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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk of bone infarcts and acute osteomyelitis. The clinical differentiation between a bone infarct and acute osteomyelitis is a diagnostic challenge. Unenhanced T1-W fat-saturated MR images have been proposed as a potential tool to differentiat... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The high prevalence of obesity in African American (AA) women may result, in part, from a lower resting metabolic rate (RMR) than non-AA women. If true, AA women should require fewer calories than non-AA women to maintain weight. Our objective was to determine in the setting of a controlled... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To illustrate how maternal mortality audit identifies different causes of and contributing factors to maternal deaths in different settings in low- and high-income countries and how this can lead to local solutions in reducing maternal deaths. ### DESIGN Descriptive study of maternal mortali... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The authors examined equivalence of wandering and physically nonaggressive agitation (PNA) as concepts. ### DESIGN A cross-sectional correlational design was used. ### SETTING Participants were recruited from 22 nursing homes and 6 assisted living facilities in two states. ### PARTICIPANTS A... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND In recent years, many advances in pancreatic surgery have been achieved. Nevertheless, the rate of pancreatic fistula following pancreatic tail resection does not differ between various techniques, still reaching up to 30% in prospective multicentric studies. Taking into account contradicto... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bolus intravenous injection of epinephrine can decrease uterine blood flow. This study examined the effects of intravenous infusion of epinephrine on uterine blood flow in the gravid ewe. ### METHODS Maternal and fetal vascular catheters and a maternal electromagnetic uterine... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Governments are urged to determine methods to control the use of medical resources and curb the rise of healthcare costs. The question is, do health behaviors have an impact on the use of medical resources? This study aims to identify and understand the difference in the number of outpatien... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Suicide is a leading cause of death and has been strongly associated with affective disorders. The influence of affective disorder polarity on subsequent suicide attempts or completions and any differential effect of suicide risk factors by polarity were assessed in a prospective cohort. ##... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Most studies on thrombosis prophylaxis focus on postoperative venous thrombosis. In medical wards thrombosis prophylaxis is generally restricted to patients who are immobilised. Our primary aim was to investigate the incidence of venous thrombosis in a general internal ward, to assess wheth... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS Forty obese patients with T2DM without clinical features of Cushing's syndrome were recruited. Plasma, urinary and salivary cortisol were measured directly by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies. The specificities of the three tests using various cutoffs were calcu... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To show the results of treating posterior uveal melanomas with 106Ru plaque beta-ray radiotherapy and to review and discuss the literature concerning the optimal apical dose prescription (100 vs. 160 Gy). ### METHODS AND MATERIALS Forty-eight patients with uveal melanomas (median height 3.85 m... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To compare in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in low responders stimulated with microdose leuprolide protocol (ML) following pretreatment with either oral contraceptive pill (OCP) or luteal estradiol (E2) + GnRH antagonist (E2 + antag) for follicular synchronization prior to controlled ov... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Current risk assessment models for surgical site occurrence (SSO) and surgical site infection (SSI) after open ventral hernia repair (VHR) have limited external validation. Our aim was to determine (1) whether existing models stratify patients into groups by risk and (2) which model best ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in predicting the development of vascularization in hypovascular hepatocellular lesions (HHLs). ### MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two HHLs that were diagnosed by computed tomographic (CT) arteriography were evaluate... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND IVF singletons have poorer perinatal outcomes than singletons from spontaneous conceptions. This may be due to the influence of ovarian stimulation on the chromosomal constitution of the embryos which could be translated into localized chromosomal anomalies in the placenta. The aim of this ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS AND BACKGROUND The increasingly older population confronts oncologists with an imposing challenge: older cancer patients have specific healthcare needs both independent of and associated with the diagnosis of cancer. The aim of the present study is to examine whether elderly versus younger cancer... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that increasing the nerve length within the treatment volume for trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery would improve pain relief. ### METHODS AND MATERIALS Eighty-seven patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia were randomized to undergo retrogasserian gamma knife radiosurg... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS The records of 465 patients with an established diagnosis of age related macular degeneration who had attended a specialist macular clinic between 1990 and 1998 were scrutinised. A full clinical examination and standardised refraction had been carried out in 189 of these cases on a minimum of ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To explore expressed needs, both formal and informal, of family caregivers of frail elderly. To evaluate roles of physicians. ### DESIGN Questionnaire survey of members of the Montreal Jewish community providing care for frail elderly family members. ### SETTING Jewish community of Montreal.... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if educating residents about the potential effects of radiation exposure from computed tomographic (CT) imaging alters ordering patterns. This study also explored whether referring physicians are interested in radiation education and was ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Orthodontic patients show high prevalence of tooth-size discrepancy. This study investigates the possible association between arch form, clinically significant tooth-size discrepancy, and sagittal molar relationship. ### METHODS Pretreatment orthodontic casts of 230 Saudi patients were clas... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The transanal endorectal pull-through (TERPT) is becoming the most popular procedure in the treatment of Hirschsprung disease (HD), but overstretching of the anal sphincters remains a critical issue that may impact the continence. This study examined the long-term outcome of TERPT versus conve... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### GOAL It is generally considered that kidney grafts should be preserved at 4 degrees C during cold storage. However, actual temperature conditions are not known. We decided to study the temperature levels during preservation with the Biotainer storage can and Vitalpack transport pack. ### MATERIAL Temp... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients have generally been excluded from transplantation. Recent advances in the management and prognosis of these patients suggest that this policy should be reevaluated. ### METHODS To explore the current views of U.S. transplant centers towar... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Minimal access surgery (MAS) in adults is associated with less postoperative pain in comparison to conventional 'open' surgery. It is not known whether this holds true for neonates as well. Less pain would imply that opioid consumption can be reduced, which has a beneficial effect on morbid... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Oncology literature cites that only 2% to 4% of patients participate in research. Up to 85% of patients are unaware that clinical trials research is being conducted at their treatment facility or that they might be eligible to participate. ### OBJECTIVES It was hypothesized that patients' s... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that exemplary surgical care involves a surgeon's involvement in the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative periods. In an era of ever-expanding therapeutic modalities available to the vascular surgeon, it is important that trainees gain experience in preoperat... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND There has never been a nationally representative survey of medical students' personal health-related practices, although they are inherently of interest and may affect patient-counseling practices. This study evaluated the health practices and the vaccination status of first year residents ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Assessment of visual acuity depends on the optotypes used for measurement. The ability to recognize different optotypes differs even if their critical details appear under the same visual angle. Since optotypes are evaluated on individuals with good visual acuity and without eye disorders, ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The insertion/deletion (ID) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD), although the mechanism of this association is not apparent. We tested the hypothesis that the deletion allele of the ACE gene is associat... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND To investigate if fetal gender (1) affects the risk of having an emergency department (ED) visit for asthma; and (2) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes among women who had at least one visit to the ED for asthma during pregnancy. ### METHODS We linked two provincial administrativ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Physical examination to detect abdominal injuries has been considered unreliable in alcohol-intoxicated trauma patients. Computed tomography (CT) plays the primary role in these abdominal evaluations. ### METHODS We reviewed medical records of all blunt trauma patients admitted to our traum... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Avascular necrosis of bone (AVN) is a well known complication in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). ### OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of antiphospholipid antibody status (IgM and IgG anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant) with adjustment for corticosteroid us... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### STUDY OBJECTIVE To estimate changes in uterine myoma volume during pregnancy. ### DESIGN Review of departmental electronic perinatal database and medical records. Canadian Task Force Classification II-3. ### SETTING Obstetrical ultrasound unit in an academic tertiary care center. ### PATIENTS One hund... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### UNLABELLED Fixation of foreign bodies (FB), in the mucosa, can favor its migration, giving origin to the popular saying: 'FB walk to the heart'.AIM: Describe the mechanisms involved in FB migration and how to diagnose them. ### METHODOLOGY From a sample of 3,000 foreign bodies, during 40 years, we ana... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Midurethral sling (MUS) can improve overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. It is unclear if anterior/apical prolapse (AA) repair provides additional benefit. We hypothesized that women with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) experience greater improvement in the OAB component of ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Studies have indicated that hypoalbuminemia is associated with decreased survival of patients with gastric cancer. However, the prognostic value of albumin may be secondary to an ongoing systemic inflammatory response. The aim of the study was to assess the relation between hypoalbuminemia,... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Anchoring vignettes are brief texts describing a hypothetical character who illustrates a certain fixed level of a trait under evaluation. This research uses vignettes to elucidate factors associated with sleep disorders in adult Japanese before and after adjustment for reporting heterogene... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Cholecystectomy for GB polyps that are larger than 10 mm is generally recommended because of the high probability of neoplasm. In contrast, a follow-up strategy is preferred for GB polyps smaller than 10 mm. However, there are no treatment guidelines for polyps that grow in size during the ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to prospectively compare the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) in the preoperative locoregional staging of gastric cancer. ### METHODS This study had Institution... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Hepatitis G virus can cause chronic infection in man but the role of this agent in chronic liver disease is poorly understood. Little is known about the relation of another newly discovered agent, the TT virus, with chronic liver disease.AIM: To investigate the rate of infection with hepati... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND It is generally assumed, that patients with Werlhof's disease (WD) are at increased risk for bleeding complications when undergoing cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Therefore we performed this case control study to estimate the real risk for bleeding complications of these p... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Limited and conflicting data exist on an association between mammographic density (MD) and re-excision rates after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Additionally, the correlation of MD with resection of unnecessary margins during initial BCS is unknown. ### METHODS All women with a diagnosis... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### MATERIALS AND METHODS A list of telephone numbers of UK hospitals with a radiology department was obtained from the Royal College of Radiologists. One hundred hospitals were then randomly selected for inclusion in the survey. An 18-item questionnaire was successfully administered to consultant radiolo... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Anteroposterior, lateral, and right and left oblique lumbar spine radiographs are often a standard part of the evaluation of children who are clinically suspected of having spondylolysis. Recent concerns regarding radiation exposure and costs have brought the value of oblique radiographs in... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Some patients with suspected common bile duct (CBD) stones are found to have sludge and no stones. Although sludge in the gallbladder is a precursor of gallbladder stones, the significance of bile duct sludge (BDS) is poorly defined. This study aimed to compare BDS with bile duct stones in ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of a bedside swallowing assessment to reliably exclude aspiration following acute stroke. ### SUBJECTS Consecutive patients admitted within 24 h of stroke onset to two hospitals. ### METHODS A prospective study. Where possible, all patients had their ability to swa... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Frozen section (FS) evaluation during thyroid surgery is often used to guide intraoperative management. We sought to determine the utility of FS in patients undergoing thyroidectomy for multinodular thyroid disease. ### METHODS From May 1994 through November 2004, 236 patients with multinod... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Achilles tendon structure deteriorates 2-days after maximal loading in elite athletes. The load-response behaviour of tendons may be altered in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as hyperglycaemia accelerates collagen cross-linking. This study compared Achilles tendon load-response in particip... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The gender difference in prevalence and incidence rates of depression is one of the most consistent findings in psychiatric epidemiology. We sought to examine whether any gender differences in symptom profile might account for this difference in rates. ### METHOD This study was a population... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To assess whether Indigenous Australians age prematurely compared with other Australians, as implied by Australian Government aged care policy, which uses age 50 years and over for population-based planning for Indigenous people compared with 70 years for non-indigenous people. ### METHODS C... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The criteria for administration of adjuvant radiation therapy after thymoma resection remains controversial, and it is unclear whether patients with Masaoka stage III thymoma benefit from adjuvant radiation. The goal of this report was to determine whether or not this group benefits from ra... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if registered dietitian (RD) and registered nurse (RN) certified diabetes educators (CDEs) provide similar recommendations regarding carbohydrates and dietary supplements to individuals with diabetes. ### METHODS A survey was mailed to CDEs in the sou... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Studies on coronary risk factors in men and women are mainly based on mortality data and few compare results of both sexes with consistent study design and diagnostic criteria. This study assesses the major risk factors for coronary events in men and women from the Reykjavik Study. ### DESI... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to search for evidence of an association between occupational arsenic exposure and diabetes mellitus, as implied by the relation of this disease to arsenic in drinking water in a recent study from Taiwan. ### METHODS A case-referent analysis on death records of... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE This study was designed to determine prospectively whether the systematic use of PET/CT associated with conventional techniques could improve the accuracy of staging in patients with liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma. We also assessed the impact on the therapeutic strategy. ### METHODS ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND To study the risks of haemodynamic instability, and the possible occurrence of spinal haematoma, meningitis and epidural abscess when epidural analgesia is performed for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). ### METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Increased aortic stiffness is a independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension. Acute changes of the heart rate (HR) have been reported not to affect the aortic stiffness in pacing. However, it is unknown whether acute changes in HR caused by sympathomimetic... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To determine the rate of early infection for totally implantable venous access devices (TIVADs) placed without antibiotic prophylaxis. ### MATERIAL AND METHODS A list of patients who underwent TIVAD placement in 2009 was obtained from the patient archiving and communication system (PACS). This... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Although the mechanism of muscle wasting in end-stage renal disease is not fully understood, there is increasing evidence that acidosis induces muscle protein degradation and could therefore contribute to the loss of muscle protein stores of patients on hemodialysis, a prototypical state of... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The accepted treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis (NF) consists of extensive surgery and wide spectrum antibiotics. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) has been recommended as adjuvant therapy for NF, improving patient mortality and outcome. However, the beneficial effect of HBO for NF rem... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To assess pain intensity with and without subcutaneous local anesthesia prior to intraarticular administration of contrast medium for magnetic resonance arthrography (MRa) of the shoulder. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS This single-center study was conducted after an IRB waiver of authorization, be... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To investigate whether low-tone SD was a precursor of Meniere's disease and whether patients with low-tone SD suffered from endolymphatic hydrops. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective case review in the university hospital. A total of 184 patients with low-tone SD were divided ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) may require adjunctive methods of substrate modification. Both ablation-targeting complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) recorded during AF and fractionated electrograms recorded during sinus rhythm (sinus rhythm fractionation [SRF])... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Bicompartmental knee arthroplasty features bone and ligament sparing as unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and is presumably better in the recovery of muscle strength and function compared to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) though not previously reported in the literature. The aim of the study w... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHODS A secondary analysis of one-hundred-sixty-seven patients referred for treatment of cancer-related pain was conducted. Pain intensity at admission was recorded and patients were divided in three categories of pain intensity: mild, moderate and severe. Patients were offered a treatment with opio... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The correlation between radiographic transition zone on contrast enema in Hirschsprung's disease and the total length of aganglionosis is known to be inaccurate. The aim of our study was to analyse this correlation more precisely to improve preoperative planning of the corrective surgery. ### ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine whether the host immune response to gonorrhoea provides limited serovar specific protection from reinfection. ### SUBJECTS 508 episodes of gonorrhoea diagnosed at a city centre genitourinary medicine clinic including 22 patients with multiple infections over a 4 year period. ###... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Testosterone measurement by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is well accepted as the preferred technique for the analysis of testosterone. Variation is seen between assays and this may be due to differences in calibration as commercial calibrators for this assay are... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of articular sounds, standardized clinical examination, and standardized articular ultrasound in the detection of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. ### STUDY DESIGN Forty patients and 20 asymptomatic volunteers unde... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore the impact of delivery mode on women's postpartum quality of life in rural China and probe factors influencing postnatal quality of life. ### BACKGROUND Childbirth significantly affects puerpera's physical, psychological and social domains of quality of life. Under the c... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The study was performed to evaluate the clinical and technical efficacy of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of small saphenous varicosities, particularly in relation to the site of endovenous access. ### METHODS Totally 59 patients with unilateral saphenopopliteal junction incompetence and s... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE A possible role for fondaparinux as a bridging agent in the perioperative setting is explored. ### SUMMARY Anticoagulation guidelines provide minimal direction on the perioperative use of fondaparinux. Fondaparinux's extended half-life of 17-21 hours complicates its use as a perioperative brid... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES Swedish hospital mergers seem to stem from a conviction among policy makers that bigger hospitals lead to lower average costs and improved clinical outcomes. The effects of mergers in the form of multisited hospitals have not been systematically evaluated. The purpose of this article is to ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Few studies have assessed whether the advantage chemotherapy has been shown to have in treating advanced non-small lung carcinoma in clinical trials is transferrable to normal health care activity. This could explain the skepticism of a large number of pneumologists towards this treatment. T... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To explore the extent to which parent-adolescent emotional closeness, family conflict, and parental permissiveness moderate the association of puberty and alcohol use in adolescents (aged 10-14). ### METHODS Cross-sectional survey of 7631 adolescents from 231 Australian schools. Measures inclu... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The use of the private sector for health care is increasing, but it is unclear whether this will reduce demand on the NHS. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between private and NHS outpatient referral rates accounting for their association with deprivation. ### METHODS T... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### STUDY DESIGN A retrospective multicenter study of series of 12 patients with spinal cord sarcoidosis who underwent surgery. ### OBJECTIVE To evaluate the postoperative outcomes of patients with cervical spinal cord sarcoidosis accompanied with compressive myelopathy and effect of decompressive surgery... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence and severity of acute side effects from the use of polyvalent antivenin in victims of rattlesnake bites. ### DESIGN We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients who presented with rattlesnake bites to a university teaching hospital during an 11-year peri... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine whether successful completion of the Perinatal Education Programme (PEP) improves obstetric practice. ### METHOD The three midwife obstetric units (MOUs) in a health district of Mpumalanga were included in the study. Two MOUs enrolled in the PEP and the third did not. A 'before-... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Despite evidence against its utility, many surgeons continue to employ prophylactic nasogastric decompression in elective colonic resection. This study aimed to establish whether an easy and practical intervention, mailing out a summary of current evidence to surgeons, can change surgeons p... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Kell haemolytic disease in pregnancies has been suggested to be associated with decreased fetal platelet counts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical significance of fetal thrombocytopenia in pregnancies complicated by Kell alloimmunization. ### MA... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES The so-called "globulomaxillary cyst", described as a fissural cyst, caused by entrapped epithelium between the nasal and maxillary process, is no longer considered for its own entity. Nevertheless, cystic lesions, which correspond to the previous image of globulomaxillary cysts, do still o... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Synchronous liver metastases (SLM) occur in 20% of colorectal cancers (CRC). Resection of SLM and CLC can be undertaken at different centres (separate management, SM) or at the same centre (global management, GM). ### METHODS Retrospective study of SLM and CRC resections carried out during ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Several prospective randomized trials have proved carotid endarterectomy to be safe and effective for both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients younger than 80 years of age. Recently, carotid artery stenting (CAS) has been approved for use in selected high-risk patients. It has been propos... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To determine the necessity of pelvic computed tomography (CT) in patients of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). ### MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the records of 400 patients of RCC, who underwent treatment at our institution between January 1988 and February 2001. These patients were evaluated... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To evaluate prepuce development and retractibility in a group of boys. To point out the value of circumcision and prepucial forced dilation during childhood. ### METHODS Prepuce development and retractibility were evaluated in 400 boys ages between 0-16 year old. ### RESULTS In boys under 1 ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The relationship between the use of an endoscope during ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) procedures and infection remains poorly defined. In this study, we sought to analyze whether the simultaneous use of an endoscope could in fact increase the infection rate associated with VPS procedures... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To compare the probability of prenatal diagnosis (PND) and termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) between fetuses conceived by assisted reproductive techniques (ART) and spontaneously-conceived fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD). ### DESIGN Population-based observational... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is unknown whether tumoral somatostatin receptor subtype 2a (sst2a) immunohistochemistry (IHC) has additional value compared to somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) uptake using OctreoScan® in predicting response to peptide receptor radiotherapy using 177Lu-octreotate (PRRT)... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### CONTEXT Adults with GH deficiency (GHD) have a decreased life expectancy. The effect of GH treatment on mortality remains to be established. ### OBJECTIVE This nationwide cohort study investigates the effect of GH treatment on all-cause and cause-specific mortality and analyzes patient characteristics... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### METHOD In this study, an expert panel assessed causality of adverse reports by using the WHO global introspection (GI) method. The same reports were independently assessed using 15 published algorithms. The causality assessment level 'possible' was considered the lower limit for a report to be conside... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the accuracy of a new sternal skin conductance (SSC) device in measuring hot flashes and to assess the acceptability of the device by women. ### METHODS Three small descriptive pilot studies were performed using two sequential prototypes of the SSC device developed... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Androgen serum levels significantly decrease in older men, causing quality of life impairment and increasing the risk of chronic disease. This disorder is defined as PADAM (Partial Androgen Deficiency of Aging Men). ### OBJECTIVE To evaluate a PADAM screening tool and determine the prevalen... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Unintended pregnancy has been significantly associated with subsequent female sterilization. Whether women who are sterilized after experiencing an unintended pregnancy are less likely to express desire for sterilization reversal is unknown. ### METHODS This study used national, cross-secti... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The aim of this work is to assess a previously described slit-lamp biomicroscopy-based method (SLBM) for measuring pupil diameter and compare it to Colvard infrared pupillometry (CIP). ### METHODS Two examiners performed three repeated measurements with each instrument in 40 healthy eyes. W... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND That alcohol consumption is strongly influenced by the drinking behavior of social company has been demonstrated in observational research. However, not everyone is equally vulnerable to other people's drinking, and it is important to unravel which factors underlie these individual differen... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine if clinical variables assessed in relation to Albuterol aerosol treatments accurately identify children with pathologic radiographs during their initial episode of bronchospasm. ### METHODS A prospective convenience sample of children with a first episode of wheezing. Data colle... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Distance to provider might be an important barrier to timely diagnosis and treatment for cancer patients who qualify for Medicaid coverage. Whether driving time or driving distance is a better indicator of travel burden is also of interest. ### METHODS Driving distances and times from patient ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECT Two common causes of cervical myelopathy include degenerative stenosis and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). It has been postulated that patients with OPLL have more complications and worse outcomes than those with degenerative stenosis. The authors sought to compare t... | B |
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