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Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To compare growth curves of body mass index from children to adolescents, and then to young adults, in Japanese girls and women in birth cohorts born from 1930 to 1999. ### DESIGN Retrospective repeated cross sectional annual nationwide surveys (national nutrition survey, Japan) carried out ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND It is generally believed that positioning of the patient in a head-down tilt (Trendelenberg position) decreases the likelihood of a venous air embolism during liver resection. ### METHODS The physiological effect of variation in horizontal attitude on central and hepatic venous pressure was... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND STUDY OBJECTIVE Pneumothorax following flexible bronchoscopy (FB) with transbronchial biopsy (TBB) occurs in 1 to 6% of cases. Routine chest radiography (CXR) following TBB is therefore requested by most pulmonologists in an attempt to detect complications, particularly pneumothorax. Th... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested a protective effect of folic acid (FA) on congenital heart anomalies. Down syndrome (DS) infants are known to have a high frequency of heart anomalies. Not all children with DS suffer from heart anomalies, which raises the question whether maternal factors mig... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that hiatal hernia repair (HHR) during laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) decreases the rate of reoperation. However, the technical aspects (location and number of sutures) are not standardized. It is unknown whether such technical details are associated... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The 58th World Health Assembly called for all health systems to move towards universal coverage where everyone has access to key promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health interventions at an affordable cost. Universal coverage involves ensuring that health care benefits are ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Although record linkage of routinely collected health datasets is a valuable research resource, most datasets are established for administrative purposes and not for health outcomes research. In order for meaningful results to be extrapolated to specific populations, the limitations of the ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The proper angle of miniscrew insertion is important for cortical anchorage, patient safety, and biomechanical control. The purposes of this study are to report the alveolar process thickness and inter-radicular space in the posterior region of the mandible, to assess the impact of different m... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES The differential diagnosis between essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD) may be, in some cases, very difficult on clinical grounds alone. In addition, it is accepted that a small percentage of ET patients presenting symptoms and signs of possible PD may progress finally to a ty... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND An unknown number of colorectal cancers could be due to missed adenomas during previous endoscopy. Data in the literature are sparse. A large cross-sectional study was done in a prospective database of all patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. ### METHODS All consecutive endoscopies ov... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine whether the use of empiric chest radiography (CXR) is of significant value in detecting clinically unsuspected acute chest syndrome (ACS) in febrile patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). ### METHODS Patients with SCD presenting to the emergency department and hematology... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Cytologic criteria reported to be helpful in the distinction of proliferative breast disease without atypia (PBD) from nonproliferative breast disease (NPBD) have not been rigorously tested. ### METHODS Fifty-one air-dried, Diff-Quik-stained fine-needle aspirates (FNA) of palpable breast le... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Vancomycin is the primary treatment for infections caused by methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The association of vancomycin treatment failures with increased vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is a well-recognized problem. A number of single-centre studies h... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy characterized by villus atrophy and malabsorption of essential nutrients. Vitamin D deficiency has been described in autoimmune diseases, but its status in prepubertal children with CD has not been adequately studied. ### OBJECTIVE To determi... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To evaluate renal damage and impairment of renal function 1 yr after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) with warm ischemia>30 min. ### METHODS From July 2004 to June 2005, 18 patients underwent LPN with warm ischemia time>30 min. Kidney damage markers (daily proteinuria and tubular enzym... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels can show wide fluctuations when repeatedly measured. Here we investigatewd if: (a) biopsy timing influences the prostate cancer (PC) detection rate in patients with fluctuating PSA (flu-PSA) in comparison with patients with steadily increasing PSA (s... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) provides psychological benefit to many early breast cancer patients however concerns persist regarding its potential impact on chemotherapy delivery. We investigated the association between IBR, complications and adjuvant chemotherapy delivery. ### METH... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS The purpose of this study is to examine whether or not well differentiated (w-d) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is indeed clinically early cancer. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy six patients with solitary small HCCs up to 3 cm in diameter, who underwent hepatectomy, were observed for at least ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Many insurance payors mandate that bariatric surgery candidates undergo a medically supervised weight management (MSWM) program as a prerequisite for surgery. However, there is little evidence to support this requirement. We evaluated in a randomized controlled trial the hypothesis that par... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The prevalence of combined humeral and glenoid defects varies between 79 and 84 % in case of chronic posttraumatic anterior shoulder instability. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between humeral and glenoid defects based on quantitative radiological criteria. ###... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of bracket-ligature combination on the amount of orthodontic space closure over three months. ### DESIGN Randomized clinical trial with three parallel groups. ### SETTING A hospital orthodontic department (Chesterfield Royal Hospital, UK). ### PARTICIPANTS Forty-fiv... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To explain China's cigarette pricing mechanism and the role of the Chinese State Tobacco Monopoly Administration (STMA) on cigarette pricing and taxation. ### METHODS Published government tobacco tax documentation and statistics published by the Chinese STMA are used to analyse the interrela... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The purpose of this survey was to ascertain the most common surgical practices for attaining negative (tumor-free) surgical margins in patients desiring breast-conservation treatment for breast cancer to see if a consensus exists for optimal treatment of patients. ### STUDY DESIGN We sent a... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Embolisation of atherosclerotic debris during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair is responsible for significant peri-operative morbidity. Reports have suggested that preferential clamping of the distal vessel(s) before the proximal aorta may decrease the number of emboli passing distall... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine whether decreasing lengths of stay over time for selected diagnostic categories were associated with increased hospital readmission rates and mean number of physician visits after discharge. ### DESIGN Retrospective descriptive study. ### SETTING The seven large (125 beds or mor... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Occlusion of the atherosclerotic ascending aorta by an endoaortic inflatable balloon has been proposed as an alternative to conventional cross-clamping to prevent injury to the vessel and distal embolization of debris. The safety and the effectiveness of endoaortic occlusion have not been d... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE This study aimed to show the relationship between serum paraoxonase 1 level and the epicardial fat tissue thickness. ### METHODS Two hundred and seven patients without any atherosclerotic disease history were included in this cross-sectional observational study. Correlation analysis was perf... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE A tonsillectomy audit was carried out and compared with other studies, to emphasize the role of antibiotics. ### METHODS This study was carried out at North West Armed Forces Hospital, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during the year January 1999 through to December 1999. This is a retrospect... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Obesity may be associated with lower prostate specific antigen through hemodilution. We examined the relationship between body mass index and prostate specific antigen by age in men without prostate cancer in a longitudinal aging study to determine whether prostate specific antigen must be adj... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Little is known about whether a routinely inserted endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) tube improves the clinical course in patients with choledocholithiasis-induced acute cholangitis after clearance of choledocholithiasis. ### OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the need ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE In January 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) communicated concerns and, in May 2009, issued a warning about an increased risk of suicidality for all antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). This research evaluated the association between the FDA suicidality communications and the AED prescript... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Noise exposure in the neonatal intensive care unit is believed to be a risk factor for hearing loss in preterm neonates. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices exceed recommended noise levels. High flow nasal cannulae (HFNC) are an increasingly popular alternative to CPAP for tr... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To examine family-based transmission of the number of 5' flanking arginine vasopressin V1a receptor (AVPR1A) microsatellites, which include [(GATA)(14)] and complex [(CT)(4)-TT-(CT)(8)-(GT)(24)]repeats, in probands with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA-BP). ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES to describe variation in utilisation of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) within two English health regions and explore relationships between use, need and proximity to services. ### DESIGN consecutive case series of operations. Comparison at a population level with district stroke mortality, ho... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE The quality of surgical excision is held to be a major determinant of outcome following surgery for rectal cancer. Macroscopic examination of the excised mesorectum allows for reproducible assessment of the quality of surgery. We aimed to determine whether quality of excision undertaken by c... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Comorbid major depression (MD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD), particularly in adolescents, have been shown to be associated with poorer subsequent MD outcomes. ### METHODS Longitudinal data were used to model associations between a four-level classification of MD/AUD during the period 15-1... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Demonstrate that the rabbit may be used in the training of surgery, in addition to present its perioperative care. ### METHODS Thirty two animals, with age and weight, respectively, from 3 to 5.5 months old and 3000 to 4200 grams, were undergone different periods of pre-operative fasting, excl... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes and patterns of failure in patients with metastatic carcinoma to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head and neck primary origin, who were treated curatively with radiotherapy, with or without neck dissection. ### METHODS The study include... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Multiple viruses are often detected in children with respiratory infection but the significance of co-infection in pathogenesis, severity and outcome is unclear. ### OBJECTIVES To correlate the presence of viral co-infection with clinical phenotype in children admitted with acute respirator... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine if temperature during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has an effect on perioperative and postoperative thyroid function. ### DESIGN Prospective study comparing thyroid function during and after hypothermic and normothermic CPB. ### SETTING Cardiac surgical unit at a universit... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon variant of chronic cholecystitis, characterized by marked thickening of the gallbladder wall and dense local adhesions. It often mimics a gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), and may coexist with GBC, leading to a diagnostic dilemma. Furthermor... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To measure the dimensions of compensatory hypertrophy of the middle turbinate in patients with nasal septal deviation, before and after septoplasty. ### METHODS The mucosal and bony structures of the middle turbinate and the angle of the septum were measured using radiological analysis befor... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Stock et al. (Eur Respir J 25:47-53, 2005) recently estimated asthma prevalence in Germany using claims data on prescriptions and hospital diagnoses and found high prevalence peaks in infants. Our objective was to critically assess and discuss various aspects of identifying children with asthm... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Combining various antiretroviral agents into one single dosage form has been a strategy to reduce pill burden and enhance medication adherence among human immunodeficiency virus /AIDS (HIV/AIDS) patients. ### OBJECTIVES This is a cost-utility study from a health care system's perspective co... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Although desflurane is commonly used to control surgically induced hypertension, its effects on left ventricular (LV) function have not been investigated in this clinical situation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the LV function response to desflurane, when used to control... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of ureteroscopy for lower ureteric stones without the use of fluoroscopy. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS Between June 2001 and January 2005, a total of 110 patients with a mean age of 33.5 years (range 12-65) suffering from of lower ureteral calc... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Recent studies have found a choroidal thickening in amblyopic eyes and suggested that there might be a relationship between the choroid and amblyopia. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a six-month treatment of amblyopia on choroidal thickness in anisometropic hyperopic amblyopi... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Most staging systems for soft tissue sarcoma are based on histologic malignancy-grade, tumor size and tumor depth. These factors are generally dichotomized, size at 5 cm. We believe it is unlikely that tumor depth per se should influence a tumor's metastatic capability. Therefore we hypothe... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE This study investigated associations between the performance of dental students in each of the three components of the selection procedure [academic average, Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test (UMAT) and structured interview], socio-demographic characteristics and thei... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation results in significant HIV transmission reduction. This is the rationale behind the "test and treat" policy of the World Health Organization (WHO). Implementation of this policy will lead to an increased incidence ... | B |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### MATERIALS AND METHODS Paraffin-embedded tissues in Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine Department of Pathology between January 2002 and February 2006 were searched restrospectively to investigate this issue. We performed immunohistochemistry on biopsies of 125 patients with HBV infection, grouped ... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Assessing the clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients consists of periodical clinical evaluations and laboratory tests. We aimed to assess the role of calprotectin tests in predicting clinical relapse in IBD patients. ### METHODS Ninety-seven patients with ulcerative col... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### STUDY DESIGN A prospective randomized clinical study. ### OBJECTIVE To determine whether shaving the incision site before spinal surgery causes postsurgical infection. ### SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Spine surgeons usually shave the skin of the incision site immediately before surgery is performed. How... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to determine if baseline antral follicle assessment may serve as additional information in predicting in vitro fertilization outcome. ### METHODS Prospective, descriptive preliminary study of in vitro fertilization outcome. From July 1998 to July 1999, 224 patients... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE Treatment of neonatal testicular torsion has two objectives: salvage of the involved testicle (which is rarely achieved) and preservation of the contralateral gonad. The second goal universally involves contralateral testicular scrotal fixation to prevent the future occurrence of contralater... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES As parents of young children are often unaware their child is overweight, screening provides the opportunity to inform parents and provide the impetus for behaviour change. We aimed to determine if parents could recall and understand the information they received about their overweight chil... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Although the Internet is commonly used to recruit samples in studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk behaviors, it has not been used to measure patient-reported well-being. As the burden of long-term chronic HIV infection rises, the Internet may offer enormous potential f... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE There is an urgent need to increase opportunistic screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in community settings, particularly for those who are at increased risk including men who have sex with men (MSM). The aim of this qualitative study was to explore whether home sampling kit... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To examine the attitudes of players and coaches to the use of protective headgear, particularly with respect to the prevention of concussion. ### METHODS A questionnaire designed to assess attitudes to headgear was administered to 63 players from four different Canadian teams, each represen... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS The long-term survival of patients with gastric cancer is governed by various factors, such as the clinical stage of the cancer, the patient's nutritional state, and the treatment and may be governed by the volume of intraperitoneal adipose tissue. The aim of this study is to clarify the relation... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### STUDY DESIGN Prospective multicenter longitudinal cohort study. ### OBJECTIVE To validate the prognostic value of the acute phase sacral sparing measurements with regard to chronic phase-independent ambulation in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). ### SETTING European Multicenter Study ... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND To determine whether the use of hydrophilic guidewires has increased the technical success rate of peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).MATERIAL/ ### METHODS We performed 125 procedures and analyzed the technical success rates of PTA using the conventional guidewire first ... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Cutaneous infections such as impetigo contagiosum (IC), molluscum contagiosum (MC) and herpes virus infection (HI) appear to be associated with atopic dermatitis (AD), but there are no reports of concrete epidemiological evidence. ### OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of childhood AD w... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The 'law of spatiotemporal concentrations of events' introduced major preventative shifts in policing communities. 'Hotspots' are at the forefront of these developments yet somewhat understudied in emergency medicine. Furthermore, little is known about interagency 'data-crossover', despite ... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES Guidelines emphasize that irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not a diagnosis of exclusion and encourage clinicians to make a positive diagnosis using the Rome criteria alone. Yet many clinicians are concerned about overlooking alternative diagnoses. We measured beliefs about whether IBS is a... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The aim of this prognostic factor analysis was to investigate if a patient's self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL) provided independent prognostic information for survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS Pretreatment HRQOL was measured... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Although dose-volume parameters in image-guided brachytherapy have become a standard, the use of posterior-inferior border of the pubic symphysis (PIBS) points has been recently proposed in the reporting of vaginal doses. The aim was to evaluate their pertinence. ### METHODS AND MATERIALS Nine... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The etiology of hemodialysis (HD)-induced hypotension and hypertension remains speculative. There is mounting evidence that endothelin-1 (ET-1) may play a vital role in these hemodynamic changes. We examined the possible role of intradialytic changes of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of hypotensi... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE The aetiology of osteochondritis dissecans is still unclear. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to analyse whether vitamin D insufficiency, or deficiency, might be a contributing etiological factor in the development of an OCD lesion. ### METHODS The serum level of vitamin D3 in 23 co... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To compare two treatment strategies in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome: early surfactant administration (within one hour of birth) versus late surfactant administration, in a geographically defined population. ### OUTCOME The primary outcome was chronic lung ... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Sulfasalazine is a widely used anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and several rheumatological disorders. Although as many as 20% of treated patients may experience reversible, dose-dependent side effects, less frequent but potentially severe, systemic rea... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine under what conditions lay people and health professionals find it acceptable for a physician to breach confidentiality to protect the wife of a patient with a sexually transmitted disease (STD). ### METHODS In a study in France, breaching confidentiality in 48 scenarios were acc... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Warfarin increases both the likelihood and the mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), particularly in patients with a history of prior ICH. In light of this consideration, should a patient with both a history of ICH and a clear indication for anticoagulation such as nonval... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Among patients with acute stroke symptoms, delay in hospital admission is the main obstacle for the use of thrombolytic therapy and other interventions associated with decreased mortality and disability. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether an elderly clinical pop... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Opioid-dependent patients often have co-occurring chronic illnesses requiring medications that interact with methadone. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is typically provided separately from medical care. Hence, coordination of medical care and substance use treatment is important to p... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate local failure patterns in node negative breast cancer patients treated with post-mastectomy radiotherapy including internal mammary chain only. ### PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of 92 internal or central-breast node-negative tumours with mastectomy and... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND By requiring or encouraging enrollees to obtain a usual source of care, managed care programs hope to improve access to care without incurring higher costs. ### OBJECTIVES (1) To examine the effects of managed care on the likelihood of low-income persons having a usual source of care and a ... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is characterized by neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Studies on experimental models and patients with intractable epilepsy suggest that apoptosis may be involved in neuronal death induced by recurrent seizures. ### METHODS We searched evidence for apoptotic cel... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia is a little known disease which could be related to risk factors different from simple HPV infections. ### OBJECTIVE To ascertain wheter vaginal lesions have a natural history similar to cervical lesions.MATERIALS & ### METHODS A retrospective study to iden... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To examine whether government-funded, low-income vision care programs improve use of eye care services by low-income individuals in Canada. ### DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. ### PARTICIPANTS 27,375 white respondents to the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Healthy Aging 2008/2009. ###... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND To investigate the association between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the polymorphisms of HIF1A, a major vascular epithelial growth factor regulator under hypoxic conditions. The associations of AMD and polymorphisms of genes CFH, SKIV2L and MYRIP were also studied. ### DESIGN ... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND The technique of induced sputum has allowed to subdivide asthma patients into inflammatory phenotypes according to their level of granulocyte airway infiltration. There are very few studies which looked at detailed sputum and blood cell counts in a large cohort of asthmatics divided into in... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between injury severity surrogates and other patient factors with the development and severity of heterotopic ossification (HO) following open reduction internal fixation of acetabular fractures treated with a posterior approach. ### DESIGN Retrospective review... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) had an objective change in aerobic fitness during cycle ergometry compared to a normal population. The most accurate test of aerobic fitness is measurement of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) with cycle ergometry.... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### AIMS Emergency surgery is associated with poorer outcomes and higher mortality with recent studies suggesting the 30-day mortality to be 14-15%. The aim of this study was to analyse the 30-day mortality, age-related 30-day mortality and 1-year mortality following emergency laparotomy. We hope this wil... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine if composite measures based on process indicators are consistent with short-term outcome indicators in surgical colorectal cancer care. ### DESIGN Longitudinal analysis of consistency between composite measures based on process indicators and outcome indicators for 85 Dutch hosp... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### HYPOTHESIS To determine if elderly patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) are receiving less treatment and to evaluate the benefit of aggressive therapy in this population. ### STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of a large population database. ### METHODS Patients in the Surveill... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND National guidelines and government directives have adopted policies for urgent assessment of patients with a transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke not admitted to hospital. The risk of recurrent stroke increases substantially with age, as does the potential benefit of secondary prevent... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To determine the duration of continuing pregnancy after antenatal corticosteroid (AC) administration and to evaluate the potential opportunity for rescue AC. ### STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of women at 24-32 weeks' gestation who received AC at one institution. ### RESULTS Six hundred... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE A higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) in HIV-infected patients, together with chronic infection and treatments, has resulted in an increased risk of silent myocardial ischaemia (SMI). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether myocardial SPECT should be used for sc... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE AND METHODS In a prospective study 218 preschool children were enrolled (stratified in 2 training programs, one specialized for phonologic awareness in order to prevent dyslexia, the other consisting in training of general perception) during the last year of kindergarten. After finishing the... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Quantitative real-time PCR has become the predominant molecular technique to monitor BCRABL levels in response to treatment in Ph(+) leukemia patients. However, without some form of standardized methodology between laboratories, the correlation of results is difficult. ### METHODS Using Taq... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### INTRODUCTION To evaluate the impact of HER2 immunoreactivity on clinical outcome in locally advanced urothelial carcinoma patients who received surgery alone, or methotrexate, vinblastine, epirubicin, and cisplatin (M-VEC) as adjuvant chemotherapy. ### MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 114 formalin-fix... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Parental drinking has been shown to be associated with offspring drinking. However, the relationship appears to be more complex than often assumed and few studies have tracked it over longer time periods. ### AIMS To explore the long-term (10-year) transmission of familial drinking during a... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE There is no standard protocol for the evaluation of antiseptics used for skin and mucous membranes in the presence of interfering substances. Our objective was to suggest trial conditions adapted from the NF EN 13727 standard, for the evaluation of antiseptics used in gynecology and dermatol... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To investigate whether prepuncture ultrasound evaluation of vascular anatomy facilitates internal jugular vein cannulation compared with landmark-guided puncture. ### DESIGN Prospective randomized study. ### SETTING Single community hospital. ### PARTICIPANTS Adult patients undergoing genera... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Lymphedema may be identified by simpler circumference changes as compared with changes in limb volume. ### METHODS Ninety breast cancer patients were prospectively enrolled in an academic trial, and seven upper extremity circumferences were measured quarterly for 3 years. A 10% volume incre... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### OBJECTIVE To critically assess the evidence that appendiceal perforation is a risk factor for subsequent tubal infertility or ectopic pregnancy. ### DATA SOURCES Epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between appendectomy and infertility or ectopic pregnancy were identified by searching ... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### PURPOSE To assess whether perspective-taking, which researchers in other fields have shown to induce empathy, improves patient satisfaction in encounters between student-clinicians and standardized patients (SPs). ### METHOD In three studies, randomly assigned students (N = 608) received either a pers... | C |
Answer the following medical question with the correct letter choice: | <<Abstract:>> ### BACKGROUND Sternal fractures in childhood are rare. The aim of the study was to investigate the accident mechanism, the detection of radiological and sonographical criteria and consideration of associated injuries. ### METHOD In the period from January 2010 to December 2012 all inpatients and outpatie... | C |
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