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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 36-year-old man undergoes ileocecal resection after a gunshot injury. The resected ileocecal segment is sent for histological evaluation. One of the slides derived from the specimen is shown in the image. Which of the following statements regarding the structure marked within the red circle is correct?? {'A': 'This... | B: This structure can become a site of entry of certain microorganisms including S. typhi. |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 30-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 42 weeks' gestation is admitted to the hospital in active labor. Pregnancy has been complicated by gestational diabetes, for which she has been receiving insulin injections. Her first child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a nonreassuring... | A: Lack of uterine muscle contraction |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:One week after an aortic valve replacement surgery, a 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency room 30 minutes after the onset of severe, sharp chest pain. He appears pale and dyspneic but is alert, oriented, and speaks in full sentences. His temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 192/min and thready, respiration... | B: Synchronized cardioversion |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 33-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a 3-day history of backache, progressive bilateral lower limb weakness, and a pins-and-needles sensation in both of her legs. She has not passed urine for the past 24 hours. Her medical history is unremarkable. Her blood pressure is 112/74 mm Hg, heart rat... | C: Inflammation of the spinal cord |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 63-year-old man undergoes workup for nocturnal dyspnea and what he describes as a "choking" sensation while sleeping. He also endorses fatigue and dyspnea on exertion. Physical exam reveals a normal S1, loud P2, and a neck circumference of 17 inches (43 cm) (normal < 14 inches (< 35 cm)). His temperature is 98.8°F ... | E: Right ventricular failure |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 4-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her parents for a 1-year history of gradual loss of speech and motor skills. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated, and development was normal until the age of 3 years. Her parents say she used to run and speak in short sentences but now is only able to walk slo... | A: Microdeletion of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 on X-chromosome |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 57-year-old man presents to the emergency department because he has been having abdominal pain for the past several months. Specifically, he complains of severe epigastric pain after eating that is sometimes accompanied by diarrhea. He has also lost 20 pounds over the same time period, which he attributes to the fa... | C: CA-19-9 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old medical student comes to the physician with a 3-week history of night sweats and myalgias. During this time, he has also had a of 3.6-kg (8-lb) weight loss. He returned from a 6-month tropical medicine rotation in Cambodia 1 month ago. A chest x-ray (CXR) shows reticulonodular opacities suggestive of ac... | B: 0.25 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 49-year-old man comes with odynophagia, abdominal pain, fatigue, headache, and fever for several weeks. The patient reports no chronic medical problems, no travel, and no recent sick exposures. Physical examination is significant only for an erythematous oral mucosa and cervical lymphadenopathy. His vital signs sho... | D: Primary HIV infection |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 65-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of severe pain in his left shoulder for several days. He did not fall or injure his shoulder. He has a history of osteoarthritis of both knees that is well-controlled with indomethacin. He spends most of his time at a retirement facility and does not do any spor... | A: Musculoskeletal ultrasound |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old woman with no past medical history presents to her primary care provider because she has begun to experience color changes in her fingers on both hands in cold temperatures. She reports having had this problem for a few years, but with the weather getting colder this winter she has grown more concerned.... | A: Amlodipine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 68-year-old man presents to your office concerned about the frequency with which he wakes up in the middle night feeling out of breath. He has been required to use 3 more pillows in order to reduce the shortness of breath. In addition to this, he has noticed that he tires easily with minor tasks such as walking 1 b... | D: Increased production of brain natriuretic peptide |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 69-year-old man with metastatic colon cancer is brought to the emergency department because of shortness of breath, fever, chills, and a productive cough with streaks of blood for the past 5 days. He has a history of emphysema. The patient does not have abdominal pain or headache. He receives chemotherapy with 5-fl... | E: Voriconazole |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 50-year-old man presents to a clinic with a skin lesion on his forearm, which recently changed in color from light brown to brown-black. The lesion was initially pinhead in size but now has grown to the size of a penny. On examination, there is a 3.5 x 2.5 cm irregularly-shaped lesion on his left forearm. A photogr... | E: B7 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of intermittent dysphagia for 6 months. He states that he drinks a lot of water during meals to help reduce discomfort he has while swallowing food. He has hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease. He has smoked one half-pack of cigarettes daily for ... | E: Mechanical dilation " |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 43-year-old man presents to the emergency department following a work-related accident in which both arms were amputated. The patient lost a substantial amount of blood prior to arrival, and his bleeding is difficult to control due to arterial damage and wound contamination with debris. His complete blood count (CB... | B: Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 37-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 35 weeks' gestation is brought to the emergency department for the evaluation of continuous, dark, vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain for one hour. Her first child was delivered by lower segment transverse cesarean section because of a nonreassuring fetal heart rate. The pa... | E: Detachment of the placenta |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 54-year-old African American man presents to the clinic for his first annual well-check. He was unemployed for years but recently received health insurance from a new job. He reports feeling healthy and has no complaints. His blood pressure is 157/90 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 12/min. Routine urina... | D: Lisinopril |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old man from Argentina presents to your office complaining of difficulty swallowing for the past few months. He is accompanied by his wife who adds that his breath has started to smell horrible. The patient says that he feels uncomfortable no matter what he eats or drinks. He also has lost 5 kg (11 lb) in t... | D: Trypanosoma cruzi infection |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after a skiing accident. The patient had been skiing down the mountain when he collided with another skier who had stopped suddenly in front of him. He is alert but complaining of pain in his chest and abdomen. He has a past medical history of intravenous drug ... | E: Emergency laparotomy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 8-month-old child presents with a history of poor growth and a chronic cough. He was born to a 21-year-old woman at 41 weeks of gestation. Soon after birth, he developed respiratory distress and was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit where he was mechanically ventilated for 24 hours. He was initially bre... | E: Atrophy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 40-year-old woman comes to the therapist for weekly psychotherapy. She was diagnosed with major depressive disorder and anxiety after her divorce 1 year ago. During last week's appointment, she spoke about her ex-husband's timidity and lack of advancement at work; despite her urging, he never asked for a raise. Tod... | A: Transference |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 55-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his friends after he was found vomiting copious amounts of blood. According to his friends, he is a chronic alcoholic and lost his family and job because of his drinking. The admission vital signs were as follows: blood pressure is 100/75 mm Hg, heart rate i... | A: Caput medusae | Caval (systemic): epigastric veins | Portal (hepatic): paraumbilical vein |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A scientist in Boston is studying a new blood test to detect Ab to the parainfluenza virus with increased sensitivity and specificity. So far, her best attempt at creating such an exam reached 82% sensitivity and 88% specificity. She is hoping to increase these numbers by at least 2 percent for each value. After seve... | D: 90% |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 55-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia presents to his primary care clinic. He admits he did not adhere to a low salt diet on a recent vacation. He now has progressive leg swelling and needs two pillows to sleep because he gets short of breath when lying flat. C... | A: Hypocalcemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 60-year-old man presents with pain, swelling, and a purulent discharge from his left foot. He says that the symptoms began 7 days ago with mild pain and swelling on the medial side of his left foot, but have progressively worsened. He states that there has been a foul-smelling discharge for the past 2 days. The med... | C: Presence of wet gangrene |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 6-year-old girl is brought to your clinic by her mother with a high grade temperature associated with generalized weakness and lethargy. Her mother reports that she has had similar episodes, each last 3-4 days since she was an infant. These episodes would often lead to hospitalization where she would be found to be... | E: Pyridoxine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old woman presents with pruritus and progressive weakness for the past 3 months. She says she feels excessively tired during the daytime and is losing interest in activities that used to be fun. The patient reports a history of heavy alcohol use and drinks around 20 ounces per week. Laboratory studies show:... | D: Primary biliary cholangitis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old female comes to her obstetrician’s office for a prenatal visit. She has a transvaginal ultrasound that correlates with her last menstrual period and dates her pregnancy at 4 weeks. She has no complaints except some nausea during the morning that is improving. She comments that she has had some strange f... | B: Closure of the neural tube |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of cough, weight loss, and night sweats. He migrated from Sri Lanka 6 months ago. He appears emaciated. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.5°F). Physical examination shows enlargement of the right supraclavicular lymph node. Chest and abdominal examinat... | B: Medullary sinus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 33-year-old woman presents with anxiety, poor sleep, and occasional handshaking and sweating for the past 10 months. She says that the best remedy for her symptoms is a “glass of a good cognac” after work. She describes herself as a “moderate drinker”. However, on a more detailed assessment, the patient confesses t... | A: Naltrexone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with confusion, severe myalgia, fever, and a rash over her inner left thigh. The patient was diagnosed with pharyngitis three days ago and prescribed antibiotics, but she did not take them. Her blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg, heart rate is 99/min, respiratory ra... | A: Variable part of TCR β-chain |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A pharmaceutical corporation is developing a research study to evaluate a novel blood test to screen for breast cancer. They enrolled 800 patients in the study, half of which have breast cancer. The remaining enrolled patients are age-matched controls who do not have the disease. Of those in the diseased arm, 330 are... | C: 330 / (330 + 70) |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old woman presents to the physician with complaints of pain and paresthesias in her left hand, particularly her thumb, index, and middle fingers. She notes that the pain is worse at night, though she still feels significant discomfort during the day. The patient insists that she would like urgent relief of ... | D: Splinting |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A previously healthy 45-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He has been having recurrent headaches, especially early in the morning, and sometimes feels dizzy. There is no family history of serious illness. The patient runs 5 miles 3 days a week. He does not smoke or drin... | E: Amlodipine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A researcher measures action potential propagation velocity in various regions of the heart in a 42-year-old Caucasian female. Which of the following set of measurements corresponds to the velocities found in the atrial muscle, AV Node, Purkinje system, and venticular muscle, respectively?? {'A': '2.2 m/s, 0.3 m/s, 0... | B: 1.1 m/s, 0.05 m/s, 2.2 m/s, 0.3 m/s |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 29-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with joint pain and a notable rash. She has had joint pain for the past 12 months but noticed the rash recently as well as generalized malaise. She states her joint pain is symmetric, in her upper extremities, and is worse in the morning. Her temperature is 97.... | B: Anti-dsDNA |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A healthy 30-year-old female has a measured creatinine clearance of 100 mL/min. She has a filtration fraction (FF) of 25%. Serum analysis reveals a creatinine level of 0.9 mg/dL and an elevated hematocrit of 0.6. Which of the following is the best estimate of this patient’s renal blood flow?? {'A': '400 mL/min', 'B':... | D: 1.0 L/min |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 22-year-old female college student comes to your clinic to establish care. She has no significant past medical history and her only complaint today is that she has had trouble maintaining a consistent weight. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37.0°C), blood pressure is 100/65 mmHg, pulse is 62/min, and respirations are 12... | B: Decreased chloride, decreased potassium, increased bicarbonate |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:As part of a clinical research study, the characteristics of neoplastic and normal cells are being analyzed in culture. It is observed that neoplastic cell division is aided by an enzyme which repairs progressive chromosomal shortening, which is not the case in normal cells. Due to the lack of chromosomal shortening,... | C: Telomerase |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought in by his mother with reports of trouble at school. Teachers report that for the last 6 months he has been having difficulty finishing tasks, is easily distracted, frequently does not listen, commonly fails to finish schoolwork, has not been able to complete any of the class projects this ... | B: Methylphenidate |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old male asks his physician for information regarding a vasectomy. On further questioning, you learn that he and his wife have just had their second child and he asserts that they no longer wish to have additional pregnancies. You ask him if he has discussed a vasectomy with his wife to which he replies, "W... | C: Explain the risks and benefits of the procedure and request signed consent from the patient |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 16-year-old boy comes to the physician for the evaluation of fatigue over the past month. He reports that his energy levels are low and that he spends most of his time in his room. He also states that he is not in the mood for meeting friends. He used to enjoy playing soccer and going to the shooting range with his... | E: Instruct parents to remove guns from the house |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 24-year-old woman presents with blisters and erosions on her upper face, chest, and back. The blisters have erythema, scales, and crust formation. The lesions are aggravated, especially after sun exposure. Examination shows oromucosal involvement. Histopathologic evaluation reveals a tombstone arrangement at the ba... | A: Pemphigus vulgaris |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his mother for a productive cough. His symptoms began approximately 3 days prior to presentation and have not improved. His mother also reports that he developed diarrhea recently and denies any sick contacts or recent travel. He has received all of his vaccinations.... | D: NAPDH oxidase defect |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old female presents to her primary care provider for headache. The patient reports that every few weeks she has an episode of right-sided, throbbing headache. The episodes began several years ago and are accompanied by nausea and bright spots in her vision. The headache usually subsides if she lies still in... | D: Sumatriptan |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist’s office stating that she has never had a period. She is slightly alarmed because most of her friends in college have been menstruating for years. She is also concerned about her short stature. When she previously visited her family physician during early puberty, she ... | B: Coarctation of aorta |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her mother because she refuses to get out of bed and spends most days crying or staring at the wall. Her symptoms started 3 months ago. The patient states that she is very sad most of the time and that none of the activities that used to interest her are interesting ... | E: Continue fluoxetine and add phenelzine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old basketball player unexpectedly collapses on the court. Several minutes later he returns to consciousness and is able to continue playing. This has happened several times before with similar outcomes. He had no significant past medical history. Which of the following is most likely to be found in this pa... | C: Septal hypertrophy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old woman presents to her doctor complaining of pain in her neck that radiates to her left ear. The pain has been more or less constant for the last 3 weeks and increases when she chews and swallows. She was in her normal state of health before the pain started. She also mentions that she has been experienc... | C: ↓ Serum TSH, ↑ Total T4, ↑ Free T4, ↓ I131 Uptake |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Patient 1 – A 26-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for an annual exam. She currently does not have any acute concerns and says her health has been generally well. Medical history is significant for asthma, which is managed with an albuterol inhaler. Her last pap smear was unremarkable. She is curr... | A: Patient 1 – BRCA testing. Patient 2 – Breast ultrasound |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 67-year-old man with a past medical history of poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is brought to the emergency department for acute onset nausea and vomiting. According to the patient, he suddenly experienced vertigo and began vomiting 3 hours ago while watching TV. He reports hiking in New Hampshire ... | E: Thrombotic stroke at the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old female is brought to the Emergency Department by Fire Rescue after participating in a physical altercation with several commuters on the subway. She appears to be responding to hallucinations and is diaphoretic. Her vitals are as follows: T 100.5F (38C), HR 115, BP 155/90, RR 17. Her past medical histor... | A: Prominent vertical nystagmus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old nulligravid female presents to clinic complaining of abnormal vaginal discharge and vaginal pruritis. The patient's past medical history is unremarkable and she does not take any medications. She is sexually active with 3 male partners and does not use condoms. Pelvic examination is notable for a thick,... | D: Oral fluconazole for the patient |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 52-year-old female presents to her rheumatologist with complaints of fatigue, a sore mouth, and occasional nausea and abdominal pain over the past several months. Her medical history is significant for 'pre-diabetes' treated with diet and exercise, hypertension managed with lisinopril, and rheumatoid arthritis well... | D: Initiation of folinic acid |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Cardiac muscle serves many necessary functions, leading to a specific structure that serves these functions. The structure highlighted is an important histology component of cardiac muscle. What would be the outcome if this structure diffusely failed to function?? {'A': 'Inappropriate formation of cardiac valve leafl... | B: Failure of propagation of the action potential from the conduction system |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old primigravid woman with a history of seizures comes to the physician because she had a positive pregnancy test at home. Medications include valproic acid and a multivitamin. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. A urine pregnancy test is positive. Her baby is at increased risk for requiring which ... | A: Lower spinal surgery |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator is studying early post-mortem changes in the lung. Autopsies are performed on patients who died following recent hospital admissions. Microscopic examination of the lungs at one of the autopsies shows numerous macrophages with brown intracytoplasmic inclusions. A Prussian blue stain causes these inclu... | E: Shortness of breath that worsens when supine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a checkup. She has been trying to get pregnant with her husband for the past 7 months but has been unsuccessful. The patient states that they have been having unprotected intercourse daily during this time frame. She states that she experiences her menses... | A: Decreased ovarian reserve |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of increasing generalized fatigue for 1 month. He has been unable to do normal household duties or go for his evening walks during this period. He has hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His father died of liver cancer at the age of 60 years. He... | E: Genetic testing |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 50-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of fever, shortness of breath, and diarrhea. He returned from a spa in the Rocky Mountains five days prior. He reports that over the past two days, he developed a fever, cough, dyspnea, and multiple watery stools. His past medical history is notable for ma... | A: Charcoal yeast agar with iron and cysteine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 56-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her family with altered mental status. Her husband says that she complained of fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain 2 days ago. She has a history of long-standing alcoholism and previous episodes of hepatic encephalopathy. Current vital signs include a temp... | D: Diagnostic paracentesis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator studying viral replication isolates the genetic material of an unidentified virus strain. After exposing a cell culture to the isolated, purified viral genetic material, the cells begin to produce viral polymerase and subsequently replicate the viral genome. Infection with the investigated strain is m... | E: Poliomyelitis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for 5 days of increasing pelvic pain. She says that the pain has been present for the last 2 months; however, it has become increasingly severe recently. She also says that the pain has been accompanied by unusually heavy menstrual periods in the last few mon... | E: Ureter |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 46-year-old man with HIV infection comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of severe retrosternal pain while swallowing. He has not been compliant with his antiretroviral drug regimen. His CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 98/mm3 (N ≥ 500). Endoscopy shows white plaques in the esophagus. The most appropriate im... | D: Cytochrome p450 enzymes |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old woman is evaluated for fatigue 6 months after placement of a mechanical valve due to aortic stenosis. She does not drink alcohol or smoke cigarettes. A complete blood count reports hemoglobin of 9.5 g/L and a reticulocyte percentage of 5.8%. Platelet and leukocyte counts are within their normal ranges. ... | C: RBC fragments and schistocytes |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 36-year-old woman comes to the physician because of new onset limping. For the past 2 weeks, she has had a tendency to trip over her left foot unless she lifts her left leg higher while walking. She has not had any trauma to the leg. She works as a flight attendant and wears compression stockings to work. Her vital... | C: Normal foot inversion |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old woman comes to the physician because she has not had a menstrual period for 5 weeks. Menarche was at the age of 14 years and menses occurred at regular 30-day intervals. She reports having unprotected sexual intercourse 3 weeks ago. A urine pregnancy test is positive. Which of the following best describ... | D: Neural crest has formed, but limb buds have not yet formed |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mom for breathing difficulty after a recent fall. His parents say that he rolled off of the mattress and landed on the hard wood floor earlier today. After an extensive physical exam, he is found to have many purplish bruises and retinal hemorrhages. A n... | A: Inform child protective services |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old man presents to the office complaining of weight loss and fatigue for the past 2 months. He states that he has been experiencing foul-smelling, light-colored stools but thinks it is because he hasn’t been eating well, recently. He has a past medical history significant for cystic fibrosis, which is well... | E: Pancreatic insufficiency |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A clinical diagnosis of abruptio placentae is suspected. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Administration of intravenous oxytocin', 'B': 'Administration of intravenous fluids', 'C': 'Vaginal delivery', 'D': 'Administration of intramuscular betamethason... | B: Administration of intravenous fluids |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A researcher is studying the effects of a new antihypertensive medication on urine osmolality. She first measures urine osmolality in different parts of the nephron of a healthy human control. The findings are shown below: Portion of nephron Urine osmolality (mOsmol/kg) Proximal convoluted tubule 300 Loop of Henle, d... | E: Impermeability to water |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 59-year-old woman with a history of chronic kidney disease comes to the physician for a 3-month history of easy fatiguability. Physical examination shows subconjunctival pallor. Her hemoglobin concentration is 8.9 g/dL, mean corpuscular volume is 86 μm3, and serum ferritin is 225 ng/mL. Treatment with erythropoieti... | A: Ribosomal RNA |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old woman presents with recent onset movement abnormalities. She says that she noticeably blinks, which is out of her control. She also has spasms of her neck muscles and frequent leg cramps. Past medical history is significant for ovarian cancer, currently being treated with an antineoplastic agent that di... | C: Benztropine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Serum studies show a troponin T concentration of 6.73 ng/mL (N < 0.01), and fingerstick blood glucose concentration of 145 mg/dL. The cardiac catheterization team is activated. Treatment with unfractionated heparin, aspirin, ticagrelor, and sublingual nitroglycerin is begun, and the patient's pain subsides. His tempe... | B: Oral atorvastatin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 55-year-old woman presents with fatigue, shortness of breath during ordinary activities, and occasional fluttering in her chest. She denies chest pain or lower extremity edema. She has no prior medical history. She does not smoke but drinks alcohol socially. Her blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, her temperature is 36... | C: ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and surgery |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 2-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of an 8-hour history of difficulty feeding and decreased arousability. His mother says that the symptoms began after he rolled over and fell from the bed. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows regions of purple discol... | E: Subdural hematoma |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 15-year-old teenager presents to the emergency department via emergency medical service (EMS) after a motor vehicle accident. The patient is in critical condition and is hemodynamically unstable. It becomes apparent that the patient may require a blood transfusion, and the parents are approached for consent. They a... | A: Give the patient the blood transfusion. |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 6-hour-old newborn male is noted to have a “lump on his head” by his mother. She denies that the lump was present at birth and is concerned about an infection. The child was born at 39 weeks gestation to a 34-year-old gravida 2 by vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery after a prolonged labor. The child’s birth weight wa... | E: Observation only |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old man presents with chronic uncontrolled hypertension for the past 12 years. He smokes approx. 3 packs of cigarettes per day and have consumed 2 alcohol drinks per day for the past 10 years. Which of the following pathologic changes would occur in the bronchial epithelium?? {'A': 'Atrophy', 'B': 'Hyperpla... | E: Metaplasia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 87-year-old man with glioblastoma multiforme is informed that the size and location of the tumor make operative resection impossible, and he has a prognosis of between 3-6 months. The patient then asks whether it would be possible to get a prescription for lethal medications so that he would be able to end his lif... | E: Non-maleficence |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 66-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness exam. She noticed mild spotting a few days prior to presentation. Her last menstrual period was when she was 53 years of age, and she denies any trauma to the area. She is sexually active with one male partner and does not use condoms. Medical ... | D: Megestrol acetate |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and rheumatoid arthritis presents for evaluation of elevated serum liver chemistries. She has had three months of intense, unremitting itching. Current medications include chlorthalidone, atorvastatin, and ibuprofen. Physical exam is unremarkable. La... | B: Intrahepatic bile duct destruction |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 65-year-old man presents to a clinic after 2 days of pain just below the right nipple. The pain radiates to the scapula. The rash was preceded by a burning and tingling pain in the affected region. His medical history is relevant for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. He does not recall his vaccination status o... | B: Famciclovir |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought to his neurologist for continued treatment of muscle spasms. His past medical history is significant for a brain abnormality that was detected neonatally when it presented with an enlarged posterior fossa as well as a malformed cerebellar vermis. Since birth, he has had developmental delay... | B: Hydrocephalus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 47-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for headaches. The patient states that he typically has headaches in the morning that improve as the day progresses. Review of systems reveals that he also experiences trouble focusing and daytime fatigue. The patient drinks 2 to 3 alcoholic beverages daily and... | E: Weight loss |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old man presents with a productive cough and occasional dyspnea on exertion. He has experienced these symptoms for the past 6 years. Patient denies weight loss, night sweats, or hemoptysis. Past medical history is significant for arterial hypertension, diagnosed 3 years ago, and diabetes mellitus type 2, di... | A: Smoking cessation |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old woman presents with a 3-month history of progressive muscle weakness and dysphagia. She reports choking on her food several times a day and has difficulty climbing the stairs at work. She denies any changes in her routine, diet or muscle pain. Her vital signs include: blood pressure 110/70 mm Hg, pulse ... | B: Methotrexate |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 20-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after he sustained a stab wound to his back during an altercation. He reports weakness and numbness of the lower extremities. He has no history of serious illness. On arrival, he is alert and cooperative. His pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 10... | C: Brown-Sequard syndrome |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 56-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has no other history of serious illness. Menopause occurred 1 year ago. Current medications include antirheumatic drugs and hormone replacement therapy. She exercises regularly. A DEXA scan shows a T-score of -1.80, ... | D: Prednisone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 70-year-old retired police officer is being evaluated for fatigue. A peripheral smear shows extremely elevated numbers of immature myeloid cells, which are positive for myeloperoxidase and a translocation t(15,17). Which of the following statements is true regarding his condition?? {'A': 'This condition is also dev... | C: The patient can be treated with a vitamin A derivative. |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought by his mother to a neurologist for continuing evaluation of seizures. His seizures were previously well-controlled on medication but over the last month he has been having seizures several times per week. The boy is non-verbal and has had severe developmental delays and cognitive disabili... | B: Abnormally decreased expression of the gene from the maternal chromosome |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 61-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of fever, chills, and flank pain for 8 hours. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.4°F). Physical examination shows right costovertebral angle tenderness. Urine dipstick is positive for nitrites. Urinalysis shows gram-negative rods. The patient is admitted ... | A: Cleaving DNA to relieve supercoils |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An exclusively breast-fed, 5-day-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a routine examination. He was born at term and delivery was uncomplicated. He received all standard treatment and testing prior to being discharged from the hospital 3 days ago. Examination shows no abnormalities. Without receiving... | E: Rickets |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 59-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with a 6-month history of progressive left-arm swelling. Two years ago she had a partial mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection for left breast cancer. She was also treated with radiotherapy at the time. Upon further questioning, she denies fever, pain,... | D: Vascularized lymph node transfer |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 29-year-old woman with hypothyroidism comes to her primary care physician for advice on a health insurance plan. She works as a baker and owns a small bakery. The patient explains that she would like to have affordable monthly premiums. She would be willing to make additional payments to be able to see providers ou... | D: Point of service |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 76-year-old woman presents to the office with a generalized weakness for the past month. She has a past medical history significant for uncontrolled hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 135/82 mm Hg, pulse is 90/min, respiratory rate is 17/min, and oxygen ... | A: Increased PTH, decreased calcium, increased phosphate |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 27-year-old G3P2002 presents to the clinic for follow up after her initial prenatal visit. Her last period was 8 weeks ago. Her medical history is notable for obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and eczema. Her current two children are healthy. Her current pregnancy is with a new partner after she separated fro... | B: Colposcopy and biopsy now |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 17-year-old girl is brought to the physician because she has never menstruated. She is at the 15th percentile for weight and 45th percentile for height. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows facial hair, clitoromegaly, and coarse, curly pubic hair that extends to the inner surface of both thighs. ... | E: 5-α reductase deficiency |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old man comes to the Veterans Affairs hospital because of a 2-month history of anxiety. He recently returned from his third deployment to Iraq, where he served as a combat medic. He has had difficulty readjusting to civilian life. He works as a taxi driver but had to take a leave of absence because of diffi... | E: Cognitive behavioral therapy |
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