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article stringlengths 4.36k 149k	summary stringlengths 32 3.35k	section_headings listlengths 1 91	keywords listlengths 0 141	year stringclasses 13 values	title stringlengths 20 281
Founder populations and large pedigrees offer many well-known advantages for genetic mapping studies , including cost-efficient study designs . Here , we describe PRIMAL ( PedigRee IMputation ALgorithm ) , a fast and accurate pedigree-based phasing and imputation algorithm for founder populations . PRIMAL incorporates ...	The recent availability of whole genome and whole exome sequencing allows genetic studies of human diseases and traits at an unprecedented resolution , although their cost limits the size of the studied sample . To overcome this limitation and design cost-efficient studies , we developed a two step method: sequencing o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	PRIMAL: Fast and Accurate Pedigree-based Imputation from Sequence Data in a Founder Population
Cell proliferation has generally been considered dispensable for anteroposterior extension of embryonic axis during vertebrate gastrulation . Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( Stat3 ) , a conserved controller of cell proliferation , survival and regeneration , is associated with human scoliosis , can...	During vertebrate embryogenesis , cell proliferation , fate specification and cell movements are key processes that transform a fertilized egg into an embryo with head , trunk and tail . Cell proliferation is orchestrated by maternal and zygotic functions of conserved regulators including Cdc25a , and has generally bee...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "vertebrates", "animals", "animal", "models", "osteichthyes", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "embryos", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", ...	2017	Stat3/Cdc25a-dependent cell proliferation promotes embryonic axis extension during zebrafish gastrulation
Genetic variants altering cis-regulation of normal gene expression ( cis-eQTLs ) have been extensively mapped in human cells and tissues , but the extent by which controlled , environmental perturbation influences cis-eQTLs is unclear . We carried out large-scale induction experiments using primary human bone cells der...	Population variation in normal gene expression has been convincingly shown to be under strong genetic control where the main genetic variants are located within close proximity to the gene itself ( so called cis-acting ) . However , the extent to which controlled , environmental stimuli influences cis-regulation of gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "genetics", "and", "genomics/pharmacogenomics", "cell", "biology/gene", ...	2011	Global Analysis of the Impact of Environmental Perturbation on cis-Regulation of Gene Expression
The ability to perceive noxious stimuli is critical for an animal's survival in the face of environmental danger , and thus pain perception is likely to be under stringent evolutionary pressure . Using a neuronal-specific RNAi knock-down strategy in adult Drosophila , we recently completed a genome-wide functional anno...	Nociception is the perception of noxious , potentially damaging stimuli; and this pain or its equivalent behavioral readout is evolutionarily conserved from fruit flies to humans . Using genetic techniques in the fruit fly , we have been able to evaluate the potential functional contribution of every gene in the fruit ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "neuroscience", "functional", "genomics", "neuroscience", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "signaling", "pathways", "pain", "biology", "mouse", "genetics", "sensory", "systems", "sensory", "p...	2012	Construction of a Global Pain Systems Network Highlights Phospholipid Signaling as a Regulator of Heat Nociception
The influence of genetic interactions ( epistasis ) on the genetic variance of quantitative traits is a major unresolved problem relevant to medical , agricultural , and evolutionary genetics . The additive genetic component is typically a high proportion of the total genetic variance in quantitative traits , despite t...	Complex traits are influenced not only by the effects of individual genes but also by the myriad ways that these genes interact with one another , commonly referred to as epistasis . Theory suggests that epistasis could have important population-level implications in terms of the genetic variance components that govern...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Epistasis Is a Major Determinant of the Additive Genetic Variance in Mimulus guttatus
Persistent infection by pathogenic organisms requires effective strategies for the defense of these organisms against the host immune response . A common strategy employed by many pathogens to escape immune recognition and clearance is to continually vary surface epitopes through recombinational shuffling of genetic in...	A common strategy for evasion of the host immune system is the continuous variation of a major surface protein that elicits a dominant immune response ( antigenic variation ) . Many pathogens accomplish this goal by unidirectional movement of DNA sequence information from silent or archival gene copies into an expressi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry/replication", "and", "repair", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2009	Investigation of the Genes Involved in Antigenic Switching at the vlsE Locus in Borrelia burgdorferi: An Essential Role for the RuvAB Branch Migrase
Deep convolutional networks ( DCNNs ) are achieving previously unseen performance in object classification , raising questions about whether DCNNs operate similarly to human vision . In biological vision , shape is arguably the most important cue for recognition . We tested the role of shape information in DCNNs traine...	“Deep learning” systems–specifically , deep convolutional neural networks ( DCNNs ) –have recently achieved near human levels of performance in object recognition tasks . It has been suggested that the processing in these systems may model or explain object perception abilities in biological vision . For humans , shape...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "amorphous", "solids", "fish", "neural", "networks", "visual", "object", "recognition", "social", "sciences", "glass", "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "animals", "elasmobranchii", "perception", "sharks", "cognitive", "psychology", "human", "p...	2018	Deep convolutional networks do not classify based on global object shape
Organisms maintain competitive fitness in the face of environmental challenges through molecular evolution . However , it remains largely unknown how different biophysical factors constrain molecular evolution in a given environment . Here , using deep mutational scanning , we quantified empirical fitness of >2000 sing...	Environmental conditions are known to shape natural selection . However , their influence on molecular evolution is still largely unclear . Here , we use a high throughput mutational scanning approach to investigate how representative physical and chemical environments alter mutational fates of an antibiotic resistant ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "&", "methods" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "deletion", "mutation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "drugs", "microbiology", "mutation", "monomers", "(chemistry)", "antibiotics", "protein", "folding", "protein", "structure", "pharmacology", "polymer", "chemistry", "evolutionary", "rate", ...	2018	Differential strengths of molecular determinants guide environment specific mutational fates
In Drosophila melanogaster , recognition of an invading pathogen activates the Toll or Imd signaling pathway , triggering robust upregulation of innate immune effectors . Although the mechanisms of pathogen recognition and signaling are now well understood , the functions of the immune-induced transcriptome and proteom...	Dedicated defense systems in the bodies of humans and other animals protect against dangerous microbes , such as bacteria and fungi . We study these processes in the fruit fly Drosophila , which can be readily grown and manipulated in the laboratory . In this animal , as in humans , protective activities are triggered ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	An Effector Peptide Family Required for Drosophila Toll-Mediated Immunity
Bacteria induce stress responses that protect the cell from lethal factors such as DNA-damaging agents . Bacterial populations also form persisters , dormant cells that are highly tolerant to antibiotics and play an important role in recalcitrance of biofilm infections . Stress response and dormancy appear to represent...	Bacterial populations contain a small number of dormant cells ( persisters ) that are tolerant to antibiotics . Persisters are not mutants , but rather phenotypic variants of regular cells . Persisters play a major role in resistance of bacterial biofilms to death , and are likely to be responsible for recalcitrance of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2010	Ciprofloxacin Causes Persister Formation by Inducing the TisB toxin in Escherichia coli
High levels of serum IgE are considered markers of parasite and helminth exposure . In addition , they are associated with allergic disorders , play a key role in anti-tumoral defence , and are crucial mediators of autoimmune diseases . Total IgE is a strongly heritable trait . In a genome-wide association study ( GWAS...	High levels of serum IgE are considered markers of parasite and helminth exposure . In addition , they are associated with allergic disorders , play a key role in anti-tumoral defence , and are crucial mediators of autoimmune diseases . There is strong evidence that the regulation of serum IgE levels is under a strong ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "immunology/allergy", "and", "hypersensitivity", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system" ]	2008	Genome-Wide Scan on Total Serum IgE Levels Identifies FCER1A as Novel Susceptibility Locus
Lantibiotic synthetases are remarkable biocatalysts generating conformationally constrained peptides with a variety of biological activities by repeatedly utilizing two simple posttranslational modification reactions: dehydration of Ser/Thr residues and intramolecular addition of Cys thiols to the resulting dehydro ami...	Many bacteria generate cyclic peptides , which have improved biological activities compared to linear peptides , including higher stability . Lanthionine-containing peptides are one such group , and different members of this group have antibiotic , anti-inflammatory , and anti-viral activities . For example , one lanth...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chemical", "biology", "biochemistry/bioinformatics", "biochemistry/biocatalysis", "infectious", "diseases/antimicrobials", "and", "drug", "resistance" ]	2010	Discovery of Unique Lanthionine Synthetases Reveals New Mechanistic and Evolutionary Insights
Clostridium perfringens type B or D isolates , which cause enterotoxemias or enteritis in livestock , produce epsilon toxin ( ETX ) . ETX is exceptionally potent , earning it a listing as a CDC class B select toxin . Most C . perfringens strains also express up to three different sialidases , although the possible cont...	Clostridium perfringens type D strains cause enteritis and enterotoxemias in livestock after colonizing the intestines and then producing toxins , notably epsilon toxin ( ETX ) . Initially produced and secreted in an inactive form , ETX can be rapidly proteolytically-activated by trypsin and other intestinal proteases ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "microbiology", "bacterial", "pathogens", "gram", "positive" ]	2011	Sialidases Affect the Host Cell Adherence and Epsilon Toxin-Induced Cytotoxicity of Clostridium perfringens Type D Strain CN3718
In some regions in Africa , elimination of onchocerciasis may be possible with mass drug administration , although there is concern based on several factors that onchocerciasis cannot be eliminated solely through this approach . A vaccine against Onchocerca volvulus would provide a critical tool for the ultimate elimin...	In some regions in Africa , elimination of onchocerciasis may be possible with mass drug administration , although there is concern based on several factors that onchocerciasis cannot be eliminated solely through this approach . A vaccine against Onchocerca volvulus would provide a critical tool for the ultimate elimin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "graduates", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "innate", "immune", "system", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "immunology", "alumni", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "developmental", "biology", "immunologic", "adjuvants", "molecular", ...	2016	The Immunomodulatory Role of Adjuvants in Vaccines Formulated with the Recombinant Antigens Ov-103 and Ov-RAL-2 against Onchocerca volvulus in Mice
Emergency hematopoiesis facilitates the rapid expansion of inflammatory immune cells in response to infections by pathogens , a process that must be carefully regulated to prevent potentially life threatening inflammatory responses . Here , we describe a novel regulatory role for the cytokine IFNγ that is critical for ...	Successful resolution of infections requires a balanced immune response that recognizes and destroys invading pathogens , without provoking excessive damage to the host . Interferon gamma ( IFNγ ) is an important pleiotropic cytokine , which regulates host immunity at key stages of the immune response . However , much ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "t", "helper", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "body", "fluids", "spleen", "immunology", "developm...	2018	IFNγ inhibits G-CSF induced neutrophil expansion and invasion of the CNS to prevent viral encephalitis
RIT1 belongs to the RAS family of small GTPases . Germline and somatic RIT1 mutations have been identified in Noonan syndrome ( NS ) and cancer , respectively . By using heterologous expression systems and purified recombinant proteins , we identified the p21-activated kinase 1 ( PAK1 ) as novel direct effector of RIT1...	Noonan syndrome ( NS ) belongs to the RASopathies , a group of developmental diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding RAS-MAPK pathway components . Germline mutations in RIT1 have been identified in NS . RIT1 belongs to the RAS superfamily , however , the cellular function of RIT1 remains elusive . We show that R...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "precipitates", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "enzymes", "focal", "adhesions", "immunoblotting", "enzymology", "developmental", "biology", "immunoprecipitation", "molecular", "development", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "cellular", "structures",...	2018	RIT1 controls actin dynamics via complex formation with RAC1/CDC42 and PAK1
Notwithstanding the well-characterised roles of a number of oncogenes in neoplastic transformation , microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are increasingly implicated in several human cancers . Discovery of miRNAs in several oncogenic herpesviruses such as KSHV has further highlighted the potential of virus-encoded miRNAs to contribute...	MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) , encoded in the genomes of a number of organisms including several viruses , belong to a class of small RNA molecules that can function as key regulators of gene expression influencing various biological processes and diseases including cancer . Among all the miRNAs , miR-155 has been well documen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "virology", "virology/viruses", "and", "cancer", "virology/effects", "of", "virus", "infection", "on", "host", "gene", "expression", "oncology/hemat...	2011	Critical Role of the Virus-Encoded MicroRNA-155 Ortholog in the Induction of Marek's Disease Lymphomas
During transcription , the nascent RNA can invade the DNA template , forming extended RNA-DNA duplexes ( R-loops ) . Here we employ ChIP-seq in strains expressing or lacking RNase H to map targets of RNase H activity throughout the budding yeast genome . In wild-type strains , R-loops were readily detected over the 35S...	R-loops ( RNA-DNA hybrids ) are potentially deleterious for gene expression and genome stability , but can be beneficial , for example , during immunoglobulin gene class-switch recombination . Here we made use of antibody S9 . 6 , with specificity for RNA-DNA duplexes independently of their sequence . The genome-wide d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "fungal", "genetics", "gene", "regulation", "dna", "transcription", "mutation", "genetic", "elements", "epigenetics", "molecular", "genetics", "chromosome", "biology", "gene", "expression", "molecular", "biology", "systems", ...	2014	Genome-Wide Distribution of RNA-DNA Hybrids Identifies RNase H Targets in tRNA Genes, Retrotransposons and Mitochondria
Malaria epidemics in regions with seasonal windows of transmission can vary greatly in size from year to year . A central question has been whether these interannual cycles are driven by climate , are instead generated by the intrinsic dynamics of the disease , or result from the resonance of these two mechanisms . Thi...	Malaria epidemics can exhibit pronounced variation from year to year that can be driven by external forcings , such as climate , or can be generated instead by dynamic feedbacks within the disease system itself . For example , levels of immunity in the population ( or control efforts ) can rise and fall as the result o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "computational", "biology" ]	2010	Forcing Versus Feedback: Epidemic Malaria and Monsoon Rains in Northwest India
The spread of dengue ( DEN ) worldwide combined with an increased severity of the DEN-associated clinical outcomes have made this mosquito-borne virus of great global public health importance . Progress in understanding DEN pathogenesis and in developing effective treatments has been hampered by the lack of a suitable ...	The spread of dengue ( DEN ) worldwide combined with an increased severity of the DEN-associated clinical outcomes have made this mosquito-borne virus of great global public health importance . Infection with DEN virus can be asymptomatic or trigger a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations , ranging from mild acute f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/viral", "infections", "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection" ]	2010	A Non Mouse-Adapted Dengue Virus Strain as a New Model of Severe Dengue Infection in AG129 Mice
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a causative agent of atypical pneumonia . The formation of hydrogen peroxide , a product of glycerol metabolism , is essential for host cell cytotoxicity . Phosphatidylcholine is the major carbon source available on lung epithelia , and its utilization requires the cleavage of deacylated phosph...	Mycoplasma pneumoniae serves as a model organism for bacteria with very small genomes that are nonetheless independently viable . These bacteria infect the human lung and cause an atypical pneumonia . The major virulence determinant of M . pneumoniae is hydrogen peroxide that is generated during the utilization of glyc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "enzymes", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "bacterial", "biochemistry", "enzyme", "metabolism", "molecular", "genetics", "bacterial", "pathogens", "lipid", "metabolism", "microbial", "physiology", "proteome", "proteins", "medical", "microbiolog...	2011	A Trigger Enzyme in Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Impact of the Glycerophosphodiesterase GlpQ on Virulence and Gene Expression
Mycobacterium leprae is not cultivable in axenic media , and direct microscopic enumeration of the bacilli is complex , labor intensive , and suffers from limited sensitivity and specificity . We have developed a real-time PCR assay for quantifying M . leprae DNA in biological samples . Primers were identified to ampli...	Mycobacterium leprae is not cultivable in axenic media , and direct microscopic enumeration of the bacilli is complex , labor intensive , and suffers from limited sensitivity and specificity . We describe the use of real-time PCR to provide a rapid , objective and consistent enumeration procedure for M . leprae . The p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "microbiology" ]	2008	Enumeration of Mycobacterium leprae Using Real-Time PCR
Humans are remarkably adept at generalizing knowledge between experiences in a way that can be difficult for computers . Often , this entails generalizing constituent pieces of experiences that do not fully overlap , but nonetheless share useful similarities with , previously acquired knowledge . However , it is often ...	A musician may learn to generalize behaviors across instruments for different purposes , for example , reusing hand motions used when playing classical on the flute to play jazz on the saxophone . Conversely , she may learn to play a single song across many instruments that require completely distinct physical motions ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "learning", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "applied", "mathematics", "social", "sciences", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "algorithms", "cognitive", "psychology", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "human", ...	2018	Compositional clustering in task structure learning
Some strains of enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) , but not others , infect leukocytes by binding to a specific receptor molecule: the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 ( PSGL-1 ) . We find that a single amino acid residue within the capsid protein VP1 determines whether EV71 binds to PSGL-1 . Examination of capsid sequences of r...	Enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) commonly causes mild febrile illness in children ( hand , foot , and mouth disease ) , but some patients suffer severe neurologic disease and death . Recent outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region have caused thousands of deaths , making EV71 a major public health concern . Some EV71 strains bind t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "skin", "infections", "immune", "cells", "clinical", "immunology", "enterovirus", "infection", "hand,", "foot,", "and", "mouth", "disease", "t", "cells", "viral", "dise...	2013	Enterovirus 71 Binding to PSGL-1 on Leukocytes: VP1-145 Acts as a Molecular Switch to Control Receptor Interaction
The temporal expression and secretion of distinct members of a family of virulence-associated cathepsin L cysteine peptidases ( FhCL ) correlates with the entry and migration of the helminth pathogen Fasciola hepatica in the host . Thus , infective larvae traversing the gut wall secrete cathepsin L3 ( FhCL3 ) , liver m...	Fasciola hepatica is a helminth parasite that causes liver fluke disease ( fasciolosis ) in domestic animals ( sheep and cattle ) and humans worldwide . In order to infect their mammalian hosts , F . hepatica larvae must penetrate and traverse the intestinal wall of the duodenum , move through the peritoneum and penetr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "enzymes", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "parasitology", "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "enzyme", "kinetics", "zoology", "veterinary", "science", "collagenase", "enzyme", "classes", "biochemistry", "simulations", "proteins", "biology", "...	2011	Collagenolytic Activities of the Major Secreted Cathepsin L Peptidases Involved in the Virulence of the Helminth Pathogen, Fasciola hepatica
The evolution of enzymes affects how well a species can adapt to new environmental conditions . During enzyme evolution , certain aspects of molecular function are conserved while other aspects can vary . Aspects of function that are more difficult to change or that need to be reused in multiple contexts are often cons...	Enzymes are biological molecules essential for catalyzing the chemical reactions in living systems , allowing organisms to convert nutrients into usable forms and convert harmful or unneeded molecules into forms that can be reused or excreted . During enzyme evolution , enzymes maintain the ability to perform some aspe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/molecular", "evolution", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics" ]	2008	Evolutionarily Conserved Substrate Substructures for Automated Annotation of Enzyme Superfamilies
Miwi , a member of the Argonaute family , is required for initiating spermiogenesis; however , the mechanisms that regulate the expression of the Miwi gene remain unknown . By mutation analysis and transgenic models , we identified a 303 bp proximal promoter region of the mouse Miwi gene , which controls specific expre...	Germ cell differentiation is a key process in the formation of functional spermatozoa . Despite the wealth of information about gene expression patterns and regulations important for this process , it is not clear how spatio-temporal expression of the key factor Miwi during spermatogenesis is controlled . We have chara...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "epigenetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	DNA Demethylation and USF Regulate the Meiosis-Specific Expression of the Mouse Miwi
It is widely accepted in eukaryotes that the cleavage furrow only initiates after mitosis completion . In fission yeast , cytokinesis requires the synthesis of a septum tightly coupled to cleavage furrow ingression . The current cytokinesis model establishes that simultaneous septation and furrow ingression only initia...	Fission yeast cytokinesis requires the invagination of the equatorial plasma membrane ( cleavage furrow ingression ) coupled to the synthesis of a special wall structure named septum ( septation ) . Despite Cdk1 kinase is inactivated in early anaphase , it is believed that cleavage furrow ingression and septation onset...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "b", "vitamins", "chemical", "compounds", "anaphase", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "light", "microscopy", "organic", "compounds", "mitosis", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "microscopy", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "cytoki...	2018	Specific detection of fission yeast primary septum reveals septum and cleavage furrow ingression during early anaphase independent of mitosis completion
With 2 . 5 billion people at risk , dengue is a major emerging disease threat and an escalating public health problem worldwide . Dengue virus causes disease ranging from a self-limiting febrile illness ( dengue fever ) to the potentially fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome . Severe dengue disease is a...	Dengue virus is an escalating public health threat for over 2 . 5 billion people worldwide . The disease caused by dengue virus ranges from mild ( dengue fever ) to lethal ( dengue hemorrhagic fever , dengue shock syndrome ) . To date , there is no cure or vaccine for dengue . One of the challenges to developing a safe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Role of Humoral versus Cellular Responses Induced by a Protective Dengue Vaccine Candidate
Across phylogeny , glutamate ( Glu ) signaling plays a critical role in regulating neural excitability , thus supporting many complex behaviors . Perturbed synaptic and extrasynaptic Glu homeostasis in the human brain has been implicated in multiple neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s...	Glutamate ( Glu ) is an important signaling molecule used by nerve cells to communicate information , although excessive Glu signaling can overexcite neurons to the point where they degenerate , a phenomenon termed excitotoxicity . Glu induced excitotoxicity has been linked to neurodegeneration arising in the context o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "invertebrates", "fluorescence", "imaging", "caenorhabditis", "cell", "processes", "neuroscience", "animals", "animal", "models", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "neuronal", "death", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "cellular", "s...	2018	Glial loss of the metallo β-lactamase domain containing protein, SWIP-10, induces age- and glutamate-signaling dependent, dopamine neuron degeneration
A primary goal of the recent investment in sequencing is to detect novel genetic associations in health and disease improving the development of treatments and playing a critical role in precision medicine . While this investment has resulted in an enormous total number of sequenced genomes , individual studies of comp...	Recent investments have produced sequence data on millions of people with the number of sequenced individuals continuing to grow . Although large sequencing studies exist , most sequencing data is gathered and processed in much smaller units of hundreds to thousands of samples . These silos of data result in underpower...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "statistics", "sociology", "social", "sciences", "alleles", "genomic", "databases", "mathematics", "test", "statistics", "genome", "analysis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "statistical", "distributions", "sequence", "analysis", "genomics", "bioinformatics", "...	2018	ProxECAT: Proxy External Controls Association Test. A new case-control gene region association test using allele frequencies from public controls
Tribendimidine is an anthelminthic drug with a broad spectrum of activity . In 2004 the drug was approved by Chinese authorities for human use . The efficacy of tribendimidine against soil-transmitted helminths ( Ascaris lumbricoides , hookworm , and Trichuris trichiura ) has been established , and new laboratory inves...	More than a billion people are infected with intestinal worms and , in the developing world , many individuals harbor several kinds of worms concurrently . There are only a handful of drugs available for treatment , and drug efficacy varies according to the worm species . We compared the efficacy of a single oral dose ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/epidemiology", "and", "control", "...	2008	Tribendimidine and Albendazole for Treating Soil-Transmitted Helminths, Strongyloides stercoralis and Taenia spp.: Open-Label Randomized Trial
The number of cattle herds placed under movement restrictions in Great Britain ( GB ) due to the suspected presence of bovine tuberculosis ( bTB ) has progressively increased over the past 25 years despite an intensive and costly test-and-slaughter control program . Around 38% of herds that clear movement restrictions ...	Epidemic models are commonly used to assess the impact of alternative management strategies . The efficacy of controls is typically assumed from “expert opinion” rather than estimated from data . Managed endemic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis offer the potential to estimate the efficiency of control directly from...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology", "veterinary", "epidemiology", "epidemiology", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "population", "dynamics", "disease", "dynamics", "biology", "population", "biology", "veterinary", "science" ]	2012	Estimating the Hidden Burden of Bovine Tuberculosis in Great Britain
Feedback delays are a major challenge for any controlled process , and yet we are able to easily control limb movements with speed and grace . A popular hypothesis suggests that the brain largely mitigates the impact of feedback delays ( ∼50 ms ) by regulating the limb intrinsic visco-elastic properties ( or impedance ...	Recent studies have investigated how the brain generates purposeful feedback responses to perturbations during motor control . One hypothesis suggests that the brain exploits the spring-like properties of muscles to counter perturbations . However , muscles exhibit high mechanical impedance only against small perturbat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "control", "engineering", "behavioral", "neuroscience", "reflexes", "anatomy", "engineering", "and", "technology", "computational", "neuroscience", "nervous", "system", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "sensory", "systems", "computational", "biology", "motor", "syste...	2014	Beyond Muscles Stiffness: Importance of State-Estimation to Account for Very Fast Motor Corrections
Rhadinoviruses establish chronic infections of clinical and economic importance . Several show respiratory transmission and cause lung pathologies . We used Murid Herpesvirus-4 ( MuHV-4 ) to understand how rhadinovirus lung infection might work . A primary epithelial or B cell infection often is assumed . MuHV-4 target...	All viral infections start with host entry . Entry into cells is studied widely in isolated cultures; entry into live hosts is more complicated and less well understood: our tissues have specific anatomical structures and our cells differ markedly from most cultured cells in size , shape and behaviour . The respiratory...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Rhadinovirus Host Entry by Co-operative Infection
Higher plants adapt their growth to high temperature by a dramatic change in plant architecture . It has been shown that the transcriptional regulator phytochrome-interacting factor 4 ( PIF4 ) and the phytohormone auxin are involved in the regulation of high temperature–induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis . Her...	Exposure of Arabidopsis to high temperature ( 29°C ) results in a dramatic hypocotyl elongation . The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor PIF4 and the phytohormone auxin play essential roles in high temperature–mediated induction of Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation . However , the possible molecular linkage bet...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	PIF4–Mediated Activation of YUCCA8 Expression Integrates Temperature into the Auxin Pathway in Regulating Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Growth
Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease associated with high morbidity and mortality , currently affecting over 200 million people worldwide . Praziquantel is the only drug used to treat the disease , and with its increased use the probability of developing drug resistance has grown significantly . The Schistosoma parasi...	Schistosomiasis , also known as bilharzia , is a tropical disease associated with high morbidity and mortality , currently affecting over 200 million people worldwide . Praziquantel is the only drug used to treat the disease , and with its increased use the probability of developing resistance has grown significantly ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "chemical", "biology/small", "molecule", "chemistry", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "microbiology/parasitology", "biochemistry/drug", "discovery" ]	2008	Quantitative High-Throughput Screen Identifies Inhibitors of the Schistosoma mansoni Redox Cascade
Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is a human lymphocryptovirus that is associated with several malignancies . Elevated EBV DNA in the blood is observed in transplant recipients prior to , and at the time of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease; thus , a vaccine that either prevents EBV infection or lowers the viral loa...	Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several cancers . Presently there is no licensed vaccine to prevent EBV diseases . Two types of candidate vaccines are under development; one involves immunization with the major glycoprotein ( gp350 ) on the outside of t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "viral", "vaccines", "dna", "viruses", "virology", "viral", "classification", "viruses", "and", "cancer", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2011	Soluble Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus gp350 Protects against Infection and Reduces Viral Loads in Animals that Become Infected with Virus after Challenge
Trichomonas vaginalis has an unusually large genome ( ∼160 Mb ) encoding ∼60 , 000 proteins . With the goal of beginning to understand why some Trichomonas genes are present in so many copies , we characterized here a family of ∼123 Trichomonas genes that encode transmembrane adenylyl cyclases ( TMACs ) . The large fam...	Trichomonas vaginalis is the only medically important protist ( single-cell eukaryote ) that is sexually transmitted . The ∼160-Mb Trichomonas genome contains more predicted protein-encoding genes ( ∼60 , 000 ) than the human genome . To begin to understand why there are so many copies of some genes , we chose here to ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry/cell", "signaling", "and", "trafficking", "structures", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "women's", "health/sexually", "transmitted", "diseases" ]	2010	Trichomonas Transmembrane Cyclases Result from Massive Gene Duplication and Concomitant Development of Pseudogenes
Formation of the 30S initiation complex ( 30S IC ) is an important checkpoint in regulation of gene expression . The selection of mRNA , correct start codon , and the initiator fMet-tRNAfMet requires the presence of three initiation factors ( IF1 , IF2 , IF3 ) of which IF3 and IF1 control the fidelity of the process , ...	Translation is the process by which a ribosome converts the sequence of a messenger RNA ( mRNA ) —produced from a gene—into the sequence of amino acids that comprise a protein . Bacterial ribosomes each have one large and one small subunit: the 50S and 30S subunits . Initiation of translation entails selection of an mR...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "protein", "synthesis", "proteins", "macromolecular", "assemblies", "biology", "biophysics" ]	2011	The Cryo-EM Structure of a Complete 30S Translation Initiation Complex from Escherichia coli
Serological antibody levels are a sensitive marker of pathogen exposure , and advances in multiplex assays have created enormous potential for large-scale , integrated infectious disease surveillance . Most methods to analyze antibody measurements reduce quantitative antibody levels to seropositive and seronegative gro...	Global elimination strategies for infectious diseases like neglected tropical diseases and malaria rely on accurate estimates of pathogen transmission to target and evaluate control programs . Circulating antibody levels can be a sensitive measure of recent pathogen exposure , but no broadly applicable method exists to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "learning", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "social", "sciences", "parasitic", "diseases", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory", "res...	2017	Measuring changes in transmission of neglected tropical diseases, malaria, and enteric pathogens from quantitative antibody levels
We have taken an engineering approach to extending the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans . Aging stands out as a complex trait , because events that occur in old animals are not under strong natural selection . As a result , lifespan can be lengthened rationally using bioengineering to modulate gene expression or to a...	We used bioengineering to extend the lifespan of C . elegans by expressing genes acting in critical aging pathways . We overexpressed five genes that act in endogenous worm aging pathways , as well as two genes from zebrafish encoding molecular functions not normally present in worms . For example , we used zebrafish g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "aging", "bioengineering", "physiological", "processes", "biological", "systems", "engineering", "biotechnology", "animal", "genetics", "physiology", "genetics", "biology", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "engineering" ]	2012	An Engineering Approach to Extending Lifespan in C. elegans
Precise spike coordination between the spiking activities of multiple neurons is suggested as an indication of coordinated network activity in active cell assemblies . Spike correlation analysis aims to identify such cooperative network activity by detecting excess spike synchrony in simultaneously recorded multiple ne...	Nearly half a century ago , the Canadian psychologist D . O . Hebb postulated the formation of assemblies of tightly connected cells in cortical recurrent networks because of changes in synaptic weight ( Hebb's learning rule ) by repetitive sensory stimulation of the network . Consequently , the activation of such an a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "mathematics", "statistical", "mechanics", "computational", "neuroscience", "statistics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2012	State-Space Analysis of Time-Varying Higher-Order Spike Correlation for Multiple Neural Spike Train Data
The growth and survival of intracellular parasites depends on the availability of extracellular nutrients . Deprivation of nutrients viz glucose or amino acid alters redox balance in mammalian cells as well as some lower organisms . To further understand the relationship , the mechanistic role of L-arginine in regulati...	Leishmania donovani , the causative agent of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis , resides in the gut of the insect vector and the macrophages of their mammalian host and avail nutrients for survival . Nutrient deprivation such as glucose or amino acid alters redox balance in mammalian cells as well as some lower organisms ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2016	Deprivation of L-Arginine Induces Oxidative Stress Mediated Apoptosis in Leishmania donovani Promastigotes: Contribution of the Polyamine Pathway
The spread of antibiotic resistance is always a consequence of evolutionary processes . The consideration of evolution is thus key to the development of sustainable therapy . Two main factors were recently proposed to enhance long-term effectiveness of drug combinations: evolved collateral sensitivities between the dru...	Bacterial infections are commonly treated with a combination of antibiotic drugs . However , not all combinations are equally effective , and success is variable . One reason for this variation is that we usually do not know to what extent bacteria are able to adapt to different types of drug combinations . If they can...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "antimicrobials", "organismal", "evolution", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "drugs", "microbiology", "pseudomonas", "aeruginosa", "antibiotic", "resistance", "antibiotics", "microbial", "ev...	2018	Antibiotic combination efficacy (ACE) networks for a Pseudomonas aeruginosa model
Recent advances in microRNA target identification have greatly increased the number of putative targets of viral microRNAs . However , it is still unclear whether all targets identified are biologically relevant . Here , we use a combined approach of RISC immunoprecipitation and focused siRNA screening to identify targ...	Human cytomegalovirus is a prevalent pathogen . Like other herpesviruses , human cytomegalovirus expresses small regulatory RNAs called microRNAs . The focus of this study was to understand the role of these RNAs in the context of viral infection and to use this information to identify novel host factors involved in hu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Systematic MicroRNA Analysis Identifies ATP6V0C as an Essential Host Factor for Human Cytomegalovirus Replication
To evaluate the effect of insecticide spraying for vector control and elimination of infected dogs on the incidence of human infection with L . infantum , a randomized community intervention trial was carried out in the city of Teresina , Brazil . Within each of ten localities in the city , four blocks were selected an...	Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) constitutes a serious public health problem in the Americas , particularly in Brazil . The disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum , which is transmitted by the bite of female sand flies , and dogs are the main source of infection . To decrease the risk of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cluster", "trials", "infectious", "diseases", "plant", "science", "veterinary", "diseases", "zoonoses", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "clinical", "medicine", "infectious", "disease", "epidemiology", "clinical", "trials", "epidemiology", "leishmaniasis", "plant...	2014	Effectiveness of Insecticide Spraying and Culling of Dogs on the Incidence of Leishmania infantum Infection in Humans: A Cluster Randomized Trial in Teresina, Brazil
Correct gene expression requires tight RNA quality control both at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels . Using a splicing-defective allele of PASTICCINO2 ( PAS2 ) , a gene essential for plant development , we isolated suppressor mutations modifying pas2-1 mRNA profiles and restoring wild-type growth . Three...	Cells use various RNA quality control mechanisms to monitore the correct expression of their genome . Indeed , gene transcription can often generate faulty transcripts that are rapidly degraded to avoid possible deleterious effects to the cell . RNA degradation by the exosome is the main pathway for the removal of unwa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "small", "nucleolar", "rnas", "gene", "regulation", "messenger", "rna", "mutation", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "seedlings", "plants", "schizosaccharomyces", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "genome", "complexity", "gene", "expression", "schizosaccharomyces", ...	2016	The Zinc-Finger Protein SOP1 Is Required for a Subset of the Nuclear Exosome Functions in Arabidopsis
Seizures can induce endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress , and sustained ER stress contributes to neuronal death after epileptic seizures . Despite the recent debate on whether inhibiting ER stress can reduce neuronal death after seizures , whether and how ER stress impacts neural activity and seizures remain unclear . ...	One-third of epilepsy patients respond poorly to current anti-epileptic drugs . Thus , there is an urgent need to characterize cellular behavior during seizures , and the corresponding molecular mechanisms in order to develop better therapies . Seizures are known to induce ER stress but how the ER stress response funct...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cellular", "stress", "responses", "membrane", "potential", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "cell", "processes", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "stress", "response", "routes", "...	2019	Novel roles of ER stress in repressing neural activity and seizures through Mdm2- and p53-dependent protein translation
Differences between noninfective first-stage ( L1 ) and infective third-stage ( L3i ) larvae of parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis at the molecular level are relatively uncharacterized . DNA microarrays were developed and utilized for this purpose . Oligonucleotide hybridization probes for the array were desi...	Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth that affects an estimated 30–100 million people worldwide . Chronically infected persons who are exposed to corticosteroids can develop disseminated disease , which carries a high mortality ( 87–100% ) if untreated . Despite this , little is known about the funda...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/tropical", "and", "travel-associated", "diseases" ]	2011	Microarray-Based Analysis of Differential Gene Expression between Infective and Noninfective Larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis
ClinicalTrials . gov NCT01223716 The most frequent cause of permanent visual loss in childhood is amblyopia ( “lazy eye” ) [1] , [2] , a developmental disorder associated with early abnormal visual experience that disrupts neuronal circuitry in the visual cortex and results in abnormal spatial vision . It is generally ...	Early abnormal visual experience disrupts neuronal circuitry in the brain and results in reduced vision , known as amblyopia or “lazy eye , ” the most frequent cause of permanent visual loss in childhood . It is generally believed that adult amblyopia is irreversible beyond the sensitive period of brain development dur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "neuro-ophthalmology", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "pediatric", "ophthalmology", "neurological", "disorders", "neurology", "ophthalmology", "biology", "sensory", "perception", "neuroscience", "learning", "and", "memory" ]	2011	Video-Game Play Induces Plasticity in the Visual System of Adults with Amblyopia
Sodium antimony gluconate ( SAG ) unresponsiveness of Leishmania donovani ( Ld ) had effectively compromised the chemotherapeutic potential of SAG . 60s ribosomal L23a ( 60sRL23a ) , identified as one of the over-expressed protein in different resistant strains of L . donovani as observed with differential proteomics s...	Visceral Leishmaniasis ( VL ) is the most fatal form in Indian subcontinent . Till last few years , the treatment of the disease was done with Sodium antimony gluconate ( SAG ) , the first line drug against VL . This , however , was severely eroded by the resistance developed by the parasite against it . In order to un...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Over-Expression of 60s Ribosomal L23a Is Associated with Cellular Proliferation in SAG Resistant Clinical Isolates of Leishmania donovani
The E6 oncoprotein from high-risk genus alpha human papillomaviruses ( α-HPVs ) , such as HPV 16 , has been well characterized with respect to the host-cell proteins it interacts with and corresponding signaling pathways that are disrupted due to these interactions . Less is known regarding the interacting partners of ...	Human papillomaviruses ( HPVs ) are a family of more than 100 different viruses that cause a wide range of pathologies , from benign warts to cervical cancer . One subgroup of HPVs , the beta-HPVs , have recently become a topic of interest due to their potential involvement in squamous cell skin cancer . However , unli...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "dermatology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "signaling", "in", "selected", "disciplines", "akt", "signaling", "cascade", "skin", "neoplasms", "malignant", "skin", "neoplasms", "oncogenic", "signaling", "biology", "pathogenesis", "molecular", ...	2011	Beta-HPV 5 and 8 E6 Promote p300 Degradation by Blocking AKT/p300 Association
The tumor suppressor p53 has been implicated in multiple functions that play key roles in health and disease , including ribosome biogenesis , control of aging , and cell cycle regulation . A genetic screen for negative regulators of innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans led to the identification of a mutation in N...	Innate immunity comprises a variety of defense mechanisms used by metazoans to prevent microbial infections . These nonspecific defense responses used by the innate immune system are governed by interacting and intersecting pathways that control not only immune responses but also longevity and responses to different st...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology/innate", "immunity", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system" ]	2009	Nucleolar Proteins Suppress Caenorhabditis elegans Innate Immunity by Inhibiting p53/CEP-1
Naturally acquired immunity against invasive pneumococcal disease ( IPD ) is thought to be dependent on anti-capsular antibody . However nasopharyngeal colonisation by Streptococcus pneumoniae also induces antibody to protein antigens that could be protective . We have used human intravenous immunoglobulin preparation ...	Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major global killer . Invasive pneumococcal disease ( IPD ) is the most severe form of infection . Surprisingly , the natural mechanisms of immunity to IPD in healthy individuals are unclear . The success of vaccines stimulating anti-capsular antibodies have led to the belief that the same...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "&", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pneumococcus", "immune", "cells", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "drug", "...	2017	Naturally Acquired Human Immunity to Pneumococcus Is Dependent on Antibody to Protein Antigens
Previous studies have shown substantial differences in Sodalis glossinidius and trypanosome infection rates between Glossina palpalis palpalis populations from two Cameroonian foci of human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) , Bipindi and Campo . We hypothesized that the geographical isolation of the two foci may have ind...	Human African trypanosomiasis remains a threat to the poorest people in Africa . The trypanosomes causing the disease are transmitted by tsetse flies . The drugs currently used are unsatisfactory: some are toxic and all are difficult to administer . Furthermore , drug resistance is increasing . Therefore , investigatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "biology", "veterinary", "science" ]	2011	Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Secondary Symbiont of Tsetse Flies, Sodalis glossinidius, in Sleeping Sickness Foci in Cameroon
There is great scientific and popular interest in understanding the genetic history of populations in the Americas . We wish to understand when different regions of the continent were inhabited , where settlers came from , and how current inhabitants relate genetically to earlier populations . Recent studies unraveled ...	Populations of the Americas have a rich and heterogeneous genetic and cultural heritage that draws from a diversity of pre-Columbian Native American , European , and African populations . Characterizing this diversity facilitates the development of medical genetics research in diverse populations and the transfer of me...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Reconstructing Native American Migrations from Whole-Genome and Whole-Exome Data
Post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms are widely used to influence cell fate decisions in germ cells , early embryos , and neurons . Many conserved cytoplasmic RNA regulatory proteins associate with each other and assemble on target mRNAs , forming ribonucleoprotein ( RNP ) complexes , to control the mRNAs transla...	Germ cells differ from somatic cells in their unique potential to reproduce a multicellular organism . The immortal germ line links the successive generations in all metazoans , but its development is remarkably diverse . How germline development and survival are regulated in different organisms is far from understood ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/germ", "cells", "molecular", "biology/translation", "mechanisms", "cell", "biology/developmental", "molecular", "mechanisms", "developmental", "biology/cell", "differentiation", "molecular", "biology/translational", "regulation", "developmental", "biology/...	2009	GLS-1, a Novel P Granule Component, Modulates a Network of Conserved RNA Regulators to Influence Germ Cell Fate Decisions
Feeding preference is critical for insect adaptation and survival . However , little is known regarding the determination of insect feeding preference , and the genetic basis is poorly understood . As a model lepidopteran insect with economic importance , the domesticated silkworm , Bombyx mori , is a well-known monoph...	The molecular mechanism underlying species-specific feeding preference in insects is poorly understood . The silkworm , Bombyx mori , is a typical monophagous plant-eating insect , but the genetic basis for its famous mulberry-specific feeding preference is unknown . Here , we identify gustatory receptor 66 ( GR66 ) as...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gustatory", "receptors", "social", "sciences", "diet", "neuroscience", "animals", "developmental", "biology", "model", "organisms", "silkworms", "nutrition", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "crops", "plants...	2019	A determining factor for insect feeding preference in the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Dengue fever ( DF ) in Guangzhou , Guangdong province in China is an important public health issue . The problem was highlighted in 2014 by a large , unprecedented outbreak . In order to respond in a more timely manner and hence better control such potential outbreaks in the future , this study develops an early warnin...	Dengue fever is an important public health problem in China , and its importance was highlighted by an unprecedented outbreak in Guangdong province in 2014 . Several previous studies have found that prediction models based on internet-based data have advantages in the timely detection of dengue epidemics . In this stud...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "china", "atmospheric", "science", "geographical", "locations", "tropical", "diseases", "mathematics", "forecasting", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "internet", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", "disease", "control",...	2017	Dengue Baidu Search Index data can improve the prediction of local dengue epidemic: A case study in Guangzhou, China
Populations of cells often switch states as a group to cope with environmental changes such as nutrient availability and cell density . Although the gene circuits that underlie the switches are well understood at the level of single cells , the ways in which such circuits work in concert among many cells to support gro...	Although the genetic circuits underlying state switching at the single-cell level are well understood , how such circuits work in concert among many cells to support the population-level switching of cellular behaviors is not fully explored . Experiments using microbial signaling systems show that group-level changes i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "biochemical", "simulations", "signal", "transduction", "feedback", "regulation", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "mathematics", "theoretical", "biology", "biophysic", "al", "simulations", "mechanisms", "of", "signal", "transduction", "synthetic", "biology", "biology", "c...	2013	A Design Principle of Group-level Decision Making in Cell Populations
Although many theoretical models of sympatric speciation propose that genes responsible for assortative mating amongst incipient species should be associated with genomic regions protected from recombination , there are few data to support this theory . The malaria mosquito , Anopheles gambiae , is known for its sympat...	Anopheles gambiae is the most important vector of malaria in Africa . This species is undergoing speciation and a number of subpopulations have been identified which can produce viable hybrid offspring but are reproductively isolated through assortative mating and ecological adaptation . This complex structure provides...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Experimental Swap of Anopheles gambiae's Assortative Mating Preferences Demonstrates Key Role of X-Chromosome Divergence Island in Incipient Sympatric Speciation
Plant microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are critical regulators of gene expression , however little attention has been given to the principles governing miRNA silencing efficacy . Here , we utilize the highly conserved Arabidopsis miR159-MYB33/MYB65 regulatory module to explore these principles . Firstly , we show that perfect cent...	In plants , microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are critical regulators of gene expression . As most validated targets are of high complementarity , whose transcripts are cleaved by the miRNA , both complementarity and cleavage are thought to be the major factors determining the degree to which a target gene is silenced . Here , we e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "rna", "plant", "science", "rna", "interference", "nucleic", "acids", "gene", "expression", "biology", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "flowering", "plants", "plants" ]	2014	Determinants beyond Both Complementarity and Cleavage Govern MicroR159 Efficacy in Arabidopsis
The vast burden of cryptococcal meningitis occurs in immunosuppressed patients , driven by HIV , and is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var . grubii . We previously reported cryptococcal meningitis in Vietnam arising atypically in HIV uninfected , apparently immunocompetent patients , caused by a single amplified fra...	Cryptococcal meningitis is a brain infection caused by a yeast , Cryptococcus neoformans , and results in an estimated 600 000 deaths each year . Disease usually only occurs in patients who have some problem with their immune systems—most commonly Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) infection . However , it is increas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "hiv", "infections", "cryptococcus", "neoformans", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cryptococcus", "yeast", "infections", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "fungi", ...	2017	Comparative genomics of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii associated with meningitis in HIV infected and uninfected patients in Vietnam
Macroautophagy ( autophagy ) is crucial for cell survival during starvation and plays important roles in animal development and human diseases . Molecular understanding of autophagy has mainly come from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and it remains unclear to what extent the mechanisms are the same in oth...	Autophagy is a eukaryotic cellular process that transports cytoplasmic contents into lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation . It has been linked to multiple human diseases , including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders . The molecular machinery of autophagy was first identified and has been best characterized in the bu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "functional", "genomics", "model", "organisms", "genetic", "screens", "genetics", "membranes", "and", "sorting", "yeast", "and", "fungal", "models", "biology", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Global Analysis of Fission Yeast Mating Genes Reveals New Autophagy Factors
Plant development is affected by the integration of light and phytohormones , including jasmonates ( JAs ) . To address the molecular mechanisms of possible interactions between blue light and JA signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana , we used molecular and transgenic approaches to understand the regulatory relationships b...	The crosstalks between light and plant hormones are critical in plant growth and development as well as stress responses . This study reveals the interaction between blue light and jasmonate ( JA ) signaling via direct interaction of the photoreceptor CRY1 and a JA-conjugating enzyme FIN219/JAR1 . FIN219 function in bl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "protein", "interactions", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "plant", "embryo", "anatomy", "brassica", "social", "sciences", "plant", "physiology", "neuroscience", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", "experime...	2018	FIN219/JAR1 and cryptochrome1 antagonize each other to modulate photomorphogenesis under blue light in Arabidopsis
Treponema pallidum ssp . pallidum ( TPA ) , the causative agent of syphilis , and Treponema pallidum ssp . pertenue ( TPE ) , the causative agent of yaws , are closely related spirochetes causing diseases with distinct clinical manifestations . The TPA Mexico A strain was isolated in 1953 from male , with primary syphi...	Treponema pallidum is a Gram-negative spirochete that causes diseases with distinct clinical manifestations and uses different transmission strategies . While syphilis ( caused by subspecies pallidum ) is a worldwide venereal and congenital disease , yaws ( caused by subspecies pertenue ) is a tropical disease transmit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2012	Whole Genome Sequence of Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum, Strain Mexico A, Suggests Recombination between Yaws and Syphilis Strains
Recent studies have detailed a remarkable degree of genetic and linguistic diversity in Northern Island Melanesia . Here we utilize that diversity to examine two models of genetic and linguistic coevolution . The first model predicts that genetic and linguistic correspondences formed following population splits and iso...	The coevolution of genes and languages has been a subject of enduring interest among geneticists and linguists . Progress has been limited by the available data and by the methods employed to compare patterns of genetic and linguistic variation . Here , we use high-quality data and novel methods to test two models of g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ]	2008	Genetic and Linguistic Coevolution in Northern Island Melanesia
Mounting evidence supports that LINE-1 ( L1 ) retrotransposition can occur postzygotically in healthy and diseased human tissues , contributing to genomic mosaicism in the brain and other somatic tissues of an individual . However , the genomic distribution of somatic human-specific LINE-1 ( L1Hs ) insertions and their...	Human-specific LINE-1 ( L1Hs ) is the most active autonomous retrotransposon family in the human genome . Mounting evidence supports that L1Hs retrotransposition occurs postzygotically in the human brain cells , contributing to neuronal genomic diversity , but the extent of L1Hs-driven mosaicism in the brain is debated...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2019	Somatic LINE-1 retrotransposition in cortical neurons and non-brain tissues of Rett patients and healthy individuals
Heterogeneity in the expression of various bacterial genes has been shown to result in the presence of individuals with different phenotypes within clonal bacterial populations . The genes specifying motility and flagellar functions are coordinately regulated and form a complex regulon , the flagellar regulon . Complex...	Heterogeneity in the expression of bacterial genes may result in the presence of cells with different phenotypes in an isogenic population . The existence of such “non-genetic individuality” was the first described many years ago for the flagellum-driven swimming behavior of bacteria . In this study , we identified a n...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	FliZ Is a Global Regulatory Protein Affecting the Expression of Flagellar and Virulence Genes in Individual Xenorhabdus nematophila Bacterial Cells
This paper scrutinises pipelines for Neglected Diseases ( NDs ) , through freely accessible and at-least-weekly updated trials databases . It updates to 2012 data provided by recent publications , and integrates these analyses with information on location of trials coordinators and patients recruitment status . Additio...	Neglected diseases lead to illness , long-term disability and affect economic development in poor populations . There is evidence that clinical research on neglected diseases has increased starting from the second half of the '90s . This paper aims at updating this evidence to 2012 and at integrating available data ( g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "public", "and", "occupational", "health", "infectious", "diseases", "research", "funding", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "science", "policy", "technology", "development", "engineering", "and", "technology", "global", "health", "neglected", "tropical", "disea...	2014	Current Pipelines for Neglected Diseases
In vivo direct conversion of differentiated cells holds promise for regenerative medicine; however , improving the conversion efficiency and producing functional target cells remain challenging . Ectopic Atoh1 expression in non-sensory supporting cells ( SCs ) in mouse cochleae induces their partial conversion to hair ...	The ongoing ATOH1 gene therapy clinical trial offers promise for hearing restoration in humans . However , in animal models , Atoh1-mediated sensory regeneration is inefficient and incomplete . Here we performed high-resolution gene expression profiling of single cochlear cells at multiple time points in a mouse model ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ears", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "dna-binding", "proteins", "animal", "models", "multivariate", "analysis", "organ", "of", "corti", "inner", "ear", "model", "organisms", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mat...	2018	High-resolution transcriptional dissection of in vivo Atoh1-mediated hair cell conversion in mature cochleae identifies Isl1 as a co-reprogramming factor
An estimated 600 million people are affected by the helminth disease schistosomiasis caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma . There is currently only one drug recommended for treating schistosomiasis , praziquantel ( PZQ ) , which is effective against adult worms but not against the juvenile stage . In an attempt...	Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection that affects an estimated 600 million people in developing countries . Treatment is currently dependent on a single drug which is only active against the adult form of the disease . Treatment of infected patients eliminates adult worms but leaves any juveniles to survive and dev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "helminths", "pathogens", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "toxicology", "optimization", "mathematics"...	2016	High Throughput Screening Identifies Novel Lead Compounds with Activity against Larval, Juvenile and Adult Schistosoma mansoni
Leptospirosis , a zoonosis associated with potentially fatal consequences , has long been a grossly underreported disease in India . There is no accurate estimate of the problem of leptospirosis in non-endemic areas such as north India . In order to understand the clinical spectrum and risk factors associated with lept...	Leptospirosis is often not suspected by physicians in patients with acute febrile illnesses reporting from supposedly “non-endemic areas , ” including north India . Clinical manifestations are protean , and complications can affect most organ systems , including liver , kidneys , lungs , and the central nervous system ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2010	Increasing Trends of Leptospirosis in Northern India: A Clinico-Epidemiological Study
Long noncoding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) are emerging as new players in gene regulation , but whether lncRNAs operate in the processing of miRNA primary transcript is unclear . Also , whether lncRNAs are involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial network remains to be elucidated . Here , we report that a long noncoding RNA...	Long non-coding RNAs ( lncRNAs ) have been shown to be involved in a wide range of biological functions . However , studies linking individual lncRNA to the mitochondrial fission program remain scarce . Also , it remains unknown whether lncRNAs can operate in the processing of miRNA primary transcript . Here , we provi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "myocardial", "infarction", "biochemistry", "rna", "signal", "transduction", "apoptotic", "signaling", "cascade", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "processing", "cell", "biology", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "...	2014	MDRL lncRNA Regulates the Processing of miR-484 Primary Transcript by Targeting miR-361
Cytoplasmic virus like elements ( VLEs ) from Kluyveromyces lactis ( Kl ) , Pichia acaciae ( Pa ) and Debaryomyces robertsiae ( Dr ) are extremely A/T-rich ( >75% ) and encode toxic anticodon nucleases ( ACNases ) along with specific immunity proteins . Here we show that nuclear , not cytoplasmic expression of either i...	The rather wide-spread and extremely A/T rich yeast virus like elements ( VLEs , also termed linear plasmids ) which encode toxic anticodon nucleases ( ACNases ) ensure autoselection in the cytoplasm by preventing functional nuclear capture of the cognate immunity genes , but how ? When expressed in the nucleus , the m...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Autoselection of Cytoplasmic Yeast Virus Like Elements Encoding Toxin/Antitoxin Systems Involves a Nuclear Barrier for Immunity Gene Expression
Bladder cancer is a significant health problem in rural areas of Africa and the Middle East where Schistosoma haematobium is prevalent , supporting an association between malignant transformation and infection by this blood fluke . Nevertheless , the molecular mechanisms linking these events are poorly understood . Bla...	Epidemiological studies associate infection with S . haematobium , an endemic parasitic flatworm in Africa and the Middle East , with the development of bladder cancer . Nevertheless , little molecular evidence exists supporting this association . This work draws attention to the common molecular pathways underlying th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "oncology", "cancer", "detection", "and", "diagnosis", "biochemistry", "carcinogenesis", "urology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neoplastic", "transformation", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cancer", "prevention", "parasitic", "diseases", "glycobiolog...	2014	P53 and Cancer-Associated Sialylated Glycans Are Surrogate Markers of Cancerization of the Bladder Associated with Schistosoma haematobium Infection
In the search for a cure for HIV-1 infection , histone deacetylase inhibitors ( HDACi ) are being investigated as activators of latently infected CD4 T cells to promote their targeting by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ( CTL ) . However , HDACi may also inhibit CTL function , suggesting different immunotherapy approaches may ...	Antiretroviral therapy successfully controls HIV-1 viraemia and can restore life expectancy to within normal limits . However , antiretroviral therapy is not a cure as HIV-1 persists in a treatment-resistant latent reservoir . Therapy also comes with a high cost , side effects , and a lifetime commitment to pills . The...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "t", "helper", "cells", "cell", "physiology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "antiviral", "therapy", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "imm...	2016	Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Enhance CD4 T Cell Susceptibility to NK Cell Killing but Reduce NK Cell Function
The adaptive immune system depends on specific antigen receptors , immunoglobulins ( Ig ) in B lymphocytes and T cell receptors ( TCR ) in T lymphocytes . Adaptive responses to immune challenge are based on the expression of a single species of antigen receptor per cell; and in B cells , this is mediated in part by all...	Lymphocytes provide a limitless repertoire of antigen receptors , but each lymphocyte expresses only one kind of receptor per cell in order to provide specific recognition and response to pathogen invasion . The restriction , called allelic exclusion , operates in tetrapod vertebrates from frogs to human beings . In mo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics", "immunology" ]	2008	Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Exclusion in the Shark
Immune defense is energetically costly , and thus an effective response requires metabolic adaptation of the organism to reallocate energy from storage , growth , and development towards the immune system . We employ the natural infection of Drosophila with a parasitoid wasp to study energy regulation during immune res...	The immune response is energetically costly and often requires adaption of the whole organism to ensure it receives enough energy . It is not well understood how distribution of energy resources within the organism is regulated during an immune response . To understand this better , we used parasitoid wasp infection of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Extracellular Adenosine Mediates a Systemic Metabolic Switch during Immune Response
Plasmodium vivax is the geographically most widespread human malaria parasite . To analyze patterns of microsatellite diversity and population structure across countries of different transmission intensity , genotyping data from 11 microsatellite markers was either generated or compiled from 841 isolates from four cont...	Plasmodium vivax is the predominant malaria parasite in Latin America , Asia and the South Pacific . Different factors are expected to shape diversity and population structure across continents , e . g . transmission intensity which is much lower in South America as compared to Southeast-Asia and the South Pacific , or...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Plasmodium vivax Diversity and Population Structure across Four Continents
Paromomycin ( PMM ) has recently been introduced for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in India . Although no clinical resistance has yet been reported , proactive vigilance should be warranted . The present in vitro study compared the outcome and stability of experimental PMM-resistance induction on promastigotes an...	Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by inoculation of infective promastigotes by the female sand fly . In the mammalian host , amastigotes live inside macrophage cells which may lead to various clinical symptoms . First-line treatment relies mainly on antimonials an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "leishmaniasis", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2012	Experimental Induction of Paromomycin Resistance in Antimony-Resistant Strains of L. donovani: Outcome Dependent on In Vitro Selection Protocol
Common forms of atherosclerosis involve multiple genetic and environmental factors . While human genome-wide association studies have identified numerous loci contributing to coronary artery disease and its risk factors , these studies are unable to control environmental factors or examine detailed molecular traits in ...	While recent genetic association studies in human populations have succeeded in identifying genetic loci that contribute to coronary artery disease ( CAD ) and related phenotypes , these loci explain only a small fraction of the genetic variation in CAD and associated traits . Here , we present a complementary approach...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Genetic Architecture of Atherosclerosis in Mice: A Systems Genetics Analysis of Common Inbred Strains
The practice of precision medicine will ultimately require databases of genes and mutations for healthcare providers to reference in order to understand the clinical implications of each patient’s genetic makeup . Although the highest quality databases require manual curation , text mining tools can facilitate the cura...	To provide personalized health care it is important to understand patients’ genomic variations and the effect these variants have in protecting or predisposing patients to disease . Several projects aim at providing this information by manually curating such genotype-phenotype relationships in organized databases using...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Limitations", "and", "Future", "Directions" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "urology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "breast", "tumors", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "genitourinary", "tract", "tumors", "oncology", "text", "mining", "mutation", "substitution", "mutation", "prostate", "cancer", "molecular"...	2016	Text Mining Genotype-Phenotype Relationships from Biomedical Literature for Database Curation and Precision Medicine
The recent genealogical history of human populations is a complex mosaic formed by individual migration , large-scale population movements , and other demographic events . Population genomics datasets can provide a window into this recent history , as rare traces of recent shared genetic ancestry are detectable due to ...	Few of us know our family histories more than a few generations back . It is therefore easy to overlook the fact that we are all distant cousins , related to one another via a vast network of relationships . Here we use genome-wide data from European individuals to investigate these relationships over the past 3 , 000 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "population", "genetics", "biology", "human", "genetics" ]	2013	The Geography of Recent Genetic Ancestry across Europe
Human walking is a dynamic , partly self-stabilizing process relying on the interaction of the biomechanical design with its neuronal control . The coordination of this process is a very difficult problem , and it has been suggested that it involves a hierarchy of levels , where the lower ones , e . g . , interactions ...	The problem of motor coordination of complex multi-joint movements has been recognized as very difficult in biological as well as in technical systems . The high degree of redundancy of such movements and the complexity of their dynamics make it hard to arrive at robust solutions . Biological systems , however , are ab...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "vertebrates", "computer", "science", "none", "computational", "biology", "homo", "(human)", "animals", "insects" ]	2007	Adaptive, Fast Walking in a Biped Robot under Neuronal Control and Learning
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that can infect the placenta , a chimeric organ made of maternal and fetal cells . Extravillous trophoblasts ( EVT ) are specialized fetal cells that invade the uterine implantation site , where they come into direct contact with maternal cells . ...	Infection of the placenta and fetus is an important cause of pregnancy complications and fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality . Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes pregnancy-related infections in humans . The pathogenesis of listeriosis during pregnancy is poorly understood ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "pathogenesis", "infectious", "diseases", "women's", "health", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "pediatrics", "and", "child", "health", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "bacterial", "pathogens", "pediatrics",...	2011	Invasive Extravillous Trophoblasts Restrict Intracellular Growth and Spread of Listeria monocytogenes
The Plasmodium falciparum parasite's ability to adapt to environmental pressures , such as the human immune system and antimalarial drugs , makes malaria an enduring burden to public health . Understanding the genetic basis of these adaptations is critical to intervening successfully against malaria . To that end , we ...	Malaria infection with the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum results in almost a million deaths each year , mostly in African children . Efforts to eliminate malaria are underway , but the parasite is adept at eluding both the human immune response and antimalarial treatments . Thus , it is important to understand h...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "infectious", "diseases/protozoal", "infections", "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics" ]	2011	Identification and Functional Validation of the Novel Antimalarial Resistance Locus PF10_0355 in Plasmodium falciparum
The endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) Ca2+ sensors stromal interaction molecule 1 ( STIM1 ) and STIM2 , which connect ER Ca2+ depletion with extracellular Ca2+ influx , are crucial for the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis in mammalian cells . Despite the recent progress in unraveling the role of STIM2 in Ca2+ signaling , the...	Calcium ions play a major regulatory role in the physiology and biochemistry of the cell , and thus their levels and activities should be tightly regulated . The stromal interaction molecules ( STIMs ) are sensors of the calcium levels within the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) —which serves as a major intracellular calci...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "engineering", "and", "technology", "hela", "cells", "signal", "processing", "synthetic", "biology", "endoplasmic", "reticulum", "cell", "processes", "biological", "cultures", "synthetic", "bioengineering", "fluorophotometry", "luminescent", "proteins", "yellow", "fluoresce...	2018	Identification of molecular determinants that govern distinct STIM2 activation dynamics
During meiotic prophase I , double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) initiate homologous recombination leading to non-crossovers ( NCOs ) and crossovers ( COs ) . In mouse , 10% of DSBs are designated to become COs , primarily through a pathway dependent on the MLH1-MLH3 heterodimer ( MutLγ ) . Mlh3 contains an endonuclease domai...	Meiosis is a specialized cell division whereby a diploid cell undergoes one round of DNA replication followed by two rounds of division , yielding up to four haploid gametes . This process depends on tethering of maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes , and by the formation of crossovers ( COs ) between homologs ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "meiosis", "chromosome", "staining", "spermatocytes", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "germ", "cells", "mutation", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "sperm", "re...	2019	A mutation in the endonuclease domain of mouse MLH3 reveals novel roles for MutLγ during crossover formation in meiotic prophase I
Immune responses are regulated by diffusible mediators , the cytokines , which act at sub-nanomolar concentrations . The spatial range of cytokine communication is a crucial , yet poorly understood , functional property . Both containment of cytokine action in narrow junctions between immune cells ( immunological synap...	The adaptive immune system fights pathogens through the activation of immune cell clones that specifically recognize a particular pathogen . Tight contacts , so-called immunological synapses , of immune cells with cells that present ‘digested’ pathogen molecules are pivotal for ensuring specificity . The discovery that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Three-Dimensional Gradients of Cytokine Signaling between T Cells
Dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 ( H3K9m2 ) and trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 ( H3K27m3 ) are two hallmarks of transcriptional repression in many organisms . In Arabidopsis thaliana , H3K27m3 is targeted by Polycomb Group ( PcG ) proteins and is associated with silent protein-coding genes , while H3K9m2 is...	In plants and animals , repetitive DNA sequences and transposable elements are marked with DNA methylation , which is associated with methylation on lysine 9 of histone 3 ( H3K9 ) and silencing . On the other hand , protein-coding genes , in particular the ones involved in differentiation processes , are targeted by Po...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	Loss of the DNA Methyltransferase MET1 Induces H3K9 Hypermethylation at PcG Target Genes and Redistribution of H3K27 Trimethylation to Transposons in Arabidopsis thaliana
Many protein functions can be directly linked to conformational changes . Inside cells , the equilibria and transition rates between different conformations may be affected by macromolecular crowding . We have recently developed a new approach for modeling crowding effects , which enables an atomistic representation of...	The biophysical properties of proteins inside cells can be expected to be quite different from those typically measured by in vitro experiments in dilute solutions . In particular , intracellular macromolecular crowding may significantly affect the equilibria and transition rates between different conformations of a pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "biophysics/biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "biophysics/protein", "folding" ]	2010	Effects of Macromolecular Crowding on Protein Conformational Changes
Insulators can block the action of enhancers on promoters and the spreading of repressive chromatin , as well as facilitating specific enhancer-promoter interactions . However , recent studies have called into question whether the activities ascribed to insulators in model transgene assays actually reflect their functi...	Insulators are specialized DNA elements that can separate the genome into functional units . Most of the current thinking about these elements comes from studies done with model transgenes . Studies of insulators within the specialized Hox gene complexes have suggested that model transgenes can reflect the normal funct...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	The Drosophila eve Insulator Homie Promotes eve Expression and Protects the Adjacent Gene from Repression by Polycomb Spreading
Many infectious Gram-negative bacteria , including Salmonella typhimurium , require a Type Three Secretion System ( T3SS ) to translocate virulence factors into host cells . The T3SS consists of a membrane protein complex and an extracellular needle together that form a continuous channel . Regulated secretion of virul...	Since the rise of pathogenic bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics , the need to develop potent anti-infective drugs is continually increasing . This necessitates a detailed knowledge of the bacterial host invasion process . Gram-negative bacteria have evolved a protein transport system through which they deliver ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "biomacromolecule-ligand", "interactions", "medicine", "protein", "interactions", "macromolecular", "assemblies", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "bacterial", "biochemistry", "bacterial", "diseases", "protein", "folding", "gastroenterology", "and",...	2011	Crystal Structure of PrgI-SipD: Insight into a Secretion Competent State of the Type Three Secretion System Needle Tip and its Interaction with Host Ligands
A systems understanding of nuclear organization and events is critical for determining how cells divide , differentiate , and respond to stimuli and for identifying the causes of diseases . Chromatin remodeling complexes such as SWI/SNF have been implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes including gene express...	Genetic information and programming are not entirely contained in DNA sequence but are also governed by chromatin structure . Gaining a greater understanding of chromatin remodeling complexes can bridge gaps between processes in the genome and the epigenome and can offer insights into diseases such as cancer . We ident...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cellular", "structures", "chromosome", "structure", "and", "function", "genome", "sequencing", "epigenetics", "cell", "nucleus", "chromatin", "chromosome", "biology", "biology", "systems", "biology", "cell", "biology", "genetics", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biol...	2011	Diverse Roles and Interactions of the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complex Revealed Using Global Approaches
Molting is an essential process in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans during which the epidermal apical extracellular matrix , termed the cuticle , is detached and replaced at each larval stage . The conserved NIMA-related kinases NEKL-2/NEK8/NEK9 and NEKL-3/NEK6/NEK7 , together with their ankyrin repeat partners , ML...	Protein kinases are key molecular regulators that act by modifying the structures and activities of proteins within the cell . Members of the NEK family of protein kinases regulate cell division and the formation of specialized organelles called cilia . Accordingly , mutations in the human NEK genes have been implicate...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "skin", "invertebrates", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "rna", "interference", "integumentary", "system", "actin", "filaments", "caenorhabditis", "cell", "processes", "animals", "animal", "models", "physiological", "processes", "developmental...	2018	Actin organization and endocytic trafficking are controlled by a network linking NIMA-related kinases to the CDC-42-SID-3/ACK1 pathway
RNA editing describes the process in which individual or short stretches of nucleotides in a messenger or structural RNA are inserted , deleted , or substituted . A high level of RNA editing has been observed in the mitochondrial genome of Physarum polycephalum . The most frequent editing type in Physarum is the insert...	RNA is an important biomolecule that is deeply involved in all aspects of molecular biology , such as protein production , gene regulation , and viral replication . However , many significant aspects such as the mechanism of RNA editing are not well understood . RNA editing is the process in which an organism's RNA is ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "rna", "nucleic", "acids", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2012	Comparison of Insertional RNA Editing in Myxomycetes
Young age is a risk factor for prolonged colonization by common pathogens residing in their upper respiratory tract ( URT ) . Why children present with more persistent colonization is unknown and there is relatively little insight into the host-pathogen interactions that contribute to persistent colonization . To ident...	During early childhood , opportunistic pathogens are often carried in the upper respiratory tract ( URT ) for prolonged periods of time . Why young children experience more persistent carriage is unclear and there is little understanding of host-bacteria interactions that affect persistence , especially in infants . He...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "children", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "toxins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pneumococcus", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology"...	2018	Age-related differences in IL-1 signaling and capsule serotype affect persistence of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization
Glossina fuscipes fuscipes , a riverine species of tsetse , is the main vector of both human and animal trypanosomiasis in Uganda . Successful implementation of vector control will require establishing an appropriate geographical scale for these activities . Population genetics can help to resolve this issue by charact...	Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is the most common species of tsetse in Uganda , where it transmits human sleeping sickness and nagana , a related disease of cattle . A consortium of African countries dedicated to controlling these diseases is poised to begin area wide control of tsetse , but a critical question remains: Wh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "ecology" ]	2010	Phylogeography and Population Structure of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda: Implications for Control of Tsetse

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