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Dysregulated cell–cell adhesion plays a critical role in epithelial cancer development . Studies of human and mouse cancers have indicated that loss of adhesion complexes known as adherens junctions contributes to tumor progression and metastasis . In contrast , little is known regarding the role of the related cell–ce...	Changes in tissue architecture , such as loss of adhesion between cells , have been shown to facilitate cancer development , especially metastasis where cells can detach from a tumor and spread throughout the body . While various studies have demonstrated that inactivation of an adhesion complex known as the adherens j...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/animal", "genetics", "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "dermatology/skin", "cancers,", "including", "melanoma", "and", "lymphoma", "genetics", "and", "genomics/disease", "models", "oncology/skin", "cancers", "cell", "biology...	2010	Loss of the p53/p63 Regulated Desmosomal Protein Perp Promotes Tumorigenesis
The rearrangement of pre-existing genes has long been thought of as the major mode of new gene generation . Recently , de novo gene birth from non-genic DNA was found to be an alternative mechanism to generate novel protein-coding genes . However , its functional role in human disease remains largely unknown . Here we ...	The MYCN oncogene has a central role in the genesis and progression of neuroblastomas , and its amplification is associated with an unfavorable prognosis . We have found that NCYM , a MYCN cis-antisense RNA , is translated in humans to a de novo evolved protein . NCYM inhibits GSK3β to stabilize MYCN , whereas MYCN ind...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "cell", "death", "pediatric", "oncology", "gene", "regulation", "cancer", "treatment", "computational", "biology", "basic", "cancer", "research", "pediatrics", "gene", "function", "animal", "models", "oncology", "genome", "databases", "model", "organisms", ...	2014	NCYM, a Cis-Antisense Gene of MYCN, Encodes a De Novo Evolved Protein That Inhibits GSK3β Resulting in the Stabilization of MYCN in Human Neuroblastomas
Most mammalian genes often feature alternative polyadenylation ( APA ) sites and hence diverse 3’UTR lengths . Proliferating cells were reported to favor APA sites that result in shorter 3’UTRs . One consequence of such shortening is escape of mRNAs from targeting by microRNAs ( miRNAs ) whose binding sites are elimina...	MicroRNAs ( miRNAs ) are regulators of gene expression . Typically they recognize a binding site in genes' sequences and exert a repressive effect . This scheme prescribes a regulatory network that determines which gene is regulated by which miRNA . Yet this is a static sequence-based scheme that might not support dyna...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "cell", "physiology", "chemical", "characterization", "3'", "utr", "gene", "regulation", "messenger", "rna", "cell", "differentiation", "developmental", "biology", "micrornas", "untranslated", "regions", "mammalian", "genomics", "research", "and", "an...	2016	3’UTR Shortening Potentiates MicroRNA-Based Repression of Pro-differentiation Genes in Proliferating Human Cells
Identification and characterization of near-neighbor species are critical to the development of robust molecular diagnostic tools for biothreat agents . One such agent , Burkholderia pseudomallei , a soil bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis , is lacking in this area because of its genomic diversity and wid...	Burkholderia is a widespread genus of bacteria that contains over 60 species . The species within Burkholderia range from environmentally important , such as isolates that breakdown pollutants , to human pathogens . Burkholderia pseudomallei , the causative agent of melioidosis , is endemic to Northern Australia and is...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei Near-Neighbor Species in the Northern Territory of Australia
Kinetoplastids are a group of parasites that includes several medically-important species . These human-infective species are transmitted by insect vectors in which the parasites undergo specific developmental transformations . For each species , this includes a stage in which parasites adhere to insect tissue via a he...	Kinetoplastids are single-celled parasites that cause devastating human diseases worldwide . Although this group includes many species that infect a variety of hosts , they have a great deal of shared biology . One relatively unexplored aspect of the kinetoplastid life cycle is their ability to adhere to insect tissue ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "swimming", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "gene", "regulation", "cell", "cycle", "and", "cell", "division", "cell", "processes", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "biological", "locomotion", "insect", "vectors", "infectious"...	2019	Dramatic changes in gene expression in different forms of Crithidia fasciculata reveal potential mechanisms for insect-specific adhesion in kinetoplastid parasites
The sinoatrial node ( SAN ) is a complex structure that exhibits anatomical and functional heterogeneity which may depend on: 1 ) The existence of distinct cell populations , 2 ) electrotonic influences of the surrounding atrium , 3 ) the presence of a high density of fibroblasts , and 4 ) atrial cells intermingled wit...	It is well known that a small structure in the atrium called the sinoatrial node ( SAN ) is the pacemaker for the heart . However , the complexity and heterogeneity intrinsic to this structure has made it difficult to determine some aspects of sinoatrial node function . Here we use a computational approach , based on e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "cardiovascular", "disorders/arrhythmias,", "electrophysiology,", "and", "pacing", "biophysics", "computational", "biology" ]	2010	Determinants of Heterogeneity, Excitation and Conduction in the Sinoatrial Node: A Model Study
Human facial morphology is a combination of many complex traits . Little is known about the genetic basis of common facial morphological variation . Existing association studies have largely used simple landmark-distances as surrogates for the complex morphological phenotypes of the face . However , this can result in ...	Heritability of human facial appearance is an intriguing question to the general public and researchers . Although it is known that some facial features are highly heritable , the exact genetic basis is unknown . Previous studies used simple linear measurements such as landmark distances , to evaluate the facial shape ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Detecting Genetic Association of Common Human Facial Morphological Variation Using High Density 3D Image Registration
Ultraconserved elements ( UCEs ) are strongly depleted from segmental duplications and copy number variations ( CNVs ) in the human genome , suggesting that deletion or duplication of a UCE can be deleterious to the mammalian cell . Here we address the process by which CNVs become depleted of UCEs . We begin by showing...	Ultraconserved elements ( UCEs ) display a level of sequence conservation that has defied explanation . They are also dosage sensitive , being depleted from copy number variants ( CNVs ) in healthy cells . Here we address the process underlying this dosage sensitivity in order to gain insights into the way that UCE dos...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "complexity", "genomics", "genome", "evolution", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2014	Abnormal Dosage of Ultraconserved Elements Is Highly Disfavored in Healthy Cells but Not Cancer Cells
HIV avoids elimination by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ( CTLs ) through the evolution of escape mutations . Although there is mounting evidence that these escape pathways are broadly consistent among individuals with similar human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) class I alleles , previous population-based studies have been limite...	One of the enduring challenges facing HIV vaccine design is the remarkable rate of viral mutation and adaptation that limits the ability of the immune system to mount a lasting effective response . This rapid rate of mutation leads to extensive within- and between-host viral diversity that makes creation of a broadly r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/comparative", "genomics", "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "the", "immune", "system", "virology/vaccines", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "computational", "biology/evolutionary...	2008	Phylogenetic Dependency Networks: Inferring Patterns of CTL Escape and Codon Covariation in HIV-1 Gag
It is estimated that the Earth’s biocapacity is unable to meet current demands , which begs the question: is a sustainable future possible for both humans and the environment ? The UN projects a human population of approximately 11 billion by the end of the 21st century; requiring additional agricultural land , greater...	There exist human population projections and models of agricultural expansion or land-use change patterns . However , the ability to combine feedbacks and concepts of population growth and land-use change into a simple dynamical model is a unique feature that allows us to firstly generate realistic predictions using re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "death", "rates", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "population", "dynamics", "social", "sciences", "biodiversity", "land", "use", "population", "growth", "population", "biology", "human", "geography", "geography", "ecosystems", "agriculture", "sustainability...	2018	How ecological feedbacks between human population and land cover influence sustainability
The pairing of homologous chromosomes is a fundamental feature of the meiotic cell . In addition , a number of species exhibit homolog pairing in nonmeiotic , somatic cells as well , with evidence for its impact on both gene regulation and double-strand break ( DSB ) repair . An extreme example of somatic pairing can b...	In addition to their number and structure , the position and spatial dynamics of chromosomes are under tight control , as direct interactions between chromosomes can contribute to the activation or repression of genes . Here , we focus on a particular type of interaction , known as somatic homolog pairing , which occur...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Identification of Genes That Promote or Antagonize Somatic Homolog Pairing Using a High-Throughput FISH–Based Screen
Although asexual reproduction via clonal propagation has been proposed as the principal reproductive mechanism across parasitic protozoa of the Leishmania genus , sexual recombination has long been suspected , based on hybrid marker profiles detected in field isolates from different geographical locations . The recent ...	Sexual reproduction is predicted to be a rare event in Leishmania parasites , as evidenced by detection of rare parasite hybrids in natural populations using molecular methods . Recently , a sexual cycle has been detected experimentally in parasites within the sand fly vector ( that transmits this pathogenic microorgan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "population", "genetics", "microbiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "parastic", "protozoans", "phylogenetics", "leishmania", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "veterinary", "science", "infectious", "diseases", "veterinary", "diseases", "zoonotic", "diseases", ...	2014	Genomic Confirmation of Hybridisation and Recent Inbreeding in a Vector-Isolated Leishmania Population
Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) , a widely distributed systemic disease caused by infection with the Leishmania donovani complex ( L . donovani and L . infantum ) , is almost always fatal if symptomatic and untreated . A rapid point-of-care diagnostic test for anti-Leishmania antibodies , the rK39-immunochromatographic t...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a systemic disease with highest prevalence in South Asia , East Africa , and Brazil . VL is caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex , transmitted to humans when an infected sandfly takes a bloodmeal . Within the human host , the parasites replicate within cells ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "humoral", "immunity", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "immunity", "leishmaniasis", "immunoassays", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "biology", "immunologic", "techniques", "parasitic", "diseases", "immune", "response"...	2014	Significantly Lower Anti-Leishmania IgG Responses in Sudanese versus Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis
A major goal of cancer genomics is to identify somatic mutations that play a role in tumor initiation or progression . Somatic mutations within transcription factors are of particular interest , as gene expression dysregulation is widespread in cancers . The substantial gene expression variation evident across tumors s...	Recent large-scale cancer genomics initiatives have revealed that tumor cells typically have numerous genetic alterations , only a small subset of which play a functional role in cancer . Thus , discovering cancer-relevant mutations from tumor sequencing data is a major goal of cancer genomics . Here , we aimed to unco...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "missense", "mutation", "biochemistry", "mutation", "substitution", "mutation", "point", "mutation", "proteins", "zinc", "finger", "domains", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "protein", "domains", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "dna-binding", "proteins", "somati...	2018	Two critical positions in zinc finger domains are heavily mutated in three human cancer types
Circadian clocks are endogenous time-keeping systems that temporally organize biological processes . Gating of cell cycle events by a circadian clock is a universal observation that is currently considered a mechanism serving to protect DNA from diurnal exposure to ultraviolet radiation or other mutagens . In this stud...	Circadian clock and cell cycle are two important biological processes that are essential for nearly all eukaryotes . The circadian clock governs day and night 24 h periodic molecular processes and physiological behaviors , while cell cycle controls cell division process . It has been widely observed that cell division ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/systems", "biology" ]	2008	Modeling the Effects of Cell Cycle M-phase Transcriptional Inhibition on Circadian Oscillation
In animals , the population genomic literature is dominated by two taxa , namely mammals and drosophilids , in which fully sequenced , well-annotated genomes have been available for years . Data from other metazoan phyla are scarce , probably because the vast majority of living species still lack a closely related refe...	The analysis of genomic variation between individuals of a given species has so far been restricted to a small number of model organisms , such as human and fruitfly , for which a fully sequenced , well-annotated reference genome was available . Here we show that , thanks to next-generation high-throughput sequencing t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "adaptation", "genome", "evolution", "natural", "selection", "population", "genetics", "comparative", "genomics", "biology", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology", "genomic", "evolution", "evolutionary", "processes", "genetic", "drift", ...	2013	Reference-Free Population Genomics from Next-Generation Transcriptome Data and the Vertebrate–Invertebrate Gap
Nucleosomes are important for gene regulation because their arrangement on the genome can control which proteins bind to DNA . Currently , few human nucleosomes are thought to be consistently positioned across cells; however , this has been difficult to assess due to the limited resolution of existing data . We perform...	Within the nucleus of the cell , the genome of eukaryotic organisms is tightly packaged into chromatin . Chromatin is composed of a repeating series of bead-like nucleosomes , each of which is encircled 1 . 7 times by a string of DNA . The organization of nucleosomes on the genome is fundamentally important because the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "functional", "genomics", "genetic", "polymorphism", "gene", "regulation", "molecular", "genetics", "biology", "computational", "biology", "population", "genetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2012	Controls of Nucleosome Positioning in the Human Genome
Humoral immunity plays an important role in controlling dengue virus ( DENV ) infection . Antibodies ( Abs ) developed during primary infection protect against subsequent infection with the same dengue serotype , but can enhance disease following secondary infection with a heterologous serotype . A DENV virion has two ...	The four serotypes of the mosquito-borne dengue virus ( DENV ) cause an estimated 390 million human infections per annum . Symptomatic infection can manifest itself as a self-limiting febrile illness , dengue fever ( DF ) , or as more severe and potentially life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever ( DHF ) , and dengue...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Antibodies against Immature Virions Are Not a Discriminating Factor for Dengue Disease Severity
Marek’s Disease Virus ( MDV ) is an alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens , transforms CD4+ T cells and causes deadly lymphomas . In addition , MDV induces immunosuppression early during infection by inducing cell death of the infected lymphocytes , and potentially due to activation of regulatory T ( Treg ) -cells . F...	Treg cells are crucial for the maintenance of tolerance and control of immune responses , especially during viral infection and tumour formation . Marek’s Disease Virus ( MDV ) infection causes immunosuppression and induces transformation of CD4+ T cells in chicken . Here we demonstrate that a population of chicken CD4...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "spleen", "immunology", "biological", "cultures", "immune", "suppression", "vertebrates", "animals", "throat", "signs", ...	2017	Association of Marek’s Disease induced immunosuppression with activation of a novel regulatory T cells in chickens
Combinatorial sensor arrays , such as the olfactory system , can detect a large number of analytes using a relatively small number of receptors . However , the complex pattern of receptor responses to even a single analyte , coupled with the non-linearity of responses to mixtures of analytes , makes quantitative predic...	Mammalian and insect olfactory systems are combinatorial in nature - instead of activating a single specialized receptor , each analyte invokes a complex pattern of responses across the receptor array . The advantage of such systems lies in their ability to detect a large number of analytes with a relatively small numb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "analytical", "chemistry", "chemistry", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biophysics" ]	2011	Decoding Complex Chemical Mixtures with a Physical Model of a Sensor Array
The bloodstream lifecycle stage of the kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei relies solely on glucose metabolism for ATP production , which occurs in peroxisome-like organelles ( glycosomes ) . Many studies have been conducted on glucose uptake and metabolism , but none thus far have been able to monitor changes in...	African sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma brucei . Tens of millions of people living in endemic areas are at risk for the disease . Within the mammalian bloodstream , T . brucei parasites sustain all their energy needs by metabolizing glucose present in the host’s blood within specialized organelles known as g...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "biosensors", "flow", "cytometry", "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "chemical", "compounds", "engineering", "and", "technology", "carbohydrates", "glucose", "metabolism", "parasitic", "protozoans", "organic", "compounds", "glucose", "fluorophotometry", "trypanosoma", "brucei", ...	2018	A FRET flow cytometry method for monitoring cytosolic and glycosomal glucose in living kinetoplastid parasites
Virulence of the nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis is crucially linked to formation of adherent biofilms on artificial surfaces . Biofilm assembly is significantly fostered by production of a bacteria derived extracellular matrix . However , the matrix composition , spatial organization , and relevance of ...	Biofilm formation is a key phenotype allowing the otherwise harmless skin commensal S . epidermidis to establish chronic implant-associated infections , affecting millions of patients worldwide . S . epidermidis biofilm assembly relies on the production of an extracellular matrix that serves as glue to stabilize the mu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	An 18 kDa Scaffold Protein Is Critical for Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Formation
Plant parasitic nematodes must be able to locate and feed from their host in order to survive . Here we show that Pratylenchus coffeae regulates the expression of selected cell-wall degrading enzyme genes relative to the abundance of substrate in root exudates , thereby tailoring gene expression for root entry of the i...	Plant parasitic nematodes feed from plant roots to support their development . In order to enter and reproduce within the host the nematode must interact with the components exuded by the root . The components are known to vary between individual plant species thus presenting different challenges for the nematode . We ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "walls", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "cellulose", "plant", "cell", "biology", "parasitic", "diseases", "organic", "compounds", "nematode", "infections", "plant", "cell", "walls", "plant", "science", "model", "organisms", ...	2019	Plant-parasitic nematodes respond to root exudate signals with host-specific gene expression patterns
There is increasing evidence that non-coding macroRNAs are major elements for silencing imprinted genes , but their mechanism of action is poorly understood . Within the imprinted Gnas cluster on mouse chromosome 2 , Nespas is a paternally expressed macroRNA that arises from an imprinting control region and runs antise...	Genomic imprinting is a process resulting in expression of genes according to parental origin . Some imprinted genes are expressed when paternally derived and others when maternally derived . Thus imprinted genes are monoallelically expressed and one copy has to be silenced . There is evidence that some long non-coding...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression" ]	2011	Uncoupling Antisense-Mediated Silencing and DNA Methylation in the Imprinted Gnas Cluster
HIV-1 Gag drives a number of events during the genesis of virions and is the only viral protein required for the assembly of virus-like particles in vitro and in cells . Although a reasonable understanding of the processes that accompany the later stages of HIV-1 assembly has accrued , events that occur at the initiati...	Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) assembles at the plasma membrane of the infected host cell , resulting in the release of infectious virus particles . HIV assembly is directed by the viral structural protein , Gag that performs a number of functions including specific recruitment of viral genomic RNA and multimeriz...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses" ]	2010	Analysis of the Initiating Events in HIV-1 Particle Assembly and Genome Packaging
The population structure of an organism reflects its evolutionary history and influences its evolutionary trajectory . It constrains the combination of genetic diversity and reveals patterns of past gene flow . Understanding it is a prerequisite for detecting genomic regions under selection , predicting the effect of p...	Much of the modern field of population genetics is premised on particular models of what an organism's population structure is and how it behaves . The classic models generally start with the idea of a single randomly mating population that has reached an evolutionary equilibrium . Many models relax some of these assum...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology/plant", "genomes", "and", "evolution", "ecology/evolutionary", "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology/plant", "genomes", "and", "evolution", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "ecology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/plant", "genomes", "and", "evolution", ...	2010	The Scale of Population Structure in Arabidopsis thaliana
Expansions of DNA trinucleotide repeats cause at least 17 inherited neurodegenerative diseases , such as Huntington's disease . Expansions can occur at frequencies approaching 100% in affected families and in transgenic mice , suggesting that specific cellular proteins actively promote ( favor ) expansions . The infere...	The human genome contains numerous DNA trinucleotide repeats , which mutate infrequently in most situations . However , in families affected by certain inherited neurological diseases such as Huntington's , a trinucleotide repeat has undergone an expansion mutation that lengthens the repeat tract . This expansion is ge...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	Histone Deacetylase Complexes Promote Trinucleotide Repeat Expansions
The promoter regions of many genes contain multiple binding sites for the same transcription factor ( TF ) . One possibility is that this multiplicity evolved through transitional forms showing redundant cis-regulation . To evaluate this hypothesis , we must disentangle the relative contributions of different evolution...	TFs regulate gene expression by binding to specific sequences in the promoter regions of their target genes . Promoters often contain multiple copies of the same TF binding sites . How does this multiplicity evolve ? One possibility is that individuals with multiple , redundant binding sites have higher fitness . Howev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "computational", "biology/population", "genetics", "computational", "biology/transcriptional", "regulation", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "computational", "biology/evolutionary", "modeling", "evolutionary", "biology/bioinformatics" ]	2010	Redundancy and the Evolution of Cis-Regulatory Element Multiplicity
The kinetochore is a protein complex that assembles on centromeric DNA to mediate chromosome–microtubule interaction . Most eukaryotic cells form the spindle and establish kinetochore–microtubule interaction during mitosis , but budding yeast cells finish these processes in S-phase . It has long been noticed that the S...	The interaction of spindle microtubules with chromosomes is essential for proper segregation of chromosomes into two daughter cells . Most eukaryotic cells form spindles and establish the chromosome–microtubule interaction after DNA replication , but the chromosomes in budding yeast are attached by spindle microtubules...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/nuclear", "structure", "and", "function", "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling" ]	2008	The Coordination of Centromere Replication, Spindle Formation, and Kinetochore–Microtubule Interaction in Budding Yeast
Genome-wide association studies ( GWAS ) aim to identify genetic variants related to diseases by examining the associations between phenotypes and hundreds of thousands of genotyped markers . Because many genes are potentially involved in common diseases and a large number of markers are analyzed , it is crucial to dev...	Almost all published genome-wide association studies are based on single-marker analysis . Intuitively , joint consideration of multiple markers should be more informative when multiple genes and their interactions are involved in disease etiology . For example , an exhaustive search among models involving multiple mar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "mathematics/statistics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2009	Statistical Power of Model Selection Strategies for Genome-Wide Association Studies
Cells generally adapt to environmental changes by first exhibiting an immediate response and then gradually returning to their original state to achieve homeostasis . Although simple network motifs consisting of a few genes have been shown to exhibit such adaptive dynamics , they do not reflect the complexity of real c...	Homeostasis is an inherent property of biological systems , which have a general tendency to adapt , i . e . , to recover their original state following environmental changes . In cells , this adaptation is mediated by changes in protein expression . Initially , cells respond to environmental changes by altered gene/pr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "physics", "theoretical", "biology", "biophysics", "theory", "regulatory", "networks", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biophysics", "simulations", "biophysics" ]	2013	Cooperative Adaptive Responses in Gene Regulatory Networks with Many Degrees of Freedom
Q fever is a highly infectious disease with a worldwide distribution . Its causative agent , the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii , infects a variety of vertebrate species , including humans . Its evolutionary origin remains almost entirely unknown and uncertainty persists regarding the identity and lifestyle ...	How virulent infectious diseases emerge from non-pathogenic organisms is a challenging question . Here , we address this evolutionary issue in the case of Q fever . Its causative agent , the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii , is extremely infectious to humans and a variety of animals . However , uncertainty pe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Recent Evolution of a Maternally-Inherited Endosymbiont of Ticks Led to the Emergence of the Q Fever Pathogen, Coxiella burnetii
The recently launched veterinary anthelmintic drench for sheep ( Novartis Animal Health Inc . , Switzerland ) containing the nematocide monepantel represents a new class of anthelmintics: the amino-acetonitrile derivatives ( AADs ) , much needed in view of widespread resistance to the classical drugs . Recently , it wa...	Increased use of anthelmintics has contributed to the emergence of drug-resistant nematodes , causing serious problems for more than one billion sheep worldwide . The last class of compounds indicated for livestock was introduced 28 years ago . Recently , however , Novartis AH developed a new anthelmintic active agains...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/comparative", "genomics", "computational", "biology/comparative", "sequence", "analysis", "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections", "computational", "biology/genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/pharmacogenomics", "infectious", "diseases/antim...	2010	Phylogenomics of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels Predicts Monepantel Effect
The tomato—Pseudomonas syringae pv . tomato ( Pst ) —pathosystem is one of the best understood models for plant-pathogen interactions . Certain wild relatives of tomato express two closely related members of the same kinase family , Pto and Fen , which recognize the Pst virulence protein AvrPtoB and activate effector-t...	Plant pathogenic bacteria inject effector proteins into plant cells to suppress immune responses and cause disease . The causal agent of bacterial speck , Pseudomonas syringae pv . tomato , is an important pathogen of tomato and a model system to study molecular plant-pathogen interactions . Here we report new insights...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "community", "ecology", "organismal", "evolution", "plant", "science", "plant", "microbiology", "ecology", "parasitism", "trophic", "interactions", "microbial", "evolution", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "microbiology", "species", "interactions", "evolutionary", "...	2014	Pto Kinase Binds Two Domains of AvrPtoB and Its Proximity to the Effector E3 Ligase Determines if It Evades Degradation and Activates Plant Immunity
The knowledge of multiple conformational states is a prerequisite to understand the function of membrane transport proteins . Unfortunately , the determination of detailed atomic structures for all these functionally important conformational states with conventional high-resolution approaches is often difficult and uns...	Knowledge of multiple conformational states of membrane transport proteins is a prerequisite to understand their function . However , the determination of atomic structures for all these states with conventional high-resolution approaches can be very challenging due to inherent difficulties in high yield purification o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Structural Refinement of Proteins by Restrained Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Non-interacting Molecular Fragments
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi ) , the causative agent of the typhoid fever , is a pathogen of great public health importance . Typhoid vaccines have the potential to be cost-effective measures towards combating this disease , yet the antigens triggering host protective immune responses are largely unkno...	Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi ) is the causative agent of the life-threatening typhoid fever that affects 11 . 9–20 . 6 million individuals annually in low-income and middle-income countries . The T-cells , CD4+ and CD8+ T cells , play a significant role in protection against S . Typhi infection . Yet ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "cloning", "salmonella", "typhi", "bacterial", "diseases", "enterobacteriaceae", "chaperone", "proteins",...	2017	Use of a novel antigen expressing system to study the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi protein recognition by T cells
The normal aging process is associated with stereotyped changes in gene expression , but the regulators responsible for these age-dependent changes are poorly understood . Using a novel genomics approach , we identified HOX co-factor unc-62 ( Homothorax ) as a developmental regulator that binds proximal to age-regulate...	The normal aging process in Caenorhabditis elegans involves coordinated changes in expression of about a thousand genes . In order to find upstream regulators responsible for these aging genes , we used a genomics approach to screen for transcription factors that bind to them . We focused on one such regulator , unc-62...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genome", "expression", "analysis", "functional", "genomics", "animal", "genetics", "gene", "regulation", "anatomy", "and", "physiology", "dna", "transcription", "animal", "models", "physiological", "processes", "developmental", "biology", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "mo...	2013	Roles of the Developmental Regulator unc-62/Homothorax in Limiting Longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans
T cell paralysis is a main feature of measles virus ( MV ) induced immunosuppression . MV contact mediated activation of sphingomyelinases was found to contribute to MV interference with T cell actin reorganization . The role of these enzymes in MV-induced inhibition of T cell activation remained equally undefined as t...	Though the ability of measles virus ( MV ) to impair T cell activation has long been known , it is mechanistically not well understood . We have shown earlier that MV can contact dependently trigger activation of sphingomyelinases which is known to affect compartmentalization of membrane lipids and proteins . Because t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "sphingolipids", "immunology", "immune", "suppression", "microbiology", "lymphocyte", "activation", "immune", "system", "proteins", "lipids", "viral", "immune", "evasion", "proteins", "cell", "adhesion", "transmembrane", "receptors", "immune", "response", "immunopathology",...	2014	Neutral Sphingomyelinase in Physiological and Measles Virus Induced T Cell Suppression
African trypanosomiasis is a deadly neglected disease caused by the extracellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei . Current therapies are characterized by high drug toxicity and increasing drug resistance mainly associated with loss-of-function mutations in the transporters involved in drug import . The introduction of new...	Drug resistance is complicating the treatment of parasitic diseases including African trypanosomiasis , a fatal disease if left untreated . Development of a vaccine is unlikely due to parasite antigenic variation . Current chemotherapy relies primarily on four drugs . Three of these drugs access the cell’s interior thr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Specific Cell Targeting Therapy Bypasses Drug Resistance Mechanisms in African Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma congolense is a major constraint to animal health in sub-Saharan Africa . Unfortunately , the treatment of the disease is impaired by the spread of drug resistance . Resistance to diminazene aceturate ( DA ) in T . congolense is linked to a mutation modifying the functioning of a P2...	Trypanosomosis is responsible for the death of 3 million heads of cattle yearly , with 50 million animals at risk in sub-Saharan Africa . DA , a commonly used drug against the disease , was marketed decades ago . Drug resistance is reported in 21 African countries . A common argument about the origin of drug resistance...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "veterinary", "diseases", "veterinary", "parasitology", "protozoology", "biology", "microbiology", "veterinary", "science" ]	2011	High Prevalence of Drug Resistance in Animal Trypanosomes without a History of Drug Exposure
In contrast to many countries where rabies has been well controlled in humans and livestock , even in wildlife , rabies is still endemic in almost regions of China . In Northwest China , rabies transmitted by stray dogs and wild foxes has caused heavy economic losses to local herdsmen , as well as causing numbers of hu...	Rabies virus continues to cross carnivorous species and to infect humans and livestock in China . Rabies vaccination of the principal reservoir animals is even now being neglected in most regions of China , resulting in continuous expansion of rabies epidemics . Since there is no oral vaccine for stray dogs and wild an...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "livestock", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "ruminants", "china", "pathogens", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "geographical", "locations", "vertebrates", "animals", "mammals", "viruses", "vacci...	2016	Rabies Outbreaks and Vaccination in Domestic Camels and Cattle in Northwest China
The synaptonemal complex ( SC ) is a conserved protein structure that holds homologous chromosome pairs together throughout much of meiotic prophase I . It is essential for the formation of crossovers , which are required for the proper segregation of chromosomes into gametes . The assembly of the SC is likely to be re...	Meiosis is a cellular division required for the formation of gametes , and therefore sexual reproduction . Accurate chromosome segregation is dependent on the formation of crossovers , the exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes . A key process in the formation of crossovers is the assembly of the synaptonemal c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "genetics", "cell", "biology", "chromosome", "biology", "heredity", "gene", "identification", "and", "analysis", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cell", "processes", "gene", "function" ]	2014	The CSN/COP9 Signalosome Regulates Synaptonemal Complex Assembly during Meiotic Prophase I of Caenorhabditis elegans
Gain-of-function mutations in the human CaV2 . 1 gene CACNA1A cause familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 ( FHM1 ) . To characterize cellular problems potentially triggered by CaV2 . 1 gains of function , we engineered mutations encoding FHM1 amino-acid substitutions S218L ( SL ) and R192Q ( RQ ) into transgenes of Droso...	Prior research has demonstrated that gain-of-function mutations in a gene important for neurotransmission ( CACNA1A ) cause migraine in humans . We attempted to mimic some of those gain-of-function mutations in a simple genetic model organism and to examine neurotransmission by electrophysiology . Our findings yield po...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "nervous", "system", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "animals", "migraine", "headaches", "animal", "models", "drosophila", "melanogaster", ...	2018	Drosophila CaV2 channels harboring human migraine mutations cause synapse hyperexcitability that can be suppressed by inhibition of a Ca2+ store release pathway
Trade or sharing that moves infectious planting material between farms can , for vertically-transmitted plant diseases , act as a significant force for dispersal of pathogens , particularly where the extent of material movement may be greater than that of infected vectors or inoculum . The network over which trade occu...	Cassava brown streak disease affects yields of cassava , an important subsistence crop in Uganda . Relatively little is known about the disease and how it spreads across a landscape , especially regarding the importance of trade in moving infected planting material . Despite this , a number of different strategies are ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "vector-borne", "diseases", "plant", "science", "plant", "pathology", "infectious", "disease", "control", "plants", "cassava", "infectious", "diseases...	2017	Spatial dynamics and control of a crop pathogen with mixed-mode transmission
The Never in Mitosis A ( NIMA ) kinase ( the founding member of the Nek family of kinases ) has been considered a mitotic specific kinase with nuclear restricted roles in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans . By extending to A . nidulans the results of a synthetic lethal screen performed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae u...	All organisms have to integrate cell growth , and often the polarization of cell growth , with the rate of progression through the cell cycle . One of the most highly polarized modes of growth found in nature is displayed by the ubiquitous filamentous fungi . How the regulation of mitotic divisions is linked to polariz...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "aspergillus", "nidulans", "mitosis", "mycology", "fungi", "model", "organisms", "cell", "division", "genetic", "screens", "cell", "growth", "gene", "identification", "and", "analysis", "genetics", "membranes", "and", "sorting", "molecular", "genetics", "yeast", "and"...	2014	Identification of Interphase Functions for the NIMA Kinase Involving Microtubules and the ESCRT Pathway
Salmonella enterica utilizes a type III secretion system ( TTSS ) encoded in its pathogenicity island 1 to mediate its initial interactions with intestinal epithelial cells , which are characterized by the stimulation of actin cytoskeleton reorganization and a profound reprogramming of gene expression . These responses...	Salmonella Typhimurium is a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide . Central to S . Typhimurium's pathogenesis is its ability to induce intestinal inflammation , which is initiated by several bacterial proteins injected into intestinal epithelial cells by a nanomachine known as the type III secretion system . We sh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "microbiology/innate", "immunity" ]	2009	Selective Inhibition of Type III Secretion Activated Signaling by the Salmonella Effector AvrA
Due to the lack of fossil evidence , the timescales of bacterial evolution are largely unknown . The speed with which genetic change accumulates in populations of pathogenic bacteria , however , is a key parameter that is crucial for understanding the emergence of traits such as increased virulence or antibiotic resist...	Because fossils of bacteria do not exist or are morphologically indeterminate , the timescales of bacterial evolution are widely unknown . We have investigated the short-term evolution of a particular strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) , a notorious cause of hospital-associated infections . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics" ]	2010	A Timescale for Evolution, Population Expansion, and Spatial Spread of an Emerging Clone of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a severe disease caused by infection with protozoa of the genus Leishmania . Classic VL is characterized by a systemic infection of phagocytic cells and an intense activation of the inflammatory response . It is unclear why 90% of infected individuals do not develop the disease while a ...	Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) is a systemic , and the most severe , form of leishmaniasis . VL has high morbidity and leads to death if not properly treated . The interactions between the parasite and the host immune response lead to different clinical manifestations ( either asymptomatic , oligosymptomatic or symptoma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "inflammatory", "diseases", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "cytokines", "immune", "cells", "spleen", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans...	2016	The Severity of Visceral Leishmaniasis Correlates with Elevated Levels of Serum IL-6, IL-27 and sCD14
Cell division , endocytosis , and viral budding would not function without the localization and assembly of protein complexes on membranes . What is poorly appreciated , however , is that by localizing to membranes , proteins search in a reduced space that effectively drives up concentration . Here we derive an accurat...	In a multitude of cellular processes , including cell division and endocytosis , proteins must bind to one another to form large multi-protein complexes . To initiate the formation of these critical multi-protein assemblies at the right time and the right place , the constituent proteins must be present at sufficient c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Methods" ]	[ "membrane", "proteins", "biochemistry", "biochemical", "simulations", "lipids", "peripheral", "membrane", "proteins", "protein", "complexes", "membrane", "protein", "complexes", "cell", "biology", "protein", "interactions", "proteins", "protein-lipid", "interactions", "biol...	2018	Cytosolic proteins can exploit membrane localization to trigger functional assembly
Trachoma and Guinea Worm Disease ( GWD ) are neglected tropical diseases ( NTD ) slated for elimination as a public health problem and eradication respectively by the World Health Organization . As these programs wind down , uncovering the last cases becomes an urgent priority . In 2010 , Ghana Health Services , along ...	Trachoma and Guinea Worm Disease ( GWD ) are neglected tropical diseases slated for elimination as a public health problem and eradication respectively by the World Health Organization . As these programs wind down , uncovering the last cases becomes an urgent priority in order to confirm that eradiation and eliminatio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dracunculiasis", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "disease", "eradication", "tropical", "diseases", "geographical", "locations", "parasitic", "diseases", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "bacterial", "diseases", "eye", "diseases", "neglecte...	2018	Achieving the endgame: Integrated NTD case searches
RNA interference is among the most important mechanisms that serve to restrict virus replication within mosquitoes , where microRNAs ( miRNAs ) are important in regulating viral replication and cellular functions . These miRNAs function by binding to complementary sequences mostly in the untranslated regions of the tar...	Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits pathogenic viruses like chikungunya virus ( CHIKV ) . Inside the vector , the virus replicates in a way so that it is able to survive within the mosquito without causing damage to it . However , once in the mammalian host , it becomes pathogenic and induces death to the infected cells ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "togaviruses", "chikungunya", "infection", "3'", "utr", "natural", "antisense", "transcripts", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "messenger", "rna", "tropical", "dis...	2019	Aedes aegypti microRNA, miR-2944b-5p interacts with 3'UTR of chikungunya virus and cellular target vps-13 to regulate viral replication
Lymphedema of the leg and its advanced form , known as elephantiasis , are significant causes of disability and morbidity in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) , with an estimated 14 million persons affected worldwide . The twin goals of the World Health Organization’s Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic F...	The tropical disease lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) causes chronic swelling of the leg—lymphedema—in 14 million people worldwide . To stop the spread of LF , a program led by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) offers annual preventive drug treatment to affected communities . For people who already have lymphedema , WHO...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	The Effect of Hygiene-Based Lymphedema Management in Lymphatic Filariasis-Endemic Areas: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Sexually transmitted infections spread across contact networks . Partner elicitation and notification are commonly used public health tools to identify , notify , and offer testing to persons linked in these contact networks . For HIV-1 , a rapidly evolving pathogen with low per-contact transmission rates , viral genet...	Understanding the path over which viruses such as HIV have been transmitted may be crucial for directing public health resources and guiding policy decisions . Contact tracing of named sexual and injection drug-use partners of people recently diagnosed with HIV is an indispensible tool for reconstructing this transmiss...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "genetic", "networks", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "microbiology", "retroviruses", "viruses", "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "rna", "viruses", "network", "analysis", "microbial", "genetics", "genetic"...	2017	Social and Genetic Networks of HIV-1 Transmission in New York City
Many viruses interface with the autophagy pathway , a highly conserved process for recycling cellular components . For three viral infections in which autophagy constituents are proviral ( poliovirus , dengue , and Zika ) , we developed a panel of knockouts ( KOs ) of autophagy-related genes to test which components of...	Viruses often co-opt host cellular processes to replicate their genomes and spread to other cells . Many of these cellular pathways provide good targets for antiviral drugs , as they are less likely to develop resistance since they are encoded in the host and not the fast-evolving viral genome . The autophagy pathway i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "death", "dengue", "virus", "autophagic", "cell", "death", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "hela", "cells", "pathogens", "cell", "processes", "biological", "cultures", "microbiology", "viruses", "rna", "...	2019	Differential and convergent utilization of autophagy components by positive-strand RNA viruses
Escherichia coli does not routinely import manganese , but it will do so when iron is unavailable , so that manganese can substitute for iron as an enzyme cofactor . When intracellular manganese levels are low , the cell induces the MntH manganese importer plus MntS , a small protein of unknown function; when manganese...	The model organism Escherichia coli can employ manganese to activate a variety of enzymes , but it does so only when iron is unavailable or the cell is assaulted by oxidants . Under those stress conditions , E . coli activates the synthesis of its MntH manganese importer . However , manganese can also be toxic , and ov...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	The Escherichia coli Small Protein MntS and Exporter MntP Optimize the Intracellular Concentration of Manganese
Invasive Salmonella infection is an important health problem that is worsening because of rising antimicrobial resistance and changing Salmonella serovar spectrum . Novel vaccines with broad serovar coverage are needed , but suitable protective antigens remain largely unknown . Here , we tested 37 broadly conserved Sal...	Salmonella infections cause extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide . A vaccine that prevents systemic Salmonella infections is urgently needed but suitable antigens remain largely unknown . In this study we identified several antigen candidates that mediated protective immunity to Salmonella in a mouse typhoid fev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunizations", "adaptive", "immunity", "immunity", "immunity", "to", "infections", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "salmonella", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "bacterial", "pathogens" ]	2012	Immunity to Intracellular Salmonella Depends on Surface-associated Antigens
BCA2 ( Rabring7 , RNF115 or ZNF364 ) is a RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase that was identified as a co-factor in the restriction imposed by tetherin/BST2 on HIV-1 . Contrary to the current model , in which BCA2 lacks antiviral activity in the absence of tetherin , we found that BCA2 possesses tetherin-independent antivi...	Tetherin ( also known as BST2 , CD317 or HM1 . 24 ) is an interferon-inducible cellular factor that interferes with the release of enveloped viruses from infected cells . A recent study identified BCA2 ( Breast Cancer-Associated gene 2 , also known as RNF115 , ZNF364 or Rabring7 ) , a RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "immunity", "medical", "microbiology", "virology", "viral", "pathogens", "host-pathogen", "interactions", "microbial", "path...	2014	BCA2/Rabring7 Targets HIV-1 Gag for Lysosomal Degradation in a Tetherin-Independent Manner
During programmed cell death , apoptotic cells are recognized and rapidly engulfed by phagocytes . Although a number of genes have been identified that promote cell corpse engulfment , it is not well understood how phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is negatively regulated . Here we have identified Caenorhabditis elegans ...	Clearance of dead cells is crucial for normal animal development . Cell corpses are recognized , engulfed , and removed by phagocytic cells . However , the mechanisms that regulate phagocytosis are still not well understood , especially the ways in which the process is inhibited ( negatively regulated ) . We screened t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "function", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "discovery", "developmental", "biology", "developmental", "biology/developmental", "molecular", "mechanisms" ]	2009	Caenorhabditis elegans Myotubularin MTM-1 Negatively Regulates the Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells
The mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) complex 2 ( mTORC2 ) is a multimeric signaling unit that phosphorylates protein kinase B/Akt following hormonal and growth factor stimulation . Defective Akt phosphorylation at the mTORC2-catalyzed Ser473 site has been linked to schizophrenia . While human imaging and animal s...	Schizophrenia is a disorder caused by multiple genetic and environmental variables . Despite the disease's heterogeneous causes , current hypotheses suggest that dysfunction of dopamine signaling in the brain is one of the final common pathways involved . One gene that may be involved encodes the protein kinase Akt , w...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience", "pharmacology" ]	2010	Dysregulation of the Norepinephrine Transporter Sustains Cortical Hypodopaminergia and Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors in Neuronal Rictor Null Mice
The Type Three Secretion System ( T3SS ) , or injectisome , is a macromolecular infection machinery present in many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria . It consists of a basal body , anchored in both bacterial membranes , and a hollow needle through which effector proteins are delivered into the target host cell . Two d...	Gram-negative bacteria use a molecular machinery called the Type Three Secretion System ( T3SS ) to deliver toxic proteins to the host cell . Our research group has recently solved the structure of the extracellular T3SS needle of Salmonella typhimurium . Employing solid-state NMR , we could determine local structure p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "macromolecular", "assemblies", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	The Common Structural Architecture of Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhimurium Type Three Secretion Needles
Rabies is a zoonotic disease that has been prevalent in humans and animals for centuries in Ethiopia and it is often dealt with using traditional practices . There is lack of accurate quantitative information on rabies both in humans and animals in Ethiopia and little is known about the awareness of the people about th...	Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects all mammals including humans . Domestic dog is the main source of rabies for humans and livestock in developing countries . Rabies has been prevalent in Ethiopia for centuries , affecting humans and livestock . In this study we estimated the incidence of the disease in North...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "veterinary", "science" ]	2013	Incidence of Rabies in Humans and Domestic Animals and People's Awareness in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia
Epigenetic modifications of the herpesviral genome play a key role in the transcriptional control of latent and lytic genes during a productive viral lifecycle . In this study , we describe for the first time a comprehensive genome-wide ChIP-on-Chip analysis of the chromatin associated with the Kaposi's sarcoma-associa...	KSHV is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that establishes a life-long persistent infection in humans and is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and several lymphoid malignancies . During latency , the KSHV genome persists as a multicopy circular DNA assembled into nucleosomal structures . While viral latency is characterized by r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics", "virology/persistence", "and", "latency", "virology/viral", "replication", "and", "gene", "regulation", "virology/viruses", "and", "cancer" ]	2010	Epigenetic Analysis of KSHV Latent and Lytic Genomes
Environmental change drives demographic and evolutionary processes that determine diversity within and among species . Tracking these processes during periods of change reveals mechanisms for the establishment of populations and provides predictive data on response to potential future impacts , including those caused b...	In order to understand how biodiversity is generated and maintained over time , we need to understand the process by which populations form and diverge . Natural variation within species is typically partitioned among populations , which sometimes forms the basis for speciation events . One mechanism for the establishm...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/population", "genetics", "ecology/global", "change", "ecology", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "ecology" ]	2009	Rapid Response of a Marine Mammal Species to Holocene Climate and Habitat Change
Decision making is a vital component of human and animal behavior that involves selecting between alternative options and generating actions to implement the choices . Although decisions can be as simple as choosing a goal and then pursuing it , humans and animals usually have to make decisions in dynamic environments ...	In high-pressure situations , such as driving on a highway or flying a plane , people have limited time to select between competing options while acting . Each option is usually accompanied with reward benefits ( e . g . , avoid traffic ) and action costs ( e . g . , fuel consumption ) that characterize the value of th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	A Biologically Plausible Computational Theory for Value Integration and Action Selection in Decisions with Competing Alternatives
Drug combinations are a promising approach to achieve high efficacy at low doses and to overcome resistance . Drug combinations are especially useful when drugs cannot achieve effectiveness at tolerable doses , as occurs in cancer and tuberculosis ( TB ) . However , discovery of effective drug combinations faces the ch...	Drug combinations are important to increase efficacy and reduce resistance of treatment for infection and cancer . The major challenge is the vast number of experiments needed to scan the space of combination in order to find rare synergistic drugs and their optimal doses . In the past few years there has been an advan...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "dose", "prediction", "methods", "drugs", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "mathematical", "models", "tuberculosis", "drug", "discovery", "bacterial", "diseases", "antibiotic", "resistance", "pharmaceutics", ...	2019	Prediction of ultra-high-order antibiotic combinations based on pairwise interactions
Elevated C-reactive protein ( CRP ) concentrations in the blood are associated with acute and chronic infections and inflammation . Nevertheless , the functional role of increased CRP in multiple bacterial and viral infections as well as in chronic inflammatory diseases remains unclear . Here , we studied the relations...	Chronic inflammation is associated with chronic diseases , morbidity and mortality while lower base inflammation levels are thought to be predictive of healthy aging . Thus , to pursue a long and healthy lifespan , it is essential to understand the inflammatory regulatory mechanisms . To that end , we studied the funct...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "sequencing", "techniques", "inflammatory", "diseases", "complement", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "c-reactive", "proteins", "body", "fluids", "immune", "physiology", "biological", "cultures", "immunology", "social", "sciences", "cell", "cultures", ...	2017	C-reactive protein upregulates the whole blood expression of CD59 - an integrative analysis
Adherence-mediated colonization plays an important role in pathogenesis of microbial infections , particularly those caused by extracellular pathogens responsible for systemic diseases , such as Treponema pallidum subsp . pallidum ( T . pallidum ) , the agent of syphilis . Among T . pallidum adhesins , TP0136 is known ...	The study of Treponema pallidum subsp . pallidum ( T . pallidum ) proteins that mediate adhesion to host tissue components is pivotal to understand how the syphilis agent establishes infection and is able to invade virtually every organ system following dissemination from the site of entry . This study focuses on T . p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[]	2015	Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum TP0136 Protein Is Heterogeneous among Isolates and Binds Cellular and Plasma Fibronectin via its NH2-Terminal End
A motor cortex-based brain-computer interface ( BCI ) creates a novel real world output directly from cortical activity . Use of a BCI has been demonstrated to be a learned skill that involves recruitment of neural populations that are directly linked to BCI control as well as those that are not . The nature of interac...	The neurons in the human brain are densely interlaced , sharing upwards of 100 trillion physical connections . It is widely theorized that this tremendous connectivity is one of the facets of our nervous system that enables human intelligence . In this study , over the course of a week , human subjects learned to use e...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neural", "networks", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "brain", "neuroscience", "signal", "filtering", "butterworth", "filters", "human", "factors", "engineering", "tongue", "digestive", "system", "fron...	2016	Cortico-Cortical Interactions during Acquisition and Use of a Neuroprosthetic Skill
Two cardinal manifestations of viral immunity are efficient clearance of acute infection and the capacity to vaccinate against secondary viral exposure . For noroviruses , the contributions of T cells to viral clearance and vaccination have not been elucidated . We report here that both CD4 and CD8 T cells are required...	Human noroviruses are the most common cause of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the world . Despite their importance as human pathogens , little is known about how the immune system controls and clears norovirus infection , and the potential and mechanisms of vaccination remain unclear . Here , we used noroviru...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/animal", "models", "of", "infection", "virology/vaccines" ]	2008	Immune Mechanisms Responsible for Vaccination against and Clearance of Mucosal and Lymphatic Norovirus Infection
Phenotypic variation in natural populations results from a combination of genetic effects , environmental effects , and gene-by-environment interactions . Despite the vast amount of genomic data becoming available , many pressing questions remain about the nature of genetic mutations that underlie functional variation ...	We performed genome-wide association mapping analysis in maize for 41 different phenotypes in order to identify which types of variants are more likely to be important for controlling traits . We took advantage of a large mapping population ( roughly 5000 recombinant inbred lines ) and nearly 30 million segregating var...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genome-wide", "association", "studies", "cereal", "crops", "quantitative", "trait", "association", "studies", "statistical", "analysis", "of", "genetic", "association", "genomics", "plant", "science", "crop", "science", "genome", "analysis", "crops", "maize", "genetics...	2014	Association Mapping across Numerous Traits Reveals Patterns of Functional Variation in Maize
The DNA deaminase APOBEC3G converts cytosines to uracils in retroviral cDNA , which are immortalized as genomic strand G-to-A hypermutations by reverse transcription . A single round of APOBEC3G-dependent mutagenesis can be catastrophic , but evidence suggests that sublethal levels contribute to viral genetic diversity...	HIV uses its accessory protein Vif to shield itself from lethal mutagenesis by cellular APOBEC3 proteins . The APOBEC3-Vif interaction is therefore a promising target for drug development , and a clear definition of all proteins involved on both sides of this critical host-pathogen conflict is crucial . However , apart...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "virology", "hiv", "retrovirology", "and", "hiv", "immunopathogenesis", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "diseases" ]	2012	Endogenous Origins of HIV-1 G-to-A Hypermutation and Restriction in the Nonpermissive T Cell Line CEM2n
Bacterial infections targeting the bloodstream lead to a wide array of devastating diseases such as septic shock and meningitis . To study this crucial type of infection , its specific environment needs to be taken into account , in particular the mechanical forces generated by the blood flow . In a previous study usin...	Certain infectious agents reach the bloodstream and succeed in surviving and multiplying at this site . This stage of the infection is associated with a life-threatening condition . The Gram-negative bacterium meningococcus , responsible for septicemia and meningitis , stands out as a paradigm of such a pathogen . Desp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "cell", "biology", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis" ]	2009	Extracellular Bacterial Pathogen Induces Host Cell Surface Reorganization to Resist Shear Stress
GWAS of prostate cancer have been remarkably successful in revealing common genetic variants and novel biological pathways that are linked with its etiology . A more complete understanding of inherited susceptibility to prostate cancer in the general population will come from continuing such discovery efforts and from ...	Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and is especially frequent in men of African origin , as incidence rates in African Americans in the United States are >1 . 5–fold greater than rates in European Americans . In order to gain a more complete understanding of the genetic basis of inherited suscepti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "public", "health", "and", "epidemiology/epidemiology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/genetics", "of", "disease", "genetics", "and", "genomics/complex", "traits", "genetics", "and", "genomics/cancer", "genetics" ]	2011	Characterizing Genetic Risk at Known Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Loci in African Americans
Obesity develops when caloric intake exceeds metabolic needs . Promoting energy expenditure represents an attractive approach in the prevention of this fast-spreading epidemic . Here , we report a novel pharmacological strategy in which a natural compound , narciclasine ( ncls ) , attenuates diet-induced obesity ( DIO ...	Obesity results from the imbalance of food intake and energy expenditure . Since the restriction of food intake is difficult and inefficient in maintaining long-term weight loss , enhancing energy expenditure is now an attractive approach in combating obesity . Here , we analysed the role in this process of a natural c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "skeletal", "muscles", "slow-twitch", "muscle", "fibers", "mathematics", "statistics", "(mathematics)", "skeletal", "muscle", "fibers", "mitochondria", "pharmacology", "bioenergetics", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", ...	2017	Narciclasine attenuates diet-induced obesity by promoting oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle
One in three people has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) , and the risk for MTB infection in HIV-infected individuals is even higher . We hypothesized that HIV-positive individuals living in tuberculosis-endemic regions who do not get infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis are genetically resistant...	Approximately one-third of the world’s population has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the bacterium that causes tuberculosis . A small number of those infected develop active disease; however , there is a substantial portion of exposed people who do not even show evidence of an immunological response . The...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tuberculin", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "genetic", "dominance", "population", "genetics", "genetic", "mapping", "population", "biology", "bacteria", "genetic", "polymorphism", "actinobacteria", "skin", "tests", "genetic", "loci", "haplotypes", "diagnostic",...	2017	A chromosome 5q31.1 locus associates with tuberculin skin test reactivity in HIV-positive individuals from tuberculosis hyper-endemic regions in east Africa
Cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) represent a feasible model for research on Chagas disease since natural T . cruzi infection in these primates leads to clinical outcomes similar to those observed in humans . However , it is still unknown whether these clinical similarities are accompanied by equivalent immun...	T . cruzi is the parasite responsible for Chagas disease , a neglected tropical illness , present in endemic and also in non-endemic countries . T . cruzi parasites are spread mainly by a vector’s bite but can also be transmitted by blood transfusion , organ transplant , laboratory accidents , congenitally and by inges...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Material", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "tropical", "diseases", "vertebrates", "biomarkers", "parasitic", "diseases", "parasitic", "protozoans", "animals", "mammals", "primates", "protozoans", "neglected", "tropical", ...	2016	Phenotypic Features of Circulating Leukocytes from Non-human Primates Naturally Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Resemble the Major Immunological Findings Observed in Human Chagas Disease
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi is a human-restricted intracellular pathogen and the cause of typhoid fever . Cellular immune responses are required to control and clear Salmonella infection . Despite this , there are limited data on cellular immune responses in humans infected with wild type S . Typhi . For this wo...	Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi infection is a significant global public health problem and the cause of typhoid fever . Salmonella are intracellular pathogens , and cellular immune responses are required to control and clear Salmonella infections . Despite this , there are limited data on cellular immune responses ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "immune", "cells", "t", "cells", "immunology", "biology", "microbiology", "salmonella", "bacterial", "pathogens", "immune", "response" ]	2011	Interferon-γ and Proliferation Responses to Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Proteins in Patients with S. Typhi Bacteremia in Dhaka, Bangladesh
ATP-dependent protease complexes are present in all living organisms , including the 26S proteasome in eukaryotes , Archaea , and Actinomycetales , and the HslVU protease in eubacteria . The structure of HslVU protease resembles that of the 26S proteasome , and the simultaneous presence of both proteases in one organis...	ATP-dependent protein-hydrolyzing enzyme complexes are present in all living organisms , including the 26S proteasome in eukaryotes and the HslVU complex in bacteria . A simultaneous presence of both complexes in an organism was originally deemed unlikely until some HslVU homologs were found in certain ancient eukaryot...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "molecular", "biology/dna", "replication", "biochemistry/replication", "and", "repair", "microbiology/parasitology" ]	2008	Identification of a Bacterial-Like HslVU Protease in the Mitochondria of Trypanosoma brucei and Its Role in Mitochondrial DNA Replication
Understanding how local protein modifications , such as binding small-molecule ligands , can trigger and regulate large-scale motions of large protein domains is a major open issue in molecular biology . We address various aspects of this problem by analyzing and comparing atomistic simulations of Hsp90 family represen...	Understanding the connections between structure , binding , dynamics and function in proteins is one of the most fascinating problems in biology and is actively investigated experimentally and computationally . In the latter context , significant advancements are possible by exposing the causal link between the fine at...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "physics", "chemistry", "biology", "computational", "biology", "chemical", "biology", "chemical", "physics", "biophysics" ]	2012	Corresponding Functional Dynamics across the Hsp90 Chaperone Family: Insights from a Multiscale Analysis of MD Simulations
Long-distance olfactory search behaviors depend on odor detection dynamics . Due to turbulence , olfactory signals travel as bursts of variable concentration and spacing and are characterized by long-tail distributions of odor/no-odor events , challenging the computing capacities of olfactory systems . How animals enco...	Long-distance olfactory search is a difficult task because atmospheric turbulence erases global gradients and makes the plume discontinuous . The dynamics of odor detections is the sole information about the position of the source . Male moths successfully track female pheromone plumes at large distances . Here we show...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "action", "potentials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "moths", "and", "butterflies", "engineering", "and", "technology", "signal", "processing", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "animals", "signal", "filtering", "co...	2017	Olfactory coding in the turbulent realm
The immune privileged nature of the CNS can make it vulnerable to chronic and latent infections . Little is known about the effects of lifelong brain infections , and thus inflammation , on the neurological health of the host . Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that can infect any mammalian nucleated cell with average wo...	The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects a third of the world’s population and causes a chronic lifelong infection in the brain of the host . The consequences of such an infection are poorly understood . Here , we demonstrate that Toxoplasma infection can induce profound changes in astrocyte physiology leading ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "neurochemistry", "nervous", "system", "astrocytes", "brain", "electrophysiology", "brain", "electrophysiology", "parasitic", "diseases", "neuroscience", "parasitic", "protozoans", "macroglial", "cells", "protozoans", "toxoplasma", "...	2016	GLT-1-Dependent Disruption of CNS Glutamate Homeostasis and Neuronal Function by the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Since the early 1990s more than 1 , 800 patients with lesions suspicious for Buruli ulcer disease ( BUD ) have been reported from Togo . However , less than five percent of these were laboratory confirmed . Since 2007 , the Togolese National Buruli Ulcer Control Program has been supported by the German Leprosy and Tube...	Buruli ulcer disease ( BUD ) is an emerging disease particularly affecting children under the age of 15 years . Due to scarring and contractures BUD may lead to severe functional disability . Introduction of antimycobacterial treatment necessitated the laboratory confirmation of BUD , and WHO recommends confirmation of...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "buruli", "ulcer", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases" ]	2011	Laboratory Confirmation of Buruli Ulcer Disease in Togo, 2007–2010
Varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) is a highly prevalent human pathogen that establishes latency in neurons of the peripheral nervous system . Primary infection causes varicella whereas reactivation results in zoster , which is often followed by chronic pain in adults . Following infection of epithelial cells in the respir...	Varicella zoster virus ( VZV ) causes two main pathologies in humans , chickenpox during primary infection , and shingles following reactivation . The latter is a painful condition that is often followed by chronic pain in a large numbers of shingles patients . Despite the existence of a vaccine , shingles-related comp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "invertebrates", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "drugs", "immunology", "animals", "developmental", "biology", "pharmacology", "heparin", "white", "blood", "cells", "animal", "cells", "proteins", "t", ...	2017	Varicella zoster virus glycoprotein C increases chemokine-mediated leukocyte migration
Schistosomiasis affects millions of people , yet treatment options are limited . The antimalarial Synriam ( piperaquine 150 mg/arterolane 750 mg ) and the anthelminthic moxidectin revealed promising antischistosomal properties in preclinical or clinical studies . We conducted two single-blind , randomized exploratory P...	Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection that affects millions of people all over the world and it is due to schistosomes , helminths ( worms ) that infect the intestine and the urinary bladder . Treatment options are limited , with praziquantel being the only used drug . The antimalarial Synriam and the anthelminthic ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "schistosoma", "invertebrates", "schistosoma", "mansoni", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "clinical", "research", "design", "helminths", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "urine", "research", "design", "age", "groups"...	2016	Efficacy and Safety of Moxidectin, Synriam, Synriam-Praziquantel versus Praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni Infections: A Randomized, Exploratory Phase 2 Trial
Upon contact with human plasma , bacteria are rapidly recognized by the complement system that labels their surface for uptake and clearance by phagocytic cells . Staphylococcus aureus secretes the 16 kD Extracellular fibrinogen binding protein ( Efb ) that binds two different plasma proteins using separate domains: th...	Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of severe bacterial infections in both hospital and community settings . Due to its increasing resistance to antibiotics , development of additional therapeutic strategies like vaccination is required to control this pathogen . Vaccination attempts against S . aureus have not be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Phagocytosis Escape by a Staphylococcus aureus Protein That Connects Complement and Coagulation Proteins at the Bacterial Surface
African Americans have the highest rate of mortality due to coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . Although multiple loci have been identified influencing CHD risk in European-Americans using a genome-wide association ( GWAS ) approach , no GWAS of incident CHD has been reported for African Americans . We performed a GWAS fo...	In the United States , African Americans are at high risk for coronary heart disease ( CHD ) . Although environmental and social factors have a role , genetic factors also contribute to CHD risk and mortality . Research to identify genetic factors for CHD susceptibility has been carried out mostly in Europeans and Euro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2011	Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Incident Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in African Americans: A Short Report
Septins are a family of eukaryotic GTP binding proteins conserved from yeasts to humans . Originally identified in mutants of budding yeast , septins participate in diverse cellular functions including cytokinesis , organization of actin networks , cell polarity , vesicle trafficking and many others . Septins assemble ...	Schistosoma mansoni is one of the causative agents of schistosomiasis , a neglected tropical disease affecting over 230 million people in the developing world . Research on new therapies for this parasitic disease has been facilitated by the recent publication of a curated draft sequence of the schistosome genome . Her...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Septins of Platyhelminths: Identification, Phylogeny, Expression and Localization among Developmental Stages of Schistosoma mansoni
Herpes simplex virus type 1 ( HSV-1 ) latency in sensory ganglia such as trigeminal ganglia ( TG ) is associated with a persistent immune infiltrate that includes effector memory CD8+ T cells that can influence HSV-1 reactivation . In C57BL/6 mice , HSV-1 induces a highly skewed CD8+ T cell repertoire , in which half o...	Most HSV-1 disease , including potentially blinding herpes stromal keratitis , results from sporadic reactivation of latent HSV-1 within sensory ganglia . Latently infected ganglia of humans and mice are associated with a persistent immune infiltrate of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells , with ganglionic CD8+ T cells capable of bl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "flow", "cytometry", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immunology", "ocular", "anatomy", "microbiology", "cytotoxic", "t", "cells", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "specimen", "preparation", "and", "treatment", ...	2017	Influence of an immunodominant herpes simplex virus type 1 CD8+ T cell epitope on the target hierarchy and function of subdominant CD8+ T cells
Cell migration and cell rearrangements are critical for establishment of the body plan of vertebrate embryos . The first step in organization of the body plan of the mouse embryo , specification of the anterior-posterior body axis , depends on migration of the anterior visceral endoderm from the distal tip of the embry...	The specification of the anterior-posterior body axis of the mouse embryo depends on migration of the anterior visceral endoderm ( AVE ) to a position that overlies the future head . By high-resolution imaging of intact embryos we show that movement of the AVE is a form of collective cell migration , as the migrating c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/embryology", "developmental", "biology/morphogenesis", "and", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology/morphogenesis", "and", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology/developmental", "molecular", "mechanisms", "developmental", "biology/pattern", "formation", "de...	2010	Rac1-Dependent Collective Cell Migration Is Required for Specification of the Anterior-Posterior Body Axis of the Mouse
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation shape tissue-type-specific proteomes , but their relative contributions remain contested . Estimates of the factors determining protein levels in human tissues do not distinguish between ( i ) the factors determining the variability between the abundances of different...	The identity of human tissues depends on their protein levels . Are tissue protein levels set largely by corresponding mRNA levels or by other ( post-transcriptional ) regulatory mechanisms ? We revisit this question based on statistical analysis of mRNA and protein levels measured across human tissues . We find that f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "tissue", "proteins", "gene", "regulation", "messenger", "rna", "post-transcriptional", "gene", "regulation", "genome", "analysis", "kidneys", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "genomics", "proteins", "gene", "expression"...	2017	Post-transcriptional regulation across human tissues
Epstein Barr virus ( EBV ) is one of the most ubiquitous human pathogens in the world , persistently infecting more than 90% of the adult human population . It drives some of the strongest human CD8+ T cell responses , which can be observed during symptomatic primary infection known as infectious mononucleosis ( IM ) ....	Since its discovery as a tumor virus by Epstein and colleagues in 1964 , Epstein-Barr virus ( EBV ) has been implicated in many serious diseases , including infectious mononucleosis , Burkitt’s lymphoma , and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease . Currently , in vivo studies are lacking to understand the compreh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "innate", "immune", "system", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "cytokines", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "cd", "coreceptors", "pathogens"...	2019	CD8+ T cells retain protective functions despite sustained inhibitory receptor expression during Epstein-Barr virus infection in vivo
There are few detailed etiologic studies of severe anemia in children from malaria-endemic areas and none in those countries with holoendemic transmission of multiple Plasmodium species . We examined associates of severe anemia in 143 well-characterized Papua New Guinean ( PNG ) children aged 0 . 5–10 years with hemogl...	Severe anemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality , and it is relatively common in developing countries . To establish the causes of severe anemia in a part of the world in which infection ( especially malaria ) , malnutrition and genetic predisposition are prevalent , we studied children from Papua Ne...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "plasmodium", "falciparum", "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "plasmodium", "vivax", "nutrition", "malaria", "vitamins", "malnutrition", "parasitic", "diseases", "anemia", "hematology" ]	2012	Severe Anemia in Papua New Guinean Children from a Malaria-Endemic Area: A Case-Control Etiologic Study
A computational approach to functional specialization suggests that brain systems can be characterized in terms of the types of computations they perform , rather than their sensory or behavioral domains . We contrasted the neural systems associated with two computationally distinct forms of predictive model: a reinfor...	To interact effectively with the environment , brains must predict future events based on past and current experience . Predictions associated with different behavioural domains of the brain are often associated with different algorithmic forms . For example , whereas the motor system makes dynamic moment-by-moment pre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Brain Systems for Probabilistic and Dynamic Prediction: Computational Specificity and Integration
C-type lectins are a family of proteins with carbohydrate-binding activity . Several C-type lectins in mammals or arthropods are employed as receptors or attachment factors to facilitate flavivirus invasion . We previously identified a C-type lectin in Aedes aegypti , designated as mosquito galactose specific C-type le...	Dengue virus ( DENV ) , a mosquito-borne flavivirus , is currently the most significant arbovirus afflicting tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide . No vaccine or therapeutics are available , and dengue has rapidly spread over the last decade . Therefore , additional strategies to combat dengue are urgently nee...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "emerging", "infectious", "diseases", "vector", "biology", "virology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2014	Transmission-Blocking Antibodies against Mosquito C-Type Lectins for Dengue Prevention
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe infections often characterized by robust neutrophilic infiltration . Neutrophils provide the first line of defense against P . aeruginosa . Aside from their defense conferred by phagocytic activity , neutrophils also release neutrophil extracellular tra...	Pseudomonas aeruginosa leaves a large footprint in human disease because it causes infections in immunocompromised patients . Its ability to quickly adapt to diverse environments and to form biofilms poses a significant challenge to the medical community . Neutrophil granulocytes , professional phagocytes found cruisin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "blood", "cells", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "oxides", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", ...	2016	Swimming Motility Mediates the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induced by Flagellated Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Flexibility in neuronal circuits has its roots in the dynamical richness of their neurons . Depending on their membrane properties single neurons can produce a plethora of activity regimes including silence , spiking and bursting . What is less appreciated is that these regimes can coexist with each other so that a tra...	It is often not appreciated that different activity regimes can coexist with each other in a given neuron so that a transient stimulus can cause a persistent change of activity . Such multistability of the neuronal dynamics has in fact been shown in a variety of neurons and can play either a functional role or present ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "circuit", "models", "motor", "systems", "physics", "neural", "networks", "computational", "neuroscience", "single", "neuron", "function", "biophysics", "theory", "biology", "computational", "biology", "biophysics", "neuroscience" ]	2013	High Prevalence of Multistability of Rest States and Bursting in a Database of a Model Neuron
Proliferation and morphogenesis in eukaryotic cells depend on the concerted activity of Rho-type GTPases , including Ras , Cdc42 , and Rac . The sexually dimorphic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans , which encodes paralogous , non-essential copies of all three , provides a unique model in which to examine the interactions...	Infection with the organism Cryptococcus neoformans leads to inflammation of the brain and is lethal if left untreated . Our efforts to understand the ability of this fungus to grow in the human body have lead us to a model for cell growth that is applicable both to other pathogens and to human biology . In earlier wor...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "genetics", "biology", "microbiology", "molecular", "cell", "biology" ]	2013	Ras1 Acts through Duplicated Cdc42 and Rac Proteins to Regulate Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis in the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
We study the evolution of cooperation in a model of indirect reciprocity where people interact in public and private situations . Public interactions have a high chance to be observed by others and always affect reputation . Private interactions have a lower chance to be observed and only occasionally affect reputation...	We study the evolution of cooperation based on reputation . This mechanism is called indirect reciprocity . In a world of binary reputations , people help a good individual but do not help a bad one . They also monitor their own reputation to receive reciprocation from others . We propose a novel model of indirect reci...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Models", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Reputation Effects in Public and Private Interactions
Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that causes birth defects in newborns and life-threatening complications in immunocompromised individuals . Among all human herpesviruses , HCMV contains a much larger dsDNA genome within a similarly-sized capsid compared to the others , and it was proposed to ...	Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) causes birth defects in newborns and life-threatening complications in immunocompromised individuals , such as AIDS patients and organ transplant recipients . The smallest capsid protein ( SCP ) – only 8 kDa molecular mass as compared to the 155 kDa major capsid protein – has been demonst...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "ribozymes", "structure", "prediction", "protein", "structure", "genomics", "viral", "core", "proteins", "structural", "proteins", "biology", "viral", "packaging", "viral", "replication", "tegument", "proteins", "biochemistry", "nucle...	2013	The Smallest Capsid Protein Mediates Binding of the Essential Tegument Protein pp150 to Stabilize DNA-Containing Capsids in Human Cytomegalovirus
Cell polarization via asymmetrical distribution of structures or molecules is essential for diverse cellular functions and development of organisms , but how polarity is developmentally controlled has been poorly understood . In plants , the asymmetrical distribution of the PIN-FORMED ( PIN ) proteins involved in the c...	Formation of cell polarity is a process of distributing cellular structures or molecules in an asymmetric manner . This process plays an important role in the generation of diverse cell forms and types . In plants , the quintessential hormone auxin is important for diverse physiological functions , including growth and...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "plant", "biology", "biology" ]	2012	ROP GTPase-Dependent Actin Microfilaments Promote PIN1 Polarization by Localized Inhibition of Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis

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