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The ability of pathogens to escape the host's immune response is crucial for the establishment of persistent infections and can influence virulence . Recombination has been observed to contribute to this process by generating novel genetic variants . Although distinctive recombination patterns have been described in ma...	Recombination allows mixing portions of genomes of different origins , generating chimeric genes and genomes . With respect to the random generation of new mutations , it can lead to the simultaneous insertion of several substitutions , introducing more drastic changes in the genome . Furthermore , recombination is exp...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "virology/virus", "evolution", "and", "symbiosis", "molecular", "biology/recombination", "molecular", "biology/molecular", "evolution", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses", "molecular", "biology/bioinformatics" ]	2009	Molecular Mechanisms of Recombination Restriction in the Envelope Gene of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Beta-diversity , the change in species composition between places , is a critical but poorly understood component of biological diversity . Patterns of beta-diversity provide information central to many ecological and evolutionary questions , as well as to conservation planning . Yet beta-diversity is rarely studied ac...	Beta-diversity—how species composition varies from place to place—is a fundamental attribute of biodiversity . However , despite its recognized importance , beta-diversity is rarely studied across large spatial scales . Here we use a new method to compare amphibian , bird , and mammal beta-diversity across large region...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "ecology" ]	2007	Putting Beta-Diversity on the Map: Broad-Scale Congruence and Coincidence in the Extremes
Poliovirus ( PV ) 2CATPase is the most studied 2C protein in the Picornaviridae family . It is involved in RNA replication , encapsidation and uncoating and many inhibitors have been found that target PV 2CATPase . Despite numerous investigations to characterize its functions , a high-resolution structure of PV 2C has ...	Since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative , the number of poliomyelitis cases has significantly reduced but obstacles to disease eradication remain . In the endgame phase , anti-poliovirus drugs will be critical in controlling transmission of vaccine-derived polioviruses and in treating patients with ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "crystal", "structure", "chemical", "compounds", "molecular", "mass", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzymes", "pathogens", "condensed", "matter", "physics", "enzymology", "microbiology", "organic", "compounds", "...	2018	Crystal structure of a soluble fragment of poliovirus 2CATPase
Individuals exposed to malaria infections for a long time develop immune responses capable of blocking Plasmodium transmission to mosquito vectors , potentially limiting parasite spreading in nature . Development of a malaria TB vaccine requires a better understanding of the mechanisms and main effectors responsible fo...	Here we assessed the host , vector , and parasite factors for membrane feeding assay using Plasmodium vivax and Anopheles albimanus mosquitoes and samples from endemic regions of Colombia . This membrane feeding assay method allowed more efficient assessment of the presence of TB activity in sera of individuals from ma...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "parasite", "groups", "oocysts", "plasmodium", "gametocytes", "tropical", "diseases", "parasitic", "diseases", "animals", "parasitic", "protozoans", "parasitology", "germ", "cells", "bacterial", "diseases", "apicom...	2016	Optimization of a Membrane Feeding Assay for Plasmodium vivax Infection in Anopheles albimanus
For sensory signals to control an animal's behavior , they must first be transformed into a format appropriate for use by its motor systems . This fundamental problem is faced by all animals , including humans . Beyond simple reflexes , little is known about how such sensorimotor transformations take place . Here we de...	Many behavioral tasks rely on sensory information . This information , however , needs to be transformed into a format that is compatible with the requirements of motor systems . In this study we characterize the neural basis of such a sensorimotor transformation in a model system . Flies , like humans , stabilize thei...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2008	Visuomotor Transformation in the Fly Gaze Stabilization System
Combining structural proteomics experimental data with computational methods is a powerful tool for protein structure prediction . Here , we apply a recently-developed approach for de novo protein structure determination based on the incorporation of short-distance crosslinking data as constraints in discrete molecular...	As the population ages , neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease will become an increasing problem in many countries . Aggregation of the protein α-synuclein is the primary cause of Parkinson’s disease , but there is still a dearth of structural information pertaining to the native , non-aggregating form...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "discussion" ]	[ "chemical", "bonding", "molecular", "dynamics", "protein", "structure", "prediction", "protein", "structure", "intrinsically", "disordered", "proteins", "physical", "chemistry", "protein", "structure", "determination", "proteins", "chemistry", "cross-linking", "molecular", ...	2019	Conformational ensemble of native α-synuclein in solution as determined by short-distance crosslinking constraint-guided discrete molecular dynamics simulations
The number of mRNA and protein molecules expressed from a single gene molecule fluctuates over time . These fluctuations have been attributed , in part , to the random transitioning of promoters between transcriptionally active and inactive states , causing transcription to occur in bursts . However , the molecular bas...	In eukaryotes , such as plants , fungi , and animals , the DNA is wrapped around basic protein cores called nucleosomes at more or less regular intervals . This wrapping discourages transcription , the first step in gene expression . By isolating PHO5 gene molecules from yeast cells and analyzing their structure by ele...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics", "biology" ]	2013	Linking Stochastic Fluctuations in Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression
The cell's cytoplasm is crowded by its various molecular components , resulting in a limited solvent capacity for the allocation of new proteins , thus constraining various cellular processes such as metabolism . Here we study the impact of the limited solvent capacity constraint on the metabolic rate , enzyme activiti...	The concentration of enzymes and metabolites is continuously adjusted in order to achieve specific metabolic demands . It is highly likely that during evolution global metabolic regulation has evolved such as to achieve a given metabolic demand with an optimal use of intracellular resources . However , the size of enzy...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/metabolic", "networks" ]	2008	Impact of Limited Solvent Capacity on Metabolic Rate, Enzyme Activities, and Metabolite Concentrations of S. cerevisiae Glycolysis
Reference panels from the 1000 Genomes ( 1000G ) Project Consortium provide near complete coverage of common and low-frequency genetic variation with minor allele frequency ≥0 . 5% across European ancestry populations . Within the European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology ( ENGAGE ) Consortium , we have und...	Human genetic studies have demonstrated that quantitative human anthropometric and metabolic traits , including body mass index , waist-hip ratio , and plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin , are highly heritable , and are established risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases . Although many r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Discovery and Fine-Mapping of Glycaemic and Obesity-Related Trait Loci Using High-Density Imputation
The adaptive landscape analogy has found practical use in recent years , as many have explored how their understanding can inform therapeutic strategies that subvert the evolution of drug resistance . A major barrier to applications of these concepts is a lack of detail concerning how the environment affects adaptive l...	The adaptive landscape analogy describes the process of evolution by examining how individual mutations in a gene or genome affect the reproductive success of an organism . In certain cases , it can offer insight into what pathways evolution is likely to take in moving between different phenotypes . The analogy has bee...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "organismal", "evolution", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pyrimethamine", "drugs", "microbiology", "antimalarials", "epistasis", "microbial", "evolution", "pharmacology", "evolutionary", "adaptation", "fitness", "epistasis", "evolutionary", "genetics", "heredity", ...	2016	Adaptive Landscape by Environment Interactions Dictate Evolutionary Dynamics in Models of Drug Resistance
Vaccinia virus envelope protein A27 has multiple functions and is conserved in the Orthopoxvirus genus of the poxvirus family . A27 protein binds to cell surface heparan sulfate , provides an anchor for A26 protein packaging into mature virions , and is essential for egress of mature virus ( MV ) from infected cells . ...	Mature vaccinia virus has more than 20 envelope proteins , including the A27 protein , which has multiple functions in the virus life cycle . During virus entry , A27 mediates the attachment of mature vaccinia virus to cell surface heparan sulfate . A27 also tethers a viral fusion suppressor protein , A26 , to mature v...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "viral", "attachment", "viral", "vaccines", "viral", "envelope", "viral", "entry", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "virology", "emerging", "viral", "diseases", "microbial", "pathogens", "biology", "microbiology", "viral", "structure", "pathogenesis" ]	2013	Crystal Structure of Vaccinia Viral A27 Protein Reveals a Novel Structure Critical for Its Function and Complex Formation with A26 Protein
In this paper we propose a model of visually guided route navigation in ants that captures the known properties of real behaviour whilst retaining mechanistic simplicity and thus biological plausibility . For an ant , the coupling of movement and viewing direction means that a familiar view specifies a familiar directi...	The interest in insect navigation from diverse disciplines such as psychology and engineering is to a large extent because performance is achieved with such limited brain power . Desert ants are particularly impressive navigators , able to rapidly learn long , visually guided foraging routes . Their elegant behaviours ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "animal", "models", "computer", "science", "model", "organisms", "computer", "modeling", "biology", "computational", "biology" ]	2012	A Model of Ant Route Navigation Driven by Scene Familiarity
Several myopathies are associated with defects in autophagic and lysosomal degradation of glycogen , but it remains unclear how glycogen is targeted to the lysosome and what significance this process has for muscle cells . We have established a Drosophila melanogaster model to study glycogen autophagy in skeletal muscl...	Lysosomes are organelles that work as a disposal system for the cell . It is known that lysosomes can degrade glycogen and that defects in this function trigger the accumulation of vesicles containing glycogen in animals that lead to vacuolar myopathies—diseases that result in muscle weakness . However , it remains unc...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Role of Autophagy in Glycogen Breakdown and Its Relevance to Chloroquine Myopathy
Phytopathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate their hosts for effective colonization . Hemibiotrophic fungi must maintain host viability during initial biotrophic growth and elicit host death for subsequent necrotrophic growth . To identify effectors mediating these opposing processes , we deeply sequenced the...	Many fungal plant pathogens undergo a series of developmental and morphological transitions required for successful host invasion . For example , Colletotrichum higginsianum , a pathogen of cruciferous plants , employs a two-stage infection strategy called ‘hemibiotrophy’: after specialized penetration organs ( appress...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "science", "plant", "biology", "plant", "pathology", "biology" ]	2012	Sequential Delivery of Host-Induced Virulence Effectors by Appressoria and Intracellular Hyphae of the Phytopathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum
The synaptonemal complex ( SC ) links two meiotic prophase chromosomal events: homolog pairing and crossover recombination . SC formation involves the multimeric assembly of coiled-coil proteins ( Zip1 in budding yeast ) at the interface of aligned homologous chromosomes . However , SC assembly is indifferent to homolo...	Sexually reproducing parents use meiosis to generate specialized cells in which chromosome sets are reduced from two to one . Accurate chromosome reduction relies on the prior establishment of pair-wise associations between homologous chromosomes ( homologs ) ; maintenance of paired associations typically occurs via in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "biology" ]	2012	Full-Length Synaptonemal Complex Grows Continuously during Meiotic Prophase in Budding Yeast
Helicobacter pylori ( H . pylori ) is the major risk factor for the development of gastric cancer . Our laboratory has reported that the Sonic Hedgehog ( Shh ) signaling pathway is an early response to infection that is fundamental to the initiation of H . pylori-induced gastritis . H . pylori also induces programmed d...	Gastric cancer is the 5th most common cancer worldwide and the 3rd most common cause of cancer-related death . Helicobacter pylori ( H . pylori ) infection is the major risk factor for the development of gastric cancer . Our laboratory has reported that the Sonic Hedgehog ( Shh ) signaling pathway is an early response ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "organoids", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "biological", "cultures", "immunology", "microbiology", "epithelial", "cells", "helicobacter", "parietal", "cells", "gas...	2019	Increased Programmed Death-Ligand 1 is an Early Epithelial Cell Response to Helicobacter pylori Infection
Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) survives under oxidatively hostile environments encountered inside host phagocytes . To protect itself from oxidative stress , Mtb produces millimolar concentrations of mycothiol ( MSH ) , which functions as a major cytoplasmic redox buffer . Here , we introduce a novel system for rea...	Approximately 30% of the global population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) . Persistence of Mtb in host phagocytes depends on its ability to resist oxidant-mediated antibacterial responses . Mycothiol ( MSH ) is the main antioxidant that provides an abundant source of reducing equivalent , which pro...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "medicine", "biochemistry", "infectious", "diseases", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2014	Reengineering Redox Sensitive GFP to Measure Mycothiol Redox Potential of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during Infection
Biological diversity on Earth depends on the multiplication of species or speciation , which is the evolution of reproductive isolation such as hybrid sterility between two new species . An unsolved puzzle is the exact mechanism ( s ) that causes two genomes to diverge from their common ancestor so that some divergent ...	Millions of species live on Earth , thanks to an evolutionary process that splits one species to two or more new species . The formation of new species is benchmarked by the evolution of reproductive isolation ( RI ) such as hybrid sterility between new species . The fundamental question of how RI evolves , however , r...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Sex Ratio Meiotic Drive as a Plausible Evolutionary Mechanism for Hybrid Male Sterility
We have previously reported on the functional interaction of Lipid II with human alpha-defensins , a class of antimicrobial peptides . Lipid II is an essential precursor for bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and an ideal and validated target for natural antibiotic compounds . Using a combination of structural , function...	Every year , an increasing number of people are at risk for bacterial infections that cannot be effectively treated . This is because many bacteria are becoming more resistant to antibiotics . Of particular concern is the rise in hospital-acquired infections . Infection caused by the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Turning Defense into Offense: Defensin Mimetics as Novel Antibiotics Targeting Lipid II
The expansion of urban ecosystems and climate change , both outcomes of massive lifestyle changes , contribute to a series of side effects such as environmental deterioration , spread of diseases , increased greenhouse gas emissions and introduction of invasive species . In the case of the Athens metropolitan area , an...	This paper is based on several years’ collaboration among researchers from various disciplines , key health policy makers and stakeholders in an attempt to evaluate the economic dimensions related to the presence of the Asian Tiger Mosquito ( Aedes albopictus ) and the challenges of tackling mosquito-borne disease outb...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "species", "colonization", "greece", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "european", "union", "invasive", "species", "chikungunya", "infection", "pathogens",...	2019	On lifestyle trends, health and mosquitoes: Formulating welfare levels for control of the Asian tiger mosquito in Greece
During spermatogenesis , mRNA localization and translation are believed to be regulated in a stage-specific manner . We report here that the Protamine2 ( Prm2 ) mRNA transits through chromatoid bodies of round spermatids and localizes to cytosol of elongating spermatids for translation . The transacting factor CBF-A , ...	During eukaryotic gene expression , a fraction of newly exported mRNA molecules is transported to the cellular periphery for translation . The underlying mechanisms are not fully understood even though they likely affect specialized functions in many cell types including oligodendrocyets , neurons and germ cells . We d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	The Transacting Factor CBF-A/Hnrnpab Binds to the A2RE/RTS Element of Protamine 2 mRNA and Contributes to Its Translational Regulation during Mouse Spermatogenesis
Strongyloidiasis is a truly neglected tropical disease , but its public health significance is far from being negligible . At present , only a few drugs are available for the treatment and control of strongyloidiasis . We investigated the activity of tribendimidine against third-stage larvae ( L3 ) of Strongyloides rat...	Although an estimated 30–100 million individuals are infected with the parasitic roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis , which can cause strongyloidiasis , it is a so-called neglected tropical disease . There are only very few drugs available for treating strongyloidiasis . We evaluated the strongyloicidal properties of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "infectious", "diseases/helminth", "infections" ]	2008	Strongyloides ratti: In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of Tribendimidine
The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 ( HIV-1 ) Rev protein regulates the nuclear export of intron-containing viral RNAs by recruiting the CRM1 nuclear export receptor . Here , we employed a combination of functional and phylogenetic analyses to identify and characterize a species-specific determinant within human CR...	HIV-1 requires multiple cellular co-factors to replicate , and non-human cells often carry species-specific variations in the genes encoding these co-factors that can prevent efficient replication . Here , the basis for murine cell-specific deficiencies in the late steps of HIV-1 replication is addressed . We show that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "virology", "biology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction" ]	2011	Evolution of a Species-Specific Determinant within Human CRM1 that Regulates the Post-transcriptional Phases of HIV-1 Replication
Whether epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) is always linked to increased tumorigenicity is controversial . Through microRNA ( miRNA ) expression profiling of mammary epithelial cells overexpressing Twist , Snail or ZEB1 , we identified miR-100 as a novel EMT inducer . Surprisingly , miR-100 inhibits the tumorige...	Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) in epithelial tumor cells has been shown to enhance migration , invasion and cancer ‘stemness’ . Here we demonstrate that a miRNA downregulated in human breast tumors , miR-100 , can simultaneously induce EMT and inhibit tumorigenesis , migration and invasion throu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "biology" ]	2014	miR-100 Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition but Suppresses Tumorigenesis, Migration and Invasion
Trachoma is a blinding disease , initiated in early childhood by repeated conjunctival infection with the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis . The population prevalence of the clinical signs of active trachoma; ‘‘follicular conjunctivitis” ( TF ) and/or ‘‘intense papillary inflammation” ( TI ) , gui...	Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide , caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis . Repeated infection of the conjunctiva during childhood can initiate chronic conjunctival inflammation . This can lead to conjunctival scarring , in turning of the eyelashes , abrasion of the eyelashes on th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chlamydia", "trachomatis", "pathogens", "drugs", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "geographical", "locations", "bacterial", "diseases", "tanzania", "antibiotics"...	2016	The Relationship between Active Trachoma and Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection before and after Mass Antibiotic Treatment
In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe , genetic evidence suggests that two mediators , Rad22 ( the S . pombe Rad52 homolog ) and the Swi5-Sfr1 complex , participate in a common pathway of Rhp51 ( the S . pombe Rad51 homolog ) –mediated homologous recombination ( HR ) and HR repair . Here , we have demonstrated...	Homologous recombination promotes genetic diversity in the next generation and serves as a driving force for evolution . It also provides efficient machinery for repairing DNA damage such as double-strand breaks . Homologous recombination involves DNA exchange between homologous chromosomes , which is mediated by evolu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "molecular", "biology" ]	2008	Reconstitution of DNA Strand Exchange Mediated by Rhp51 Recombinase and Two Mediators
Mother-to-child-transmission ( MTCT ) of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 ( HTLV-1 ) contributes disproportionately to the burden of HTLV-1 associated diseases . All preventive measures to avoid MTCT rely on the identification of infected mothers . However , the impact of pregnancy on HTLV-1 diagnosis has not bee...	Human T-cell lymphotropic virus ( HTLV ) can be transmitted from mother to child , mainly by breastfeeding . All preventive measures to avoid HTLV mother to child transmission depend on the identification of infected pregnant women . HTLV diagnosis is based on serological screening tests , confirmed by serology and/or ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Discussion" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "immune", "cells", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "maternal", "health", "obstetrics", "and", "gynecology", "enzyme-linked", "immunoassays", "pathogens", "immunology", "micr...	2019	Pregnancy does not adversely impact diagnostic tests for HTLV-1/2 infection
Buruli ulcer ( BU ) caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans is a devastating skin disease , occurring mainly in remote West African communities with poor access to health care . Early case detection and subsequent antibiotic treatment are essential to counteract the progression of the characteristic chronic ulcerative lesions...	According to the recommendations of the World Health Organization , the clinical diagnosis of BU should be reconfirmed by at least two laboratory techniques . However , out of the four currently available tests , three ( PCR , histopathology and cultivation of M . ulcerans ) can only be performed at centralized referen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Identification of the Mycobacterium ulcerans Protein MUL_3720 as a Promising Target for the Development of a Diagnostic Test for Buruli Ulcer
Tissue organization in epithelial organs is achieved during development by the combined processes of cell differentiation and morphogenetic cell movements . In the kidney , the nephron is the functional organ unit . Each nephron is an epithelial tubule that is subdivided into discrete segments with specific transport f...	The kidney's job is to maintain blood ion and metabolite concentrations in a narrow range that supports the function of all other organs . Blood is filtered and essential solutes are recovered in a structure called the nephron . Human kidneys have one million nephrons , while simpler kidneys like the zebrafish larval k...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "developmental", "biology" ]	2009	Collective Cell Migration Drives Morphogenesis of the Kidney Nephron
Functional neuroimaging research provides detailed observations of the response patterns that natural sounds ( e . g . human voices and speech , animal cries , environmental sounds ) evoke in the human brain . The computational and representational mechanisms underlying these observations , however , remain largely unk...	How does the human brain analyze natural sounds ? Previous functional neuroimaging research could only describe the response patterns that sounds evoke in the human brain at the level of preferential regional activations . A comprehensive account of the neural basis of human hearing , however , requires deriving comput...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2014	Encoding of Natural Sounds at Multiple Spectral and Temporal Resolutions in the Human Auditory Cortex
Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome ( HCPS ) is a disease caused by Hantavirus , which is highly virulent for humans . High temperatures and conversion of native vegetation to agriculture , particularly sugarcane cultivation can alter abundance of rodent generalist species that serve as the principal reservoir host for...	Hantavirus , hosted by rodent species , causes HCPS , a disease with a 50% mortality rate in humans . The conversion of native vegetation to sugarcane increases the abundance of hantavirus reservoir rodent species , augmenting disease risk . Additionally , temperature also has positive effects on disease risk because i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "atmospheric", "science", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "vertebrates", "social", "sciences", "animals", "mamma...	2017	Climate change and sugarcane expansion increase Hantavirus infection risk
Patterning of C . elegans vulval cell fates relies on inductive signaling . In this induction event , a single cell , the gonadal anchor cell , secretes LIN-3/EGF and induces three out of six competent precursor cells to acquire a vulval fate . We previously showed that this developmental system is robust to a four-fol...	Diversification of mechanisms regulating gene expression of key developmental factors is a major force in the evolution of development . However , in the past , comparisons of gene expression across different species have often been qualitative ( i . e . ‘expression is on versus off’ in a certain cell ) without precise...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "binding", "sequencing", "techniques", "cell", "physiology", "invertebrates", "caenorhabditis", "gene", "regulation", "regulatory", "proteins", "dna-binding", "proteins", "animals", "animal", "models", "developmental", "biology", "caenorhabditis", "elegans", "model"...	2016	Evolution of New cis-Regulatory Motifs Required for Cell-Specific Gene Expression in Caenorhabditis
Prions enter the environment from infected hosts , bind to a wide range of soil and soil minerals , and remain highly infectious . Environmental sources of prions almost certainly contribute to the transmission of chronic wasting disease in cervids and scrapie in sheep and goats . While much is known about the introduc...	Prion diseases such as chronic wasting disease and scrapie are emerging in North America at an increasing rate . Infectious prions are introduced into the environment from both living and dead animals where they can bind to soil . Little information is available on the effect of prion inactivation under conditions that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Mitigation of Prion Infectivity and Conversion Capacity by a Simulated Natural Process—Repeated Cycles of Drying and Wetting
Intrinsically disordered proteins ( IDPs ) are frequently associated with human diseases such as cancers , and about one-fourth of disease-associated missense mutations have been mapped into predicted disordered regions . Understanding how these mutations affect the structure-function relationship of IDPs is a formidab...	Tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated protein in human cancers . Clinical studies have suggested that the type of p53 mutation can be linked to cancer prognosis , response to drug treatment , and patient survival . It is thus crucial to understand the molecular basis of p53 inactivation by various types o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Modulation of the Disordered Conformational Ensembles of the p53 Transactivation Domain by Cancer-Associated Mutations
Exposure to the environmental toxin β-methylamino-L-alanine ( BMAA ) is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , but its disease-promoting mechanism remains unknown . We propose that incorporation of BMAA into the ALS-linked protein Cu , Zn superoxide dismutase ( SOD1 ) upon translation promotes protein misfol...	The environmental toxin β-methylamino-L-alanine ( BMAA ) has been linked to cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) , but the role of this compound in disease is unknown . We propose that BMAA becomes incorporated into the ALS-linked protein Cu , Zn superoxide dismutase ( SOD1 ) , destabilizing it and promoting ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "monomers", "enzymes", "neurodegenerative", "diseases", "amyotrophic", "lateral", "sclerosis", "enzymology", "dismutases", "organic", "compounds", "toxicology", ...	2019	β-Methylamino-L-alanine substitution of serine in SOD1 suggests a direct role in ALS etiology
Dengue virus ( DENV ) is the causative agent of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic shock syndrome . Dengue vaccine development is challenging because of the need to induce protection against four antigenically distinct DENV serotypes . Recent studies indicate that tetravalent DENV vaccines must induce balanced , serot...	Dengue virus ( DENV ) is the causative agent of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever . Yearly , over 350 million individuals in over 120 countries are infected . To establish protection through vaccination , one must induce simultaneous immunity against four antigenically distinct DENV serotypes . However , this i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dengue", "virus", "viral", "vaccines", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "immune", "physiology", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "engineering", "and", "technology", "pathogens", "immunology", "microbiology", "vaccines", "viruses", "preventive", "me...	2018	Nanoparticle delivery of a tetravalent E protein subunit vaccine induces balanced, type-specific neutralizing antibodies to each dengue virus serotype
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus ( CCHFV ) is a negative-strand RNA virus of the family Bunyaviridae ( genus: Nairovirus ) . In humans , CCHFV causes fever , hemorrhage , severe thrombocytopenia , and high fatality . A major impediment in precisely determining the basis of CCHFV’s high pathogenicity has been the l...	Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever ( CCHF ) is a severe viral disease characterized by rapid-onset fever , hemorrhage , and high case fatality rates . CCHF virus ( CCHFV ) , the causative agent of CCHF , is a negative-strand RNA virus of the family Bunyaviridae ( genus Nairovirus ) . No specific treatments or efficacious ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Recovery of Recombinant Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Reveals a Function for Non-structural Glycoproteins Cleavage by Furin
Associations between the level of single transcripts and single corresponding genetic variants , expression single nucleotide polymorphisms ( eSNPs ) , have been extensively studied and reported . However , most expression traits are complex , involving the cooperative action of multiple SNPs at different loci affectin...	Previous analysis charts ubiquitous associations between the level of single transcripts and single corresponding genetic variants , eSNPs . However , most expression traits are complex , involving the cooperative action of multiple SNPs at different loci affecting multiple genes . The basic structure of variants withi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genomics", "gene", "regulatory", "networks", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "computational", "biology" ]	2014	Co-regulated Transcripts Associated to Cooperating eSNPs Define Bi-fan Motifs in Human Gene Networks
Primary health care facilities frequently manage dengue cases on an ambulatory basis for the duration of the patient’s illness . There is a great opportunity for specific messaging , aimed to reduce dengue virus ( DENV ) transmission in and around the home , to be directly targeted toward this high-risk ambulatory pati...	In endemic countries many dengue cases are managed on an ambulatory basis throughout their illness . Many of these ambulatory cases will be infectious to Ae . aegypti mosquitoes for some period of the febrile phase . A survey of two key actors , physicians who manage dengue cases and the primary caregiver to dengue cas...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "physicians", "medical", "doctors", "geographical", "locations", "patient", "advocacy", "animals", "health", "care", "pediatrics", "research", "design", "health", "care", "providers", "surveys", "pediatric", "inf...	2016	Physicians, Primary Caregivers and Topical Repellent: All Under-Utilised Resources in Stopping Dengue Virus Transmission in Affected Households
The emergent behaviors of communities of genotypically identical cells cannot be easily predicted from the behaviors of individual cells . In many cases , it is thought that direct cell-cell communication plays a critical role in the transition from individual to community behaviors . In the unicellular photosynthetic ...	Communities of bacterial cells exhibit social behaviors that single cells cannot engage in alone . These behaviors are often a product of direct interactions that allow cells to communicate with each other . In the unicellular photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechocystis , groups of cells collectively move along a surfa...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2013	Motility Enhancement through Surface Modification Is Sufficient for Cyanobacterial Community Organization during Phototaxis
Activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors ( subtypes mGluR1 and mGluR5 ) regulates neural activity in a variety of ways . In CA1 pyramidal neurons , activation of group I mGluRs eliminates the post-burst afterhyperpolarization ( AHP ) and produces an afterdepolarization ( ADP ) in its place . Here we show ...	The hippocampus is an essential structure in the brain for the formation of new declarative memories . Understanding the cellular basis of memory formation , storage , and recall in the hippocampus requires a knowledge of the properties of the relevant neurons and how they are modulated by activity in the neural circui...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neuroscience/neuronal", "signaling", "mechanisms" ]	2010	A Post-Burst Afterdepolarization Is Mediated by Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-Dependent Upregulation of Cav2.3 R-Type Calcium Channels in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
Multifunctional proteins , which play a critical role in many biological processes , have typically evolved through the recruitment of different domains that have the required functional diversity . Thus the different activities displayed by these proteins are mediated by spatially distinct domains , consistent with th...	Proteins that display multiple activities have typically evolved through the recruitment of different domains , each of which has a specific function . Thus , in a multifunctional protein , the different activities are mediated by spatially distinct domains such that a single domain can provide the specific chemical re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biochemistry" ]	2009	The Active Site of a Carbohydrate Esterase Displays Divergent Catalytic and Noncatalytic Binding Functions
The CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte ( CTL ) response is an important defence against viral invasion . Although CTL-mediated cytotoxicity has been widely studied for many years , the rate at which virus-infected cells are killed in vivo by the CTL response is poorly understood . To date the rate of CTL killing in vivo has b...	Virus replication is countered by a range of innate and adaptive host defences . One important and widely studied adaptive defence is the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte ( CTL ) response . Quantification of the in vivo lytic capability of CTLs is essential for a detailed understanding of the immune response . This includes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "blood", "cells", "white", "blood", "cells", "immune", "cells", "cell", "biology", "animal", "cells", "t", "cells", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "cellular", "types", "immunology", "immune", "response" ]	2014	Rates of CTL Killing in Persistent Viral Infection In Vivo
Corneal astigmatism refers to refractive abnormalities and irregularities in the curvature of the cornea , and this interferes with light being accurately focused at a single point in the eye . This ametropic condition is highly prevalent , influences visual acuity , and is a highly heritable trait . There is currently...	Corneal astigmatism is associated with reduced visual acuity and an increased risk of developing refractive amblyopia . Although it is highly heritable , there is no prior study on the genetic etiology of corneal astigmatism . Our genome-wide meta-analysis across 8 , 513 individuals in five genome-wide surveys from thr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "ophthalmology", "genetics", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2011	Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis of Five Asian Cohorts Identifies PDGFRA as a Susceptibility Locus for Corneal Astigmatism
Failure in detecting naturally occurring breeding sites of Aedes mosquitoes can bias the conclusions drawn from field studies , and hence , negatively affect intervention outcomes . We characterized the habitats of immature Aedes mosquitoes and explored species dynamics along a rural-to-urban gradient in a West Africa ...	Outbreaks of yellow fever and dengue caused by Aedes mosquitoes have been repeatedly reported in rural and urban areas in humid tropical Africa , including Côte d’Ivoire . Although controlling immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes in their aquatic habitats before they become adult vectors remains the best method to fight...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusions" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "animals", "developmental", "biology", "animal", "behavior", "rural", "areas", "insect", "vectors", "zoology", "plants", "infectious", "diseases", "geography", "gras...	2017	Urbanization is a main driver for the larval ecology of Aedes mosquitoes in arbovirus-endemic settings in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire
Candida spp . can cause severe and chronic mucocutaneous and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals . Protection from mucocutaneous candidiasis depends on T helper cells , in particular those secreting IL-17 . The events regulating T cell activation and differentiation toward effector fates in response to...	Candida spp . are present in the normal microbiota without causing damage to the host . They can become pathogenic and bear a serious health hazard for individuals with a weakened immune system . The continuous incidence of fungal infections and the increase in resistance against available antifungal drugs urge the dev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Antigen-Specific Th17 Cells Are Primed by Distinct and Complementary Dendritic Cell Subsets in Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Whether functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) allows the identification of neural drivers remains an open question of particular importance to refine physiological and neuropsychological models of the brain , and/or to understand neurophysiopathology . Here , in a rat model of absence epilepsy showing spontane...	Our understanding of how the brain works relies on the development of neuropsychological models , which describe how brain activity is coordinated among different regions during the execution of a given task . Knowing the directionality of information transfer between connected regions , and in particular distinguishin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "neurological", "disorders", "computational", "biology", "radiology", "and", "medical", "imaging", "neuroscience" ]	2008	Identifying Neural Drivers with Functional MRI: An Electrophysiological Validation
Natural soil is characterized as a complex habitat with patchy hydrated islands and spatially variable nutrients that is in a constant state of change due to wetting-drying dynamics . Soil microbial activity is often concentrated in sparsely distributed hotspots that contribute disproportionally to macroscopic biogeoch...	Soil bacterial communities are key players in global biogeochemical cycles and drive other soil regulatory and provisional ecosystem functions . Despite the relatively high bacterial abundance found in fertile soil , bacteria occupy only a small fraction of the soil surfaces and often form hotspots with disproportionat...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "carbohydrate", "metabolism", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "oxygen", "pathogens", "metabolic", "networks", "carbohydrates", "glucose", "metabolism", "organic", "compounds", "glucose", "simu...	2019	Modeling metabolic networks of individual bacterial agents in heterogeneous and dynamic soil habitats (IndiMeSH)
Targeted therapy based on adjustment of microRNA ( miRNA ) s activity takes great promise due to the ability of these small RNAs to modulate cellular behavior . However , the efficacy of miR-101 replacement therapy to hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) remains unclear . In the current study , we first observed that plasm...	Human hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) is one of the most common malignancy worldwide and among the leading causes of cancer-related death . HCC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and there is still no effective therapeutic strategy for non-resectable HCCs . It has been suggested that the therapeutic delivery of c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Systemic Delivery of MicroRNA-101 Potently Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vivo by Repressing Multiple Targets
Boundary domains play important roles during morphogenesis in plants and animals , but how they contribute to patterning and growth coordination in plants is not understood . The CUC genes determine the boundary domains in the aerial part of the plants and , in particular , they have a conserved role in regulating leaf...	During organogenesis , patterning , the definition of functional subdomains , has to be strictly coordinated with growth . How this is achieved is still an open question . In plants , boundary domains are established between neighboring outgrowing structures and play a role not only in the separation of these structure...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "&", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "anatomy", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chemical", "compounds", "geometry", "organic", "compounds", "aspect", "ratio", "hormones", "developmental", "biology", "plant", "science", "mathematics", "plant", "hormones", "plants", "alcohols", "morphogene...	2019	Dissecting the pathways coordinating patterning and growth by plant boundary domains
Mycobacterium ulcerans ( MU ) is responsible for disfiguring skin lesions and is endemic on the Bellarine peninsula of southeastern Australia . Antibiotics have been shown to be highly effective in sterilizing lesions and preventing disease recurrences when used alone or in combination with surgery . Our practice has e...	Mycobacterium ulcerans ( MU ) is responsible for disfiguring skin infections which are challenging to treat . The recommended treatment for MU has continued to evolve from surgery to remove all involved tissue , to the use of effective combination oral antibiotics with surgery as required . Our study describes the oral...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine" ]	2013	Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease: Experience with Primary Oral Medical Therapy in an Australian Cohort
Malaria and lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) continue to cause a considerable public health burden globally and are co-endemic in many regions of sub-Saharan Africa . These infections are transmitted by the same mosquito species which raises important questions about optimal vector control strategies in co-endemic regions ,...	Malaria and lymphatic filariasis ( LF ) are thought to be co-endemic in many regions of Africa . Currently , most interventions targeted at these infections do not consider the impacts of co-infection . However , there have been increasing calls to adopt integrated control programmes that can achieve synergistic effect...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "mathematics", "theoretical", "biology", "ecology", "epidemiology", "applied", "mathematics", "population", "biology", "biology" ]	2013	Modelling Co-Infection with Malaria and Lymphatic Filariasis
Population suppression through mass-release of Aedes aegypti males carrying dominant-lethal transgenes has been demonstrated in the field . Where population dynamics show negative density-dependence , suppression can be enhanced if lethality occurs after the density-dependent ( i . e . larval ) stage . Existing molecul...	A recent addition to the toolbox for controlling populations of the disease vector Aedes aegypti is the mass-release of males engineered with dominant , lethal transgenes . The lethal effect of these transgenes is activated in the progeny of these released engineered males and wild females they mate with in the field a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "drugs", "microbiology", "animals", "reproductive", "physiology", "insect", "pests", "developmental", "biology", "tetracyclines", "antibiotics", "pest", "control", "pharmacology", ...	2019	Engineered action at a distance: Blood-meal-inducible paralysis in Aedes aegypti
The binding of transcription factors to short recognition sequences plays a pivotal role in controlling the expression of genes . The sequence and shape characteristics of binding sites influence DNA binding specificity and have also been implicated in modulating the activity of transcription factors downstream of bind...	The expression level of genes is controlled by transcription factors , which are proteins that bind to genomic response elements that contain their recognition DNA sequence . Importantly , genes are not simply turned on but need to be expressed at the right level . This is , at least in part , assured by the sequence c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cdna", "libraries", "sequencing", "techniques", "dna", "transcription", "forms", "of", "dna", "sequence", "motif", "analysis", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "dna", "dna", "libraries", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "sequence", "analysis", "bioinfor...	2018	Synthetic STARR-seq reveals how DNA shape and sequence modulate transcriptional output and noise
Ticks successfully feed and transmit pathogens by injecting pharmacological compounds in saliva to thwart host defenses . We have previously used LC-MS/MS to identify proteins that are present in saliva of unfed Amblyomma americanum ticks that were exposed to different hosts . Here we show that A . americanum serine pr...	Ticks are blood-feeding arthropods that salivate while they puncture host skin in their search of blood . Tick saliva contains hundreds of compounds that have anti-coagulant , vasodilatory , anti-inflammatory , and immunomodulatory functions . While helping the vector to feed , tick saliva also modifies the site where ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "invertebrates", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "ixodes", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "enzymes", "immunology", "enzymology", "saliva", "animals", "serine", "proteases", "signs", "and", "symptoms", "ticks", "edema", "plasmi...	2019	Amblyomma americanum serpin 27 (AAS27) is a tick salivary anti-inflammatory protein secreted into the host during feeding
Recent work in motor control demonstrates that humans take their own motor uncertainty into account , adjusting the timing and goals of movement so as to maximize expected gain . Visual sensitivity varies dramatically with retinal location and target , and models of optimal visual search typically assume that the visua...	Human ability to discriminate drops dramatically with increasing distance from the center of vision . If you fixate a word on a page , you likely can not read words a short distance away . Because of this retinal inhomogeneity , we need to move our eyes to search a scene . The efficiency of search depends on how well t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results" ]	[ "neuroscience/experimental", "psychology", "neuroscience/sensory", "systems", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience" ]	2010	Gambling in the Visual Periphery: A Conjoint-Measurement Analysis of Human Ability to Judge Visual Uncertainty
An abundant literature dealing with the population genetics and taxonomy of Giardia duodenalis , Cryptosporidium spp . , Pneumocystis spp . , and Cryptococcus spp . , pathogens of high medical and veterinary relevance , has been produced in recent years . We have analyzed these data in the light of new population genet...	Micropathogen species definition is extremely difficult , since concepts applied to higher organisms ( the biological species concept ) are inadequate . In particular , the pathogens here surveyed have given rise to long-lasting controversies about their species status and that of the genotypes that subdivide them . Th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction:", "The", "Model", "of", "Predominant", "Clonal", "Evolution", "(PCE)", "Recent", "Developments", "PCE", "Manifestations", "in", "the", "Pathogens", "under", "Survey", "Implications", "for", "Molecular", "Epidemiology", "and", "Experimental", ...	[ "opinion", "biotechnology", "applied", "microbiology", "mycology", "biology", "and", "life", "sciences", "population", "genetics", "microbiology", "evolutionary", "biology", "evolutionary", "systematics", "evolutionary", "genetics", "parasitology" ]	2014	Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis Genetic Variability: Cryptic Biological Species or Clonal Near-Clades?
Physical performance emerges from complex interactions among many physiological systems that are largely driven by the metabolic energy demanded . Quantifying metabolic demand is an essential step for revealing the many mechanisms of physical performance decrement , but accurate predictive models do not exist . The goa...	Muscles consume metabolic energy to generate movement . Performing a movement over a long period of time or at a high intensity strains the respiratory and cardiovascular systems that need to replenish the energy reserves in muscle . Furthermore , consuming and replenishing metabolic energy involves biochemical reactio...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "knees", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "legs", "classical", "mechanics", "oxygen", "limbs", "(anatomy)", "physiological", "processes", "optimization", "mathematics", "bioenergetics", "kinematics", "musculoskeletal", "system", "chemistry", "energy", "metabolism", ...	2016	Validated Predictions of Metabolic Energy Consumption for Submaximal Effort Movement
Copper ( Cu ) is an important enzyme co-factor that is also extremely toxic at high intracellular concentrations , making active efflux mechanisms essential for preventing Cu accumulation . Here , we have investigated the mechanistic role of metallochaperones in regulating Cu efflux . We have constructed a computationa...	Copper ( Cu ) toxicity is a problem of medical , agricultural , and environmental significance . Cu toxicity severely inhibits growth of plant roots significantly affecting their morphology; Cu overload also accounts for some of the most common metal-metabolism abnormalities and neuropsychiatric problems including Wils...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "systems", "biology", "biochemical", "simulations", "microbial", "physiology", "regulatory", "networks", "biology", "computational", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	Metallochaperones Regulate Intracellular Copper Levels
Few experimental studies have examined the role that sexual recombination plays in bacterial evolution , including the effects of horizontal gene transfer on genome structure . To address this limitation , we analyzed genomes from an experiment in which Escherichia coli K-12 Hfr ( high frequency recombination ) donors ...	Bacteria often transfer genes encoding antibiotic resistance as well as other important traits , but the extent of intergenomic recombination—in effect , sex—is highly variable across bacterial species . Why ? A better understanding of how and why bacteria exchange genes would help people combat the spread of infectiou...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "cloning", "alleles", "mutation", "hemorrhagic", "fever", "with", "renal", "syndrome", "nonsense", "mutation", "dna", "recombination", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "dna", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "infe...	2018	Analysis of bacterial genomes from an evolution experiment with horizontal gene transfer shows that recombination can sometimes overwhelm selection
Many duplicate genes maintain functional overlap despite divergence over long evolutionary time scales . Deleting one member of a paralogous pair often has no phenotypic effect , unless its paralog is also deleted . It has been suggested that this functional compensation might be mediated by active up-regulation of exp...	Despite sequence divergence over long evolutionary times , many genes that have undergone duplication can still compensate for the loss of their duplicates . This compensation depends , not only on functional overlap between the paralogous genes , but also on overlap in their expression patterns . It has been proposed ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/functional", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/gene", "expression", "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2010	Need-Based Up-Regulation of Protein Levels in Response to Deletion of Their Duplicate Genes
Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that infects alveolar macrophages and replicates within a unique lysosome-derived vacuole . When Coxiella is trafficked to a host cell lysosome the essential Dot/Icm type IV secretion system is activated allowing over 130 bacterial effector proteins to be translo...	Human Q fever is caused by the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii . Successful infection of human cells relies on a Dot/Icm secretion system and the translocation of effector proteins into the host cell cytosol . The functions of many Coxiella effector proteins , and their contribution to bacterial growth and ho...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "vesicles", "vacuoles", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "intracellular", "pathogens", "hela", "cells", "gene", "regulation", "pathogens", "biological", "cultures", "cell", "processes", "membrane", "proteins", "cell"...	2016	The Effector Cig57 Hijacks FCHO-Mediated Vesicular Trafficking to Facilitate Intracellular Replication of Coxiella burnetii
Specialized proteins serve as scaffolds sculpting strongly curved membranes of intracellular organelles . Effective membrane shaping requires segregation of these proteins into domains and is , therefore , critically dependent on the protein-protein interaction . Interactions mediated by membrane elastic deformations h...	A striking feature of most of the crucial intra-cellular organelles , such as Endoplasmic Reticulum ( ER ) , Golgi Complex and mitochondria is a peculiar and strongly curved shape of their membranes . Membranes resist elastically to bending and remodeling . Hence , special proteins must generate forces needed to create...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Membrane-Mediated Interaction between Strongly Anisotropic Protein Scaffolds
Most eukaryotic pathogens have complex life cycles in which gene expression networks orchestrate the formation of cells specialized for dissemination or host colonization . In the oomycete Phytophthora infestans , the potato late blight pathogen , major shifts in mRNA profiles during developmental transitions were iden...	The genus Phytophthora includes over one hundred species of plant pathogens that have devastating effects worldwide in agriculture and natural environments . Its most notorious member is P . infestans , which causes the late blight diseases of potato and tomato . Their success as pathogens is dependent on the formation...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "botany", "microbiology", "developmental", "biology", "fungi", "plant", "science", "plant", "pathology", "mycology", "gene", "expression", "biology", "molecular", "biology", "genetics", "genomics", "molecular", "cell", "biology", "computational", "bi...	2013	Genome-wide Prediction and Functional Validation of Promoter Motifs Regulating Gene Expression in Spore and Infection Stages of Phytophthora infestans
Estimates of dengue transmission intensity remain ambiguous . Since the majority of infections are asymptomatic , surveillance systems substantially underestimate true rates of infection . With advances in the development of novel control measures , obtaining robust estimates of average dengue transmission intensity is...	With an estimated 390 million infections each year , dengue imposes a significant global public health burden . Yet estimates of the intensity of dengue transmission in different settings are still sparse , making it difficult to plan efficient control programs . Since many dengue infections have no symptoms , cases re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Estimating Dengue Transmission Intensity from Sero-Prevalence Surveys in Multiple Countries
Super-resolution microscopy recently revealed that , unlike the soma and dendrites , the axon membrane skeleton is structured as a series of actin rings connected by spectrin filaments that are held under tension . Currently , the structure-function relationship of the axonal structure is unclear . Here , we used atomi...	Super-resolution microscopy has suggested that the actin cytoskeleton structure differ between various neuronal subcompartments . To determine the possible implication of the differing actin cytoskeleton structure , we determined the stiffness of the plasma membrane of neuronal subcompartments using atomic force micros...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "models", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "stiffness", "mechanical", "properties", "cell", "motility", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "actin", "filaments", "membrane", "potential", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "spectrins", "materials", "science", "nerve", "fibers", "cellular", "structures", "and...	2017	Modeling of the axon membrane skeleton structure and implications for its mechanical properties
In Brazil , dengue has been a major public health problem since its introduction in the 1980s . Phylogenetic studies constitute a valuable tool to monitor the introduction and spread of viruses as well as to predict the potential epidemiological consequences of such events . Aiming to perform the molecular characteriza...	In Brazil , the first dengue haemorrhagic cases were reported after the DENV-2 introduction in Rio de Janeiro , which spread to other states in the country . Aiming to perform the molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of DENV-2 during twenty years of viral activity in the country , strains isolated from ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "virology", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2013	Twenty Years of DENV-2 Activity in Brazil: Molecular Characterization and Phylogeny of Strains Isolated from 1990 to 2010
Many pathogens express a surface protein that binds the human complement regulator factor H ( FH ) , as first described for Streptococcus pyogenes and the antiphagocytic M6 protein . It is commonly assumed that FH recruited to an M protein enhances virulence by protecting the bacteria against complement deposition and ...	The human complement system may be rapidly activated upon infection and thereby plays a key role in innate immunity . However , activation must be tightly controlled , to avoid attack on self tissues . A key component of this control system is the plasma protein factor H ( FH ) . Many pathogens bind FH , as first descr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "bacteriology", "medicine", "complement", "system", "protein", "interactions", "streptococci", "immunology", "microbiology", "host-pathogen", "interaction", "group", "a", "streptococcal", "infection", "bacterial", "biochemistry", "bacterial", "diseases", "immunochemistry", "b...	2013	Factor H Binds to the Hypervariable Region of Many Streptococcus pyogenes M Proteins but Does Not Promote Phagocytosis Resistance or Acute Virulence
Mutations affecting the heritable maintenance of epigenetic states in maize identify multiple small RNA biogenesis factors including NRPD1 , the largest subunit of the presumed maize Pol IV holoenzyme . Here we show that mutations defining the required to maintain repression7 locus identify a second RNA polymerase subu...	Multicellular plants possess a unique set of DNA–dependent RNA polymerase complexes ( RNAPs ) that prevent certain repetitious regions of the genome from being copied into stable RNAs . Two distinct RNAPs , termed Pol IV and Pol V , are required for this type of genome-silencing behavior in the eudicot Arabidopsis thal...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology/plant", "genomes", "and", "evolution", "plant", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/plant", "genomes", "and", "evolution", "plant", "biology/plant", "genetics", "and", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "and", "genom...	2009	Diversity of Pol IV Function Is Defined by Mutations at the Maize rmr7 Locus
Important control efforts have led to a significant reduction of the prevalence of human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) in Côte d’Ivoire , but the disease is still present in several foci . The existence of an animal reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense may explain disease persistence in these foci where animal b...	In Africa , significant efforts to control human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) over the past three decades have drastically reduced the prevalence of the disease and elimination seems today an achievable goal . However , potential animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense may compromise this ambitious objecti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[]	2017	The study of trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in two human African trypanosomiasis foci of Côte d'Ivoire identifies pigs and cattle as potential reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Human enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality from Hand , Foot and Mouth Disease ( HFMD ) and neurological complications , particularly in young children in the Asia-Pacific region . There are no vaccines or antiviral therapies currently available for prevention or treatment of HFMD ca...	Enterovirus 71 ( EV71 ) is one of the major viruses causing Hand , Foot , and Mouth Disease , a highly contagious illness which primarily affects young children in the Asia-Pacific region and can sometimes be fatal . No vaccines or antivirals for Hand , Foot , and Mouth Disease are available at this time . We developed...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2013	Preclinical Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Enterovirus 71 Candidate Vaccine
Coding sequence evolution was once thought to be the result of selection on optimal protein function alone . Selection can , however , also act at the RNA level , for example , to facilitate rapid translation or ensure correct splicing . Here , we ask whether the way DNA works also imposes constraints on coding sequenc...	Why do some parts of genes evolve slower than others ? How can we account for the amino acid make-up of different parts of a protein ? Answers to these questions are usually framed by reference to what the protein does and how it does it . This framework is , however , naïve . We now know that selection can act also on...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/comparative", "genomics", "evolutionary", "biology/evolutionary", "and", "comparative", "genetics", "evolutionary", "biology/bioinformatics", "genetics", "and", "genomics/epige...	2008	The Impact of the Nucleosome Code on Protein-Coding Sequence Evolution in Yeast
Surgery for trachomatous trichiasis ( TT ) is a key component of the SAFE Strategy for trachoma control . Unfortunately , recurrent TT following surgery is common , probably due to various surgical and disease factors . To develop strategies to reduce recurrence rates it is necessary to understand its pathological basi...	Trachoma causes blindness through corneal damage from in-turned eyelashes ( trachomatous trichiasis [TT] ) . Trichiasis is treated surgically to correct the anatomical abnormality . Unfortunately , TT frequently returns following surgery , which again puts the person at risk of sight loss . Recurrent trichiasis is mult...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "infectious", "diseases", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "trachoma" ]	2012	Post-Operative Recurrent Trachomatous Trichiasis Is Associated with Increased Conjunctival Expression of S100A7 (Psoriasin)
The nascent polypeptide-associated complex ( NAC ) is a highly conserved but poorly characterized triad of proteins that bind near the ribosome exit tunnel . The NAC is the first cotranslational factor to bind to polypeptides and assist with their proper folding . Surprisingly , we found that deletion of NAC subunits i...	Misfolded proteins can be toxic to cells , causing pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease , Parkinson’s disease , prion diseases , and ALS . One mechanism by which organisms combat protein misfolding involves molecular chaperones , proteins that help other proteins fold correctly . Here , we describe a novel role for ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "polyribosomes", "toxicology", "toxicity", "materials", "science", "chaperone", "proteins", "protein", "structure", "molecular", "biology", "techniques", "cellular", "structures", "and"...	2016	Prion-Associated Toxicity is Rescued by Elimination of Cotranslational Chaperones
Genome-scale metabolic models have become the tool of choice for the global analysis of microorganism metabolism , and their reconstruction has attained high standards of quality and reliability . Improvements in this area have been accompanied by the development of some major platforms and databases , and an explosion...	Genome-scale metabolic models describe an organism’s metabolism . Building good models requires the integration of all relevant available information , obtained by exploring different data types and biological databases . This process is not straightforward and choices are made along the way , for example , which data ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "metabolic", "networks", "enzymology", "genomic", "databases", "metabolites", "network", "analysis", "genome", "analysis", "enzyme", "metabolism", "plants", "enzyme", "chemistry", "research", "and", "analysis", "methods", "computer", "and", "information", "sciences", "m...	2018	Traceability, reproducibility and wiki-exploration for “à-la-carte” reconstructions of genome-scale metabolic models
Chagas disease remains a serious medical and social problem in Latin America and is an emerging concern in nonendemic countries as a result of population movement , transfusion of infected blood or organs and congenital transmission . The current treatment of infected patients is unsatisfactory due to strain-specific d...	Chagas disease , caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , is a serious medical and social problem in Latin America and is also a worldwide concern due to widespread immigration . The current treatment with benznidazole is effective in the acute phase of the disease but has several limitations and many side effects . ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "chagas", "disease", "neglected", "tropical", "diseases", "tropical", "diseases", "protozoan", "infections", "parasitic", "diseases" ]	2014	Ruthenium Complex with Benznidazole and Nitric Oxide as a New Candidate for the Treatment of Chagas Disease
Migration of cells within epithelial sheets is an important feature of embryogenesis and other biological processes . Previous work has demonstrated a role for inositol 1 , 4 , 5-trisphosphate ( IP3 ) -mediated calcium signalling in the rearrangement of epidermal cells ( also known as hypodermal cells ) during embryoni...	Morphogenesis is a fundamental part of development which underlies the ability of animals , including humans , to define the shape of their tissues and organs and thus enable their proper function . To understand morphogenesis we need to understand the signalling networks that regulate coordinated changes in cell morph...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology/morphogenesis", "and", "cell", "biology", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling" ]	2008	Phospholipase C-ε Regulates Epidermal Morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic ascomycete fungus with an extremely broad host range . This pathogen produces the non-specific phytotoxin and key pathogenicity factor , oxalic acid ( OA ) . Our recent work indicated that this fungus and more specifically OA , can induce apoptotic-like programmed cell death (...	Necrotrophic fungal pathogens need to kill plant cells to establish disease and obtain nutrition . While such pathogens are economically important , they are relatively understudied and mechanistic details important for pathogenic success are limited . Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic ascomycete fungus that i...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "biotechnology", "biochemistry", "pest", "control", "biology", "agriculture" ]	2011	Tipping the Balance: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Secreted Oxalic Acid Suppresses Host Defenses by Manipulating the Host Redox Environment
A detailed understanding of the morphology of the HIV-1 envelope ( Env ) spike is key to understanding viral pathogenesis and for informed vaccine design . We have previously presented a cryoelectron microscopic tomogram ( cryoET ) of the Env spikes on SIV virions . Several structural features were noted in the gp120 h...	The envelope ( Env ) spikes on the surface of HIV-1 and SIV virions facilitate target cell tropism , binding , and entry , and serve as the sole targets of humoral ( antibody-mediated ) immunity . X-ray crystallography has previously revealed the atomic structures of key core domains and peptides of the gp120 and gp41 ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results/Discussion" ]	[ "virology/virion", "structure,", "assembly,", "and", "egress", "virology/immunodeficiency", "viruses" ]	2008	Cryoelectron Tomography of HIV-1 Envelope Spikes: Further Evidence for Tripod-Like Legs
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) infection of the central nervous system ( CNS ) can lead to the development of HIV-1-associated dementia ( HAD ) . We examined the virological characteristics of HIV-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) of HAD subjects to explore the association between independent viral re...	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ( HIV-1 ) infection of the central nervous system ( CNS ) can lead to the development of a severe neurological disease termed HIV-1-associated dementia ( HAD ) . Individuals diagnosed with HAD commonly have genetically distinct HIV-1 variants in their cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) that...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "immunodeficiency", "viruses", "viral", "evolution", "viral", "entry", "viral", "transmission", "and", "infection", "virology", "neurovirulence", "biology", "microbiology" ]	2011	HIV-1 Replication in the Central Nervous System Occurs in Two Distinct Cell Types
Clinical relevance of nontuberculous mycobacteria ( NTM ) is increasing worldwide including in Saudi Arabia . A high species diversity of NTM’s has been noticed in a recent study . However , the identification in diagnostic laboratories is mostly limited to common species . The impact of NTM species diversity on clinic...	Nontuberculous mycobacteria ( NTM ) are ubiquitous in nature and they are opportunistic pathogens . In the last decade , infections caused by NTM’s increased—around the world in immune-suppressed and immune-competent individuals and Saudi Arabia is not an exception . Developments in diagnostic technologies increased th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion", "Conclusion" ]	[ "dermatology", "ecology", "and", "environmental", "sciences", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "pathogens", "geographical", "locations", "microbiology", "pulmonology", "chronic", "obstructive", "pulmonary", "disease", ...	2017	Emergence of Rare Species of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria as Potential Pathogens in Saudi Arabian Clinical Setting
Escherichia coli serves as an excellent model for the study of fundamental cellular processes such as metabolism , signalling and gene expression . Understanding the function and organization of proteins within these processes is an important step towards a ‘systems’ view of E . coli . Integrating experimental and comp...	Genes and their protein products do not operate in isolation , but form components of highly interconnected biological systems . Identifying the connections between components is therefore critical to understanding how these processes are organized and operate . E . coli is the leading model bacterium; however despite ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results/Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/microbial", "evolution", "and", "genomics", "computational", "biology/systems", "biology", "computational", "biology/genomics" ]	2009	The Modular Organization of Protein Interactions in Escherichia coli
ChIP sequencing ( ChIP-seq ) is a new method for genomewide mapping of protein binding sites on DNA . It has generated much excitement in functional genomics . To score data and determine adequate sequencing depth , both the genomic background and the binding sites must be properly modeled . To develop a computational ...	ChIP-seq is an apt combination of chromosome immunoprecipitation and next-generation sequencing to identify transcription factor binding sites in vivo on the whole-genome scale . Since its advent , this new method has generated much excitement in the field of functional genomics . Proper computational modeling of the C...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "computational", "biology/genomics" ]	2008	Modeling ChIP Sequencing In Silico with Applications
Biofilms are surface-adhered bacterial communities encased in an extracellular matrix composed of DNA , bacterial polysaccharides and proteins , which are up to 1000-fold more antibiotic resistant than planktonic cultures . To date , extracellular DNA has been shown to function as a structural support to maintain Pseud...	Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen , which causes a variety of serious infections in immunocompromised patients and cystic fibrosis ( CF ) sufferers . The biofilm-forming ability of P . aeruginosa is thought to contribute to chronic P . aeruginosa infection of the CF lung . Biofilms are dense communiti...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "microbiology/environmental", "microbiology", "microbiology/innate", "immunity", "microbiology", "infectious", "diseases/bacterial", "infections", "microbiology/cellular", "microbiology", "and", "pathogenesis", "microbiology/medical", "microbiology", "infectious", "diseases/antimicrobi...	2008	Extracellular DNA Chelates Cations and Induces Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms
Genome rearrangement often produces chromosomes with two centromeres ( dicentrics ) that are inherently unstable because of bridge formation and breakage during cell division . However , mammalian dicentrics , and particularly those in humans , can be quite stable , usually because one centromere is functionally silenc...	Endogenous human centromeres are defined by large arrays of α-satellite DNA . A portion of each α-satellite array is assembled into CENP-A chromatin , the structural and functional platform for kinetochore formation . Most chromosomes are monocentric , meaning they have a single centromere . However , genome rearrangem...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/cell", "growth", "and", "division", "molecular", "biology/centromeres", "molecular", "biology/chromosome", "structure", "genetics", "and", "genomics/chromosome", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics/epigenetics" ]	2010	Telomere Disruption Results in Non-Random Formation of De Novo Dicentric Chromosomes Involving Acrocentric Human Chromosomes
The tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is responsible for cystic echinococcosis ( CE ) , a cosmopolitan disease which imposes a significant burden on the health and economy of affected communities . Little is known about the molecular mechanisms whereby E . granulosus is able to survive in the hostile mammalian host envi...	The hydatid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is able to survive in its mammalian hosts for many years without being digested by proteases . Two E . granulosus Kunitz proteins with potent protease inhibitory properties were identified and characterized . These Kunitz proteins may provide protection to the parasite from ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Cloning and Characterization of Two Potent Kunitz Type Protease Inhibitors from Echinococcus granulosus
A unique vertical bar among horizontal bars is salient and pops out perceptually . Physiological data have suggested that mechanisms in the primary visual cortex ( V1 ) contribute to the high saliency of such a unique basic feature , but indicated little regarding whether V1 plays an essential or peripheral role in inp...	Only a fraction of visual input can be selected for attentional scrutiny , often by focusing on a limited extent of the visual space . The selected location is often determined by the bottom-up visual inputs rather than the top-down intentions . For example , a red dot among green ones automatically attracts attention ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "primates", "neuroscience", "computational", "biology" ]	2007	Psychophysical Tests of the Hypothesis of a Bottom-Up Saliency Map in Primary Visual Cortex
Biological systems are characterized by a high number of interacting components . Determining the role of each component is difficult , addressed here in the context of biological oscillations . Rhythmic behavior can result from the interplay of positive feedback that promotes bistability between high and low activity ...	As modern experimental techniques uncover new components in biological systems and describe their mutual interactions , the problem of determining the contribution of each component becomes critical . The many feedback loops created by these interactions can lead to oscillatory behavior . Examples of oscillations in bi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Model", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "neuroscience/theoretical", "neuroscience", "diabetes", "and", "endocrinology/neuroendocrinology", "and", "pituitary", "biophysics/theory", "and", "simulation", "computational", "biology/computational", "neuroscience", "computational", "biology/metabolic", "networks", "computational"...	2011	Quantifying the Relative Contributions of Divisive and Subtractive Feedback to Rhythm Generation
Simple spatial interaction models of human mobility based on physical laws have been used extensively in the social , biological , and physical sciences , and in the study of the human dynamics underlying the spread of disease . Recent analyses of commuting patterns and travel behavior in high-income countries have led...	Human mobility underlies many social , biological , and physical phenomena , including the spread of infectious diseases . Analyses in high-income countries have led to the notion that populations obey universal rules of mobility that are effectively captured by spatial interaction models . However , communities in Afr...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[]	2015	Evaluating Spatial Interaction Models for Regional Mobility in Sub-Saharan Africa
Our ability to parse our acoustic environment relies on the brain’s capacity to extract statistical regularities from surrounding sounds . Previous work in regularity extraction has predominantly focused on the brain’s sensitivity to predictable patterns in sound sequences . However , natural sound environments are rar...	To understand our auditory surroundings , the brain extracts invariant representations from sounds over time that are robust to the randomness inherent in real-world sound sources , while staying flexible to adapt to a dynamic environment . The computational mechanisms used to achieve this in auditory perception are no...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "brain", "electrophysiology", "social", "sciences", "electrophysiology", "neuroscience", "geometry", "perception", "clinical", "medicine", "cognitive", "psychology", "mathematics", "human", "performance", "statistics", "(mathematics)",...	2018	Detecting change in stochastic sound sequences
The antisaccade task is a classic paradigm used to study the voluntary control of eye movements . It requires participants to suppress a reactive eye movement to a visual target and to concurrently initiate a saccade in the opposite direction . Although several models have been proposed to explain error rates and react...	One widely replicated finding in schizophrenia research is that patients tend to make more errors than healthy controls in the antisaccade task , a psychometric paradigm in which participants are required to look in the opposite direction of a visual cue . This deficit has been suggested to be an endophenotype of schiz...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "ballistics", "classical", "mechanics", "reaction", "time", "random", "variables", "neuroscience", "cognitive", "neuroscience", "probability", "distribution", "mathematics", "sensory", "physiology", "behavior", "schizophrenia", "ment...	2017	The Stochastic Early Reaction, Inhibition, and late Action (SERIA) model for antisaccades
ClinicalTrials . gov NCT03474198 , NCT01659437 Buruli ulcer ( BU ) , or Mycobacterium ulcerans disease , is a necrotizing skin disease driven by production of the immunosuppressive and cytotoxic macrolide-like toxin , mycolactone . Treatment for BU shifted from surgery and skin grafting to antibiotic therapy following ...	Buruli ulcer , a neglected tropical skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans , is treatable since 2004 with antibiotics instead of surgery . Treatment with either rifampin plus streptomycin or , more recently , rifampin plus clarithromycin requires taking the drugs daily for 8 weeks . Streptomycin is administered ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "antimicrobials", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "toxins", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "drugs", "tropical", "diseases", "microbiology", "surgical", "and", "invasive", "medical", "procedures", "toxicology", "toxic", "agents", "animal", "models...	2018	Shorter-course treatment for Mycobacterium ulcerans disease with high-dose rifamycins and clofazimine in a mouse model of Buruli ulcer
Protein-protein interaction networks ( PINs ) are rich sources of information that enable the network properties of biological systems to be understood . A study of the topological and statistical properties of budding yeast and human PINs revealed that they are scale-rich and configured as highly optimized tolerance (...	Genome-wide data on interactions between proteins are now available , and networks of protein interactions are the keys to understanding diseases and finding accurate drug targets . This study revealed that the architectural properties of the backbones of protein interaction networks ( PINs ) were similar to those of t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics/bioinformatics", "computational", "biology" ]	2009	Structure of Protein Interaction Networks and Their Implications on Drug Design
Rotors are functional reentry sources identified in clinically relevant cardiac arrhythmias , such as ventricular and atrial fibrillation . Ablation targeting rotor sites has resulted in arrhythmia termination . Recent clinical , experimental and modelling studies demonstrate that rotors are often anchored around fibro...	Rotors are waves of cardiac excitation like a tornado causing cardiac arrhythmia . Recent research shows that they are found in ventricular and atrial fibrillation . Burning ( via ablation ) the site of a rotor can result in the termination of the arrhythmia . Recent studies showed that rotors are often anchored to reg...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "dermatology", "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "diagnostic", "radiology", "engineering", "and", "technology", "cardiovascular", "anatomy", "cardiac", "ventricles", "fibrosis", "magnetic", "resonance", "imaging", "developmental", "biology", "electrocardiography", "b...	2018	Dynamical anchoring of distant arrhythmia sources by fibrotic regions via restructuring of the activation pattern
The critical stem cell transcription factor FoxD3 is expressed by the premigratory and migrating neural crest , an embryonic stem cell population that forms diverse derivatives . Despite its important role in development and stem cell biology , little is known about what mediates FoxD3 activity in these cells . We have...	FoxD3 is an important stem cell factor expressed in many types of embryonic cells including neural crest cells . In the embryo , neural crest cells are a type of stem cell that forms diverse derivatives , including nerve cells , pigment cells , and facial structures . To better understand neural crest development and d...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "organism", "development", "gene", "expression", "genetics", "biology", "gene", "networks", "genetics", "and", "genomics", "cell", "differentiation", "dna", "transcription" ]	2012	Dynamic and Differential Regulation of Stem Cell Factor FoxD3 in the Neural Crest Is Encrypted in the Genome
Atypical protein kinase C ( aPKC ) isoforms have been implicated in cell polarisation and migration through association with Cdc42 and Par6 . In distinct migratory models , the Exocyst complex has been shown to be involved in secretory events and migration . By RNA interference ( RNAi ) we show that the polarised deliv...	Cell migration is an essential process in multicellular organisms during such events as embryonic development , the immune response , and wound healing . Cell migration is also instrumental in the development of pathologies such as cancer cell invasion of healthy tissues . To make cells move , key molecules must be eng...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology/membranes", "and", "sorting", "cell", "biology/cell", "signaling" ]	2009	An aPKC-Exocyst Complex Controls Paxillin Phosphorylation and Migration through Localised JNK1 Activation
Herpes simplex virus 1 ( HSV-1 ) latency establishment is tightly controlled by promyelocytic leukemia ( PML ) nuclear bodies ( NBs ) ( or ND10 ) , although their exact contribution is still elusive . A hallmark of HSV-1 latency is the interaction between latent viral genomes and PML NBs , leading to the formation of v...	An understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the persistence of a virus in its host is essential to be able to control viral reactivation and its associated diseases . Herpes simplex virus 1 ( HSV-1 ) is a human pathogen that remains latent in the PNS and CNS of the infected host . The latency is unstab...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "dna-binding", "proteins", "neuroscience", "viral", "genome", "mammalian", "genomics", "cell", "nucleus", "nuclear", "bodies", "cellular", "structures", "and", "organelles", "microbial", "genomics", "viral", "genomics", "genome", "complexity", "animal", ...	2018	Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) induce latent/quiescent HSV-1 genomes chromatinization through a PML NB/Histone H3.3/H3.3 Chaperone Axis
Concerns have been raised regarding handling of Ebola virus contaminated wastewater , as well as the adequacy of proposed disinfection approaches . In the current study , we investigate the inactivation of Ebola virus in sterilized domestic wastewater utilizing sodium hypochlorite addition and pH adjustment . No viral ...	Ebola virus infected individuals may generate up to nine liters of potentially infectious liquid waste per day . Previous recommendations were to directly dispose of this waste into a sanitary sewer or latrine; however , release of infectious virus raised the concern of environmental transmission through unintentional ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "and", "Discussion" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "body", "fluids", "pathology", "and", "laboratory", "medicine", "chemical", "compounds", "pathogens", "biological", "cultures", "salts", "microbiology", "hypochlorites", "disinfection", "health", "care", "viruses", "preventive", ...	2017	Disinfection of Ebola Virus in Sterilized Municipal Wastewater
The mean age of acute dengue has undergone a shift towards older ages . This fact points towards the relevance of assessing the influence of age-related comorbidities , such as diabetes , on the clinical presentation of dengue episodes . Identification of factors associated with a severe presentation is of high relevan...	Both dengue and diabetes have reached epidemic dimensions and pose a joint threat to a large proportion of populations in low- and middle-income countries . Dengue is no longer a disease primarily affecting children . Therefore the influence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes , which are increasingly prevale...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[]	2015	Is Diabetes a Risk Factor for a Severe Clinical Presentation of Dengue? - Review and Meta-analysis
The increasing application of gene panels for familial cancer susceptibility disorders will probably lead to an increased proposal of susceptibility gene candidates . Using ERCC2 DNA repair gene as an example , we show that proof of a possible role in cancer susceptibility requires a detailed dissection and characteriz...	Approximately 5–10% of breast/ovarian cancer ( BC/OC ) cases have inherited an increased risk of developing this malignancy . However , mutations in the two major breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 explain only 15–20% of all familial BC/OC cases . With the emergence of the high throughput NGS-technology...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "Methods" ]	[ "medicine", "and", "health", "sciences", "breast", "tumors", "luciferase", "enzymes", "cancers", "and", "neoplasms", "enzymology", "dna", "transcription", "oncology", "mutation", "dna", "mutation", "databases", "frameshift", "mutation", "research", "and", "analysis", ...	2016	Identification and Functional Testing of ERCC2 Mutations in a Multi-national Cohort of Patients with Familial Breast- and Ovarian Cancer

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