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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old man presents to the clinic with several weeks of watery diarrhea and right upper quadrant pain with fever. He also endorses malaise, nausea, and anorexia. He is HIV-positive and is currently on antiretroviral therapy. He admits to not being compliant with his current medications. His temperature is 37°C... | A: Cryptosporidiosis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Following a recent myocardial infarction, a 60-year-old woman has been started on multiple medications at the time of discharge from the hospital. After 10 days of discharge, she presents to the emergency department with a history of fever, headache, and dark colored urine for 2 days. Her husband mentions that she ha... | B: Plasma exchange |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of double vision and unilateral right eye pain that began this morning. His vision improves when he covers either eye. He has hypertension, mild cognitive impairment, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for 40 years. His c... | A: Ptosis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 82-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because of excruciating right flank pain and fever for the past 2 days. She states that she is having trouble urinating. Her past medical history is unremarkable. A urinalysis is performed and comes back positive for leukocytes and gram-negative bacilli. A con... | A: Liposarcoma |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 70-year-old woman, gravida 5, para 5, comes to the physician for the evaluation of sensation of vaginal fullness for the last six months. During this period, she has had lower back and pelvic pain that is worse with prolonged standing or walking. The patient underwent a hysterectomy at the age of 35 years because o... | D: Enterocele |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 30-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1, at 39 weeks gestation presents to the hospital with painful contractions and a rupture of membranes. She reports that the contractions started a couple hours ago and are now occurring every 4 minutes. She is accompanied by her husband who states, “her water broke an hour ago bef... | C: Cervix is 7 cm dilated and fetal head is at 0 station after 4 hours, with contractions every 2 minutes |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-year-old female is found to have unusual susceptibility to infections by catalase-producing organisms. This patient likely has a problem with the function of which of the following cell types?? {'A': 'B cells', 'B': 'T cells', 'C': 'Natural killer cells', 'D': 'Neutrophils', 'E': 'Eosinophils'}, | D: Neutrophils |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 3-year-old child is brought to the pediatrician by his mother who states that he has been fussy for the past two days. She says that he has had a runny nose, a cough, a sore throat, and decreased appetite. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical exam reveals a slightly erythematous oropharynx and clear nasal... | D: Explain the reasoning as to why antibiotics are not indicated for the common cold |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:One day after delivery, an African American female newborn develops yellow discoloration of the eyes. She was born at term via uncomplicated vaginal delivery and weighed 3.4 kg (7 lb 8 oz). Her mother did not receive prenatal care. Examination shows scleral icterus and mild hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory studies show... | D: Transfer of Anti-A antibodies |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 67-year-old man presents to the physician for a followup examination. He was diagnosed with hypertension 12 years ago. He had a coronary stent placement 2 years ago. His medications include aspirin, atorvastatin, lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, and carvedilol. Amlodipine was also added to his medication list 2 mon... | B: Renal artery revascularization |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 68-year-old woman presents to the hospital for an elective right hemicolectomy. She is independently mobile and does her own shopping. She has had type 2 diabetes mellitus for 20 years, essential hypertension for 15 years, and angina on exertion for 6 years. She has a 30-pack-year history of smoking. The operation ... | C: Sepsis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old woman with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presents with worsening fatigue. She says her symptoms onset a few months ago and are significantly worse than experienced due to her SLE. Past medical history is significant for SLE diagnosed 3 years ago, managed with NSAIDs and hydroxychloroqu... | C: Prednisone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 55-year-old male presents with left hip pain and stiffness. Radiographs are shown in Figures A and B. Serum alkaline phosphatase levels are elevated. A biopsy of the left femur is performed and shown in Figure C. Which of the following cells are initially responsible for this condition?? {'A': 'Osteoblasts', 'B': '... | B: Osteoclasts |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 1-day-old infant in the general care nursery, born at full term by uncomplicated cesarean section delivery, is noted to have a murmur, but otherwise appears well. On examination, respiratory rate is 40/min and pulse oximetry is 96%. Precordium is normoactive. With auscultation, S1 is normal, S2 is single, and a 2/6... | A: The degree of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 8-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents because they are concerned with her behavior. She has temper outbursts six or seven times per week, which last anywhere between 5 minutes to half an hour or until she becomes tired. According to her father, she screams at others and throws things in anger ... | C: Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A healthy 29-year-old nulligravid woman comes to the physician for genetic counseling prior to conception. Her brother has a disease that has resulted in infertility, a right-sided heart, and frequent sinus and ear infections. No other family members are affected. The intended father has no history of this disease. T... | E: 0.2% |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 79-year-old man with aortic stenosis comes to the emergency room because of worsening fatigue for 5 months. During this time, he has also had intermittent bright red blood mixed in with his stool. He has not had any abdominal pain or weight loss. Physical examination shows pale conjunctivae and a crescendo-decresce... | D: Tortuous submucosal blood vessels |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 15-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of recurrent respiratory infections that cause him to miss several weeks of school each year. He also has bulky, foul-smelling stools that are difficult to flush. He has a good appetite and eats a variety of foods. His height and weight are below the 10th percenti... | B: Absence of the vas deferens |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician because she has not yet reached menarche. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. She is at the 20th percentile for weight and 50th percentile for height. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows mild facial hair. There is no glandular b... | A: 5-α reductase deficiency |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old woman with no significant past medical history currently on oral contraceptive pills presents to the emergency department with pleuritic chest pain. She states that it started today. Yesterday she had a trip and returned via plane. Her temperature is 98°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 117/66 mmHg, pulse i... | C: D-dimer |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 28 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. She feels well. Pregnancy and delivery of her first child were uncomplicated. Her temperature is 37.2°C (99°F) and blood pressure is 163/105 mm Hg. Her blood pressure 10 weeks ago was 128/84 mm Hg. At her last ... | E: Hydralazine therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 12-month-old child passed away after suffering from craniofacial abnormalities, neurologic dysfunction, and hepatomegaly. Analysis of the child’s blood plasma shows an increase in very long chain fatty acids. The cellular analysis demonstrates dysfunction of an organelle responsible for the breakdown of these fatty... | A: Beta-oxidation |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 15-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his father for difficulty in school. He reports that his son has been suspended several times over his high school career for instigating fights. Per the patient, he has always had trouble controlling his anger and would feel especially frustrated at school since he has d... | E: XYY syndrome |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A study on cholesterol levels of a town in rural Idaho is performed, of which there are 1000 participants. It is determined that in this population, the mean LDL is 200 mg/dL, with a standard deviation of 50 mg/dL. If the population has a normal distribution, how many people have a cholesterol less than 300 mg/dL?? {... | D: 975 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 28-year-old patient presents to a medical office for a consultation regarding a mole on her nose that is increasing in size. She also complains of frequent headaches, which she associates with stress on the job. She works as a civil engineer and spends much of her time outside. Her past medical history is positive ... | C: BRAF |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 33-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She feels well. She was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis one year ago. She has had two exacerbations since then, each lasting about one week and each requiring hospitalization for corticosteroid treatment. Her most recent exacer... | D: Interferon beta |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of vaginal discharge for 4 days. She has no pain or pruritus. Menses occur at regular 27-day intervals and last 5 days. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks ago. She is sexually active with two male partners and uses a diaphragm for contraception. She had a normal p... | C: Gardnerella vaginalis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 50-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after the sudden onset of severe pain in the middle of his chest. He describes the pain as tearing in quality; it radiates to his jaw. He is sweating profusely. He has a 5-year history of hypertension and was diagnosed with chronic bronchitis 3 years... | B: Muffled heart sounds |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 68-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of acute confusion and sudden weakness of her left leg that lasted for about 30 minutes. One hour prior to admission, she was unable to understand words and had slurred speech for about 15 minutes. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and h... | B: Warfarin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 9-year-old girl is brought to the pediatrician by her father for dysuria, genital pruritus, and vaginal discharge. Cultures of the discharge are sent, revealing the causative agent to be a Gram-negative glucose-fermenting, non-maltose fermenting diplococci. Which of the following steps should the physician follow n... | D: Contact Child Protective Services |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 20-year-old man presents with a painless neck mass that has gradually increased in size. The mass is anteromedial to the right sternocleidomastoid muscle and has been present for 3 years. The mass increased in size and became more tender following an upper respiratory infection. An ultrasound of the neck identifies... | C: Second branchial cleft cyst |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Please refer to the summary above to answer this question An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a well-child examination at a clinic for low-income residents. Although her son's elementary school offers free afterschool programming, her son has not been interested in attending. Both the son'... | E: High-quality afterschool programming for low-income 8-year-olds may correlate with decreased ADHD risk in adults. |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by the police. The officers indicate that he was acting violently and talking strangely. In the ED, he becomes increasingly more violent. On exam his vitals are: Temp 101.1 F, HR 119/min, BP 132/85 mmHg, and RR 18/min. Of note, he has vertical nystagmus on exam... | B: Phencyclidine |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A researcher is investigating the behavior of two novel chemotherapeutic drugs that he believes will be effective against certain forms of lymphoma. In order to evaluate the safety of these drugs, this researcher measures the concentration and rate of elimination of each drug over time. A partial set of the results i... | C: The half-life of drug A is constant but that of drug B is variable |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of palpitations, sweating, and flushing. Since he was promoted to a manager in a large software company 6 months ago, he has had several episodes of these symptoms when he has to give presentations in front of a large group of people. During these episodes, his thought... | C: Cognitive behavioral therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 18-year-old college student seeks evaluation at an emergency department with complaints of fevers with chills, fatigue, diarrhea, and loss of appetite, which have lasted for 1 week. He says that his symptoms are progressively getting worse. He was taking over-the-counter acetaminophen, but it was ineffective. The ... | A: Lipid A - a toxic component present in the bacterial cell wall |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old man presents to the emergency department by ambulance after being involved in a fight. On arrival, there is obvious trauma to his face and neck, and his mouth is full of blood. Seconds after suctioning the blood, his mouth rapidly fills up with blood again. As a result, he is unable to speak to you. An ... | B: Cricothyroidotomy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 54-year-old man presents to the clinic for epigastric discomfort during the previous month. He states he has not vomited, but reports of having epigastric pain that worsens after most meals. The patient states that his stool “looks black sometimes.” The patient does not report of any weight loss. He has a past medi... | E: Endoscopy with biopsy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 63-year-old man with a history of stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) has started to develop refractory anemia. He denies any personal history of blood clots in his past, but he says that his mother has also had to be treated for deep venous thromboembolism in the past. His past medical history is significant for ... | C: ESAs should only be used with the hemoglobin level is < 10 g/dL |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 48-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressively worsening dyspnea on exertion and fatigue for the past 2 months. She had Hodgkin lymphoma as an adolescent, which was treated successfully with chemotherapy and radiation. Her father died from complications related to amyloidosis. She does not smoke ... | C: Chronic tachycardia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 45-year-old man presents to a psychiatrist by his wife with recent behavioral and emotional changes. The patient’s wife says that her husband’s personality has completely changed over the last year. She also says that he often complains of unpleasant odors when actually there is no discernible odor present. The pat... | D: Olfactory hallucinations |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A scientist is studying the characteristics of a newly discovered infectious disease in order to determine its features. He calculates the number of patients that develop the disease over several months and finds that on average 75 new patients become infected per month. Furthermore, he knows that the disease lasts o... | E: 0.24 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator is studying the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in genetically modified lymphocytes. A gene is removed that facilitates the binding of ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following processes is most likely to be impaired as a result of this genetic modification?? {'A': 'Producti... | A: Production of secretory proteins |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 80-year-old man is admitted to the hospital after the sudden onset of sub-sternal chest pain and shortness of breath while sitting in a chair. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 42 years. Four days after admission, he becomes tachycardic and then loses co... | E: Hyperemic granulation tissue with abundance of macrophages |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator is conducting a study on hematological factors that affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. An illustration of two graphs (A and B) that represent the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is shown. Which of the following best explains a shift from A to B?? {'A': 'Decreased serum 2,3-bisphosphoglyce... | D: Increased body temperature |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 72-year-old female presents to the emergency department complaining of severe abdominal pain and several days of bloody diarrhea. Her symptoms began with intermittent bloody diarrhea five days ago and have worsened steadily. For the last 24 hours, she has complained of fevers, chills, and abdominal pain. She has a ... | B: Plain abdominal radiograph |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of progressive muscular weakness. She has had difficulty climbing stairs, getting up from chairs, and brushing her hair. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Muscle strength is 2/5 with flexion of the hips and 3/5 with abduction of the shoul... | B: Sarcolemmal MHC-I overexpression with CD8+ lymphocytic infiltration |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A neuroscientist is delivering a lecture on the electrophysiology of the brain. He talks about neuroreceptors which act as ion channels in the neurons. He mentions a specific receptor, which is both voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channel. Which of the following receptors is most likely to be the one mentioned by ... | C: NMDA receptor |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of several years of recurrent pelvic pain and constipation. She has increased fecal urgency and a sensation of incomplete evacuation following defecation. She has had no problems associated with urination. Her last menstrual period was 6 years ago. She has had three ... | B: Rectovaginal fascia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old male from rural West Virginia presents to his family medicine doctor to discuss why he is having trouble getting his wife pregnant. On exam, he is 6 feet 2 inches with a frail frame and broad hips for a male his size. He is noted to have mild gynecomastia, no facial hair, and small, underdeveloped teste... | D: 47: XXY |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old woman is hospitalized for an open reduction of a fracture of her right femur following a motor vehicle accident 2 hours prior. She has had rheumatoid arthritis for 12 years. She was hospitalized 1 month ago for an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis. Since then, she has been taking a higher dose of pre... | E: Replacing prednisone with hydrocortisone |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old woman presents to the outpatient OB/GYN clinic as a new patient who wishes to begin contraception. She has no significant past medical history, family history, or social history. The review of systems is negative. Her vital signs are: blood pressure 118/78 mm Hg, pulse 73/min, and respiratory rate 16/mi... | A: Intrauterine device (IUD) |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for abdominal pain. He reports that for several months he has been experiencing a stabbing pain above the umbilicus during meals. He denies associated symptoms of nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. The patient’s past medical history is significant for hypertension a... | C: Secretin stimulation test |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A patient is infected with a pathogen and produces many antibodies to many antigens associated with that pathogen via Th cell-activated B cells. This takes place in the germinal center of the lymphoid tissues. If the same patient is later re-infected with the same pathogen, the immune system will respond with a much ... | A: Affinity maturation |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:Physical exam of a 15-year-old female reveals impetigo around her mouth. A sample of the pus is taken and cultured. Growth reveals gram-positive cocci in chains that are bacitracin sensitive. Which of the following symptoms would be concerning for a serious sequelae of this skin infection?? {'A': 'Fever', 'B': 'Myoca... | D: Hematuria |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old woman comes to a physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She moved to Denver 1 week ago after having lived in New York City all her life. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. Which of the following sets of changes is most likely on analysis of a blood sample ob... | E: ↑ ↓ unchanged |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old male is found to have Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia. This bacterium produces an IgA protease capable of cleaving the hinge region of IgA antibodies. What is the most likely physiological consequence of such a protease?? {'A': 'Membrane attack complex formation is impaired', 'B': 'Opsonization and pha... | E: Impaired mucosal immune protection |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician with complaints of erythema and rashes over the bridge of her nose and on her forehead for the past 6 months. She also has vesiculobullous and erythematous scaly crusted lesions on the scalp and around the perioral areas. Her parents report a history of worsening symptoms... | C: Type III hypersensitivity |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A graduate student at the biochemistry laboratory decides to research the different effects of vitamin deficiencies in mice by completely depriving the mice of one vitamin. The symptoms of this deficiency include posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination, as well as hemolytic anemia. Further analysis i... | B: High doses can increase the effects of warfarin |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old woman presents to the physician for a routine gynecological visit. She denies any acute issues and remarks that she has not been sexually active for the past year. Her last Pap test was negative for any abnormal cytology. A pelvic examination and Pap test is performed at the current visit with no remark... | D: Pap test and HPV test in 5 years |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 15-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician’s office by his mother due to abnormal muscle tone and an inability to walk. He was able to control his head at 5 months of age, roll at 8 months of age, sit at 11 months of age, and develop hand preference at 13 months of age. On physical exam, he is observed to asym... | D: Prematurity |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 65-year-old man presents with generalized edema and dyspnea on exertion. He also complains of easy bruising and nasal bleeding. Past medical history is significant for a right-sided myocardial infarction 4 years ago. Current medications are metoprolol, aspirin, and rosuvastatin. His vital signs are as follows: bloo... | A: Pericentral hepatocytes |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 82-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room after her neighbor saw her fall in the hallway. She lives alone and remarks that she has been feeling weak lately. Her diet consists of packaged foods and canned meats. Her temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 133/83 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, respiration... | A: Folate |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An otherwise healthy 10-day-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because of progressively enlarging breasts bilaterally for the last 4 days. The parents report that they have sometimes noticed a discharge of small quantities of a white liquid from the left breast since yesterday. During pregnancy, the m... | A: Reassurance |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 60-year-old man presents to the physician for a regular checkup. The patient has a history of osteoarthritis in his right knee and gastroesophageal reflux disease. His conditions are well controlled by medications, and he has no active complaints at the moment. He takes ibuprofen, omeprazole, and a multivitamin. La... | A: Bile acid production |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old male college student presents to the clinic in the month of January with a 2-day history of watery diarrhea. The patient also complains of weakness, nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. He has no significant past medical history. He does not take any medication. He drinks socially on the weekends but ... | A: Norovirus |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An 8-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 3-week history of irritability and frequent bed wetting. She also reports that he has been unable to look upward without tilting his head back for the past 2 months. He is at the 50th percentile for height and weight. His vital signs are within ... | B: Dorsal midbrain |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 72-year-old man presents to the physician with a 3-month history of severe lower back pain and fatigue. The pain increases with activity. He has no history of any serious illness. He takes ibuprofen for pain relief. He does not smoke. His blood pressure is 105/65 mm Hg, pulse is 86/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, ... | B: Hypercalcemia |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old man and his 9-year-old son are brought to the emergency department following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. The father was the restrained driver. He is conscious. His pulse is 135/min and his blood pressure is 76/55 mm Hg. His hemoglobin concentration is 5.9 g/dL. His son sustained multiple body ... | D: Transfuse packed red blood cells to the son but not to father |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 47-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a fever and a headache. Her symptoms started yesterday and have rapidly progressed. Initially, she was experiencing just a fever and a headache which she was treating with acetaminophen. It rapidly progressed to blurry vision, chills, nausea, and vomiting.... | C: Cavernous sinus thrombosis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has generalized fatigue and has had difficulties doing her household duties for the past 3 months. She has eczema and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She has a history of using intravenous methamphetamine in her youth but ha... | C: Bariatric surgery |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 12-year-old girl is presented to the office by her mother with complaints of cola-colored urine and mild facial puffiness that began 5 days ago. According to her mother, she had a sore throat 3 weeks ago. Her immunization records are up to date. The mother denies fever and any change in bowel habits. The vital sign... | B: Hypercellular and enlarged glomeruli |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 75-year-old male arrives by ambulance to the emergency room severely confused. His vitals are T 40 C, HR 120 bpm, BP 80/55 mmHg, RR 25. His wife explains that he injured himself about a week ago while cooking, and several days later his finger became infected, oozing with pus. He ignored her warning to see a doctor... | C: Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1 |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 74-year-old woman presents to the clinic for evaluation of an erythematous and edematous skin rash on her right leg that has progressively worsened over the last 2 weeks. The medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. She takes prescribed lisinopril and metformin. The vital signs ... | B: Cellulitis |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 12-year-old girl presents to her physician for the evaluation of episodic shortness of breath and cough. These episodes occur more frequently in spring. Her mother has a history of similar complaints. The physical examination reveals bilateral wheezes on chest auscultation. The initial response to pollen consists o... | E: Isotype switching |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 5-year-old boy is brought into your office by his mother. His father recently passed away, and his mother states she just lost her job. She has been unable to buy food regularly, and they have had to eat boiled and preserved vegetables. His mother denies that the boy has any prior medical conditions, but the patien... | B: Vitamin C deficiency |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A mother brings her 4-year-old son to his pediatrician. Over the last eight months, her son has been exhibiting several "odd" behaviors. Most importantly, he repeatedly says that he is playing games with a friend named "Steven," though she is certain that he does not exist. She has often found him acting out magical ... | C: Normal development |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 29-year-old woman comes to the office with her husband because she has had 4 spontaneous abortions. Regarding her medical history, she was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus 9 years ago, had a stroke 3 years ago, and was diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis in the same year. She has no relevant family histo... | C: Antiphospholipid syndrome |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 59-year-old male with history of hypertension presents to your clinic for achy, stiff joints for the last several months. He states that he feels stiff in the morning, particularly in his shoulders, neck, and hips. Occasionally, the aches travel to his elbows and knees. His review of systems is positive for low-gra... | E: Corticosteroid |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of facial hair growth, acne, and irregular menses. Her friends have told her that her voice sounds lower than usual. Physical examination shows pustular acne and dark hair growth along the jawline. Serum studies show elevated testosterone levels ... | D: Theca interna cells |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A group of gastroenterologists is concerned about low colonoscopy screening rates. They decide to implement a free patient navigation program to assist local residents and encourage them to obtain colonoscopies in accordance with U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines. Local residents were recruited ... | C: Hawthorne effect |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he was found unresponsive on the street. Upon admission, he is lethargic and cyanotic with small, symmetrical pinpoint pupils. The following vital signs were registered: blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg, heart rate of 70/min, respiratory rate of 8/min, and ... | C: pH: decreased, HCO3- : increased, Pco2: increased |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 38-year-old woman applies a PABA sunscreen to her skin before going to the beach. Which type(s) of ultraviolet light will it protect her against?? {'A': 'UVA', 'B': 'UVB', 'C': 'UVC', 'D': 'UVA and UVB', 'E': 'UVB and UVC'}, | B: UVB |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:An investigator studying the epidemiology of breast cancer finds that prevalence of breast cancer has increased significantly in the United States since the 1980s. After analyzing a number of large epidemiological surveillance databases, the epidemiologist notices that the incidence of breast cancer has remained rela... | D: Improved treatment of breast cancer |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 37-year old man is being evaluated due to a recent history of fatigue that started 3 weeks ago. The patient presents with a history of HIV, which was first diagnosed 7 years ago. He has been on an antiretroviral regimen and takes it regularly. His CD4+ count is 350 cells/mm3. According to the patient, his partner p... | B: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department with acute onset of shortness of breath of 30 minutes' duration. Initially, he felt faint but did not lose consciousness. He is complaining of left-sided chest pain that increases on deep inspiration. He has no history of cardiopulmonary disease. A week ago, he u... | E: Trapped thrombus in the pulmonary vasculature |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 26-year-old nulligravid woman presents to her gynecologist after noticing a lump in her right breast while showering. She states that she first noticed the lump approximately 2 weeks ago, when the mass was slightly tender to touch. Since then, the lump has gotten slightly smaller and is now non-tender. The patient ... | C: Hypercellular stroma with overgrowth of fibrous and glandular tissues |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 58-year-old African-American man with a history of congestive heart failure presents to the emergency room with headache, frequent vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and heart palpitations. He is taking a drug that binds the sodium-potassium pump in myocytes. EKG reveals ventricular dysrhythmia. Which of the following i... | C: Changes in color vision |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 59-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of frequent urination. He has to urinate every 1–2 hours during the day and wakes up at least 2–3 times at night to urinate. He also reports that over the last 2 months, he has difficulty initiating micturition and the urinary stream is weak, with ... | C: Terazosin therapy |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 37-year-old man presents to the emergency department with rapid onset epigastric pain that started 4 hours ago. He describes the pain as severe, localized to the epigastric region and radiating to the back, which is partially relieved by leaning forward. He admits to binge drinking this evening at a friend’s party.... | A: Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 23-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of fatigue and cheek pain that started a day ago. He notes that he has nasal discharge that is yellow/green as well. Otherwise, he feels well and is generally healthy. The patient has a past medical history of type I diabetes mellitus and occasi... | E: Pseudoephedrine and follow up in 1 week |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 12-hour history of abdominal pain and dark urine. Three days ago, he developed a cough, sore throat, and rhinorrhea. Examination shows conjunctival pallor, scleral icterus, and mild splenomegaly. A peripheral blood smear shows small round inclus... | B: Generation of superoxide |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 34-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with complaints of fevers, nausea/vomiting, and severe left flank pain that has developed over the past several hours. She denies any prior episodes similar to her current presentation. Physical examination is significant for a body temperature of 39.1 C and... | B: Neutrophils filling the lumens of the renal tubules |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-year-old woman presents to the family medicine clinic for evaluation of a sore throat. The patient states that she does not have a runny nose, cough or itchy throat. The patient has no past medical history but she did have an appendectomy when she was 8 years old. She takes acetaminophen when she gets a headache... | B: Rapid strep test |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 31-year-old woman visits her primary care physician with the complaint that over the past 6 months she has “felt out of breath and dizzy while walking, even after short distances.” She reports no other medical problems and denies taking any medications, vitamins, supplements, recreational drugs, alcohol or tobacco.... | B: Right ventricular failure |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 19-month-old girl is brought by her mother to the local walk-in clinic after noticing a mass protruding from her vagina. The mass had the appearance of "a bunch of grapes". She also says that she has been having a vaginal discharge for the past 6 months. Her family and personal history are not significant for malig... | A: Sarcoma |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 78-year-old man receives chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite appropriate therapy, he dies 4 months later. Histopathological examination of the cancer cells shows the presence of a transmembrane efflux pump protein that is known to cause decreased intracellular concentrations of chemotherapeu... | A: P-glycoprotein |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 65-year-old woman presents to her physician with chronic breathlessness. Her condition has been progressively worsening over the last 20 years despite treatment with inhaled salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids, and multiple courses of antibiotics. She has a 30-pack-year smoking history but quit 20 years ago. Her pu... | D: Diminished surface area for gas exchange |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 12-year-old boy is brought by his father to a pediatrician for evaluation of stiff jaw and swallowing difficulty. He has also developed painful body spasms triggered by loud noise, light, and physical touch. His father says that a few days ago, his son continued to play football, even after falling and bruising his... | C: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options: | Q:A 62-year-old Caucasian man visits his primary care provider with recurrent episodes of moderate to severe abdominal pain, nausea, and anorexia for the past 2 years. Additional complaints include constipation, steatorrhea, weight loss, polyphagia, and polyuria. His personal history is relevant for a 2-year period of ... | A: Alcohol abuse |
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