a pest . This coordinated response , altho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	The Effect of Farmers’ Decisions on Pest Control with Bt Crops: A Billion Dollar Game of Strategy
Gastrointestinal nematode infections , such as Haemonchus contortus and Mecistocirrus digitatus , are ranked in the top twenty diseases affecting small-holder farmers' livestock , yet research into M . digitatus , which infects cattle and buffalo in Asia is limited . Intestine-derived native protein vaccines are effect...	Parasitic worms infecting the intestines of grazing livestock cause economic losses and welfare problems . Infection is predominantly controlled by wormers , the indiscriminate use of which has led to drug-resistance problems in the worms infecting livestock on which many of the world's resource-poor farmers are depend...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "spectrometric", "identification", "of", "proteins", "sustainable", "agriculture", "veterinary", "diseases", "veterinary", "parasitology", "agricultural", "methods", "immunity", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "proteomics", "vaccination", ...	2014	Proteomic Analysis of Mecistocirrus digitatus and Haemonchus contortus Intestinal Protein Extracts and Subsequent Efficacy Testing in a Vaccine Trial
In vitro cultures of endothelial cells are a widely used model system of the collective behavior of endothelial cells during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis . When seeded in an extracellular matrix , endothelial cells can form blood vessel-like structures , including vascular networks and sprouts . Endothelial morphoge...	During the embryonic development of multicellular organisms , millions of cells cooperatively build structured tissues , organs and whole organisms , a process called morphogenesis . How the behavior of so many cells is coordinated to produce complex structures is still incompletely understood . Most biomedical researc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "bioengineering", "biomedical", "engineering", "physics", "cell", "motility", "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "engineering", "and", "technology", "cell", "migration", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "physical", "sciences", "computatio...	2014	Mechanical Cell-Matrix Feedback Explains Pairwise and Collective Endothelial Cell Behavior In Vitro
Stoichiometric models of metabolism , such as flux balance analysis ( FBA ) , are classically applied to predicting steady state rates - or fluxes - of metabolic reactions in genome-scale metabolic networks . Here we revisit the central assumption of FBA , i . e . that intracellular metabolites are at steady state , an...	Cellular metabolism is composed of a complex network of biochemical reactions that convert environmental nutrients into biosynthetic building blocks and energetic currency . Genome-scale mathematical models of metabolic networks focus largely on trying to predict the rates – or fluxes - of these reactions . By assuming...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "microbial", "metabolism", "metabolic", "networks", "microbiology", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2013	Flux Imbalance Analysis and the Sensitivity of Cellular Growth to Changes in Metabolite Pools
Mycobacterium leprae infects macrophages and Schwann cells inducing a gene expression program to facilitate its replication and progression to disease . MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are key regulators of gene expression and could be involved during the infection . To address the genetic influence of miRNAs in leprosy , we enro...	In spite of the successful drug therapy , leprosy is still affecting people worldwide . It is well known that host genetic background influences leprosy development and that genetic variants have been associated with the disease . Therefore we conducted a study to evaluate the role of microRNAs ( miRNAs ) polymorphisms...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "immunopathology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "clinical", "immunology", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", ...	2014	Pre-miR-146a (rs2910164 G>C) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Is Genetically and Functionally Associated with Leprosy
Experimental visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) represents an exquisite model to study CD8+ T cell responses in a context of chronic inflammation and antigen persistence , since it is characterized by chronic infection in the spleen and CD8+ T cells are required for the development of protective immunity . However , antigen...	The protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani is the cause of visceral leishmaniasis , a chronic disease that currently affects 12 million people worldwide . We are interested in understanding the immune mechanisms that can control infection . Preliminary studies suggested that CD8+ T cells can kill parasites and limit di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/immunomodulation", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/leukocyte", "activation" ]	2009	B7-H1 Blockade Increases Survival of Dysfunctional CD8+ T Cells and Confers Protection against Leishmania donovani Infections
A fundamental observation of comparative genomics is that the distribution of evolution rates across the complete sets of orthologous genes in pairs of related genomes remains virtually unchanged throughout the evolution of life , from bacteria to mammals . The most straightforward explanation for the conservation of t...	A central concept of evolution is Molecular Clock according to which each gene evolves at a characteristic , near constant rate . Numerous studies support the Molecular Clock hypothesis in principle but also show that the clock is indeed very approximate . Genome-wide comparative analysis of phylogenetic trees describe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2012	Universal Pacemaker of Genome Evolution
The protein-folding chaperone Hsp90 has been proposed to buffer the phenotypic effects of mutations . The potential for Hsp90 and other putative buffers to increase robustness to mutation has had major impact on disease models , quantitative genetics , and evolutionary theory . But Hsp90 sometimes contradicts expectati...	Most biologists appreciate that natural selection filters new mutations ( e . g . , by eliminating deleterious ones ) , such that genetic variation in nature is biased . The idea that selection also skews the types of genetic interactions that exist in nature is less appreciated . For example , studies spanning diverse...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "epistasis", "fungi", "pharmacology", "population", "biology", "genetic", "polymorphism", "yeast", "phenotypes", "natural", "selection", "heredity", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "evo...	2016	Selection Transforms the Landscape of Genetic Variation Interacting with Hsp90
In eukaryotes , histone H3 lysine 9 methylation ( H3K9me ) mediates silencing of invasive sequences to prevent deleterious consequences including the expression of aberrant gene products and mobilization of transposons . In Arabidopsis thaliana , H3K9me maintained by SUVH histone methyltransferases ( MTases ) is associ...	Methylation of histone H3 at the lysine 9 position ( H3K9me ) is a fundamental chromatin modification that suppresses expression from invasive and repetitive sequences such as transposons . In plant genomes , regions modified by H3K9me are maintained with precise boundaries . However , at junctions where H3K9me target ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2011	Small RNAs Prevent Transcription-Coupled Loss of Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana
The influence of lipid molecules on the aggregation of a highly amyloidogenic segment of human islet amyloid polypeptide , hIAPP20–29 , and the corresponding sequence from rat has been studied by all-atom replica exchange molecular dynamics ( REMD ) simulations with explicit solvent model . hIAPP20–29 fragments aggrega...	People diagnosed with diabetes have increased from 30 million to 246 million over the last two decades . One hallmark of type 2 diabetes is the formation of amyloid in the pancreatic islet , which is composed of human islet amyloid polypeptide ( 90% ) and lipid molecules ( 10% ) . In the long-lasting endeavors against ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics/biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "biophysics/protein", "folding" ]	2009	Amyloidogenesis Abolished by Proline Substitutions but Enhanced by Lipid Binding
Histone modifications regulate gene expression and chromosomal events , yet how histone-modifying enzymes are targeted is poorly understood . Here we report that a conserved DNA repair protein , SMRC-1 , associates with MET-2 , the C . elegans histone methyltransferase responsible for H3K9me1 and me2 deposition . We us...	Post-translation modifications to histone proteins are known to regulate gene expression and chromosomal events such as recombination . Histone modifications are highly dynamic and are deposited by large number of histone-modifying enzymes . Little is known about how these enzymes are regulated . Using a model system ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "gonads", "caenorhabditis", "cell", "processes", "animals", "germ", "cells", "dna", "damage", "animal", "models", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "d...	2019	A DNA repair protein and histone methyltransferase interact to promote genome stability in the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line
Circadian clocks are molecular timekeeping mechanisms that allow organisms to anticipate daily changes in their environment . The fundamental cellular basis of these clocks is delayed negative feedback gene regulation with PERIOD and CRYPTOCHROME containing protein complexes as main inhibitory elements . For a correct ...	Circadian clocks are endogenous timekeeping mechanisms allowing organisms to anticipate daily changes in their environment . In mammals , the fundamental mechanism of these clocks is a delayed negative feedback loop , in which timely auto-repression of clock components is essential . This repression occurs at a transcr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "nuclear", "import", "cell", "physiology", "luciferase", "enzymes", "cell", "processes", "enzymology", "light", "microscopy", "circadian", "oscillators", "immunoprecipitation", "microscopy", "chronobiology", "co-immunoprecipitation", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organell...	2018	The non-classical nuclear import carrier Transportin 1 modulates circadian rhythms through its effect on PER1 nuclear localization
Understanding African Trypanosomiasis ( AT ) host-pathogen interaction is the key to an “anti-disease vaccine” , a novel strategy to control AT . Here we provide a better insight into this poorly described interaction by characterizing the activation of a panel of endothelial cells by bloodstream forms of four African ...	African trypanosomiasis remains by far the most devastating parasitic disease in Africa affecting both humans and livestock . The current control strategies are not efficient because of the increasing resistance to trypanocidal drugs , and the antigenic variation that impedes vaccine development . An alternative strate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Identification of Trans-Sialidases as a Common Mediator of Endothelial Cell Activation by African Trypanosomes
Many bacterial pathogens promote infection and cause disease by directly injecting into host cells proteins that manipulate eukaryotic cellular processes . Identification of these translocated proteins is essential to understanding pathogenesis . Yet , their identification remains limited . This , in part , is due to t...	Many bacterial pathogens promote infection and ultimately cause disease , in part , through the actions of proteins that the bacteria directly inject into host cells . These proteins subvert host cell processes to favor survival of the pathogen . The identification of such proteins can be limited since many of the inje...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "none", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "eubacteria", "saccharomyces" ]	2008	A Functional Genomic Yeast Screen to Identify Pathogenic Bacterial Proteins
From 1992 onwards , outbreaks of a previously unknown illness have been reported in Asian seabass ( Lates calcarifer ) kept in maricultures in Southeast Asia . The most striking symptom of this emerging disease is the loss of scales . It was referred to as scale drop syndrome , but the etiology remained enigmatic . By ...	Asian seabass or Lates calcarifer is a large , valuable fish kept in maricultures . Scale drop syndrome is an emerging disease in this species that currently results in significant economic losses for affected farms . Mortality rates can become as high as 50% , both in juvenile and adult fish . With the increasing mari...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Novel Virus Causes Scale Drop Disease in Lates calcarifer
Although assays for detecting Yersinia pestis using TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR have been developed for years , little is reported on room-temperature-stable PCR reagents , which will be invaluable for field epidemic surveillance , immediate response to public health emergencies , counter-bioterrorism investigatio...	Plague , caused by Yersinia pestis , is one of the oldest and most dangerous diseases in human history , and has claimed millions of lives in the three major historical pandemics . Although panic caused by the Black Death is fading , the threat of the reemergence of plague pandemics still exists , with the additional p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology" ]	2010	Ambient Stable Quantitative PCR Reagents for the Detection of Yersinia pestis
Working memory plays a key role in cognition , and yet its mechanisms remain much debated . Human performance on memory tasks is severely limited; however , the two major classes of theory explaining the limits leave open questions about key issues such as how multiple simultaneously-represented items can be distinguis...	Humans can remember several visual items for a few seconds and recall them; however , performance deteriorates surprisingly quickly with the number of items that must be stored . Along with increasingly inaccurate recollection , subjects make association errors , sometimes apparently recalling the wrong item altogether...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Probabilistic Palimpsest Model of Visual Short-term Memory
There is conflicting evidence on the immunologic benefit of treating helminth co-infections ( “deworming” ) in HIV-infected individuals . Several studies have documented reduced viral load and increased CD4 count in antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) naïve individuals after deworming . However , there are a lack of data on...	It is estimated that up to half of all people infected with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa are co-infected with one or more gastrointestinal parasites . These parasitic infections may negatively impact the ability of the immune system to combat the HIV virus , leading to worse clinical outcomes in people with HIV . Therefor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "epidemiology", "global", "health", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "immunology", "microbiology" ]	2014	Empiric Deworming and CD4 Count Recovery in HIV-Infected Ugandans Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy
Neofunctionalization following gene duplication is thought to be one of the key drivers in generating evolutionary novelty . A gene duplication in a common ancestor of land plants produced two classes of KNOTTED-like TALE homeobox genes , class I ( KNOX1 ) and class II ( KNOX2 ) . KNOX1 genes are linked to tissue proli...	Eukaryotes alternate between haploid ( 1n ) and diploid ( 2n ) stages during their life cycles , and often seen are remarkable differences in morphology and physiology between them . Land plants are multicellular in both generations , in contrast to their presumed ancestral green algae that develop multicellularity onl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Antagonistic Roles for KNOX1 and KNOX2 Genes in Patterning the Land Plant Body Plan Following an Ancient Gene Duplication
The primary goal in cluster analysis is to discover natural groupings of objects . The field of cluster analysis is crowded with diverse methods that make special assumptions about data and address different scientific aims . Despite its shortcomings in accuracy , hierarchical clustering is the dominant clustering meth...	Pattern discovery is one of the most important goals of data-driven research . In the biological sciences hierarchical clustering has achieved a position of pre-eminence due to its ability to capture multiple levels of data granularity . Hierarchical clustering’s visual displays of phylogenetic trees and gene-expressio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Convex Clustering: An Attractive Alternative to Hierarchical Clustering
Few studies of dengue have shown group-level associations between demographic , socioeconomic , or geographic characteristics and the spatial distribution of dengue within small urban areas . This study aimed to examine whether specific characteristics of an urban slum community were associated with the risk of dengue ...	Dengue is influenced by the environment; however , few studies have investigated the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and the spatial distribution of dengue within small urban areas . We examined whether specific characteristics of an urban slum community were associated with dengue risk . From January...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Spatial Distribution of Dengue in a Brazilian Urban Slum Setting: Role of Socioeconomic Gradient in Disease Risk
Plasmodium knowlesi is the most common cause of malaria in Malaysian Borneo , with reporting limited to clinical cases presenting to health facilities and scarce data on the true extent of transmission . Serological estimations of transmission have been used with other malaria species to garner information about epidem...	Malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi is the most common form of the disease in Malaysia . The parasite is transmitted from monkeys to humans via the bite of an infected mosquito , with the resulting P . knowlesi infection potentially leading to severe symptoms and in some cases , death . Although adult males working c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "parasite", "groups", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "plasmodium", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "antigenic", "variation", "parasitic", "diseases", "pa...	2018	Identification and validation of a novel panel of Plasmodium knowlesi biomarkers of serological exposure
In recent years the functions that the p53 tumor suppressor plays in human biology have been greatly extended beyond “guardian of the genome . ” Our studies of promoter response element sequences targeted by the p53 master regulatory transcription factor suggest a general role for this DNA damage and stress-responsive ...	Among the most prominently studied regulators of gene function is the p53 tumor suppressor , which has many roles in human biology . The transcriptional master regulator p53 directly targets expression of >200 genes . Previously , we sought to define the p53 network in terms of functionality , specifically the ability ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/transcription", "initiation", "and", "activation", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "respiratory", "medicine", "...	2011	The Toll-Like Receptor Gene Family Is Integrated into Human DNA Damage and p53 Networks
The picornaviruses coxsackievirus A24 variant ( CVA24v ) and enterovirus 70 ( EV70 ) cause continued outbreaks and pandemics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis ( AHC ) , a highly contagious eye disease against which neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs are currently available . Moreover , these viruses can cause sympt...	Coxsackievirus A24 variant ( CVA24v ) and enterovirus 70 ( EV70 ) are responsible for several outbreaks of a highly contagious eye disease called acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis ( AHC ) . These viruses represent a limited set of human picornaviruses that use glycan receptors for cell attachment . Until now no data has...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "virology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases", "viral", "structure" ]	2014	A Sialic Acid Binding Site in a Human Picornavirus
Human intervention has subjected the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to multiple rounds of independent domestication and thousands of generations of artificial selection . As a result , this species comprises a genetically diverse collection of natural isolates as well as domesticated strains that are used in specific i...	The yeast S . cerevisiae has been associated with human activity for thousands of years in industries such as baking , brewing , and winemaking . During this time , humans have effectively domesticated this microorganism , with different industries selecting for specific desirable phenotypic traits . This has resulted ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/comparative", "genomics" ]	2011	Whole-Genome Comparison Reveals Novel Genetic Elements That Characterize the Genome of Industrial Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
According to a prominent view of sensorimotor processing in primates , selection and specification of possible actions are not sequential operations . Rather , a decision for an action emerges from competition between different movement plans , which are specified and selected in parallel . For action choices which are...	Decision making requires the selection between alternative actions . It has been suggested that action selection is not separate from motor preparation of the according actions , but rather that the selection emerges from the competition between different movement plans . We expand on this idea , and ask how action sel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "motor", "systems", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "neural", "networks", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "sensory", "systems", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory" ]	2012	Sensorimotor Learning Biases Choice Behavior: A Learning Neural Field Model for Decision Making
Calprotectin , the most abundant cytoplasmic protein in neutrophils , suppresses the growth of Staphylococcus aureus by sequestering the nutrient metal ions Zn and Mn . Here we show that calprotectin can also enhance the activity of the SaeRS two component system ( TCS ) , a signaling system essential for production of...	Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen causing skin infections and a variety of life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia , sepsis , and toxic shock syndrome . Previous study showed that the growth of S . aureus in abscesses is suppressed by the host antimicrobial protein calprotectin , which sequesters...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Calprotectin Increases the Activity of the SaeRS Two Component System and Murine Mortality during Staphylococcus aureus Infections
Rabies is a notoriously underreported and neglected disease of low-income countries . This study aims to estimate the public health and economic burden of rabies circulating in domestic dog populations , globally and on a country-by-country basis , allowing an objective assessment of how much this preventable disease c...	Rabies is a fatal viral disease largely transmitted to humans from bites by infected animals—predominantly from domestic dogs . The disease is entirely preventable through prompt administration of post-exposure prophylaxis ( PEP ) to bite victims and can be controlled through mass vaccination of domestic dogs . Yet , r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Estimating the Global Burden of Endemic Canine Rabies
Regulation of spatio-temporal gene expression in diverse cell and tissue types is a critical aspect of development . Progression through Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development leads to the generation of seven distinct vulval cell types ( vulA , vulB1 , vulB2 , vulC , vulD , vulE , and vulF ) , each with its own uniq...	During development , in which the single-celled egg generates a whole organism , cells become different from each other and form patterns of types of cells . It is these spatially defined fate patterns that underlie the formation of complex organs . Regulatory molecules called transcription factors influence the fate p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "genetic", "network", "developmental", "biology", "caenorhabditis", "organogenesis", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	The tailless Ortholog nhr-67 Regulates Patterning of Gene Expression and Morphogenesis in the C. elegans Vulva
Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) is a chronic , systemic autoimmune disease affecting both joints and extra-articular tissues . Although some genetic risk factors for RA are well-established , most notably HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22 , these markers do not fully account for the observed heritability . To identify additional suscept...	Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) , a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting ∼1% of the population , is characterized by immune-cell–mediated destruction of the joint architecture . Gene–environment interactions are thought to underlie RA etiology . Variants within HLA-DRB1 and the hematopoietic-specific phosphatase , PTPN22 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease" ]	2008	A Large-Scale Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetic Study Identifies Association at Chromosome 9q33.2
Although glucose uniquely stimulates proinsulin biosynthesis in β cells , surprisingly little is known of the underlying mechanism ( s ) . Here , we demonstrate that glucose activates the unfolded protein response transducer inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha ( IRE1α ) to initiate X-box-binding protein 1 ( Xbp1 ) mRNA s...	One of the most remarkable features of the pancreatic beta cells—those that produce and secrete insulin to regulate glucose homeostasis—is their capacity to increase the synthesis of proinsulin ( the insulin precursor ) up to 10-fold after glucose stimulation . This dramatic increase in the synthesis of proinsulin is a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The IRE1α/XBP1s Pathway Is Essential for the Glucose Response and Protection of β Cells
Development of robust , sensitive , and reproducible diagnostic tests for understanding the epidemiology of neglected tropical diseases is an integral aspect of the success of worldwide control and elimination programs . In the treatment of onchocerciasis , clinical diagnostics that can function in an elimination scena...	Onchocerciasis , caused by the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus , afflicts millions of people , causing such debilitating symptoms as blindness and acute dermatitis . There are no accurate , sensitive means of diagnosing O . volvulus infection . Clinical diagnostics are desperately needed in order to achieve the g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "chemical", "biology/small", "molecule", "chemistry" ]	2010	Metabolomics-Based Discovery of Diagnostic Biomarkers for Onchocerciasis
Snakebite is a major public health problem in many developing countries . Farmers are particularly exposed to snakes , and due to their rural location often experience delays in accessing formal healthcare . The reasons to use traditional healers may include difficulties in accessing formal healthcare , certain beliefs...	Snakebite is a major health issue that affects many people , particularly young poor farmers in developing countries in the tropics . Many patients suffer poor outcomes due to inadequate or delayed access to effective treatment . A large number still use traditional healers . Often patients visit traditional healers be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "health", "education", "and", "awareness", "toxins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "health", "services", "research", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "toxicology", "he...	2018	Why snakebite patients in Myanmar seek traditional healers despite availability of biomedical care at hospitals? Community perspectives on reasons
Trypanosoma cruzi ( T . cruzi ) is an intracellular protozoan parasite and the etiological agent of Chagas disease , a chronic infectious illness that affects millions of people worldwide . Although the role of TLR and Nod1 in the control of T . cruzi infection is well-established , the involvement of inflammasomes rem...	Inflammasomes are cytosolic innate receptors that are emerging as central effectors in the control of infections and inflammatory pathologies . NLRP3 is the most studied member of inflammasomes with established role in the control of bacterial and viral infections . This manuscript describes original studies on the inv...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	NLRP3 Controls Trypanosoma cruzi Infection through a Caspase-1-Dependent IL-1R-Independent NO Production
Echolocating bats use the echoes from their echolocation calls to perceive their surroundings . The ability to use these continuously emitted calls , whose main function is not communication , for recognition of individual conspecifics might facilitate many of the social behaviours observed in bats . Several studies of...	Animals must recognize each other in order to engage in social behaviour . Vocal communication signals could be helpful for recognizing individuals , especially in nocturnal organisms such as bats . Echolocating bats continuously emit special vocalizations , known as echolocation calls , and perceive their surroundings...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/behavioral", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/cognitive", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems" ]	2009	The Voice of Bats: How Greater Mouse-eared Bats Recognize Individuals Based on Their Echolocation Calls
Up to 40% of the world's population is at risk for Plasmodium vivax malaria , a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countries . Because P . vivax produces latent liver forms , eradication of P . vivax malaria is more challenging than it is for P . falciparum . Genetic analysis of P...	Most of the 250 million malaria cases outside of Africa are caused by the parasite Plasmodium vivax . Although drugs can be used to treat P . vivax malaria , drug resistance is spreading and there is no available vaccine . Because this species cannot be readily grown in the laboratory there are added challenges to unde...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/sequence", "motif", "analysis", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "computational", "biology/genomics", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "computational", "b...	2010	A Systems-Based Analysis of Plasmodium vivax Lifecycle Transcription from Human to Mosquito
Human influenza viruses replicate almost exclusively in the respiratory tract , yet infected individuals may also develop gastrointestinal symptoms , such as vomiting and diarrhea . However , the molecular mechanisms remain incompletely defined . Using an influenza mouse model , we found that influenza pulmonary infect...	Influenza is a respiratory illness . Symptoms of flu include fever , headache , extreme tiredness , dry cough , sore throat , runny or stuffy nose , and muscle aches . Some people , especially children , can have additional gastrointestinal symptoms , such as nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea . In humans , there is no e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "microbiome", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "influenza", "pathogens", "microbiology", "enterobacter", "infections", "salmonellosis", "animal", "models", "bacterial", "diseases", "model", "organisms", "enterobacteriace...	2016	Influenza Virus Affects Intestinal Microbiota and Secondary Salmonella Infection in the Gut through Type I Interferons
Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is the result of a pathologic process starting during the acute phase of parasite infection . Among different factors , the specific recognition of glycan structures by glycan-binding proteins from the parasite or from the mammalian host cells may play a critica...	Galectins are a family of endogenous lectins defined by a well-conserved carbohydrate recognition domain ( CRD ) that recognizes β-galactoside-related glycans presented by several glycoconjugates . Up to now , fifteen galectins have been identified in a variety of cells and tissues and proposed to be crucial in diverse...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Galectin-1 Prevents Infection and Damage Induced by Trypanosoma cruzi on Cardiac Cells
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of sepsis . The common Toll-like receptor adapter myeloid differentiation primary response gene ( MyD ) 88 is crucial for host defense against Klebsiella . Here we investigated the role of MyD88 in myeloid and endothelial cells during Klebsiella pneumosepsis . Mice deficient ...	Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important causative pathogen in hospital acquired or health care associated pneumonia and sepsis . Toll-like receptors recognize conserved motifs expressed by pathogens and thereby initiate the innate immune response . Myeloid differentiation primary response gene ( MyD ) 88 is a common adap...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacterial", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "bacteremia", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "klebsiella", "infections", "klebsiella", "pneumonia", "bacterial", "pneumonia" ]	2014	Hematopoietic but Not Endothelial Cell MyD88 Contributes to Host Defense during Gram-negative Pneumonia Derived Sepsis
Schistosome infection persists for decades . Parasites are in close contact with host peripheral blood immune cells , yet little is known about the regulatory interactions between parasites and these immune cells . Here , we report that extracellular vesicles ( EVs ) released from Schistosoma japonicum are taken up pri...	Schistosomes that cause schistosomiasis infection persist for decades despite a host immune response . Therefore , elucidating the mechanism of schistosome survival will not only contribute to the understanding of host-parasite interaction but also lead to the development of novel strategies against schistosomiasis . E...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "helminths", "natural", "antisense", "transcripts", "gene", "regulation", "immunology", "animals", "micrornas", "research", "and", "analysi...	2019	Schistosoma japonicum extracellular vesicle miRNA cargo regulates host macrophage functions facilitating parasitism
In embryonic stem ( ES ) cells , bivalent chromatin domains with overlapping repressive ( H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation ) and activating ( H3 lysine 4 tri-methylation ) histone modifications mark the promoters of more than 2 , 000 genes . To gain insight into the structure and function of bivalent domains , we mapped ke...	Polycomb-group ( PcG ) proteins play essential roles in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during development . PcG proteins are repressors that catalyze lysine 27 tri-methylation on histone H3 . They are antagonized by trithorax-group proteins that catalyze lysine 4 tri-methylation . Recent studies of ES cel...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/genomics", "molecular", "biology/histone", "modification", "developmental", "biology/stem", "cells", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "developmental", "biology/developmental", "molecular"...	2008	Genomewide Analysis of PRC1 and PRC2 Occupancy Identifies Two Classes of Bivalent Domains
Correlations between the activities of neighboring neurons are observed ubiquitously across systems and species and are dynamically regulated by several factors such as the stimulus' spatiotemporal extent as well as by the brain's internal state . Using the electrosensory system of gymnotiform weakly electric fish , we...	Correlated activity is observed ubiquitously in the CNS but how activation of specific neural circuits affects correlated activity under behaviorally relevant contexts is poorly understood . Here , through a combination of electrophysiology , pharmacology , and mathematical modeling , we show that activation of the sam...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cellular", "neuroscience", "synaptic", "plasticity", "neural", "networks", "computational", "neuroscience", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience", "neurophysiology", "neuronal", "tuning", "coding", "mechanisms" ]	2015	Activation of Parallel Fiber Feedback by Spatially Diffuse Stimuli Reduces Signal and Noise Correlations via Independent Mechanisms in a Cerebellum-Like Structure
Bartonella spp . are facultative intracellular vector-borne bacteria associated with several emerging diseases in humans and animals all over the world . The potential for involvement of ticks in transmission of Bartonella spp . has been heartily debated for many years . However , most of the data supporting bartonella...	Bartonella spp . are bacteria that infect the red blood cells and that are associated with several diseases in humans and animals all over the world . They are transmitted by arthropod vectors including fleas , lice and sand-flies , but new potential vectors are suspected and in particular ticks . Diseases transmitted ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "veterinary", "science", "biology" ]	2011	Vector Competence of the Tick Ixodes ricinus for Transmission of Bartonella birtlesii
Staphylococcus aureus , a Gram-positive bacterium causes a number of devastating human diseases , such as infective endocarditis , osteomyelitis , septic arthritis and sepsis . S . aureus SraP , a surface-exposed serine-rich repeat glycoprotein ( SRRP ) , is required for the pathogenesis of human infective endocarditis...	Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that causes a range of human diseases , such as infective endocarditis , osteomyelitis , septic arthritis and sepsis . The increasing resistance of S . aureus to most of the current antibiotics emphasizes the need to develop new approaches to control staphylococcal infecti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "proteins", "medical", "microbiology", "staphylococcus", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "protein", "structure", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "and", "life", "sc...	2014	Structural Insights into SraP-Mediated Staphylococcus aureus Adhesion to Host Cells
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that Bordetella species have a significant life stage outside of the mammalian respiratory tract that has yet to be defined . The Bordetella virulence gene ( BvgAS ) two-component system , a paradigm for a global virulence regulon , controls the expression of many “virulence factors” ...	Bordetella species are infectious bacterial respiratory pathogens of a range of animals , including humans . Bordetellae grow in two phenotypically distinct “phases , ” each specifically expressing a large set of genes . The Bvg+ phase is primarily associated with respiratory tract infection ( RTI ) and has been well s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bordetella", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "intracellular", "pathogens", "dictyostelium", "fruiting", "body", "dictyosteliomycota", "pathogens", "microbiology", "dictyostelium", "spore", "cells", "developmental", "bi...	2017	Bordetella bronchiseptica exploits the complex life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum as an amplifying transmission vector
Cardioviruses , including encephalomyocarditis virus ( EMCV ) and the human Saffold virus , are small non-enveloped viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae , a large family of positive-sense RNA [ ( + ) RNA] viruses . All ( + ) RNA viruses remodel intracellular membranes into unique structures for viral genome replicat...	All positive-sense RNA viruses [ ( + ) RNA viruses] replicate their viral genomes in tight association with reorganized membranous structures . Viruses generate these unique structures , often termed “replication organelles” ( ROs ) , by efficiently manipulating the host lipid metabolism . While the molecular mechanism...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Modulation of the Host Lipid Landscape to Promote RNA Virus Replication: The Picornavirus Encephalomyocarditis Virus Converges on the Pathway Used by Hepatitis C Virus
Prion infections cause inexorable , progressive neurological dysfunction and neurodegeneration . Expression of the cellular prion protein PrPC is required for toxicity , suggesting the existence of deleterious PrPC-dependent signaling cascades . Because group-I metabotropic glutamate receptors ( mGluR1 and mGluR5 ) can...	Prion diseases are a result of ordered accumulation of the misfolded conformer of cellular prion protein ( PrPC ) , a GPI anchored protein expressed on the cell surface . Similar pathogenetic principles operate in several other neurodegenerative diseases . Currently no disease-modifying therapies exist and the situatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "neuroscience", "toxicology", "animal", "models", "toxicity", "model", "organisms", "immunoprecipitation", "morphometry", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "neurotr...	2017	Inhibition of group-I metabotropic glutamate receptors protects against prion toxicity
The World Health Organization ( WHO ) released the Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020 towards a leprosy-free world . The author described the progress made towards the elimination of leprosy and suggested recommendations for the acceleration towards a Leprosy-free country according to WHO laid out criterion . Case recor...	Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Leprae that involves many body organs but mainly skin , peripheral nerves and mucous membranes and occasionally other organ systems that affects equally all races , ages and both sexes . While most individuals exposed to an infectious case of leprosy becom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dermatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "disabilities", "biopsy", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "bacterial", "diseases", "global", "health", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases",...	2017	Progress towards a leprosy-free country: The experience of Oman
We explore the possible role of elastic mismatch between epidermis and mesophyll as a driving force for the development of leaf venation . The current prevalent ‘canalization’ hypothesis for the formation of veins claims that the transport of the hormone auxin out of the leaves triggers cell differentiation to form vei...	Leaf venation patterns of most angiosperm plants are hierarchical structures that develop during leaf growth . A remarkable characteristic of these structures is the abundance of closed loops: the venation array divides the leaf surface into disconnected polygonal sectors . The initial vein generations are repetitive w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "plant", "biology/plant", "growth", "and", "development", "physics/interdisciplinary", "physics", "computational", "biology" ]	2008	The Role of Elastic Stresses on Leaf Venation Morphogenesis
Rapid reprogramming of the macrophage activation phenotype is considered important in the defense against consecutive infection with diverse infectious agents . However , in the setting of persistent , chronic infection the functional importance of macrophage-intrinsic adaptation to changing environments vs . recruitme...	Macrophages are specialized cells of the immune system that help to keep the organism healthy by removing dead cells and debris , assisting in wound healing and fighting off many types of infections as well as tumours . To deal with these various tasks , macrophages produce distinct sets of activation molecules , tailo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "body", "fluids", "drugs", "immunology", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "nematode", "infections", "antibacterials", "pharmacology", "infectious", "diseases", "white",...	2017	Macrophage origin limits functional plasticity in helminth-bacterial co-infection
The primary visual cortex ( V1 ) is pre-wired to facilitate the extraction of behaviorally important visual features . Collinear edge detectors in V1 , for instance , mutually enhance each other to improve the perception of lines against a noisy background . The same pre-wiring that facilitates line extraction , howeve...	Perceptual learning improves sensory stimulus discrimination by repeated practicing . The improved stimulus discrimination is often thought to arise either from modified stimulus representation in the sensory cortex , or from modified readout from the sensory cortex by higher cortical units . Both explanations , the mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "primates", "physiology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience", "homo", "(human)" ]	2007	Perceptual Learning via Modification of Cortical Top-Down Signals
A crucial step in several major evolutionary transitions is the division of labor between components of the emerging higher-level evolutionary unit . Examples include the separation of germ and soma in simple multicellular organisms , appearance of multiple cell types and organs in more complex organisms , and emergenc...	Biological organisms are highly complex and are comprised of many different parts that function to ensure the survival and reproduction of the whole . How and why the complexity has increased in the course of evolution is a question of great scientific and philosophical significance . Biologists have identified a numbe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2010	Rapid Transition towards the Division of Labor via Evolution of Developmental Plasticity
Genomic resources for the domestic dog have improved with the widespread adoption of a 173k SNP array platform and updated reference genome . SNP arrays of this density are sufficient for detecting genetic associations within breeds but are underpowered for finding associations across multiple breeds or in mixed-breed ...	Complex traits are controlled by more than one gene and as such are difficult to map . For complex trait mapping in the domestic dog , researchers use the current array of 173 , 000 variants , with only minimal success . Here , we use a method called imputation to increase the number of variants–from 173 , 000 to 24 mi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "animal", "types", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "quantitative", "trait", "loci", "vertebrates", "pets", "and", "companion", "animals", "animals", "mammals", "dogs", "physiological", "parameters", "genome", "analysis",...	2019	Imputation of canine genotype array data using 365 whole-genome sequences improves power of genome-wide association studies
Extracellular capsules constitute the outermost layer of many bacteria , are major virulence factors , and affect antimicrobial therapies . They have been used as epidemiological markers and recently became vaccination targets . Despite the efforts to biochemically serotype capsules in a few model pathogens , little is...	Extracellular capsules protect bacterial cells from external aggressions such as antibiotics or desiccation , but can also be targeted by vaccines . Since little was known about their frequency across Prokaryotes , we created and made freely available a computational tool , CapsuleFinder , to identify them from genomic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "taxonomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "split-decomposition", "method", "microbiology", "genomic", "databases", "multiple", "alignment", "calculation", "phylogenetics", "data", "managem...	2017	Abundance and co-occurrence of extracellular capsules increase environmental breadth: Implications for the emergence of pathogens
Group B Streptococcus ( GBS ) is the leading cause of neonatal pneumonia , septicemia , and meningitis . We have previously shown that in adult mice GBS glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ) is an extracellular virulence factor that induces production of the immunosuppressive cytokine int...	Streptococcus agalactiae ( Group B streptococcus , GBS ) is the leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality among neonates . However , there is still no satisfactory explanation of why neonates are so susceptible to GBS infections . Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis ( IAP ) was implemented in many countries bu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "pediatrics", "and", "child", "health", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "pediatrics" ]	2011	Inhibition of IL-10 Production by Maternal Antibodies against Group B Streptococcus GAPDH Confers Immunity to Offspring by Favoring Neutrophil Recruitment
Are the information processing steps that support short-term sensory memory common to all the senses ? Systematic , psychophysical comparison requires identical experimental paradigms and comparable stimuli , which can be challenging to obtain across modalities . Participants performed a recognition memory task with au...	Memories are not exact representations of the past . But can we say that all our senses are equally reliable ( or unreliable ) sources for memory ? We performed a series of experiments to test that proposition . Sound and light are processed by different receptors and neural pathways in the brain . Previous comparisons...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "homo", "(human)" ]	2007	Auditory Short-Term Memory Behaves Like Visual Short-Term Memory
When listening to music , humans can easily identify and move to the beat . Numerous experimental studies have identified brain regions that may be involved with beat perception and representation . Several theoretical and algorithmic approaches have been proposed to account for this ability . Related to , but differen...	Music is integral to human experience and is appreciated across a wide range of cultures . Although many features distinguish different musical traditions , rhythm is central to nearly all . Most humans can detect and move along to the beat through finger or foot tapping , hand clapping or other bodily movements . But ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "learning", "acoustics", "music", "cognition", "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "membrane", "potential", "social", "sciences", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "cognitive", "psychology", "animal", "cells", ...	2019	A neuromechanistic model for rhythmic beat generation
The type I interferon ( IFN ) activated transcriptional response is a critical antiviral defense mechanism , yet its role in bacterial pathogenesis remains less well characterized . Using an intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes ( Lm ) as a model bacterial pathogen , we sought to identify the roles of individua...	While the type I interferon response is known to be activated by both viruses and bacteria , it has mostly been characterized in terms of its antiviral properties . Listeria monocytogenes , an opportunistic Gram-positive bacterial pathogen with up to 50% mortality rate and a variety of clinical manifestations , is a po...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "flow", "cytometry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "fibroblasts", "retroviruses", "viruses", "regulator", "genes", "rna", "viruses", "connective", "tissue", "cells", "gen...	2016	Cell-Based Screen Identifies Human Interferon-Stimulated Regulators of Listeria monocytogenes Infection
The human cytosolic sulfotransfases ( hSULTs ) comprise a family of 12 phase II enzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs and hormones , the bioactivation of carcinogens , and the detoxification of xenobiotics . Knowledge of the structural and mechanistic basis of substrate specificity and activity is crucial for und...	We metabolize many hormones , drugs , and bioactive chemicals and toxins from the environment . One family of enzymes that participate in the metabolic process consists of the cytosolic sulfotransferases , or SULTs . SULTs have a variety of mechanisms of action—sometimes they inactivate the biological activity of the c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "biochemistry", "homo", "(human)", "chemistry", "eukaryotes", "chemical", "biology", "biophysics", "molecular", "biology" ]	2007	Structural and Chemical Profiling of the Human Cytosolic Sulfotransferases
In all vertebrates hearing and touch represent two distinct sensory systems that both rely on the transformation of mechanical force into electrical signals . There is an extensive literature describing single gene mutations in humans that cause hearing impairment , but there are essentially none for touch . Here we fi...	In humans many genes have been identified that cause deafness when mutated , but no equivalent genes have been identified that are required for touch . Here , we asked whether genes that influence hearing can also influence touch . Using identical and non-identical human twins it was possible to show that touch perform...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "molecular", "neuroscience", "neurobiology", "of", "disease", "and", "regeneration", "genetic", "mutation", "neuroscience", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "sensory", "deprivation", "signaling", "pathways", "pain", "biology", "clinical", "genetics", "auditory", "...	2012	A Genetic Basis for Mechanosensory Traits in Humans
Historically the western sahelian dry regions of Mali are known to be highly endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) caused by Leishmania major , while cases are rarely reported from the Southern savanna forest of the country . Here , we report baseline prevalence of CL infection in 3 ecologically distinct districts...	It is generally assumed that neglected tropical diseases ( NTDS ) such as leishmaniasis are concentrated in poor populations . It affects as many as 12 million people , with 1 . 5 to 2 million new cases every year around the world . Depending on the species of Leishmania , the host can develop cutaneous leishmaniasis (...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "&", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "mali", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "sand", "flies", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "age", "groups", "pr...	2016	Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Districts of High and Low Endemicity in Mali
Modelling disease dynamics is most useful when data are limited . We present a spatial transmission model for the spread of canine rabies in the currently rabies-free wild dog population of Australia . The introduction of a sub-clinically infected dog from Indonesia is a distinct possibility , as is the spillover infec...	Canine rabies typically persists in developing countries where stray and unvaccinated , free-roaming domestic dogs account for a substantial proportion of the population . In this paper we investigate whether sustained canine rabies transmission can occur within the wild dog population of Australia , which comprises di...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "animal", "types", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "classical", "mechanics", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "fluid", "mechanics", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrate...	2017	Predicted Spatial Spread of Canine Rabies in Australia
The endogenous mechanism that determines vertebrate body length is unknown but must involve loss of chordo-neural-hinge ( CNH ) /axial stem cells and mesoderm progenitors in the tailbud . In early embryos , Fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) maintains a cell pool that progressively generates the body and differentiation ...	The mechanism that determines body length is unknown but likely operates at the elongating tail end of vertebrate embryos . In the early embryo , fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) signalling maintains a proliferative pool of cells in the tailbud that progressively generates the body . It also protects these cells from t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "fate", "determination", "embryology", "organism", "development", "stem", "cells", "biology", "pattern", "formation", "cell", "differentiation" ]	2012	Loss of FGF-Dependent Mesoderm Identity and Rise of Endogenous Retinoid Signalling Determine Cessation of Body Axis Elongation
Mounting evidence suggests that Q-fever is more prevalent in Iran than originally believed . However , in most parts of the country , clinicians do not pay enough attention to Q fever in their differential diagnosis . The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in suspected cases of acu...	Q fever is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Coxiella burnetii . Domestic ruminants are the most common source of human infection . Main route of transmission to humans is inhalation of infected aerosols and dust with C . burnetii . Acute Q fever is usually presented as a non-specific febrile and self-limiting in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "fatigue", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "headaches", "bacterial", "diseases", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "bacterial",...	2019	Genetic evidence of Coxiella burnetii infection in acute febrile illnesses in Iran
Buruli ulcer disease ( BU ) , due to the bacteria Mycobacterium ulcerans , represents an important and emerging public health problem , especially in many African countries . Few elements are known nowadays about the routes of transmission of this environmental bacterium to the human population . In this study , we hav...	Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is one of the most neglected but treatable tropical diseases . The causative organism , Mycobacterium ulcerans , is from the family of bacteria that causes tuberculosis and leprosy . This severe skin disease leads to long-term functional disability if not treated . BU has been reported in over 30 co...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "of", "infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "ecology/spatial", "and", "landscape", "ecology" ]	2008	Landscape Diversity Related to Buruli Ulcer Disease in Côte d'Ivoire
The precise control of synaptic connectivity is essential for the development and function of neuronal circuits . While there have been significant advances in our understanding how cell adhesion molecules mediate axon guidance and synapse formation , the mechanisms controlling synapse maintenance or plasticity in vivo...	The function of neuronal circuits relies on precise connectivity , and processes like learning and memory involve refining this connectivity through the selective formation and elimination of synapses . Cell adhesion molecules ( CAMs ) that directly mediate cell–cell interactions at synaptic contacts are thought to med...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetic", "mutation", "neural", "networks", "neuroscience", "gene", "function", "animal", "models", "motor", "systems", "developmental", "biology", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "synaptic", "plasticity", "molecular", "development", "developmental", ...	2013	Transsynaptic Coordination of Synaptic Growth, Function, and Stability by the L1-Type CAM Neuroglian

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