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article stringlengths 4.36k 149k	summary stringlengths 32 3.35k	section_headings listlengths 1 91	keywords listlengths 0 141	year stringclasses 13 values	title stringlengths 20 281
Physicochemical properties of DNA , such as shape , affect protein-DNA recognition . However , the properties of DNA that are most relevant for predicting the binding sites of particular transcription factors ( TFs ) or classes of TFs have yet to be fully understood . Here , using a model that accurately captures the m...	Cellular transcription factors ( TFs ) are proteins that regulate gene expression , and thereby cellular activity and fate , by binding to specific DNA segments . The physicochemical determinants of protein-DNA binding specificity are not completely understood . Here , we report that the propensity of transient opening...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "nucleic", "acids", "proteins", "biophysic", "al", "simulations", "dna", "biology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "biophysics", "simulations", "biophysics", "computational", "biology" ]	2013	Binding of Nucleoid-Associated Protein Fis to DNA Is Regulated by DNA Breathing Dynamics
Bifidobacteria , one of the relatively dominant components of the human intestinal microbiota , are considered one of the key groups of beneficial intestinal bacteria ( probiotic bacteria ) . However , in addition to health-promoting taxa , the genus Bifidobacterium also includes Bifidobacterium dentium , an opportunis...	The accessibility of complete bacterial genome sequences has provided important changes to the field of microbiology by significantly enhancing our understanding of the physiology , genetics , and evolutionary development of bacteria . Bifidobacteria are among such microorganisms , being mammalian commensals of biotech...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics" ]	2009	The Bifidobacterium dentium Bd1 Genome Sequence Reflects Its Genetic Adaptation to the Human Oral Cavity
Mutations in genes encoding cilia proteins cause human ciliopathies , diverse disorders affecting many tissues . Individual genes can be linked to ciliopathies with dramatically different phenotypes , suggesting that genetic modifiers may participate in their pathogenesis . The ciliary transition zone contains two prot...	Ciliopathies , diseases arising from defects in the functions of primary cilia , have many different manifestations and vary dramatically in severity . How genetics influence ciliopathy phenotypes is poorly understood . Building off of our increasing knowledge of how different biochemical complexes contribute to ciliar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Conserved Genetic Interactions between Ciliopathy Complexes Cooperatively Support Ciliogenesis and Ciliary Signaling
Most Xanthomonas species translocate Transcription Activator-Like ( TAL ) effectors into plant cells where they function like plant transcription factors via a programmable DNA-binding domain . Characterized strains of rice pathogenic X . oryzae pv . oryzae harbor 9–16 different tal effector genes , but the function of...	The ability of most Xanthomonas plant pathogenic bacteria to infect their hosts relies on the action of a specific family of proteins called TAL effectors , which are transcriptional activators injected into the plant by the bacteria . TAL effectors enter the plant cell nucleus and bind to the promoters of specific pla...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "regulatory", "proteins", "dna-binding", "proteins", "plant", "science", "rice", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "transcr...	2018	Functional analysis of African Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae TALomes reveals a new susceptibility gene in bacterial leaf blight of rice
Energy homeostasis is a fundamental property of animal life , providing a genetically fixed balance between fat storage and mobilization . The importance of body fat regulation is emphasized by dysfunctions resulting in obesity and lipodystrophy in humans . Packaging of storage fat in intracellular lipid droplets , and...	The amount of body fat that an animal stores is a critical parameter for its survival . Although under-storage of fat creates risk during periods of famine , over-storage also impairs fitness—obesity in humans is associated with severe health threats , such as cardiovascular disease , type II diabetes , and cancer . A ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "biochemistry", "physiology", "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology", "drosophila", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Dual Lipolytic Control of Body Fat Storage and Mobilization in Drosophila
Type II germ cell cancers ( GCC ) can be subdivided into seminomas and non-seminomas . Seminomas are similar to carcinoma in situ ( CIS ) cells , the common precursor of type II GCCs , with regard to epigenetics and expression , while embryonal carcinomas ( EC ) are totipotent and differentiate into teratomas , yolk-sa...	The understanding of germ cell cancer pathogenesis is based on a linear model , where seminomas and non-seminomas represent distinct entities , although originating from a common precursor lesion , the carcinoma in situ . We demonstrate that germ cell cancer development is a microenvironment-dependent plastic process t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	BMP Inhibition in Seminomas Initiates Acquisition of Pluripotency via NODAL Signaling Resulting in Reprogramming to an Embryonal Carcinoma
Early responses mounted by both tissue-resident and recruited innate immune cells are essential for host defense against bacterial pathogens . In particular , both neutrophils and Ly6Chi monocytes are rapidly recruited to sites of infection . While neutrophils and monocytes produce bactericidal molecules , such as reac...	The innate immune system is one of the first lines of defense against invading microorganisms . Many innate immune cell types , including neutrophils and Ly6Chi monocytes , are rapidly recruited to sites of infection . Neutrophils and monocytes are thought to engage both overlapping and distinct effector mechanisms for...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cytokines", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "developmental"...	2017	Neutrophils and Ly6Chi monocytes collaborate in generating an optimal cytokine response that protects against pulmonary Legionella pneumophila infection
A protective vaccine against HIV-1 will likely require the elicitation of a broadly neutralizing antibody ( bNAb ) response . Although the development of an immunogen that elicits such antibodies remains elusive , a proportion of HIV-1 infected individuals evolve broadly neutralizing serum responses over time , demonst...	The development of an immunogen that elicits antibodies that neutralize a wide range of global circulating HIV-1 isolates is a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine research . Unfortunately , even the most promising antibody-based vaccine candidates have only induced NAb responses that neutralize a limited number of these strain...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/vaccines", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "virology/immune", "evasion" ]	2010	A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals
Many microorganisms that cause systemic , life-threatening infections in humans reside as harmless commensals in our digestive tract . Yet little is known about the biology of these microbes in the gut . Here , we visualize the interface between the human commensal and pathogenic fungus Candida albicans and the intesti...	The very same microbes that cause life-threatening human diseases are often harmless inhabitants on our mucosal surfaces . Yet the hallmarks of this so-called ‘commensal’ state remain underexplored . In this report we investigate the case of Candida albicans , the most prominent fungal species living in the human intes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "fungal", "genetics", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "microbiology", "animal", "models", "fungi", "regulator", "genes", "model", "organisms", "deletion", "mutagenesis", "experimen...	2017	The yeast form of the fungus Candida albicans promotes persistence in the gut of gnotobiotic mice
The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of illness in immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients . The ability of the fungus to acquire nutrients during proliferation in host tissue and the ability to elaborate a polysaccharide capsule are critical determinants of disease outcome . We prev...	Cryptococcus neoformans causes life-threatening central nervous system infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients . The competition for iron between pathogens such as C . neoformans and mammalian hosts is a key aspect of disease outcome . We previously identified and characterized the major iron regul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/tropical", "and", "travel-associated", "diseases", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2010	HapX Positively and Negatively Regulates the Transcriptional Response to Iron Deprivation in Cryptococcus neoformans
ATAD5 , the human ortholog of yeast Elg1 , plays a role in PCNA deubiquitination . Since PCNA modification is important to regulate DNA damage bypass , ATAD5 may be important for suppression of genomic instability in mammals in vivo . To test this hypothesis , we generated heterozygous ( Atad5+/m ) mice that were haplo...	Genomic instability is a hallmark of tumorigenesis , suggesting that mutations in genes suppressing genomic instability contribute to this phenotype . In this study , we demonstrate for the first time that haploinsufficiency for Atad5 , a protein that is important in stabilizing stalled DNA replication forks by regulat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cancer", "genetics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "nucleic", "acids", "genetics", "dna", "biology", "dna", "repair", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	Predisposition to Cancer Caused by Genetic and Functional Defects of Mammalian Atad5
We conducted a comprehensive study of copy number variants ( CNVs ) well-tagged by SNPs ( r2≥0 . 8 ) by analyzing their effect on gene expression and their association with disease susceptibility and other complex human traits . We tested whether these CNVs were more likely to be functional than frequency-matched SNPs ...	Despite the large number of SNPs found to be reproducibly associated with complex diseases , they collectively account for only a small proportion of the overall heritability to such traits . CNVs have thus been proposed to explain some of the missing heritability and to alter disease susceptibility . However , a recen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2011	A Study of CNVs As Trait-Associated Polymorphisms and As Expression Quantitative Trait Loci
Burkholderia pathogenicity relies on protein virulence factors to control and promote bacterial internalization , survival , and replication within eukaryotic host cells . We recently used yeast two-hybrid ( Y2H ) screening to identify a small set of novel Burkholderia proteins that were shown to attenuate disease prog...	Burkholderia species need to manipulate many host processes and pathways in order to establish a successful intracellular infection in eukaryotic host organisms . Burkholderia mallei uses secreted virulence factor proteins as a means to execute host-pathogen interactions and promote pathogenesis . While validated virul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Mining Host-Pathogen Protein Interactions to Characterize Burkholderia mallei Infectivity Mechanisms
Giardia duodenalis infection and malnutrition are still considered as public health problems in many developing countries especially among children in rural communities . This study was carried out among Aboriginal ( Orang Asli ) primary schoolchildren in rural peninsular Malaysia to investigate the burden and the effe...	Giardia infection , a neglected infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis is prevalent worldwide especially among young children in rural areas of the tropics and subtropics . In Malaysia , Giardia infection and protein-energy malnutrition coexist in Aboriginal ( Orang Asli ) communities with high p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Burden of Giardia duodenalis Infection and Its Adverse Effects on Growth of Schoolchildren in Rural Malaysia
Apert syndrome is almost always caused by a spontaneous mutation of paternal origin in one of two nucleotides in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene ( FGFR2 ) . The incidence of this disease increases with the age of the father ( paternal age effect ) , and this increase is greater than what would be expected ...	Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of some genetic diseases increases with the age of the father . This “paternal age effect” is traditionally explained by the fact that , as men age , the male germ-line cells continue to divide , and each division presents an additional chance for mutation . Apert syndrom...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/human", "evolution", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/medical", "genetics" ]	2009	The Ups and Downs of Mutation Frequencies during Aging Can Account for the Apert Syndrome Paternal Age Effect
Monitoring the efficacy of novel reservoir-reducing treatments for HIV is challenging . The limited ability to sample and quantify latent infection means that supervised antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) interruption studies are generally required . Here we introduce a set of mathematical and statistical modeling tools to...	New therapies are being developed to permanently cure HIV infection . Many aim to reduce the pool of latent virus that persists despite years of treatment with antiretroviral drugs . Because latent virus is so difficult to sample and measure , often the only way to know if these new therapies have worked is to interrup...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "antiviral", "therapy", "pathogens", "immunology", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "retrovi...	2016	Real-Time Predictions of Reservoir Size and Rebound Time during Antiretroviral Therapy Interruption Trials for HIV
Cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania . CL causes enormous suffering in many countries worldwide . There is no licensed vaccine against CL , and the chemotherapy options show limited efficacy and high toxicity . Localization of the parasites...	Intracellular pathogens are difficult to kill because their localization inside host cells provides protection against immunity and chemotherapies . Thus , successful treatment of diseases caused by intracellular pathogens may need combination therapies and effective delivery systems . Cutaneous leishmaniasis ( CL ) is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Pathogen- and Host-Directed Antileishmanial Effects Mediated by Polyhexanide (PHMB)
Scrub typhus is a neglected tropical disease , caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi , a Gram-negative bacterium that is transmitted to mammalian hosts during feeding by Leptotrombidium mites and replicates predominantly within endothelial cells . Most studies of scrub typhus in animal models have utilized either intraperit...	Scrub typhus is a life-threatening disease that presents as a severe acute febrile illness . It is caused by mite-transmitted Orientia tsutsugamushi , a Gram-negative , obligately intracellular bacterium . Every year , approximately one million people are infected globally; however , there is no vaccine for the control...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "typhus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "innate", "immune", "system", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "body", "fluids", "animal", "models", "of", "disease", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "anima...	2016	An Intradermal Inoculation Mouse Model for Immunological Investigations of Acute Scrub Typhus and Persistent Infection
The continuous integration of experimental data into coherent models of the brain is an increasing challenge of modern neuroscience . Such models provide a bridge between structure and activity , and identify the mechanisms giving rise to experimental observations . Nevertheless , structurally realistic network models ...	The connectome describes the wiring patterns of the neurons in the brain , which form the substrate guiding activity through the network . The influence of its constituents on the dynamics is a central topic in systems neuroscience . We here investigate the critical role of specific structural links between neuronal po...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "membrane", "potential", "vertebrates", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "animals", "mammals", "simulation", "and", "modeling", "primates", "systems", "science", "mathematics", "network", "analysis", "comp...	2017	Fundamental Activity Constraints Lead to Specific Interpretations of the Connectome
Neurocysticercosis accounts for 30%–50% of all late-onset epilepsy in endemic countries . We assessed the clustering patterns of Taenia solium human cysticercosis seropositivity and seizures around tapeworm carriers in seven rural communities in Peru . The presence of T . solium–specific antibodies was defined as one o...	Cysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Taenia solium , common in areas with limited sanitation or with migration from these populations . The adult parasite is hosted in the human intestine and releases large numbers of eggs with the feces . Human beings sometimes ingest eggs due to poor hygiene , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "infectious", "diseases/neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "neurological", "disorders/infectious", "diseases", "of", "the", "nervous", "system", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epid...	2009	Taenia solium Cysticercosis Hotspots Surrounding Tapeworm Carriers: Clustering on Human Seroprevalence but Not on Seizures
Mutations in the PTEN induced putative kinase 1 ( PINK1 ) gene cause an autosomal recessive form of Parkinson disease ( PD ) . So far , no substrates of PINK1 have been reported , and the mechanism by which PINK1 mutations lead to neurodegeneration is unknown . Here we report the identification of TNF receptor-associat...	Parkinson disease ( PD ) is characterized by the selective loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons . Although the cause of PD is unknown , pathological analyses have suggested the involvement of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction . Recently , an inherited form of early-onset PD has been linked to mutations in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "vertebrates", "neuroscience", "mammals" ]	2007	PINK1 Protects against Oxidative Stress by Phosphorylating Mitochondrial Chaperone TRAP1
Sirtuins are NAD⁺-dependent deacetylases , lipoamidases , and ADP-ribosyltransferases that link cellular metabolism to multiple intracellular pathways that influence processes as diverse as cell survival , longevity , and cancer growth . Sirtuins influence the extent of neuronal death in stroke . However , different si...	Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent enzymes that play key roles in neuronal death . However , the contribution of sirtuins to this cellular process is controversial with results supporting that activation or inhibition are protective depending on the cellular context and type of sirtuin . In this manuscript we report that knoc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "ischemia", "caenorhabditis", "metabolic", "processes", "cell", "processes", "neuroscience", "animals", "glycolysis", "animal", "models", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "mode...	2017	Knock-out of a mitochondrial sirtuin protects neurons from degeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans
The identification of single copy ( 1-to-1 ) orthologs in any group of organisms is important for functional classification and phylogenetic studies . The Metazoa are no exception , but only recently has there been a wide-enough distribution of taxa with sufficiently high quality sequenced genomes to gain confidence in...	The correct identification of single copy ( 1-to-1 ) orthologs is crucial for functional classification of genes and for phylogenetic studies of groups of organisms , including the Metazoa . Nevertheless , despite the recent increase in the number of genomes and short sequence read datasets ( e . g . ESTs ) from the Me...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "genome", "evolution", "genetics", "gene", "classes", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "comparative", "genomics", "gene", "duplication", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "gene", "function" ]	2011	Identifying Single Copy Orthologs in Metazoa
Human leishmaniasis is caused by more than 20 Leishmania species and has a wide range of symptoms . Our recent studies have demonstrated the essential role of sphingolipid degradation in the virulence of Leishmania ( Leishmania ) major , a species responsible for localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Old World . In ...	Leishmania parasites infect 10–12 million people worldwide , causing a spectrum of serious diseases . Among the species that infect human , Leishmania major is responsible for localized cutaneous disease in the Old World whereas Leishmania amazonensis is associated with both localized and diffuse cutaneous diseases in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biochemistry", "pathogenesis", "lipids", "sphingolipids", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "lipid", "metabolism", "parasitology", "parasite", "physiology", "gene", "function" ]	2012	Sphingolipid Degradation in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis
Avian influenza virus H9N2 has been endemic in birds in the Middle East , in particular in Egypt with multiple cases of human infections since 1998 . Despite concerns about the pandemic threat posed by H9N2 , little is known about the biological properties of H9N2 in this epicentre of infection . Here , we investigated...	The G1-like clade of H9N2 influenza viruses can undergo genetic reassortment with other influenza virus subtypes to produce novel zoonotic viruses , such as the Gs/GD lineage H5N1 , H7N9 , H10N8 , and H5N8 viruses . Since 1998 , the G1-like subclade of H9N2 influenza virus has been widely circulating in birds in Centra...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "organismal", "evolution", "microbial", "mutation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "dna-binding", "proteins", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "orthomyxoviruses", "an...	2019	PB2 mutations arising during H9N2 influenza evolution in the Middle East confer enhanced replication and growth in mammals
RNA interference ( RNAi ) is a major antiviral pathway that shapes evolution of RNA viruses . We show here that Nora virus , a natural Drosophila pathogen , is both a target and suppressor of RNAi . We detected viral small RNAs with a signature of Dicer-2 dependent small interfering RNAs in Nora virus infected Drosophi...	Multi-cellular organisms require a potent immune response to ensure survival under the ongoing assault by microbial pathogens . Co-evolution of virus and host shapes the genome of both pathogen and host . Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model , we study virus-host interactions in infections by Nora virus , a non-let...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "rna", "interference", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "viral", "immune", "evasion", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "rna", "nucleic", "acid...	2012	Convergent Evolution of Argonaute-2 Slicer Antagonism in Two Distinct Insect RNA Viruses
Interhomolog crossovers promote proper chromosome segregation during meiosis and are formed by the regulated repair of programmed double-strand breaks . This regulation requires components of the synaptonemal complex ( SC ) , a proteinaceous structure formed between homologous chromosomes . In yeast , SC formation requ...	During meiosis , double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) are generated in a programmed fashion to promote recombination between homologs . These programmed DSBs can be repaired either as crossovers or noncrossovers . In normal budding yeast meiosis , most crossovers are formed by a functionally diverse group of “Zmm” proteins th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Phosphorylation of the Synaptonemal Complex Protein Zip1 Regulates the Crossover/Noncrossover Decision during Yeast Meiosis
Plasmodium parasites use specialized ligands which bind to red blood cell ( RBC ) receptors during invasion . Defining the mechanism of receptor recognition is essential for the design of interventions against malaria . Here , we present the structural basis for Duffy antigen ( DARC ) engagement by P . vivax Duffy bind...	Malaria parasites , including Plasmodium vivax , must actively invade erythrocytes during blood stage growth in humans . P . vivax Duffy Binding Protein ( DBP ) is a critical invasion ligand that recognizes the receptor Duffy antigen/Receptor for chemokines ( DARC ) during invasion . To identify critical binding contac...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "biophysics" ]	2014	Red Blood Cell Invasion by Plasmodium vivax: Structural Basis for DBP Engagement of DARC
Dengue incidence has increased globally , but empirical burden estimates are scarce . Prospective methods are best-able to capture all severities of disease . CYD14 was an observer-blinded dengue vaccine study conducted in children 2–14 years of age in Indonesia , Malaysia , Thailand , the Philippines , and Vietnam . T...	Dengue is a mosquito-borne , viral febrile disease transmitted between humans in most of the tropical and sub-tropical world . In recent years , an increasing number of cases has been widely reported . However , understanding the full disease burden remains a topic of public health research . One reason for under-repor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "vaccines", "preventive", "medicine", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "infectious", ...	2016	Symptomatic Dengue Disease in Five Southeast Asian Countries: Epidemiological Evidence from a Dengue Vaccine Trial
Cell fate choices during metazoan development are driven by the highly conserved Notch signalling pathway . Notch receptor activation results in release of the Notch intracellular domain ( NICD ) that acts as transcriptional co-activator of the DNA-binding protein CSL . In the absence of signal , a repressor complex co...	Notch signalling activity plays a major role in determining cell fates . Notch signals are transduced into gene expression changes by the transcription factor CSL and the activated Notch receptor intracellular domain ( NICD ) . CSL can also function as a transcriptional repressor , depending on its bound cofactors . In...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "dna-binding", "proteins", "cloning", "alleles", "notch", "signaling", "developmental", "biology", "protein", "expression", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "morphogenesis", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "genome", "complexity", "genomics", "proteins", "li...	2017	Hairless-binding deficient Suppressor of Hairless alleles reveal Su(H) protein levels are dependent on complex formation with Hairless
During Schistosoma infection , lack of B cells results in more severe granulomas , inflammation , and fibrosis in the liver , but the mechanisms underlying this pathology remain unclear . This study was to clarify the mechanisms underpinning the immunomodulation of B cells in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum ( ...	Infection with Schistosoma results in strong granulomatous inflammation caused by parasite eggs deposited in the liver . Granuloma is defined as a significant number of immune cell infiltration around the eggs intermixed with hepatocytes , which can protect the host against liver damage . But excessive infiltration and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "helminths", "granulomas", "immunology", "animals", "liver", "diseases", "animal", "models", ...	2019	B1 cells protect against Schistosoma japonicum–induced liver inflammation and fibrosis by controlling monocyte infiltration
Crossing over during meiotic prophase I is required for sexual reproduction in mice and contributes to genome-wide genetic diversity . Here we report on the characterization of an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced , recessive allele called mei4 , which causes sterility in both sexes owing to meiotic defects . In mutant spe...	Human infertility and reproductive complications have devastating social and monetary costs . Errors in meiosis during reproduction may lead to birth defects , spontaneous abortion , or infertility . Many of the genes essential for meiosis function in DNA repair and mutations in several of these genes have been shown t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "mammals", "eukaryotes", "vertebrates", "mus", "(mouse)", "animals", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Mutation in Mouse Hei10, an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase, Disrupts Meiotic Crossing Over
CD4+ T cell loss is central to HIV pathogenesis . In the initial weeks post-infection , the great majority of dying cells are uninfected CD4+ T cells . We previously showed that the 3S motif of HIV-1 gp41 induces surface expression of NKp44L , a cellular ligand for an activating NK receptor , on uninfected bystander CD...	HIV infected individuals suffer from a loss of CD4+ lymphocytes . Initially , dying CD4+ lymphocytes are mainly infected ones . Afterward , the great majority of dying CD4+ lymphocytes are uninfected . The cause of uninfected CD4+ lymphocyte death during HIV infection is still under debate . We previously showed that o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunology/leukocyte", "signaling", "and", "gene", "expression", "immunology/immunity", "to", "infections", "infectious", "diseases/hiv", "infection", "and", "aids", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling" ]	2010	HIV gp41 Engages gC1qR on CD4+ T Cells to Induce the Expression of an NK Ligand through the PIP3/H2O2 Pathway
In a process called quorum sensing , bacteria communicate with chemical signal molecules called autoinducers to control collective behaviors . In pathogenic vibrios , including Vibrio cholerae , the accumulation of autoinducers triggers repression of genes responsible for virulence factor production and biofilm formati...	Bacteria communicate with one another and orchestrate group behaviors using a process called quorum sensing . The types of behaviors controlled by quorum sensing are typically unproductive when performed by a single bacterium acting alone but become effective when undertaken in unison by the group . Importantly , quoru...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "phosphorylation", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzymes", "pathogens", "vibrio", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "enzymology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "phosphatases", "...	2016	Structure, Regulation, and Inhibition of the Quorum-Sensing Signal Integrator LuxO
Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amebic colitis and liver abscess . This parasite induces apoptosis in host cells and utilizes exposed ligands such as phosphatidylserine to ingest the apoptotic corpses and invade deeper into host tissue . The purpose of this work was to identify amebic proteins involved in the rec...	There is a highly ordered process by which the parasite Entamoeba histolytica interacts with human cells . Adherence via a parasite lectin is followed in seconds by killing , with only the corpse and not a living cell ingested by the ameba . This process is so central to pathogenesis that clinicians use the presence of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "amebiasis", "parasite", "cell", "biology", "entamoeba", "histolytica", "microbiology", "phagocytosis", "cytotoxicity" ]	2008	Entamoeba histolytica Phagocytosis of Human Erythrocytes Involves PATMK, a Member of the Transmembrane Kinase Family
Mg2+ serves as an essential cofactor for numerous enzymes and its levels are tightly regulated by various Mg2+ transporters . Here , we analyzed Caenorhabditis elegans strains carrying mutations in genes encoding cyclin M ( CNNM ) Mg2+ transporters . We isolated inactivating mutants for each of the five Caenorhabditis ...	Mg2+ is the second most abundant cation in cells and serves as an essential cofactor for numerous enzymes . To avoid its shortage , cellular and organismal levels of Mg2+ are tightly regulated by the concerted actions of various Mg2+ transporters and channels . In this study , we analyzed Caenorhabditis elegans strains...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "rna", "interference", "gonads", "caenorhabditis", "animals", "animal", "models", "germ", "cells", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model", "organisms", "physiological", "parameters", "epigen...	2016	Mg2+ Extrusion from Intestinal Epithelia by CNNM Proteins Is Essential for Gonadogenesis via AMPK-TORC1 Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington disease are devastating disorders with no therapeutic approaches to ameliorate the underlying protein misfolding defect inherent to poly-glutamine ( polyQ ) proteins . Given the mounting evidence that elevated levels of protein chaperones suppress polyQ protein misfolding ,...	The misfolding of proteins into a toxic state contributes to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington , Alzheimer , and Parkinson disease . Although no known cure exists for these afflictions , many studies have shown that increasing the levels of protein chaperones , proteins that assist in the corre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/post-translational", "regulation", "of", "gene", "expression", "molecular", "biology" ]	2010	Modulation of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 as a Therapeutic Target for Small Molecule Intervention in Neurodegenerative Disease
Changes in pathogen genetic variation within hosts alter the severity and spread of infectious diseases , with important implications for clinical disease and public health . Genetic drift may play a strong role in shaping pathogen variation , but analyses of drift in pathogens have oversimplified pathogen population d...	The genetic diversity of a pathogen population can strongly influence disease severity and spread . High genetic variation within hosts can lead to severe disease symptoms in individuals and rapid disease transmission in populations . But what factors determine this genetic diversity ? Many factors might play roles , i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epizootics", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animal", "diseases", "moths", "and", "butterflies", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "population", "genetics", "microbiology", "animals", "developmental", "biology", "popula...	2018	Effects of multiple sources of genetic drift on pathogen variation within hosts
The differentiation of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis into a dormant spore is among the most well-characterized developmental pathways in biology . Classical genetic screens performed over the past half century identified scores of factors involved in every step of this morphological process . More recently , transcri...	When starved of nutrients , the bacterium Bacillus subtilis differentiates into a dormant spore that is impervious to environmental insults . Decades of research have uncovered over 100 genes required for spore formation . Molecular dissection of these genes has revealed factors that act at every stage of this developm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2016	High-Throughput Genetic Screens Identify a Large and Diverse Collection of New Sporulation Genes in Bacillus subtilis
Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae is dependent on a type III secretion system , which secretes a suite of virulence effector proteins into the host cytoplasm , and the production of a number of toxins such as coronatine ( COR ) , which is a mimic of the plant hormone jasmonate-isoleuce ( JA-Ile ) . Inside the plant...	Bacterial plant pathogens secrete toxins and inject effector proteins into the host cells to promote infection , and the identification of the individual functions of these molecules is essential to understand the infective process . Remarkably , some Pseudomonas strains have evolved a sophisticated strategy for manipu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "plant", "science", "plant", "pathology", "biology", "agricultural", "biotechnology", "plant", "biotechnology", "agriculture" ]	2014	The Bacterial Effector HopX1 Targets JAZ Transcriptional Repressors to Activate Jasmonate Signaling and Promote Infection in Arabidopsis
Developing HIV-1 vaccines that trigger broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bnAbs ) is a priority as bnAbs are considered key to elicitation of a protective immune response . To investigate whether the breadth of a neutralizing antibody ( nAb ) depended on the conservation of its epitope among circulating viruses , we exa...	So far , no HIV-1 vaccine has elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bnAbs ) in humans . HIV-1 , one of the most rapidly evolving pathogens , is remarkable for its high variability across individuals and adaptability within hosts . We tested the relationship between HIV-1 diversity and neutralization breadth . Whil...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "viral", "vaccines", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "molecular", "dynamics", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses"...	2019	The breadth of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies depends on the conservation of key sites in their epitopes
How retroviruses regulate the amount of RNA genome packaged into each virion has remained a long-standing question . Our previous study showed that most HIV-1 particles contain two copies of viral RNA , indicating that the number of genomes packaged is tightly regulated . In this report , we examine the mechanism that ...	Viruses must package their genomes in particles to pass their genetic information to the next generation . Although many aspects of RNA packaging are well-studied , how retroviruses regulate the number of genomes in the particle is currently unknown . Based on the dimeric nature of retroviral genomes in particles , it ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2013	Dimeric RNA Recognition Regulates HIV-1 Genome Packaging
Extinction rates in the Anthropocene are three orders of magnitude higher than background and disproportionately occur in the tropics , home of half the world’s species . Despite global efforts to combat tropical species extinctions , lack of high-quality , objective information on tropical biodiversity has hampered qu...	Humans are currently driving numerous animal species toward extinction . Species loss is especially high in tropical regions where most species live and where biodiversity threats are severe . Protected areas such as national parks are the cornerstone of species conservation , but whether protected areas really sustain...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "vertebrates", "biodiversity", "animals", "mammals", "population", "biology", "conservation", "biology", "birds", "ecosystems", "conservation", "science", "population", "metrics", "species", "extinction", "ecology", "forests", ...	2016	Standardized Assessment of Biodiversity Trends in Tropical Forest Protected Areas: The End Is Not in Sight
The centrosome is the principal microtubule organizing center in most animal cells . It consists of a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material . The centrosome , like DNA , duplicates exactly once per cell cycle . During interphase duplicated centrosomes remain closely linked by a proteinaceous linker ....	During most of interphase , the two centrosomes of a cell are kept together by a proteinaceous linker , called the centrosomal linker . It is clear that the linker has to be dissolved by Nek2 kinase and other mechanisms before mitosis in order to assemble a functional bipolar mitotic spindle . Yet the relevance of the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Centrosomal Linker and Microtubules Provide Dual Levels of Spatial Coordination of Centrosomes
Collective signaling for a quorum is found in a wide range of organisms that face collective action problems whose successful solution requires the participation of some quorum of the individuals present . These range from humans , to social insects , to bacteria . The mechanisms involved , the quorum required , and th...	From humans to social insects and bacteria , decision-making is often influenced by some form of collective signaling , be it quorum , information exchange , pledges or announcements . Here we investigate how such signaling systems evolve when collective action entails a public good , and how meanings co-evolve with in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Co-evolutionary Dynamics of Collective Action with Signaling for a Quorum
Schistosomiasis japonica is a major parasitic disease threatening millions of people in China . Though overall prevalence was greatly reduced during the second half of the past century , continued persistence in some areas and cases of re-emergence in others remain major concerns . As many regions in China are approach...	Schistosomiasis is considered the second most devastating parasitic disease after malaria . In China , it is transmitted to humans , cattle and other vertebrate hosts by a single intermediate snail host . It has long been suggested that the close co-evolutionary relationship between parasite and intermediate host makes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "spatial", "and", "landscape", "ecology", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "schistosomiasis", "evolutionary", "ecology", "disease", "ecology", "ecology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "infectious", "disease", "modeling", "zoology", "public", "health...	2013	Spatially Explicit Modeling of Schistosomiasis Risk in Eastern China Based on a Synthesis of Epidemiological, Environmental and Intermediate Host Genetic Data
Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes granulocytic anaplasmosis , an emerging disease of humans and domestic animals . The obligate intracellular bacterium uses its invasins OmpA , Asp14 , and AipA to infect myeloid and non-phagocytic cells . Identifying the domains of these proteins that mediate binding and entry , and det...	Anaplasma phagocytophilum causes the potentially deadly bacterial disease granulocytic anaplasmosis . The pathogen replicates inside white blood cells and , like all other obligate intracellular organisms , must enter host cells to survive . Multiple A . phagocytophilum surface proteins called invasins cooperatively or...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Essential Domains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum Invasins Utilized to Infect Mammalian Host Cells
Bacteria sense and respond to their environment through signaling cascades generally referred to as two-component signaling networks . These networks comprise histidine kinases and their cognate response regulators . Histidine kinases have a number of biochemical activities: ATP binding , autophosphorylation , the abil...	Two-component signaling systems mediate many of the physiological responses of bacteria . In their core , these systems consist of a histidine kinase ( HK ) and a response regulator ( RR ) that it can phosphotransfer to . Around this core interaction , evolution has led to several conserved biochemical and structural f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "applied", "mathematics", "signaling", "networks", "microbiology", "bacterial", "biochemistry", "prokaryotic", "models", "model", "organisms", "mathematics", "microbial", "physiology", "theoretical", "biology", "biology", "nonlinear", "dynamics", "systems", ...	2013	Split Histidine Kinases Enable Ultrasensitivity and Bistability in Two-Component Signaling Networks
Modulation of gene network activity allows cells to respond to changes in environmental conditions . For example , the galactose utilization network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is activated by the presence of galactose but repressed by glucose . If both sugars are present , the yeast will first metabolize glucose , dep...	Understanding how cells respond to environmental changes is a fundamental question in biology . Such responses are governed by interactions between genes , proteins and other cellular machinery . However , even the responses of genetically identical cells are not identical . Our aim was to examine the origins of this v...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Timing and Variability of Galactose Metabolic Gene Activation Depend on the Rate of Environmental Change
Mosquito host-seeking behavior and heterogeneity in host distribution are important factors in predicting the transmission dynamics of mosquito-borne infections such as dengue fever , malaria , chikungunya , and West Nile virus . We develop and analyze a new mathematical model to describe the effect of spatial heteroge...	Mosquito-borne diseases can spread when a mosquito bites a vertebrate host to obtain a blood meal for egg-laying . The first step in the transmission process consists of the mosquitoes seeking and finding a host . Mosquitoes use the wind direction and odors , such as carbon dioxide , emitted by the hosts in order to lo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "mathematical", "computing", "mathematics", "population", "modeling", "biology", "computational", "biology", "infectious", "disease", "modeling" ]	2012	A Spatial Model of Mosquito Host-Seeking Behavior
Y chromosomes are widely believed to evolve from a normal autosome through a process of massive gene loss ( with preservation of some male genes ) , shaped by sex-antagonistic selection and complemented by occasional gains of male-related genes . The net result of these processes is a male-specialized chromosome . This...	In contrast to other chromosomes ( X and autosomes ) , which are present in males and females , Y chromosomes spend all time in males . Hence it is not surprising that along evolution they became male specialized , e . g . , containing a disproportionate amount of male-fertility genes . Interestingly it was found in 20...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Concluding", "remarks", "Methods" ]	[ "taxonomy", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "animal", "models", "phylogenetics", "drosophila", "melanogaster", "model", "organisms", "data", "management", "experimental", "organism", "systems", "y-linked", "...	2018	An investigation of Y chromosome incorporations in 400 species of Drosophila and related genera
Forkhead box ( FOXO ) proteins are evolutionarily conserved , stress-responsive transcription factors ( TFs ) that can promote or counteract cell death . Mutations in FOXO genes are implicated in numerous pathologies , including age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders , such as Parkinson’s disease ( PD ) . However , ...	PD , mainly characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra ( SN ) , is the most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder affecting more than 6 million people worldwide . Despite the discovery of several genes linked to familial PD , our understanding of its pathogenesis remains...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "autophagic", "cell", "death", "oxidative", "stress", "neurodegenerative", "diseases", "cell", "processes", "neuroscience", "animals", "biological", "locomotion", "animal", "models", "drosophila", ...	2018	Parallel roles of transcription factors dFOXO and FER2 in the development and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons
The HIV-1 genome enters cells inside a shell comprised of capsid ( CA ) protein . Variation in CA sequence alters HIV-1 infectivity and escape from host restriction factors . However , apart from the Cyclophilin A-binding loop , CA has no known interfaces with which to interact with cellular cofactors . Here we describ...	In order to infect a host cell , HIV-1 must interact with and exploit cellular cofactors . Mutations within capsid , the protein shell that surrounds the virus , have been shown to affect virus usage of these cofactors and susceptibility to host antiviral proteins . However , with the exception of the Cyclophilin A-bin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "biochemistry", "protein", "interactions", "viral", "core", "proteins", "virology", "protein", "structure", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "structure" ]	2012	CPSF6 Defines a Conserved Capsid Interface that Modulates HIV-1 Replication
Metabolite concentrations reflect the physiological states of tissues and cells . However , the role of metabolic changes in species evolution is currently unknown . Here , we present a study of metabolome evolution conducted in three brain regions and two non-neural tissues from humans , chimpanzees , macaque monkeys ...	Physiological processes that maintain our tissues' functionality involve the generation of multiple products and intermediates known as metabolites—small molecules with a weight of less than 1 , 500 Daltons . Changes in concentrations of these metabolites are thought to be closely related to changes in phenotype . Here...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "network", "analysis", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "metabolic", "networks", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Exceptional Evolutionary Divergence of Human Muscle and Brain Metabolomes Parallels Human Cognitive and Physical Uniqueness
Buruli ulcer ( BU ) , the third most frequent mycobacteriosis worldwide , is a neglected tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . We report the clinical description and extensive genetic analysis of a consanguineous family from Benin comprising two cases of unusually severe non-ulcerative BU . The index case...	Buruli ulcer ( BU ) is a tropical infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans . Although being the third most common mycobacterial disease in the world after tuberculosis and leprosy , BU remains a neglected tropical disease and an emerging health emergency in several developing countries . It causes profound s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "long", "non-coding", "rnas", "bacterial", "diseases", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "benin", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", ...	2018	Microdeletion on chromosome 8p23.1 in a familial form of severe Buruli ulcer
Toxin-antitoxin ( TA ) systems are prevalent in many bacterial genomes and have been implicated in biofilm and persister cell formation , but the contribution of individual chromosomally encoded TA systems during bacterial pathogenesis is not well understood . Of the known TA systems encoded by Escherichia coli , only ...	Toxin-antitoxin ( TA ) systems are widespread among prokaryotes , including many important human pathogens . It has long been hypothesized that TA systems contribute to bacterial pathogenesis , but clear-cut phenotypes associated with any individual TA system have not been described . Using bioinformatics , we demonstr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology", "microbiology" ]	2012	Toxin-Antitoxin Systems Are Important for Niche-Specific Colonization and Stress Resistance of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
SIRT1 is a metabolic sensor and regulator in various mammalian tissues and functions to counteract metabolic and age-related diseases . Here we generated and analyzed mice that express SIRT1 at high levels specifically in skeletal muscle . We show that SIRT1 transgenic muscle exhibits a fiber shift from fast-to-slow tw...	Skeletal muscle has a central role in body posture , mobility and whole-body metabolism . SIRT1 is an enzyme expressed in skeletal muscle , as well as in most mammalian tissues , and has been shown to sense metabolic cues from the environment and mediate changes in these tissues , counteracting age and metabolic diseas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "aging", "biochemistry", "developmental", "biology", "musculoskeletal", "system", "physiological", "processes", "animal", "genetics", "organism", "development", "anatomy", "physiology", "metabolic", "pathways", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "metabolism" ...	2014	Muscle-Specific SIRT1 Gain-of-Function Increases Slow-Twitch Fibers and Ameliorates Pathophysiology in a Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
The global health system has a large arsenal of interventions , medical products and technologies to address current global health challenges . However , identifying the most effective and efficient strategies to deliver these resources to where they are most needed has been a challenge . Targeted and integrated interv...	Two main strategies have been used to address diseases that affects large sections of populations . One strategy called targeted or vertical programme sets up separate system from the general health system with its own human resources , management , implementation , data reporting and evaluation systems . Integrated ( ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "social", "sciences", "health", "care", "health", "services", "administration", "and", "management", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "africa", "research", "and", "analysis...	2016	Extent of Integration of Priority Interventions into General Health Systems: A Case Study of Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme in the Western Region of Ghana
We wished to validate our recently devised 16-item ENLIST ENL Severity Scale , a clinical tool for measuring the severity of the serious leprosy associated complication of erythema nodosum leprosum ( ENL ) . We also wished to assess the responsiveness of the ENLIST ENL Severity Scale in detecting clinical change in pat...	Erythema nodosum leprosum ( ENL ) is a severe , painful complication of leprosy , which can occur before , during or after successful treatment of the infection . ENL is characterised by severe pain and the development of new painful skin lesions . Other organ systems are often affected . ENL may continue to affect peo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dermatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "physicians", "medical", "doctors", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "india", "health", "care", "bacterial", "diseases", "health", "ca...	2017	A leprosy clinical severity scale for erythema nodosum leprosum: An international, multicentre validation study of the ENLIST ENL Severity Scale
The accumulation of adaptive mutations is essential for survival in novel environments . However , in clonal populations with a high mutational supply , the power of natural selection is expected to be limited . This is due to clonal interference - the competition of clones carrying different beneficial mutations - whi...	Adaptation to novel environments involves the accumulation of beneficial mutations . If these are rare the process will proceed slowly with each one sweeping to fixation on its own . On the contrary if they are common in clonal populations , individuals carrying different beneficial alleles will experience intense comp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "mutation", "microbial", "mutation", "adaptation", "genetic", "polymorphism", "microbial", "evolution", "population", "genetics", "biology", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "processes", "evolutionary", "genetics" ]	2014	The First Steps of Adaptation of Escherichia coli to the Gut Are Dominated by Soft Sweeps
Genetically identical cells can show phenotypic variability . This is often caused by stochastic events that originate from randomness in biochemical processes involving in gene expression and other extrinsic cellular processes . From an engineering perspective , there have been efforts focused on theory and experiment...	Stochastic gene expression at the single cell level can lead to significant phenotypic variation at the population level . To obtain a desired phenotype , the noise levels of intracellular protein concentrations may need to be tuned and controlled . Noise levels often decrease in relative amount as the mean values incr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "mathematics", "synthetic", "biology", "biology", "computational", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "probability", "theory" ]	2012	Adjusting Phenotypes by Noise Control
Chronic inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) results from a breakdown of intestinal immune homeostasis and compromise of the intestinal barrier . Genome-wide association studies have identified over 200 genetic loci associated with risk for IBD , but the functional mechanisms of most of these genetic vari...	Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis , characterized by gut inflammation , are the two main subtypes of Inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD ) . Over two hundred genetic loci have been identified that contribute to risk for IBD . However , functional studies are required to determine the mechanisms by which these genetic...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "immunology", "developmental", "biology", "gastroenterology", "and", "hepatology", "molecular", "development", "inflammatory", ...	2018	Reduced monocyte and macrophage TNFSF15/TL1A expression is associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease
The ability of Legionella pneumophila to proliferate within various protozoa in the aquatic environment and in macrophages indicates a remarkable evolution and microbial exploitation of evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic processes . Ankyrin B ( AnkB ) of L . pneumophila is a non-canonical F-box-containing protein , an...	Legionella pneumophila is abundantly found in the aquatic environment within various protozoa and can cause a severe pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease when it invades human macrophages in the lung . The ability of L . pneumophila to invade and proliferate within macrophages and protozoa is dependent on the translo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2009	Molecular Mimicry by an F-Box Effector of Legionella pneumophila Hijacks a Conserved Polyubiquitination Machinery within Macrophages and Protozoa
Salmonella enterica replicates in macrophages through the action of effector proteins translocated across the vacuolar membrane by a type III secretion system ( T3SS ) . Here we show that the SPI-2 T3SS effector SpvD suppresses proinflammatory immune responses . SpvD prevented activation of an NF-ĸB-dependent promoter ...	Salmonella Typhimurium replicates in macrophages through the action of effector proteins translocated into host cells by a type III secretion system ( T3SS ) . We show that the T3SS effector SpvD targets the NF-ĸB pathway by interfering with nuclear translocation of p65 . SpvD interacts with the exportin Xpo2 . Perturb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "transfection", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "luciferase", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "hela", "cells", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "enzymes", "biological", "...	2016	Inhibition of Nuclear Transport of NF-ĸB p65 by the Salmonella Type III Secretion System Effector SpvD
There is considerable evidence that human genetic variation influences gene expression . Genome-wide studies have revealed that mRNA levels are associated with genetic variation in or close to the gene coding for those mRNA transcripts – cis effects , and elsewhere in the genome – trans effects . The role of genetic va...	One of the central dogmas of molecular genetics is that DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein and alterations to proteins can influence human diseases . Genome-wide association studies have recently revealed many new DNA variants that influence human diseases . To complement these efforts , several g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "biochemistry/protein", "chemistry", "genetics", "and", "genomics/physiogenomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genome", "p...	2008	A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Protein Quantitative Trait Loci (pQTLs)
Effectors are microbial-derived secreted proteins with an essential function in modulating host immunity during infections . CfAvr4 , an effector protein from the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and the founding member of a fungal effector family , promotes parasitism through binding fungal chitin and protecting it...	Microbes mobilize an array of secreted effectors to manipulate their hosts during infections , whereas in response , hosts utilize cognate immune receptors to perceive effectors and mount a defense . To date , the structural basis of effector function and recognition by immune receptors are still poorly understood . He...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chitin", "dimers", "(chemical", "physics)", "chemical", "bonding", "pattern", "recognition", "receptors", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "immunology", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "microbiology", "fungal", "structure", "plant", "s...	2018	Structure of the Cladosporium fulvum Avr4 effector in complex with (GlcNAc)6 reveals the ligand-binding mechanism and uncouples its intrinsic function from recognition by the Cf-4 resistance protein
Meiosis is unique to germ cells and essential for reproduction . During the first meiotic division , homologous chromosomes pair , recombine , and form chiasmata . The homologues connect via axial elements and numerous transverse filaments to form the synaptonemal complex . The synaptonemal complex is a critical compon...	The biology of germ cells is intimately intertwined with meiosis . Meiosis I is a unique biological event , when chromosomes pair , recombine , and segregate . The synaptonemal complex is a protein lattice that enables chromosome pairing and recombination and is unique to meiosis I . Meiosis I requires a subset of fact...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/germ", "cells", "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology/gene", "expression" ]	2010	Hormad1 Mutation Disrupts Synaptonemal Complex Formation, Recombination, and Chromosome Segregation in Mammalian Meiosis
The performance of current serologic tests for diagnosing chronic Chagas disease ( CD ) is highly variable . The search for new diagnostic markers has been a constant challenge for improving accuracy and reducing the number of inconclusive results . Here , four chimeric proteins ( IBMP-8 . 1 to -8 . 4 ) comprising immu...	Chagas disease infection is a debilitating and neglected disease that occurs in 21 Latin America countries . The laboratory diagnosis is based on finding specific antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi pathogen . Several methods are available currently , but their performance depends on matrix used as antigen . In genera...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "biochemical", "analysis", "enzyme", "assays", "protozoans", "...	2017	Accuracy of chimeric proteins in the serological diagnosis of chronic chagas disease – a Phase II study
16S ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) gene and other environmental sequencing techniques provide snapshots of microbial communities , revealing phylogeny and the abundances of microbial populations across diverse ecosystems . While changes in microbial community structure are demonstrably associated with certain environmental con...	Genomic survey of microbes by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics has inspired appreciation for the role of complex communities in diverse ecosystems . However , due to the unique properties of community composition data , standard data analysis tools are likely to produce statistical artifacts . For a typical ex...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Sparse and Compositionally Robust Inference of Microbial Ecological Networks
Plants have to tightly control their energy homeostasis to ensure survival and fitness under constantly changing environmental conditions . Thus , it is stringently required that energy-consuming stress-adaptation and growth-related processes are dynamically tuned according to the prevailing energy availability . The e...	Being in competition for reproductive success , plants use most of their photosynthetically produced energy resources to promote growth . However , under unfavourable environmental conditions plants also need to finance adaptive responses to ensure their survival . For this purpose a growth regulatory system is require...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "chemical", "compounds", "disaccharides", "plant", "growth", "and", "development", "gene", "regulation", "plant", "physiology", "carbohydrates", "organic", "compounds", "hormones", "developmental", "biology", "regulator", "genes", "plant", "science", "pla...	2017	The Arabidopsis bZIP11 transcription factor links low-energy signalling to auxin-mediated control of primary root growth
Interferons ( IFNs ) are cytokines that have pleiotropic effects and play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity . IFNs have broad antiviral properties and function by different mechanisms . IFNs fail to inhibit wild-type Adenovirus ( Ad ) replication in established cancer cell lines . In this study , we analy...	Interferons play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity , and have broad antiviral properties . We demonstrate that type I ( IFNα ) and type II ( IFNγ ) IFNs inhibit the replication of divergent adenoviruses via an evolutionally conserved E2F binding site . IFNs augment the association of the tumor suppre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "immunology", "microbiology", "dna", "replication", "immunoprecipitation", "viral", "genome", "dna", "antibodies", "microbial", "genomics", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "immune", "system", "pr...	2016	E2F/Rb Family Proteins Mediate Interferon Induced Repression of Adenovirus Immediate Early Transcription to Promote Persistent Viral Infection
Complications of HIV-1 infection in individuals who utilize drugs of abuse is a significant problem , because these drugs have been associated with higher virus replication and accelerated disease progression as well as severe neuropathogenesis . To gain further insight it is important to quantify the effects of drugs ...	The HIV epidemic continues to be a severe public health problem within the USA and many parts of the world . A substantial number of HIV-infected individuals are intravenous drug users who abuse opiates . Drugs of abuse lead not only to high HIV transmission , but also to high viral load , increased disease progression...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "hiv", "infections", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "antiviral", "therapy", "pathogens", "drugs", "opioids", "immunology", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mam...	2016	Modeling the Effects of Morphine on Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Dynamics
Human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) is a key genetic factor conferring risk of systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) , but precise independent localization of HLA effects is extremely challenging . As a result , the contribution of specific HLA alleles and amino-acid residues to the overall risk of SLE and to risk of specif...	The Human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) region is a key genetic factor conferring risk of systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE ) . In spite of multiple SLE association signals identified in the HLA region , only amino-acid residues within HLA-DRB1 have been specifically described previously . In this study , we performed an ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "rheumatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "immunology", "genetic", "mapping", "autoantibodies", "rheumatoid", "arthritis", "clinical", "medicine", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "antibodies", "research", "and", "analysis", "me...	2019	Amino acid signatures of HLA Class-I and II molecules are strongly associated with SLE susceptibility and autoantibody production in Eastern Asians
Integrating conjugative elements ( ICEs ) are a class of bacterial mobile genetic elements that disseminate via conjugation and then integrate into the host cell genome . The SXT/R391 family of ICEs consists of more than 30 different elements that all share the same integration site in the host chromosome but often enc...	Integrating and conjugative elements ( ICEs ) are a class of mobile elements found in diverse bacteria . ICEs of the SXT/R391 family have enabled the dissemination of genes conferring resistance to antibiotics among several important pathogens , including Vibrio cholerae , the agent of cholera . Here , using comparativ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/antimicrobials", "and", "drug", "resistance", "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "molecular", "biology/recombination", "molecular", "biology/molecular", "evolution", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "gen...	2009	Mobile Antibiotic Resistance Encoding Elements Promote Their Own Diversity
Cystic echinococcosis is still a major concern in South America . While some regions show advances in the control of the disease , others have among the highest incidence in the world . To reverse this situation the Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO ) has launched a regional project on cystic echinococcosis contr...	Cystic echinococcosis , caused by infection with the larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm , is a life-threatening zoonosis of worldwide distribution . The adult worm parasitizes the small intestine of dogs , which become infected after eating offal of an animal contaminated with the parasite , and relea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Concluding", "Remarks" ]	[ "veterinary", "diseases", "veterinary", "parasitology", "biology", "microbiology", "veterinary", "science", "parasitology" ]	2013	A Monoclonal Antibody-Based Copro-ELISA Kit for Canine Echinococcosis to Support the PAHO Effort for Hydatid Disease Control in South America
The poly ( A ) -binding protein nuclear 1 ( PABPN1 ) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that is thought to function during mRNA poly ( A ) tail synthesis in the nucleus . Despite the predicted role of PABPN1 in mRNA polyadenylation , little is known about the impact of PABPN1 deficiency on human gene expression . Spec...	In eukaryotic cells , protein-coding genes are transcribed to produce pre-messenger RNAs ( pre–mRNAs ) that are processed at the 3′ end by the addition of a sequence of poly-adenosine . This 3′ end poly ( A ) tail normally confers positive roles to the mRNA life cycle by stimulating nuclear export and translation . The...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "gene", "regulation", "gene", "classes", "rna", "stability", "dna", "transcription", "gene", "function", "genome", "analysis", "tools", "genome", "databases", "molecular", "genetics", "gene", "expression", "biology", "molecular", "b...	2012	Polyadenylation-Dependent Control of Long Noncoding RNA Expression by the Poly(A)-Binding Protein Nuclear 1
False positives in a Genome-Wide Association Study ( GWAS ) can be effectively controlled by a fixed effect and random effect Mixed Linear Model ( MLM ) that incorporates population structure and kinship among individuals to adjust association tests on markers; however , the adjustment also compromises true positives ....	Genome-Wide Association Studies ( GWAS ) can reveal genetic-phenotypic relationships , but have limitations . To control false positives , population structure and kinship are incorporated in a fixed and random effect Mixed Linear Model ( MLM ) . However , because of the confounding between population structure , kinsh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "variant", "genotypes", "brassica", "computational", "biology", "genetic", "mapping", "optimization", "model", "organisms", "farms", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "genome", "...	2016	Iterative Usage of Fixed and Random Effect Models for Powerful and Efficient Genome-Wide Association Studies
The process of erythrocyte invasion by merozoites of Plasmodium falciparum involves multiple steps , including the formation of a moving junction between parasite and host cell , and it is characterised by the redundancy of many of the receptor–ligand interactions involved . Several parasite proteins that interact with...	Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most severe forms of human malaria . Invasion of host erythrocytes is an essential step of the complex life cycle of this parasite . There is redundancy in many of the interactions involved in this process , such that the parasite can use different sets of receptor–ligand in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Supporting", "Information" ]	[ "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases", "cell", "biology", "plasmodium", "microbiology", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2007	Epigenetic Silencing of Plasmodium falciparum Genes Linked to Erythrocyte Invasion
Chagas disease , caused by Trypanosoma cruzi , is a neglected tropical disease that affects 5–6 million people in endemic areas of the Americas . Presently , chemotherapy relies on two compounds that were proposed as trypanocidal drugs four decades ago: nifurtimox and benznidazole . Both drugs are able to eliminate par...	Chagas disease affects approximately 5 million people and is caused by the protist parasite Trypanosoma cruzi . Until now , there are no vaccines to prevent the human infection , and the therapy relies on the use of two drugs discovered more than 50 years ago , nifurtimox and benznidazole . Both drugs are efficient dur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "protozoan", "life", "cycles", "parasitology", "neuroscience", "parasitemia", "developmental", ...	2019	The effect of memantine, an antagonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor, in in vitro and in vivo infections by Trypanosoma cruzi
Synchronization of 30–80 Hz oscillatory activity of the principle neurons in the olfactory bulb ( mitral cells ) is believed to be important for odor discrimination . Previous theoretical studies of these fast rhythms in other brain areas have proposed that principle neuron synchrony can be mediated by short-latency , ...	Neurons in many parts of the brain fire spikes rhythmically and synchronously in many behaviorally and functionally relevant contexts . There are many mechanisms for producing oscillatory synchronization between populations of biological oscillators . One way to produce synchrony is that the population of oscillators r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics", "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "physics/interdisciplinary", "physics" ]	2010	Amplification of Asynchronous Inhibition-Mediated Synchronization by Feedback in Recurrent Networks
Clinical and experimental studies have shown that estradiol ( E2 ) confers protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections . Here , we investigated the underlying mechanism . Better protection in E2-treated mice , immunized against genital HSV-2 , coincided with earlier recruitment and higher proportio...	Female sex hormones can affect susceptibility and immune responses to infections . While a number of previous studies , including our own , have shown that progesterone and progesterone-derived hormonal contraceptives increase susceptibility and impair immune responses , estradiol protects against sexually transmitted ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "reproductive", "system", "immune", "cells", "antigen-presenting", "cells", "immunology", "conditioned", "response", "animal", "models", "model", "organisms", "sexually", "transmitted", "diseases", "research", "...	2016	Estradiol Enhances CD4+ T-Cell Anti-Viral Immunity by Priming Vaginal DCs to Induce Th17 Responses via an IL-1-Dependent Pathway
Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer ( BU ) , a destructive skin disease found predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa and south-eastern Australia . The precise mode ( s ) of transmission and environmental reservoir ( s ) remain unknown , but several studies have explored the role of aquatic invert...	Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of Buruli ulcer ( BU ) , a destructive skin disease found predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa and south-eastern Australia . The mode of transmission and environmental reservoir remain unknown , but several studies have explored the role of aquatic insects , such as water bu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/applied", "microbiology", "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/infectious", "diseases", "microbiology/environmental", "microbiology" ]	2010	A Major Role for Mammals in the Ecology of Mycobacterium ulcerans
The cell cycle must be tightly coordinated for proper control of embryonic development and for the long-term maintenance of organs such as the lung . There is emerging evidence that Kinesin family member 7 ( Kif7 ) promotes Hedgehog ( Hh ) signaling during embryonic development , and its misregulation contributes to di...	Respiratory diseases such as lung cancer , COPD , and asthma are the second leading cause of death in the United States . These diseases are heterogeneous and arise from genetic factors , environmental hazards , or developmental abnormalities that persist throughout life . An increased understanding of the genes and ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	KIF7 Controls the Proliferation of Cells of the Respiratory Airway through Distinct Microtubule Dependent Mechanisms
The Fragile X-related disorders ( FXDs ) are members of the Repeat Expansion Diseases , a group of human genetic conditions resulting from expansion of a specific tandem repeat . The FXDs result from expansion of a CGG/CCG repeat tract in the 5’ UTR of the FMR1 gene . While expansion in a FXD mouse model is known to re...	Unstable microsatellites are responsible for a number of debilitating human diseases known as the Repeat Expansion Diseases . The unstable microsatellites , which consist of tandem arrays of short repeat units , are prone to increase in length ( expand ) on intergenerational transmission and during the lifetime of the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Heterozygosity for a Hypomorphic Polβ Mutation Reduces the Expansion Frequency in a Mouse Model of the Fragile X-Related Disorders
Ivermectin has been the keystone of onchocerciasis control for the last 25 years . Sub-optimal responses to the drug have been reported in Ghanaian communities under long-term treatment . We assessed , in two Cameroonian foci , whether the microfilaricidal and/or embryostatic effects of ivermectin on Onchocerca volvulu...	Millions of Africans and thousands of Latin Americans are infected with Onchocerca volvulus , the filarial worm responsible for onchocerciasis . Since the mid-1990s , control programs rely on annual or six-monthly community treatments with the only safe drug available , ivermectin . If sustained for another 10–15 years...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "onchocerciasis", "zoology", "infectious", "disease", "control", "parasitology", "helminthology" ]	2013	Dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus Microfilarial Densities after Ivermectin Treatment in an Ivermectin-naïve and a Multiply Treated Population from Cameroon
The fine-scale grading of the severity experienced by animals used in research constitutes a key element of the 3Rs ( replace , reduce , and refine ) principles and a legal requirement in the European Union Directive 2010/63/EU . Particularly , the exact assessment of all signs of pain , suffering , and distress experi...	Animal-based biomedical research is often accompanied by experience of discomfort or pain by the animal . Recognition of disturbed animal welfare is mandatory , and the classification and assessment of its severity is a crucial part of the legislative framework in the European Union ( EU ) . In the present study , we a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "body", "weight", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "methods", "and", "resources", "body", "fluids", "face", "vertebrates", "social", "sciences", "mice", "animals", "mammals", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "animal", "models", "coliti...	2018	Running in the wheel: Defining individual severity levels in mice
Upcoming vaccination efforts against typhoid fever require an assessment of the baseline burden of disease in countries at risk . There are no typhoid incidence data from most low- and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) , so model-based estimates offer insights for decision-makers in the absence of readily available dat...	Typhoid fever is a bacterial enteric infection that continues to pose a considerable burden to the 5 . 5 billion people living in low- and middle-income countries ( LMICs ) . We developed and validated a model incorporating widely available indicators of economic and social development and the environment to estimate t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "demography", "age", "distribution", "geographical", "locations", "bacterial", "diseases", "age", "groups", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "africa", "infectious", "di...	2017	The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-regression approach
Herpesvirus persistence requires a dynamic balance between latent and lytic cycle gene expression , but how this balance is maintained remains enigmatic . We have previously shown that the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus ( KSHV ) major latency transcripts encoding LANA , vCyclin , vFLIP , v-miRNAs , and Kaposin...	Multiple mechanisms have been implicated in the control of herpesvirus latent and lytic gene regulation , but few mechanisms account for coordinate regulation of these two life cycles . Here , we show that the transcription control elements for KSHV latent and lytic genes are in close physical proximity . Mutations in ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2011	Coordination of KSHV Latent and Lytic Gene Control by CTCF-Cohesin Mediated Chromosome Conformation
Pain caused by nerve injury ( i . e . neuropathic pain ) is associated with development of neuronal hyperexcitability at several points along the pain pathway . Within primary afferents , numerous injury-induced changes have been identified but it remains unclear which molecular changes are necessary and sufficient to ...	Neuropathic pain results from damage to the nervous system . Much is known about the multitude of molecular and cellular changes that are triggered by nerve injury ( and which correlate with development of neuropathic pain ) , but little is understood about how those changes cause neuropathic pain . Rather than identif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "computational", "neuroscience", "single", "neuron", "function", "anesthesiology", "anesthesiology", "and", "pain", "management", "biology", "computational", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2012	Identification of Molecular Pathologies Sufficient to Cause Neuropathic Excitability in Primary Somatosensory Afferents Using Dynamical Systems Theory
Bacterial pathogens often deliver effectors into host cells using type 3 secretion systems ( T3SS ) , the extremity of which forms a translocon that perforates the host plasma membrane . The T3SS encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 ( SPI-1 ) is genetically associated with an acyl carrier protein , IacP , whose...	Acyl carrier proteins are small ubiquitous proteins involved in the synthesis of hydrocarbon based molecules . Notably , they are essential for the synthesis of fatty acids , which are the precursors of membrane phospholipids . They can also be involved in secondary metabolism , for example for the synthesis of molecul...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "pathogens", "microbiology", "acylation", "organic", "compounds", "membrane", "proteins", "bacterial", "diseases", "secretion", "systems", "ente...	2017	Acylation of the Type 3 Secretion System Translocon Using a Dedicated Acyl Carrier Protein
Pathogens that rely upon multiple hosts to complete their life cycles often modify behavior and development of these hosts to coerce them into improving pathogen fitness . However , few studies describe mechanisms underlying host coercion . In this study , we elucidate the mechanism by which an insect-transmitted patho...	Parasites that colonize multiple hosts often coerce these hosts into improving their own survival and reproduction rates . However , how parasites do this is largely unknown . Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant parasites that require sap-feeding insect vectors—leafhoppers—for their propagation and dispersal . It has been...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology" ]	2014	Phytoplasma Effector SAP54 Hijacks Plant Reproduction by Degrading MADS-box Proteins and Promotes Insect Colonization in a RAD23-Dependent Manner
Dengue ( DEN ) represents the most serious arthropod-borne viral disease . DEN clinical manifestations range from mild febrile illness to life-threatening hemorrhage and vascular leakage . Early epidemiological observations reported that infants born to DEN-immune mothers were at greater risk to develop the severe form...	Dengue ( DEN ) is an arthropod-transmitted viral disease which affects approximately 390 million individuals in the tropical and subtropical world annually . DEN clinical manifestations range from mild febrile illness ( dengue fever ) to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic/dengue shock syndrome ( DHF/DSS ) . Epidemiolo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "animal", "models", "of", "infection", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "virology" ]	2014	First Experimental In Vivo Model of Enhanced Dengue Disease Severity through Maternally Acquired Heterotypic Dengue Antibodies
Land use and land cover ( LULC ) change is one anthropogenic disturbance linked to infectious disease emergence . Current research has focused largely on wildlife and vector-borne zoonotic diseases , neglecting to investigate landscape disturbance and environmental bacterial infections . One example is Buruli ulcer ( B...	Changes in land and use and land cover can impact ecosystems in unexpected ways , including changes in habitat suitability for environmental pathogens . Several studies have investigated the impacts of human disturbance to the landscape and changes in the composition of vector , host , and reservoir species in an alter...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Spatial Analysis of Anthropogenic Landscape Disturbance and Buruli Ulcer Disease in Benin
Next-generation sequencing ( NGS ) technologies have matured considerably since their introduction and a focus has been placed on developing sophisticated analytical tools to deal with the amassing volumes of data . Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing ( ChIP-seq ) , a major application of NGS , is a widely adopted...	To unravel the mechanisms of gene regulation , understanding the complex interplay of protein-DNA interactions is instrumental . Recently , chromatin immunoprecipitation , coupled with next-generation sequencing ( ChIP-seq ) , has risen as the go-to technique for examining these interactions on a genome-wide scale . It...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "sequence", "analysis", "systems", "biology", "genome", "sequencing", "genomics", "mathematics", "statistics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biostatistics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Genome-Wide Localization of Protein-DNA Binding and Histone Modification by a Bayesian Change-Point Method with ChIP-seq Data
The human gut parasite Entamoeba histolytica , uses a lectin complex on its cell surface to bind to mucin and to ligands on the intestinal epithelia . Binding to mucin is necessary for colonisation and binding to intestinal epithelia for invasion , therefore blocking this binding may protect against amoebiasis . Acquir...	Gene conversion is a process of recombination that can generate diversity among genes . Gene conversion occurs in some pathogenic species of protozoa to generate diversity among gene families encoding important antigens . The process may contribute to immune evasion by the parasites . Gene conversion , or indeed recomb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "parastic", "protozoans", "genomics", "genome", "evolution", "parasite", "evolution", "protozoology", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "evolutionary", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "parasitology" ]	2011	Evidence of Gene Conversion in Genes Encoding the Gal/GalNac Lectin Complex of Entamoeba
Seoul hantavirus ( SEOV ) has recently raised concern by causing geographic range expansion of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome ( HFRS ) . SEOV infections in humans are significantly underestimated worldwide and epidemic dynamics of SEOV-related HFRS are poorly understood because of a lack of field data and empiri...	Seoul hantavirus ( SEOV ) infections are common in Europe and Asia where a considerably high seroprevalence among the population is found . However , only relatively few hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome ( HFRS ) cases are reported . Comprehensive epidemiological data is necessary to study the patterns and drivers ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "atmospheric", "science", "population", "dynamics", "pathogens", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "animal", "models", "viruses", "seasons", "hemorrhagic", "fever", ...	2019	Intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of transmission dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Seoul hantavirus
Both the excitability of a neuron's membrane , driven by active ion channels , and dendritic morphology contribute to neuronal firing dynamics , but the relative importance and interactions between these features remain poorly understood . Recent modeling studies have shown that different combinations of active conduct...	Homeostasis is a process that allows a system to maintain a certain level of output over a long time , even though the inputs controlling the output are changing . Recently , studies of neurons and neuronal networks have shown that the “active” parameters that describe the movement of ions across the cell membrane cont...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "none", "computational", "biology", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2008	Neuronal Firing Sensitivity to Morphologic and Active Membrane Parameters
Males of the Drosophila melanogaster mutant croaker ( cro ) generate a polycyclic pulse song dissimilar to the monocyclic songs typical of wild-type males during courtship . However , cro has not been molecularly mapped to any gene in the genome . We demonstrate that cro is a mutation in the gene encoding the Calmoduli...	Selecting a suitable mate is a prerequisite for successful breeding in organisms . Indeed , the animals instinctively distinguish a conspecific partner from individuals of other species , yet the mechanism underlying such species-recognition remains largely unknown . In choosing a conspecific male as a mate , fruit fly...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "engineering", "and", "technology", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "dna-binding", "proteins", "neuroscience", "animals", "invertebrate", "genomics", "dna", "transcription", "telecommunications", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster...	2019	Calmodulin-binding transcription factor shapes the male courtship song in Drosophila
Amphipathic α-helices of exchangeable apolipoproteins have shown to play crucial roles in the formation of infectious hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) particles through the interaction with viral particles . Among the Flaviviridae members , pestivirus and flavivirus possess a viral structural protein Erns or a non-structural ...	The family Flaviviridae consists of 4 genera , namely Flavivirus , Pestivirus , Pegivirus , and Hepacivirus . Flaviviruses and pestiviruses can infect various species and tissues; however , infection of pegivirus and hepacivirus is observed in a strikingly restricted range of tissue and hosts . Although all the Flavivi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "pestivirus", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "apolipoproteins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "molecular", "probe", "techniques", "hepacivirus", "pathogens", "microbiology", "immunoblotting", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "focus-forming", "assay", ...	2017	Host-derived apolipoproteins play comparable roles with viral secretory proteins Erns and NS1 in the infectious particle formation of Flaviviridae
Intestinal inflammation changes the luminal habitat for microbes through mechanisms that have not been fully resolved . We noticed that the FepE regulator of very long O-antigen chain assembly in the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium ( S . Typhimurium ) conferred a luminal fitness advantage in t...	Microbial communities inhabiting the intestinal tract have been characterized using high-throughput sequencing approaches , but little is known about factors that change their luminal habitat . Using metabolite profiling we discovered that luminal concentrations of total bile acids become significantly elevated during ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology", "salmonella", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "gastrointestinal", "infections", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2012	Very Long O-antigen Chains Enhance Fitness during Salmonella-induced Colitis by Increasing Bile Resistance

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