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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:Seven days after undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty, a 65-year-old man comes to the physician with a dark discoloration and blisters on his abdomen. Current medications include simvastatin, aspirin, and low molecular weight heparin. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the skin shows multiple coalescing blisters with areas of necrosis around the umbilicus. Laboratory studies show a platelet count of 32,000/mm3. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Anti-desmoglein antibody formation', 'B': 'Deficiency in ADAMTS13 activity', 'C': 'Antibody formation against heparin-PF4 complex', 'D': 'Antibody-platelet antigen complex formation', 'E': 'Decreased production of GpIb'},
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C: Antibody formation against heparin-PF4 complex
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 54-year-old woman presents to the physician with discomfort in her upper left abdomen over the past month. Moreover, she has recently been feeling a bit tired. She has no history of any significant illness and takes no medications. Her vital signs are within normal limits. On percussion, the spleen size is 15 cm (5.9 in). Otherwise, the physical examination shows no abnormalities. The laboratory test results are as follows: Hemoglobin 10 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 88 μm3 Leukocyte count 65,000/mm3 Platelet count 500,000/mm3 Two images of the peripheral blood smear are shown. Laboratory studies are most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Auer rods', 'B': 'Cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20)', 'C': 'JAK2 mutation', 'D': 'Philadelphia chromosome', 'E': 'Translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17'},
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D: Philadelphia chromosome
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 31-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 4-day history of fever and diarrhea. She has abdominal cramps and frequent bowel movements of small quantities of stool with blood and mucus. She has had multiple similar episodes over the past 8 months. Her temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Bowel sounds are normal. The abdomen is soft. There is tenderness to palpation in the left lower quadrant with guarding and no rebound. She receives appropriate treatment and recovers. Two weeks later, colonoscopy shows polypoid growths flanked by linear ulcers. A colonic biopsy specimen shows mucosal edema with distorted crypts and inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation for this patient?? {'A': 'Obtain genetic studies now', 'B': 'Start annual colonoscopy starting in 8 years', 'C': 'Obtain glutamate dehydrogenase antigen immunoassay now', 'D': 'Start annual magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography screening in 10 years', 'E': 'Obtain barium follow-through radiography in 1 year'},
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B: Start annual colonoscopy starting in 8 years
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider for an annual checkup. She reports feeling sad over the past few months for no apparent reason. She has lost interest in swimming, which she previously found enjoyable. Additionally, she has had trouble getting a full night’s sleep and has had trouble concentrating during the day. She has lost 15 pounds since her last visit one year prior. Which of the following sets of neurotransmitter levels is associated with this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Decreased acetylcholine, normal serotonin, normal dopamine', 'B': 'Increased acetylcholine, increased serotonin, decreased dopamine', 'C': 'Increased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin, decreased GABA', 'D': 'Decreased GABA, decreased acetylcholine, increased dopamine', 'E': 'Decreased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin, decreased dopamine'},
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E: Decreased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin, decreased dopamine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old obese man is evaluated in a locked psychiatric facility. He was admitted to the unit after he was caught running through traffic naked while tearing out his hair. His urine toxicology screening was negative for illicit substances and after careful evaluation and additional history, provided by his parents, he was diagnosed with schizophrenia and was treated with aripiprazole. His symptoms did not improve after several dosage adjustments and he was placed on haloperidol, but this left him too lethargic and slow and he was placed on loxapine. After several dosage adjustments today, he is still quite confused. He describes giant spiders and robots that torture him in his room. He describes an incessant voice screaming at him to run away. He also strongly dislikes his current medication and would like to try something else. Which of the following is indicated in this patient?? {'A': 'Fluphenazine', 'B': 'Chlorpromazine', 'C': 'Haloperidol', 'D': 'Olanzapine', 'E': 'Clozapine'},
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E: Clozapine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 55-year-old woman presents to the physician with repeated episodes of dizziness for the last 3 months, which are triggered by rising from a supine position and by lying down. The episodes are sudden and usually last for less than 30 seconds. During the episode, she feels as if she is suddenly thrown into a rolling spin. She has no symptoms in the period between episodes. The patient denies having headaches, vomiting, deafness, ear discharge or ear pain. There is no history of a known medical disorder or prolonged consumption of a specific drug. The vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, when the physician asks the woman to turn her head 45° to the right, and then to rapidly move from the sitting to the supine position, self-limited rotatory nystagmus is observed following her return to the sitting position. The rest of the neurological examination is normal. Which of the following is the treatment of choice for the condition of this patient?? {'A': 'Oral meclizine for 6 weeks and follow-up', 'B': 'Oral prednisolone for 2 weeks and follow-up', 'C': 'Canalith repositioning', 'D': 'Posterior canal occlusion', 'E': 'Singular neurectomy'},
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C: Canalith repositioning
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 52-year-old man presents to a medical clinic to establish care. He has no known chronic illnesses but has not seen a physician in over 20 years. He generally feels well but occasionally has shortness of breath when he jogs and exercises. He smokes 2-5 cigarettes per day and uses IV heroin “now and then.” Physical exam is unremarkable. ECG shows prominent QRS voltage and left axis deviation. Trans-thoracic echocardiogram shows mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy but is otherwise normal. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of the echocardiogram findings?? {'A': 'Aortic regurgitation', 'B': 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'C': 'Mitral stenosis', 'D': 'Pulmonary hypertension', 'E': 'Systemic hypertension'},
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E: Systemic hypertension
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 55-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of worsening shortness of breath on exertion and fatigue. She has type 1 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic kidney disease. Her mother was diagnosed with colon cancer at the age of 65 years. Her blood pressure is 145/92 mm Hg. Examination shows conjunctival pallor. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.2 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 88 μm3 Reticulocyte count 0.6 % Serum Ferritin 145 ng/mL Creatinine 3.1 mg/dL Calcium 8.8 mg/dL A fecal occult blood test is pending. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?"? {'A': 'Autoantibodies against the thyroid gland', 'B': 'Chronic occult blood loss', 'C': 'Deficient vitamin B12 intake', 'D': 'Hematopoietic progenitor cell mutation', 'E': 'Decreased erythropoietin production'},
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E: Decreased erythropoietin production
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 1-month-old boy is brought by his parents to an orthopaedic surgeon for evaluation of bilateral club feet. He was born at term to a G1P1 mother but had respiratory distress at birth. Furthermore, he was found to have clubfeet as well as other extremity contractures. Physical exam reveals limited range of motion in his arms and legs bilaterally as well as severe clubfeet. Furthermore, his face is also found to have widely separated eyes with epicanthal folds, a broad nasal bridge, low set ears, and a receding chin. Which of the following conditions was most likely seen with this patient in utero?? {'A': 'Anencephaly', 'B': 'Duodenal atresia', 'C': 'Juvenile polycystic kidney disease', 'D': 'Maternal diabetes', 'E': 'Spina bifida'},
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C: Juvenile polycystic kidney disease
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 64-year-old man with osteoarthritis of the knee comes to the physician for evaluation of weakness in his foot. Physical examination shows a swelling in the popliteal fossa. There is marked weakness when attempting to invert his right foot. He is unable to curl his toes. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show decreased sensation over which of the following locations?? {'A': 'Second dorsal web space', 'B': 'Sole of the foot', 'C': 'First dorsal web space', 'D': 'Medial plantar arch', 'E': 'Lateral border of the foot'},
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B: Sole of the foot
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old woman with a past medical history significant only for endometriosis presents to the outpatient clinic with a 2-cm left breast mass that she first identified 6 months earlier. On review of systems, the patient states that the mass is not painful and, by her estimation, has not significantly increased in size since she first noticed it. On physical examination, there is a palpable, round, rubbery, mobile mass approximately 2 cm in diameter. Given the lesion’s characteristics and the patient’s demographics, what is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Fibrocystic change', 'B': 'Fibroadenoma', 'C': 'Cystosarcoma phyllodes', 'D': 'Ductal carcinoma in situ', 'E': 'Invasive breast carcinoma'},
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B: Fibroadenoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 34-year-old man is being evaluated in an emergency clinic for dizziness and headache after a stressful event at work. He also reports that his face often becomes swollen and he occasionally has difficulty breathing during these spells. Family history is significant for his father who died of a stroke and his mother who often suffers from similar facial swelling. The patient’s blood pressure is 170/80 mm Hg. On physical examination, the patient appears well. Which of the following medications is most likely contraindicated in this patient?? {'A': 'Losartan', 'B': 'The patient has no contraindications.', 'C': 'Sulfadiazine', 'D': 'Penicillin', 'E': 'Enalapril'},
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E: Enalapril
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 74-year-old man presents with complaints of sudden severe crushing retrosternal pain. The pain radiated to his left arm shortly after it began, and he was subsequently rushed to the emergency department for evaluation. His troponins and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) were elevated. Unfortunately, the patient died within the next 2 hours and an autopsy was performed immediately. The gross examination of the heart will show?? {'A': 'Abundant neutrophils', 'B': 'Red granulation tissue surrounding the infarction', 'C': 'Normal heart tissue', 'D': 'White, patchy, non-contractile scar', 'E': 'Pallor of the infarcted tissue'},
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C: Normal heart tissue
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A survey was conducted in a US midwestern town in an effort to assess maternal mortality over the past year. The data from the survey are given in the table below: Women of childbearing age 250,000 Maternal deaths 2,500 Number of live births 100, 000 Number of deaths of women of childbearing age 7,500 Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by, the pregnancy. Which of the following is the maternal mortality rate in this midwestern town?? {'A': '333 per 1,000 women', 'B': '2,500', 'C': '10 per 1,000 women', 'D': '0.33', 'E': '30 per 1,000 women'},
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C: 10 per 1,000 women
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:Drug A is an experimental compound being investigated for potential use as a protectant against venous thrombosis. Binding assays reveal that the drug’s primary mechanism of action is to block carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in certain serum proteins. Drug A is most similar to which of the following:? {'A': 'Steptokinase', 'B': 'Heparin', 'C': 'Rivaroxaban', 'D': 'Bivalirudin', 'E': 'Warfarin'},
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E: Warfarin
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 11-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician for a wellness checkup. The child is an immigrant, and this is his first visit. The patient is in the 99th percentile for height and 50th percentile for weight. The child is struggling in school, and basic cognitive testing suggests he is moderately mentally disabled. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 107/68 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are obtained and shown below. Hemoglobin: 9 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% MCV: 110 fL Leukocyte count: 5,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 192,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 140 mEq/L Cl-: 101 mEq/L K+: 4.4 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 90 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.0 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L The patient is started on vitamin B9 and B12. Which of the following interventions could decrease the risk for cardiac complications the most in this patient?? {'A': 'Iron', 'B': 'Pyridoxine', 'C': 'Fish oil', 'D': 'Vitamin D', 'E': 'No interventions needed'},
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B: Pyridoxine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:Twenty minutes after delivery of a newborn infant, a 22-year-old woman starts breastfeeding. Initially, the expressed milk is thick and yellowish. Three days later, the mother's breasts swell and the expressed milk becomes thinner and whiter. A decrease in maternal serum concentration of which of the following is most likely responsible for the observed changes in milk production?? {'A': 'Estrogen', 'B': 'Oxytocin', 'C': 'Human chorionic gonadotropin', 'D': 'Thyroxine', 'E': 'Progesterone'},
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E: Progesterone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:Ten days after undergoing emergent colectomy for a ruptured bowel that she sustained in a motor vehicle accident, a 59-year-old woman has abdominal pain. During the procedure, she was transfused 3 units of packed red blood cells. She is currently receiving total parenteral nutrition. Her temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F), pulse is 115/min, and blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg. Examination shows tenderness to palpation in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Bowel sounds are hypoactive. Serum studies show: Aspartate aminotransferase 142 U/L Alanine aminotransferase 86 U/L Alkaline phosphatase 153 U/L Total bilirubin 1.5 mg/dL Direct bilirubin 1.0 mg/dL Amylase 20 U/L Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?"? {'A': 'Acalculous cholecystitis', 'B': 'Small bowel obstruction', 'C': 'Hemolytic transfusion reaction', 'D': 'Cholecystolithiasis', 'E': 'Acute pancreatitis'},
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A: Acalculous cholecystitis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A group of investigators seeks to compare the non-inferiority of a new angiotensin receptor blocker, salisartan, with losartan for reduction of blood pressure. 2,000 patients newly diagnosed with hypertension are recruited for the trial; the first 1,000 recruited patients are administered losartan, and the other half are administered salisartan. Patients with a baseline systolic blood pressure less than 100 mmHg are excluded from the study. Blood pressure is measured every week for four weeks, with the primary outcome being a reduction in systolic blood pressure by salisartan within 10% of that of the control. Secondary outcomes include incidence of subjective improvement in symptoms, improvement of ejection fraction, and incidence of cough. 500 patients withdraw from the study due to symptomatic side effects. In an intention-to-treat analysis, salisartan is deemed to be non-inferior to losartan for the primary outcome but inferior for all secondary outcomes. As the investigators launch a national advertising campaign for salisartan, independent groups report that the drug is inferior for its primary outcome compared to losartan and associated with respiratory failure among patients with pulmonary hypertension. How could this study have been improved?? {'A': 'Increased study duration', 'B': 'Posthoc analysis of primary outcome among patients who withdrew from study', 'C': 'Randomization', 'D': 'Retrial of primary outcome for clinical effectiveness instead of non-inferiority', 'E': 'Increased sample size'},
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C: Randomization
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 48-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his neighbor, who found him lying unconscious at the door of his house. The patient lives alone and no further history is available. On physical examination, his temperature is 37.2ºC (98.9ºF), pulse rate is 114/min, blood pressure is 116/78 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 22/min. His Glasgow Coma Scale score is 7 and the patient is intubated. A stat serum osmolality is reported at 260 mmol/kg. Based on the provided information, which of the following conditions is most likely present in this patient?? {'A': 'Acute ethanol intoxication', 'B': 'Central diabetes insipidus', 'C': 'Diabetic ketoacidosis', 'D': 'Nonketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic coma', 'E': 'Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone'},
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E: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 2-week history of frequent episodes of unresponsiveness. During these episodes, he stares blankly, rhythmically nods his head, and does not respond to verbal stimulation for several seconds. Hyperventilation for 30 seconds precipitates an episode of unresponsiveness and head nodding that lasts for 7 seconds. He regains consciousness immediately afterward. An electroencephalogram shows 3-Hz spikes and waves. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Increased frequency of GABAA channel opening', 'B': 'Blockade of thalamic T-type calcium channels', 'C': 'Irreversible inhibition of GABA transaminase', 'D': 'Increased duration of GABAA channel opening', 'E': 'Inhibition of GABA reuptake into presynaptic neurons'},
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B: Blockade of thalamic T-type calcium channels
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 60-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. Over the past year, he has had problems initiating urination and the sensation of incomplete bladder emptying. He has a history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 40 years. He does not drink alcohol. His medications include lisinopril, atorvastatin, and daily aspirin. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows a pulsatile abdominal mass at the level of the umbilicus and a bruit on auscultation. Digital rectal examination shows a symmetrically enlarged, smooth, firm, nontender prostate with rubbery texture. Laboratory studies are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'CT scan of the abdomen with contrast', 'B': 'Aortic arteriography', 'C': 'Prostate biopsy', 'D': 'PSA level testing', 'E': 'Abdominal ultrasonography'},
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E: Abdominal ultrasonography
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 57-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by the police after he was found running around a local park naked and screaming late at night. During intake, the patient talks non-stop about the government spying on him and his family, but provides little useful information besides his name and date of birth. Occasionally he refers to himself in the third person. He refuses to eat anything and will only drink clear fluids because he is afraid of being poisoned. A medical records search reveals that the patient has been treated for psychotic behavior and occasional bouts of severe depression for several years. Today, his heart rate is 90/min, respiratory rate is 19/min, blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, he appears gaunt and anxious. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. CMP, CBC, and TSH are normal. A urine toxicology test is negative. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Bipolar 1 disorder', 'B': 'Brief psychotic disorder', 'C': 'Schizoaffective disorder', 'D': 'Schizophrenia', 'E': 'Major depression disorder'},
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C: Schizoaffective disorder
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 36-year-old woman presents with thyroid swelling. She has been healthy until now and follows all the healthcare precautions except for missing a flu shot this year. On physical examination, the thyroid gland is diffusely enlarged and tender to palpation. Laboratory findings show a decreased serum TSH level and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Which of the following histopathologic findings would most likely be found in the thyroid gland of this patient?? {'A': 'Extensive fibrosis of the stroma', 'B': 'Sheets of polygonal cells in amyloid stroma', 'C': 'Mixed cellular infiltration with multinuclear giant cells', 'D': 'Lymphocytic infiltration with germinal centers', 'E': 'Orphan Annie nuclei with psammoma bodies'},
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C: Mixed cellular infiltration with multinuclear giant cells
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 27-year-old woman, who recently immigrated from Bangladesh, presents to her primary care physician to discuss birth control. During a review of her past medical history, she reports that as a child she had a recurrent sore throat and fever followed by swollen and aching hip and knee joints. These symptoms returned every season and were never treated but went away on their own only to return with the next typhoon season. When asked about any current complaints, the patient says that she sometimes has shortness of breath and palpitations that do not last long. A physical exam is performed. In which of the auscultation sites will a murmur most likely be heard in this patient?? {'A': 'Point 1', 'B': 'Point 2', 'C': 'Point 3', 'D': 'Point 4', 'E': 'Point 5'},
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E: Point 5
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 52-year-old man presents to his primary care provider for a routine examination. He feels tired and has aches most days and is concerned that he has gained a little weight since his last appointment. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia, for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide and atorvastatin. Family history is positive for alcoholic cirrhosis in his father. The patient drinks several beers every night and multiple glasses of wine on the weekends. On physical examination, he appears obese with labored breathing. His heart has a regular rate and rhythm, and his lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Weight loss and abstaining from alcohol are discussed. He is receptive to weight loss measures including a low-salt, high-vegetable diet, but he is uninterested in cutting back on alcohol consumption. Which of the following best describes his stage of overcoming addiction?? {'A': 'Relapse', 'B': 'Maintenance', 'C': 'Precontemplation', 'D': 'Contemplation', 'E': 'Preparation'},
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C: Precontemplation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his friends in a confused state. He was doing fine 5 days ago when he started to complain of fever and flu-like symptoms. His fever was low-grade and associated with a headache. For the past 2 days, he has become increasingly irritable, confused, and was getting angry at trivial things. Past medical history is unremarkable. He is a college student and is physically active. He smokes cigarettes occasionally. He drinks alcohol socially. He is sexually active with his girlfriend and they use condoms inconsistently. Physical examination reveals: blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg, heart rate 108/min, respiratory rate 10/min, and temperature 37.4°C (99.4°F). He is confused and disoriented. Pupils are 3 mm in diameter and respond to light sluggishly. He is moving all his limbs spontaneously. His neck is supple. MRI of the brain is shown in the picture. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reveals an opening pressure of 16 cm of H20, a total leukocyte count of 112/mm3 with 85% lymphocytes, the protein of 42 mg/dL, and glucose of 58 mg/dL. What is the best treatment for this condition?? {'A': 'Acyclovir', 'B': 'Ceftriaxone', 'C': 'High-dose steroids', 'D': 'Intravenous immunoglobulin', 'E': 'Rituximab'},
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A: Acyclovir
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A scientist is studying the influenza A virus. He focuses on two strains – one from humans (H7N1) and one from horses (H3N8). He takes cells from chickens and coinfects these cells with both influenza strains. From these chicken cells, the scientist isolates a new strain and finds that this new strain can infect human cells. He further characterizes the new strain’s hemagglutinin and neuraminidase description as H7N8. What term best describes the process that underlies these experimental results?? {'A': 'Conjugation', 'B': 'Transformation', 'C': 'Transduction', 'D': 'Genetic drift', 'E': 'Genetic shift'},
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E: Genetic shift
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 15-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother for an annual well-child examination. Her mother complains that the patient has a poor diet and spends most of the evening at home texting her friends instead of doing homework. She has been caught smoking cigarettes in the school bathroom several times and appears indifferent to the dean's threats of suspension. Two weeks ago, the patient allowed a friend to pierce her ears with unsterilized safety pins. The mother appeals to the physician to lecture the patient about her behavior and “set her straight.” The patient appears aloof and does not make eye contact. Her grooming is poor. Upon questioning the daughter about her mood, the mother responds “She acts like a rebel. I can't wait until puberty is over.” Which of the following is the most appropriate response?? {'A': '"""I am very concerned that your daughter is displaying signs of depression, and I\'d suggest that she is seen by a psychiatrist."""', 'B': '"""Let\'s run a routine urine toxicology screen to make sure your daughter is not doing drugs."""', 'C': '"""Would it be possible for you to step out for a few moments so that I can interview your daughter alone?"""', 'D': '"""You should listen to your mother\'s concerns. You don\'t want to make poor choices early on or else you might end up on the streets."""', 'E': '"""Your daughter displays normal signs of puberty. Being overly critical of your daughter is not helpful."""'},
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C: """Would it be possible for you to step out for a few moments so that I can interview your daughter alone?"""
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 25-year-old female presents to the emergency room with a heart rate of 32 BPM and a blood pressure of 80/40. She was found by emergency medical services with an empty bottle of propanolol that was taken from her grandmother. Her vital signs do not improve despite IV fluids and oxygen. Which of the following is a first line treatment for overdose?? {'A': 'Glucagon', 'B': 'Atropine', 'C': 'Adenosine', 'D': 'Hemodialysis', 'E': 'Vagal maneuvers'},
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A: Glucagon
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An otherwise healthy 31-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a several-day history of sharp, central chest pain, which is constant and unrelated to exertion. The pain gets worse on lying down and decreases with sitting forward. He has smoked 10–15 cigarettes daily for the past 7 years. His blood pressure is 120/50 mm Hg, the pulse is 92/min, and the temperature is 37.1°C (98.7°F). On physical examination, a scratching sound is heard at end-expiration with the patient leaning forward. ECG is shown in the image. Serum troponin is mildly elevated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? ? {'A': 'ST-elevation myocardial infarction', 'B': 'Costochondritis', 'C': 'Pneumothorax', 'D': 'Acute pericarditis', 'E': 'Bacterial pneumonia'},
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D: Acute pericarditis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 24-year-old man comes to the physician with a 2-day history of fever, crampy abdominal pain, and blood-tinged diarrhea. He recently returned from a trip to Mexico. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). Abdominal examination shows diffuse tenderness to palpation; bowel sounds are hyperactive. Stool cultures grow nonlactose fermenting, oxidase-negative, gram-negative rods that do not produce hydrogen sulfide on triple sugar iron agar. Which of the following processes is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Invasion of colonic microfold cells', 'B': 'Inhibition of host cytoskeleton organization', 'C': 'Overactivation of adenylate cyclase', 'D': 'Dissemination via bloodstream', 'E': 'Flagella-mediated gut colonization'},
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A: Invasion of colonic microfold cells
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An investigator is studying the activity level of several different enzymes in human subjects from various demographic groups. An elevated level of activity of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase is found in one of the study subjects. This patient is most likely to have which of the following conditions?? {'A': 'Homocystinuria', 'B': 'Gout', 'C': 'Maple syrup urine disease', 'D': 'Alkaptonuria', 'E': 'Phenylketonuria'},
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B: Gout
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 18-year-old boy presents to the clinic with shortness of breath and fever for the last 2 days. He also has a cough for the same duration. He is asthmatic and uses inhaled albuterol for symptom relief when required. He used albuterol today 3 times at 10-minute intervals but has not had relief of his symptoms. On physical examination, his temperature is 38.3°C (101.0°F), pulse is 130/min, blood pressure is 116/80 mm Hg, and respirations are 28/min. Auscultation of the chest reveals bilateral crackles. Considering that he has already taken inhaled albuterol and has tachycardia, the physician nebulizes him with inhaled ipratropium bromide, which significantly improves his symptoms. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of this drug? ? {'A': 'Inhibition of degranulation of mast cells', 'B': 'Inhibition of phosphodiesterase-4, leading to prevention of release of cytokines and chemokines', 'C': 'Inhibition of adenosine receptors in the respiratory tract', 'D': 'Inhibition of vagally-mediated contraction of bronchial smooth muscles', 'E': 'Inhibition of vagally-mediated dryness in the respiratory mucosa'},
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D: Inhibition of vagally-mediated contraction of bronchial smooth muscles
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 9-year-old boy with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is brought to the clinic by his mother because of pruritic vesicles that appeared on the left side of his torso 12 hours ago. One day earlier, before the appearance of the vesicles, the patient’s mother notes that he had been complaining of a burning sensation in that area. The boy has been receiving chemotherapy consisting of methotrexate, cytarabine, and cyclophosphamide for 1 month. He received the last treatment 2 days ago. He has no other past medical history. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. Upon physical examination, there are painful vesicles are localized to the left C7 skin dermatome (see image). Which of the following is the most likely etiology of the skin lesions in this patient?? {'A': 'Viral infection of the skin', 'B': 'Reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) due to congenital immunodeficiency', 'C': 'Chickenpox', 'D': 'Reactivation of VZV due to immunodeficiency caused by chemotherapy', 'E': 'Bacterial infection of the skin'},
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D: Reactivation of VZV due to immunodeficiency caused by chemotherapy
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Q:A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of severe epigastric pain that is radiating to his back and accompanied by nausea and vomiting. He has a history of alcohol use disorder. His blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg and his pulse is 110/min. Physical examination shows diffuse abdominal tenderness and distention. Laboratory studies show: Serum Lipase 180 U/L (N = < 50 U/L) Amylase 150 U/L Creatinine 2.5 mg/dL Urine Sodium 45 mEq/L Osmolality 280 mOsmol/kg H2O Epithelial cell casts numerous Laboratory studies from a recent office visit were within normal limits. This patient's condition is most likely to affect which of the following kidney structures first?"? {'A': 'Collecting duct', 'B': 'Straight segment of proximal tubule', 'C': 'Thin descending limb of loop of Henle', 'D': 'Convoluted segment of proximal tubule', 'E': 'Convoluted segment of distal tubule'},
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B: Straight segment of proximal tubule
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 31-year-old woman presents with pruritic vesicles on the right side of her torso. She notes that the lesions appeared 2 days ago and have not improved. One day prior to their appearance, she says that she experienced a burning sensation in the affected area. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. Upon physical examination, there are painful vesicles noted that are localized to the right T10 skin dermatome. Which of the following complications is associated with this patient’s likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Fever', 'B': 'Bacterial superinfection of the affected skin', 'C': 'Pneumonia', 'D': 'Cerebellar ataxia', 'E': 'Postherpetic neuralgia'},
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E: Postherpetic neuralgia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 73-year-old man comes to the physician because of worsening bilateral lower extremity pain for the past 8 months. The pain begins after walking one to two blocks and radiates bilaterally down the buttocks with cramping and tingling. He reports that the pain is worse while walking downhill and is relieved by sitting and leaning forward. He has hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He had a myocardial infarction at the age of 55 years and an abdominal aortic aneurysm repair at the age of 60 years. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years. He does not drink alcohol or use illicit drugs. His current medications include sitagliptin, metformin, atorvastatin, metoprolol succinate, amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide. His temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), pulse is 82/min, respirations are 17/min, and blood pressure is 150/87 mm Hg. Examination shows full muscle strength. Sensation is reduced bilaterally in the feet and toes. Straight leg raise is negative. X-ray of the spine shows degenerative changes. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?? {'A': 'Measurement of HLA-B27 antigen', 'B': 'Measurement of the ankle brachial index', 'C': 'MRI scan of the spine', 'D': 'Polysomnography', 'E': 'Measurement of serum creatine kinase'},
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C: MRI scan of the spine
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Q:A 23-year-old woman approaches her university health services after a 5-day history of having a mucoid secretion that she has seen on her underwear upon waking up in the morning. She denies dysuria. She comments that 2 weeks ago, she engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse with both a male and a female classmate during a sorority party. During the physical examination, the practitioner finds pain with the mobilization of the cervix and a clear, mucoid secretion coming out of the urethra. The rest of the physical examination is normal. If you were to perform a urine exam for microscopic evaluation, which of the following would you expect to see?? {'A': 'White blood cells + gram-negative coccobacilli', 'B': 'White blood cells + gram-negative rod', 'C': 'White blood cells + gram-negative diplococci', 'D': 'White blood cells + motile flagellates', 'E': 'White blood cells alone'},
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E: White blood cells alone
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Q:A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department following an episode of chest pain and a loss of consciousness. The patient is in critical condition and his vital signs are rapidly deteriorating. It is known that the patient is currently undergoing chemotherapy for Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The patient is accompanied by his wife, who wants the medical staff to do everything to resuscitate the patient and bring him back. The patient also has 2 daughters, who are on their way to the hospital. The patient’s written advance directive states that the patient does not wish to be resuscitated or have any sort of life support. Which of the following is the appropriate course of action?? {'A': 'Respect the wife’s wishes and resuscitate the patient', 'B': 'Contact the patient’s siblings or other first-degree relatives', 'C': 'Respect the patient’s advance directive orders', 'D': 'Consult a judge', 'E': 'Take into account the best medical decision made by the physician for the patient'},
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C: Respect the patient’s advance directive orders
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Q:An 18-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his girlfriend because of a pruritic rash on his penis that has been present for the past hour. The rash developed shortly after the patient had protected sexual intercourse with his girlfriend for the first time. His girlfriend does not have any symptoms. Five days ago, the patient visited a friend who was complaining of intense pruritus on her elbows, wrists, groin, and axillae. The friend subsequently underwent treatment that required her to wash her bedding, clothing, and towels in hot water. Two years ago, the patient developed an itchy rash around his mouth after blowing up balloons at a birthday party. He is breathing comfortably. Vitals signs are within normal limits. Examination shows multiple well-circumscribed, raised, erythematous plaques with mild excoriations that extend from the base to the glans of the penis. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Administration of which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Intravenous acyclovir', 'B': 'Oral cromolyn sodium', 'C': 'Subcutaneous epinephrine', 'D': 'Oral famotidine', 'E': 'Oral cetirizine\n"'},
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E: Oral cetirizine "
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Q:A 14-year-old girl is brought by her parents to the physician because of recurrent episodes of shortness of breath and nonproductive cough over the past 3 months. She has had two episodes per week, which have resolved spontaneously with rest. Once a month, she wakes up at night with shortness of breath. Spirometry shows an FVC of 95% and an FEV1 of 85% of predicted. Treatment with inhaled budesonide-formoterol as needed is begun. Two weeks later, she is brought to the physician with acute onset of dyspnea and wheezing. Her pulse is 95/min and respirations are 32/min. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Salmeterol', 'B': 'Albuterol', 'C': 'Guaifenesin', 'D': 'Montelukast sodium', 'E': 'Fluticasone'},
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B: Albuterol
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Q:A 19-year-old African American male with a history of bipolar I disorder presents to the psychiatrist for a follow-up visit. During the session, the patient explains that for the past 2 months he has felt significantly fatigued and constipated. He is always complaining of feeling cold and has gained several pounds although his diet has not changed. A blood sample was sent for analysis, revealing the following: TSH - 6 mIU/L (nl = 0.4-4.0 mIU/L), free T4 - 0.4 ng/dL (nl = 0.7-1.9 ng/dL), and serum T4 - 2.1 mcg/dL (nl = 4.6-12 mcg/dL). Which of the following is responsible for these abnormalities?? {'A': 'Valproic acid', 'B': 'Lithium', 'C': 'Carbamazepine', 'D': 'Lamotrigine', 'E': 'Olanzapine'},
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B: Lithium
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Q:A 47-year-old man comes to the physician for gradual onset of fatigue for the last 4 months. He also reports shortness of breath and difficulty concentrating. His friends have told him that he appears pale. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the last 20 years. He does not drink alcohol. His vital signs are within normal limits. Neurological examination shows reduced sensation to light touch and pinprick in the toes bilaterally. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 8.2 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 108 μm3 Leukocyte count 4,200/mm3 Serum Thyroid-stimulating hormone 2.6 μU/mL Iron 67 μg/dL Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 51 ng/L (N = 170–900) Folic acid 13 ng/mL (N = 5.4–18) An oral dose of radiolabeled vitamin B12 is administered, followed by an intramuscular injection of nonradioactive vitamin B12. A 24-hour urine sample is collected and urine vitamin B12 levels are unchanged. The procedure is repeated with the addition of oral intrinsic factor, and 24-hour urine vitamin B12 levels increase. The patient is at increased risk for which of the following?"? {'A': 'Type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'B': 'Colorectal carcinoma', 'C': 'Celiac disease', 'D': 'De Quervain thyroiditis', 'E': 'Gastric carcinoma'},
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E: Gastric carcinoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department with difficulties swallowing food. He states that he experiences pain when he attempts to swallow his medications or when he drinks water. He reveals that he was diagnosed with HIV infection five years ago. He asserts that he has been taking his antiretroviral regimen, including emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir. His temperature is 98°F (37°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. His physical exam is notable for a clear oropharynx, no lymphadenopathy, and a normal cardiac and pulmonary exam. No rashes are noted throughout his body. His laboratory results are displayed below: Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL Hematocrit: 37 % Leukocyte count: 8,000/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 160,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 138 mEq/L Cl-: 108 mEq/L K+: 3.5 mEq/L HCO3-: 26 mEq/L BUN: 35 mg/dL Glucose: 108 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL CD4+ count: 90/mm^3 HIV viral load: 59,000 copies/mL What is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Esophageal endoscopy and biopsy', 'B': 'Fluconazole', 'C': 'Methylprednisolone', 'D': 'Nystatin', 'E': 'Oral swab and microscopy'},
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B: Fluconazole
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Q:A 44-year-old woman presents to the outpatient clinic after she ran into a minor car accident. She says that she did not see the other car coming from the side and this is not the first time this has happened. When asked about any health issues she expresses concerns about whitish discharge dripping from both of her nipples that soils her blouse often. She is sexually active and has missed her periods for the last 3 months which she attributes to early signs of menopause. She denies nausea, vomiting, or recent weight gain. She currently does not take any medication. A visual field test reveals loss of bilateral temporal vision. Which of the following tests would best aid in diagnosing this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'A urine pregnancy test', 'B': 'Serum prolactin levels', 'C': 'Serum estrogen and progesterone levels', 'D': 'A mammogram', 'E': 'Thyroid stimulating hormone levels'},
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B: Serum prolactin levels
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Q:A mother presents to the family physician with her 16-year-old son. She explains, "There's something wrong with him doc. His grades are getting worse, he's cutting class, he's gaining weight, and his eyes are often bloodshot." Upon interviewing the patient apart from his mother, he seems withdrawn and angry at times when probed about his social history. The patient denies abuse and sexual history. What initial test should be sent to rule out the most likely culprit of this patient's behavior?? {'A': 'Complete blood count', 'B': 'Blood culture', 'C': 'Sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing', 'D': 'Urine toxicology screen', 'E': 'Slit eye lamp testing'},
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D: Urine toxicology screen
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Q:A 68-year-old, overweight gentleman with a 20-pack-year history of smoking presents to the primary care physician after noticing multiple blood-stained tissues after coughing attacks in the last month. His vital signs are within normal limits except for an O2 saturation of 93% on room air. He states that over the last 5 years his cough has continued to worsen and has never truly improved. He states that his shortness of breath has also worsened over this time period, as now he can barely make it up the flight of stairs in his home. In this patient, what is the most likely cause of his hemoptysis?? {'A': 'Acute pulmonary edema', 'B': 'Lung abscess', 'C': 'Chronic bronchitis', 'D': 'Coagulopathy', 'E': "Goodpasture's disease"},
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C: Chronic bronchitis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a follow-up examination. He has persistent bedwetting. Over the past year, his parents have attempted various methods to prevent him from wetting his bed, including fluid restriction in the evenings, sticker rewards, and bedwetting alarms, with no improvement. The patient wets his bed 2–3 times a week. He does not have problems going to the bathroom during the day. The physician prescribes an oral medication that successfully controls his symptoms. The most likely effect of this drug on the principal cells of the kidney is increased activity of which of the following?? {'A': 'Guanylate cyclase', 'B': 'Tyrosine kinase', 'C': 'Phospholipase C', 'D': 'Steroid hormone response element', 'E': 'Adenylate cyclase'},
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E: Adenylate cyclase
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Q:A 62-year-old Caucasian male receiving treatment for stable angina experiences intermittent throbbing headaches. What is the most likely cause?? {'A': 'Transient ischemic attack', 'B': 'Elevated creatine kinase', 'C': 'Beta adrenergic inactivation', 'D': 'Acute hemorrhage', 'E': 'Vasodilation of cerebral arteries'},
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E: Vasodilation of cerebral arteries
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Q:A 48-year-old woman presents to her family physician for evaluation of increasing shortness of breath. She returned from a trip to China 2 weeks ago and reports fever, myalgias, headaches, and a dry cough for the past week. Over the last 2 days, she has noticed increasingly severe shortness of breath. Her past medical history is non-contributory. The heart rate is 84/min, respiratory rate is 22/min, temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), and blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. A chest X-ray shows bilateral patchy infiltrates. Laboratory studies show leukopenia. After appropriate implementation of infection prevention and control measures, the patient is hospitalized. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Lopinavir-ritonavir treatment', 'B': 'Remdesivir treatment', 'C': 'RT-PCR testing', 'D': 'Supportive therapy and monitoring', 'E': 'Systemic corticosteroid administration'},
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D: Supportive therapy and monitoring
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Q:An 18-month-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 2-day history of cough, fever, and lethargy. He has been admitted to the hospital twice during the past year for pneumonia. He can stand without support but has not started to walk. He speaks in bisyllables. He is at the 3rd percentile for height and 4th percentile for weight. Examination shows diffuse crackles over bilateral lung fields. Abdominal examination shows hepatosplenomegaly. Fundoscopy shows bright red macular spots. Despite being given appropriate antibiotic therapy, the patient dies. A photomicrograph of a section of the spleen obtained during autopsy is shown. Accumulation of which of the following substances is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Limit dextrin', 'B': 'Sphingomyelin', 'C': 'Ceramide trihexoside', 'D': 'Cerebroside sulfate', 'E': 'Glucocerebroside'},
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B: Sphingomyelin
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Q:A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness upon standing, abdominal pain, and muscle pain over the past 6 months. She has also had an unintended weight loss of 5.8 kg (12.8 lb) over the past 3 years. She has had a history of hypoparathyroidism since she was a teenager. Her current medications include calcitriol and calcium carbonate. Her pulse is 85/min and blood pressure is 81/45 mm Hg. Physical examination shows tanned skin, as well as sparse axillary and pubic hair. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Abdominal neoplasia', 'B': 'Enzyme disorder', 'C': 'Autoimmune destruction', 'D': 'Occult hemorrhage', 'E': 'Amyloid deposition'},
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C: Autoimmune destruction
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Q:A 58-year-old woman who underwent urgent coronary artery bypass grafting develops sudden-onset of difficulty breathing shortly after postoperative transfusion of 1 unit of packed red blood cells because of moderate blood loss. She has alcohol use disorder, and has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 22 years. Her temperature is 38.3ºC (100.8ºF), respirations are 35/min, and blood pressure is 88/57 mmHg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 72%. Physical examination shows profuse sweating and cyanosis. There is no jugular venous distension and no peripheral edema. A chest x-ray shows bilateral alveolar and interstitial infiltrates and a normal cardiac silhouette. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's transfusion reaction?? {'A': 'Cytokine accumulation during blood storage', 'B': 'ABO incompatibility', 'C': 'Activation of primed neutrophils', 'D': 'Type I hypersensitivity reaction', 'E': 'Excessive circulating blood volume\n"'},
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C: Activation of primed neutrophils
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Q:A 49-year-old man presents to the emergency department with abdominal discomfort, fever, and decreased urination. He has a history of liver cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis C infection. His blood pressure is 90/70 mm Hg, pulse is 75/min, and temperature 38°C (100.4°F). On physical examination he is jaundiced, and he has tense ascites with generalized abdominal tenderness. There is pitting edema to the level of his upper thighs. Which of the following excludes the diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome in this patient?? {'A': 'Low urea levels', 'B': 'Low albumin levels', 'C': 'Prolonged prothrombin time', 'D': 'Normal renal ultrasound', 'E': 'Presence of 30 red cells/high powered field in the urine'},
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E: Presence of 30 red cells/high powered field in the urine
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Q:A 50-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of difficulties having sexual intercourse due to erectile dysfunction. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus that is well controlled with metformin. He does not smoke. He drinks 5–6 beers daily. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows bilateral pedal edema, decreased testicular volume, and increased breast tissue. The spleen is palpable 2 cm below the left costal margin. Abdominal ultrasound shows an atrophic, hyperechoic, nodular liver. An upper endoscopy is performed and shows dilated submucosal veins 2 mm in diameter with red spots on their surface in the distal esophagus. Therapy with a sildenafil is initiated for his erectile dysfunction. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient's esophageal findings?? {'A': 'Injection sclerotherapy', 'B': 'Nadolol therapy', 'C': 'Isosorbide mononitrate therapy', 'D': 'Endoscopic band ligation', 'E': 'Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt'},
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B: Nadolol therapy
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Q:A 3900-g (8-lb 11-oz ) male newborn is delivered at term to a 27-year-old woman. Immediately after delivery, he develops cyanosis and tachypnea. Pulse oximetry on 100% oxygen shows an oxygen saturation of 88%. Examination shows decreased breath sounds in the left lung field. Despite appropriate treatment, the newborn dies. An x-ray of the chest performed prior to autopsy shows sharply demarcated fluid-filled densities in the left lung. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the x-ray findings?? {'A': 'Abnormal budding of the ventral foregut', 'B': 'Fistula between the esophagus and the trachea', 'C': 'Failure of neural crest cell migration', 'D': 'Impaired fusion of pleuroperitoneal membrane', 'E': 'Increase in alveolar surface tension'},
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A: Abnormal budding of the ventral foregut
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Q:An 81-year-old man is admitted to the hospital due to acute decompensated heart failure. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure. Current medications include lisinopril, metformin, and low-dose aspirin. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 45 years. His temperature is 37.6°C (99.7°F), pulse is 105/min and regular, respirations are 21/min, and blood pressure is 103/64 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.7 g/dL Leukocyte count 8200/mm3 Serum Na+ 128 mEq/L Cl- 98 mEq/L K+ 4.9 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 58 mg/dL Glucose 200 mg/dL Creatinine 2.2 mg/dL Which of the following changes in the medication regimen is most appropriate in this patient at this time?"? {'A': 'Begin hydrochlorothiazide therapy', 'B': 'Begin vancomycin therapy', 'C': 'Discontinue aspirin therapy', 'D': 'Discontinue metformin therapy', 'E': 'Begin nitroprusside therapy'},
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D: Discontinue metformin therapy
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Q:A 48-year-old woman presents with a 15-year history of long, painful menses that is only partially relieved with oral contraceptives. She desires definitive treatment. She denies weight loss or post-coital bleeding, and her husband has been her only sexual partner. She does not have a history of smoking, alcohol or illicit drug use, or sexually transmitted diseases. She sees her gynecologist annually. She takes no medications. An abdominal ultrasound shows a non-gravid uterus with hyperechoic islands and an irregular endometrial-myometrial junction, consistent with adenomyosis. A supracervical hysterectomy and left salpingo-oophorectomy are performed without incident. Later that day, the patient’s vitals are stable: temperature 36.8°C (98.2°F), heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 15/min, blood pressure 100/75 mm Hg, breathing 100% oxygen on room air. The patient is not in acute distress with a Foley catheter in place. The physical exam is unremarkable. However, she has only excreted a minimal amount of urine output in the past several hours after surgery. Only 10cc or urine is produced over the next 12 hours. A bladder scan shows minimal residual urine. CBC, CMP, and urinalysis are ordered, and renal ultrasound is shown in the picture. What are the likely cause of this patient’s anuria and ultrasound finding?? {'A': 'Heart failure secondary to overly aggressive fluid resuscitation', 'B': 'Iatrogenic injury near the suspensory ligaments', 'C': 'Prerenal azotemia secondary to excessive hemorrhage', 'D': 'Acute tubular necrosis secondary to hypovolemia', 'E': 'Cervical cancer'},
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B: Iatrogenic injury near the suspensory ligaments
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Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of fever, chills, and flank pain. Five days ago, he was catheterized for acute urinary retention. His temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F). Physical examination shows right-sided costovertebral angle tenderness. Urine studies show numerous bacteria and WBC casts. Urine culture on blood agar grows mucoid, gray-white colonies. Urine culture on eosin methylene blue agar grows purple colonies with no metallic green sheen. Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen?? {'A': 'Proteus mirabilis', 'B': 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'C': 'Escherichia coli', 'D': 'Klebsiella pneumoniae', 'E': 'Staphylococcus saprophyticus'},
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D: Klebsiella pneumoniae
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Q:A previously healthy 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a one-week history of diffuse abdominal pain. Her temperature is 39.1°C (102.3°F). Physical examination shows numerous scars and excoriations along both arms, scleral icterus, and tender hepatomegaly. Serum studies show: Alanine aminotransferase 927 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase 796 U/L Hepatitis B surface antigen positive Hepatitis B surface antibody negative Anti-hepatitis B core antibody negative Hepatitis C antibody negative Which of the following is the most likely outcome of this patient's infection?"? {'A': 'Asymptomatic carrier state', 'B': 'Hepatocellular carcinoma', 'C': 'Transient infection', 'D': 'Fulminant hepatitis', 'E': 'Liver cirrhosis'},
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C: Transient infection
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Q:A 48-year-old woman comes to the physician because of recurrent right upper abdominal pain for 3 weeks. The pain usually occurs after meals and tends to radiate to the right shoulder. She reports that she otherwise feels well. She has more energy since she started an intermittent fasting diet and has rapidly lost 9.0 kg (20 lbs). She is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 100 kg (220 lb); BMI is 39.1 kg/m2. Physical examination shows a nontender abdomen. Abdominal ultrasonography shows several small stones in the gallbladder without calcification. When discussing treatment options, she states that she does not wish to undergo surgery and asks about other possibilities. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy to address the underlying cause of this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Gemfibrozil', 'B': 'Ursodeoxycholic acid', 'C': 'Ezetimibe', 'D': 'Colestipol', 'E': 'Hydromorphone'},
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B: Ursodeoxycholic acid
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 22-year-old male college student volunteers for a research study involving renal function. He undergoes several laboratory tests, the results of which are below: Urine Serum Glucose 0 mg/dL 93 mg/dL Inulin 100 mg/dL 1.0 mg/dL Para-aminohippurate (PAH) 150 mg/dL 0.2 mg/dL Hematocrit 50% Urine flow rate 1 mL/min What is the estimated renal blood flow?? {'A': '200 mL/min', 'B': '1,000 mL/min', 'C': '1,500 mL/min', 'D': '750 ml/min', 'E': '3,000 mL/min'},
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C: 1,500 mL/min
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Q:A 65-year-old African-American man presents to your office with dysphagia. He reports that he has found it progressively more difficult to swallow food over the past year. At the time of presentation, he is able to eat only soup. Social history is significant for asbestos exposure, multiple daily drinks of hard alcohol, and a 70 pack-year smoking history. What would you most expect to see on an esophageal biopsy of this patient?? {'A': 'Keratin nests and pearls', 'B': 'Ferruginous bodies', 'C': 'Glandular metaplasia', 'D': 'Mucosal abrasions', 'E': 'Esophageal varices'},
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A: Keratin nests and pearls
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 73-year-old man is brought to the physician by his daughter for evaluation of increasing forgetfulness during the past 6 months. The daughter reports that he recently got lost while walking home from the grocery store. He has also been more irritable recently. On mental status examination, he has a normal affect. He is oriented to person and place but cannot recall which month it is. He recalls memories from more than 20 years ago in great detail but cannot state his home address or the name of his recently born grandson. His gait is normal and there is no nystagmus. An MRI of the brain is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of the radiologic findings?? {'A': 'Inflammation of the choroid plexus', 'B': 'Atrophy of the cortex', 'C': 'Demyelination of periventricular structures', 'D': 'Bleeding into the ventricular system', 'E': 'Obstruction of the foramen of Monro'},
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B: Atrophy of the cortex
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 41-year-old man comes to the physician for generalized fatigue and weakness of his left hand for 4 weeks. During this period he also had multiple episodes of cramping abdominal pain and nausea. He works at a battery manufacturing plant. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 124/74 mm Hg. Examination shows pale conjunctivae and gingival hyperpigmentation. There is weakness when extending the left wrist against resistance. The brachioradialis reflex is 1+ on the left and 2+ on the right. The radial pulse is palpable bilaterally. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes', 'B': 'Beta‑2 microglobulin in urine', 'C': 'White bands across the nails', 'D': 'Increased total iron binding capacity', 'E': 'Septal thickening on chest x-ray'},
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A: Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 60-year-old man comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. He feels well. Five years ago, he underwent a colonoscopy, which was unremarkable. He has no history of serious illness except for an episode of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis at the age of 10 years. His father died of bladder carcinoma at the age of 55 years. The patient works at a rubber factory. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 25 years. He drinks 1–2 cans of beer per day. He takes no medications. He has never received any pneumococcal vaccination. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 70/min, and blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Digital rectal examination shows mild symmetrical enlargement of the prostate with no masses. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Recommend colonoscopy', 'B': 'Discuss PSA assessment with patient', 'C': 'Administer pneumococcal conjugate vaccination', 'D': 'Obtain CT urography', 'E': 'Obtain renal ultrasound'},
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B: Discuss PSA assessment with patient
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 26-year-old G1P0 female who is 39 weeks pregnant presents to the emergency department in labor. She reports following her primary care physician’s recommendations throughout her pregnancy and has not had any complications. During delivery, the baby’s head turtled back into the vaginal canal and did not advance any further. The neonatal intensivist was called for shoulder dystocia and a baby girl was able to be delivered vaginally 6 minutes later. Upon initial assessment, the baby appeared pale throughout, had her arms and legs flexed without active motion, and had some flexion of extremities when stimulated. Her pulse is 120/min and had irregular respirations. What is this baby’s initial APGAR score?? {'A': '3', 'B': '4', 'C': '5', 'D': '6', 'E': '7'},
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C: 5
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Q:A 71-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of increasing confusion, weakness, and vomiting for 1 day. He has had 5 episodes of vomiting and blurry vision; he told his wife that “everything appears in different colors.” He has been unable to recall his wife's name or their address. His wife reports that his drug regimen was adjusted because of worsening tibial edema 1 week ago. He has congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, hypothyroidism, and osteoarthritis. Current medication include rivaroxaban, metoprolol, digoxin, levothyroxine, spironolactone, and furosemide. His temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 56/min, and blood pressure is 98/68 mm Hg. He is confused and oriented only to person. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. The abdomen is soft, and there is tenderness to palpation of both lower quadrants without guarding or rebound. There is 1+ pitting edema of both ankles. This patient is most likely to have which of the following ECG findings?? {'A': 'Peaked T waves', 'B': 'Mobitz type 2 atrioventricular block', 'C': 'Low QRS voltage', 'D': 'Prolonged QT interval', 'E': 'Increased PR interval'},
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E: Increased PR interval
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Q:A 48-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus presents to her primary care physician with complaints of headaches, fatigue, dry cough, and frequent episodes of bronchospasm. She was diagnosed with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy by an ophthalmologist last month. Her blood pressure measured in the clinic is 158/95 mmHg. A 24-hour urine collection is obtained and reveals 9.5 g of protein. On physical examination, the patient has diffuse wheezing, jugular venous distention, and 2+ pitting pretibial edema. Labs are notable for a potassium level of 5.2 mEq/L. Which of the following medications is most likely contributing to this patient’s current presentation?? {'A': 'Amlodipine', 'B': 'Hydralazine', 'C': 'Hydrochlorothiazide', 'D': 'Lisinopril', 'E': 'Losartan'},
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D: Lisinopril
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Q:A 48-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after being rescued from a house fire. He reports headache, metallic taste, abdominal pain, and nausea. He appears confused and agitated. His pulse is 125/min, respirations are 33/min, and blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 98%. Physical examination shows a bright red color of the skin. His breath smells of bitter almonds. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and appropriate pharmacotherapy are initiated. The expected beneficial effect of this drug is most likely due to which of the following mechanisms?? {'A': 'Reduction of ferric iron', 'B': 'Synthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate', 'C': 'Formation of methemoglobin', 'D': 'Dissociation of carboxyhemoglobin', 'E': 'Inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase'},
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C: Formation of methemoglobin
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Q:Six days after undergoing open reduction and internal fixation of a left-sided femur fracture that he sustained in a motor vehicle collision, a 67-year-old man has sudden-onset severe pain and paresthesia in his right arm. The operation and the immediate postoperative course were uneventful. Prior to hospitalization, he did not take any medications. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.2°F), pulse is 105/min and regular, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 156/94 mm Hg. Physical examination of the right arm shows decreased brachial and radial pulses, and a capillary refill time of 6 seconds. The skin over the right arm is pale and cold to the touch. His left leg is casted. Preoperative laboratory studies were within the reference range. Current laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.8 g/dL Leukocyte count 8,300/mm3 Platelet count 60,000/mm3 Serum Partial thromboplastin time, activated 55 sec Prothrombin time 14 seconds D-Dimer positive Arterial Doppler ultrasonography shows occlusion of the right brachial artery. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's current symptoms?"? {'A': 'Peripheral arterial disease', 'B': 'Patent foramen ovale', 'C': 'Adverse effect of medication', 'D': 'Atrial fibrillation', 'E': 'Disseminated intravascular coagulation\n"'},
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C: Adverse effect of medication
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Q:Background: Aldosterone blockade reduces mortality and morbidity among patients with severe heart failure. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, on morbidity and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to eplerenone (25 mg per day initially, titrated to a maximum of 50 mg per day; 3,319 patients) or placebo (3,313 patients) in addition to optimal medical therapy. The study continued until 1,012 deaths occurred. The primary endpoints were death from any cause, death from cardiovascular causes, hospitalization for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, or ventricular arrhythmia. Results: During a mean follow-up of 16 months, there were 478 deaths in the eplerenone group and 554 deaths in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.85; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.75 to 0.96; p = 0.008). Of these deaths, 407 in the eplerenone group and 483 in the placebo group were attributed to cardiovascular causes (relative risk, 0.83; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.72 to 0.94; p = 0.005). The rate of the other primary endpoint, death from cardiovascular causes, or hospitalization for cardiovascular events was reduced by eplerenone (relative risk, 0.87; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.79 to 0.95; p = 0.002), as was the secondary endpoint of death from any cause or any hospitalization (relative risk, 0.92; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.86 to 0.98; p = 0.02). There was also a reduction in the rate of sudden death from cardiac causes (relative risk, 0.79; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.64 to 0.97; p = 0.03). The rate of serious hyperkalemia was 5.5 percent in the eplerenone group and 3.9 percent in the placebo group (p = 0.002), whereas the rate of hypokalemia was 8.4 percent in the eplerenone group and 13.1 percent in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Which of the following statements represents the most accurate interpretation of the results from the aforementioned clinical trial?? {'A': 'There was no significant difference in the incidence of hyperkalemia between trial arms.', 'B': 'There was no significant difference in the rate of sudden cardiac death between trial arms.', 'C': 'Eplerenone, when added to optimal medical therapy, decreases all cause mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction.', 'D': 'The rate of hypokalemia was not significantly different between trial arms.', 'E': 'The most common causes of death seen in enrolled patients over the course of this trial were non-cardiac in nature.'},
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C: Eplerenone, when added to optimal medical therapy, decreases all cause mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction.
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Q:A neuro-oncology investigator has recently conducted a randomized controlled trial in which the addition of a novel alkylating agent to radiotherapy was found to prolong survival in comparison to survival radiotherapy alone (HR = 0.7, p < 0.01). A number of surviving participants who took the alkylating agent reported that they had experienced significant nausea from the medication. The investigator surveyed all participants in both the treatment and the control group on their nausea symptoms by self-report rated mild, moderate, or severe. The investigator subsequently compared the two treatment groups with regards to nausea level. Mild nausea Moderate nausea Severe nausea Treatment group (%) 20 30 50 Control group (%) 35 35 30 Which of the following statistical methods would be most appropriate to assess the statistical significance of these results?"? {'A': 'Multiple logistic regression', 'B': 'Unpaired t-test', 'C': 'Paired t-test', 'D': 'Pearson correlation coefficient', 'E': 'Chi-square test'},
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E: Chi-square test
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Q:A 36-year-old primigravida woman visits her gynecologist during the 28th week of her pregnancy. Physical examination reveals pitting edema around her ankles and elevated systolic blood pressure. 24-hour urine collection yields 4 grams of protein. If left untreated, the patient is most at increased risk for which of the following:? {'A': 'Urethral infection', 'B': 'Thrombocytosis', 'C': 'Hemolysis', 'D': 'Gestational diabetes', 'E': 'Placenta accreta'},
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C: Hemolysis
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Q:A previously healthy 42-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after he was involved in a motor vehicle collision. He is conscious. He smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 16 years but quit 8 years ago. Physical examination shows several ecchymoses over the trunk and abdomen. The abdomen is soft, and there is tenderness to palpation of the right upper quadrant without guarding or rebound. Vital signs are within normal limits. An x-ray of the chest shows no fractures; a 10-mm solid pulmonary nodule is present in the central portion of the right upper lung field. No previous x-rays of the patient are available. A CT scan of the chest is performed, which shows that the nodule has irregular, scalloped borders. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient's pulmonary nodule?? {'A': 'Antituberculous therapy', 'B': 'Positron emission tomography', 'C': 'Follow-up chest x-ray in 12 months', 'D': 'Follow-up CT scan in 12 months', 'E': 'Reassurance'},
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B: Positron emission tomography
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Q:A 44-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter for a 1-week history of right leg weakness, unsteady gait, and multiple falls. During the past 6 months, he has become more forgetful and has sometimes lost his way along familiar routes. He has been having difficulties operating simple kitchen appliances such as the dishwasher and coffee maker. He has recently become increasingly paranoid, agitated, and restless. He has HIV, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His last visit to a physician was more than 2 years ago, and he has been noncompliant with his medications. His temperature is 37.2°C (99.0°F), blood pressure is 152/68 mm Hg, pulse is 98/min, and respiratory rate is 14/min. He is somnolent and slightly confused. He is oriented to person, but not place or time. There is mild lymphadenopathy in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal areas. Neurological examination shows right lower extremity weakness with normal tone and no other focal deficits. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 9.2 g/dL Leukocyte count 3,600/mm3 Platelet count 140,000/mm3 CD4+ count 56/µL HIV viral load > 100,000 copies/mL Serum Cryptococcal antigen Negative Toxplasma gondii IgG Positive An MRI of the brain is shown below. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Cerebral toxoplasmosis', 'B': 'Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis', 'C': 'HIV encephalopathy', 'D': 'Primary CNS lymphoma', 'E': 'Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy'},
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E: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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Q:A 3-month-old boy presents to his pediatrician with persistent diarrhea, oral candidiasis, and signs and symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia. He is very lean with weight in the 10th percentile. His blood pressure is 105/64 mm Hg and heart rate is 84/min. He is being evaluated for an immunodeficiency. Laboratory results for HIV are negative by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Which of the following is the most likely cause of this child’s presentation?? {'A': 'An X-linked inheritance of HLA genes', 'B': 'Defective T cell function', 'C': 'Selective IgA deficiency', 'D': 'Defective isotype switching', 'E': 'Grossly reduced levels of B cells'},
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B: Defective T cell function
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Q:A 36-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Two weeks ago, he was diagnosed with an ischemic stroke of the right middle cerebral artery. He was treated with thrombolytics and does not have any residual symptoms. His pulse is 82/min and regular. Cardiovascular examination shows no abnormalities. Echocardiography shows a reproducible, transient, low-volume, right-to-left shunt through the atrial septum during coughing. Which of the following conditions is caused by failure of an embryologic process similar to that responsible for this patient's heart condition?? {'A': 'Midgut volvulus', 'B': 'Transposition of the great vessels', 'C': 'Hirschsprung disease', 'D': 'Thyroglossal duct cyst', 'E': 'Hypospadias'},
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E: Hypospadias
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Q:A 72-year-old woman comes to the emergency department 4 hours after the sudden onset of a diffuse, dull, throbbing headache. During this time, she also reports blurred vision, nausea, and one episode of vomiting. She has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her medications include hydrochlorothiazide, lisinopril, atorvastatin, and metformin. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years and drinks 1–2 glasses of wine per day. Her temperature is 36.6 °C (97.9 °F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 185/110 mm Hg. Fundoscopic examination shows bilateral blurring of the optic disc margins. Physical and neurologic examinations show no other abnormalities. A complete blood count and serum concentrations of electrolytes, urea nitrogen, and creatinine are within the reference range. Urinalysis shows 2+ protein but no WBCs or RBCs. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Ischemic stroke', 'B': 'Subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'C': 'Idiopathic intracranial hypertension', 'D': 'Hypertensive emergency', 'E': 'Transient ischemic attack'},
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D: Hypertensive emergency
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Q:A 50-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of recurrent palpitations and a feeling of pressure in the chest for the past 6 months. He also reports shortness of breath when walking several blocks or while going upstairs. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. He does not smoke. He has a 30-year history of drinking 7–10 beers daily. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure 130/80 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 92%. There are jugular venous pulsations 9 cm above the sternal angle. Crackles are heard at both lung bases. Cardiac examination shows an S3 gallop and a displaced point of maximum impulse. There is pitting edema below the knees. Which of the following is the most appropriate step in the management of the underlying cause of this patient's current condition?? {'A': 'Abstinence from alcohol', 'B': 'Dietary iron restriction', 'C': 'Salt and fluid restriction', 'D': 'Thiamine substitution', 'E': 'Levothyroxine substitution\n"'},
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A: Abstinence from alcohol
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Q:A 32-year-old woman comes to the clinic with concerns related to her medication. She recently learned that she is pregnant and wants to know if she needs to change anything. She is taking levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. She does not take any other medication. A urine pregnancy test is positive. What should this patient be advised about her medication during pregnancy?? {'A': 'She should stop taking her medication immediately', 'B': 'She can continue taking her medication at the usual dose', 'C': 'Her medication dose should be increased by 30%', 'D': 'She should be switched to an alternative medication', 'E': 'The decision should be based on an evaluation of fetal risks and maternal benefits'},
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C: Her medication dose should be increased by 30%
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Q:A 56-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Physical examination shows hyperpigmented plaques on the posterior neck and in the axillae. His hemoglobin A1c concentration is 7.4% and fasting serum glucose concentration is 174 mg/dL. Which of the following is the strongest predisposing factor for this patient's laboratory findings?? {'A': 'Elevated systolic blood pressure', 'B': 'Increased BMI during childhood', 'C': 'Increased serum testosterone level', 'D': 'History of smoking', 'E': 'High waist circumference\n"'},
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E: High waist circumference "
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Q:A 45-year-old woman visits your office with concerns about recent changes in her menstrual cycle. She noticed that her menses last longer and are heavier, to the point of needing almost twice the number of sanitary pads than 6 months ago. She denies any abdominal or pelvic discomfort. She started menstruating at 9 years of age. She had a negative Pap smear and HPV test 5 years ago. The physical examination is unremarkable with no masses on abdominal palpation and the pelvic examination is negative for vaginal lesions or tenderness. The bimanual examination reveals a mobile, non-tender, retroverted uterus with no masses in the adnexa. A transvaginal ultrasound performed 4 days after her last menses revealed an endometrial thickness of 4 mm. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'Uterine leiomyoma', 'B': 'Endometrial carcinoma', 'C': 'Uterine adenomyosis', 'D': 'Endometrial polyp', 'E': 'Endometrial hyperplasia'},
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E: Endometrial hyperplasia
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Q:A 45-year-old man undergoes elective vasectomy for permanent contraception. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia. There are no intra-operative complications and he is discharged home with ibuprofen for post-operative pain. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following complications?? {'A': 'Sperm granuloma', 'B': 'Seminoma', 'C': 'Testicular torsion', 'D': 'Inguinal hernia', 'E': 'Prostatitis\n"'},
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A: Sperm granuloma
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Q:A 39-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a high fever, cough, and malaise. One week ago, he returned from a vacation to Hawaii where he went waterskiing with his family. Three days before presentation, he started experiencing intermittent abdominal pain, which was followed by flu-like symptoms, itchiness in his eyes, and photosensitivity. On presentation, his temperature is 103°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 114/72 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical exam reveals conjunctivitis and mild jaundice. Which of the following treatments could be used to treat this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Azithromycin', 'B': 'Doxycycline', 'C': 'Ganciclovir', 'D': 'Metronidazole', 'E': 'Vancomycin'},
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B: Doxycycline
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Q:A 24-year-old woman at 36 weeks pregnant presents to the emergency department with a headache and abdominal pain. The woman has no known past medical history and has inconsistently followed up with an obstetrician for prenatal care. Her temperature is 98.5°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 163/101 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Prior to performing the physical exam, the patient experiences a seizure, which resolves after 60 seconds. Which of the following is the best management for this patient?? {'A': 'Diazepam, magnesium, and continuous monitoring', 'B': 'Magnesium and continuous monitoring', 'C': 'Magnesium and cesarean section', 'D': 'Magnesium and labetalol', 'E': 'Nifedipine and cesarean section'},
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C: Magnesium and cesarean section
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Q:A 9-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of poor performance in school for the last year. He has difficulty sitting still at his desk, does not follow the teacher's instructions, and frequently blurts out answers in class. He often gets sent outside the classroom for failing to work quietly. At hockey practice, he does not wait his turn and has difficulty listening to his coach's instructions. His mother reports that he is easily distracted when she speaks with him and that he often forgets his books at home. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?? {'A': 'Atomoxetine', 'B': 'Suvorexant', 'C': 'Risperidone', 'D': 'Fluoxetine', 'E': 'Varenicline'},
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A: Atomoxetine
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Q:A 62-year-old woman presents to the emergency department after an episode of light-headedness. She was using the bathroom when she felt light-headed and fell to the floor. Her daughter found her and brought her into the emergency department right away. The patient has a past medical history of obesity and diabetes mellitus. She came to the emergency department 1 week ago for a similar complaint. The patient states that she has otherwise felt well with the exception of fatigue, constipation, an odd sensation in her chest, and a decreased appetite and desire to drink recently causing her to lose 10 pounds. Her temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 122/88 mmHg, pulse is 92/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam reveals a cardiopulmonary exam within normal limits and stable gait. The patient has an obese abdomen with abdominal distension. Strength is 5/5 in the upper and lower extremities. Which of the following is associated with the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'CA-125', 'B': 'Cardiac arrhythmia', 'C': 'Dehydration', 'D': 'Seasonal viral infection', 'E': 'Vagal response'},
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A: CA-125
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Q:A 2-year-old male is referred to a geneticist for developmental delay and intellectual disability. He was hypotonic at birth and his parents are concerned that he tries to eat everything, including erasers and chalk. Physical exam is remarkable for severe obesity and hypogonadism. Genetic analysis reveals that he has one mutated allele and one normal allele at the gene of interest. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why this patient is affected despite having a normal allele?? {'A': 'Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern', 'B': 'Imprinting', 'C': 'Locus heterogeneity', 'D': 'Uniparental disomy', 'E': 'X-linked inheritance pattern'},
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B: Imprinting
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A researcher is tracing the fate of C-peptide, a product of preproinsulin cleavage. Which of the following is a true statement regarding the fate of C-peptide?? {'A': 'C-peptide is immediately degraded by the proteasome', 'B': 'C-peptide is packaged with insulin in secretory vesicles', 'C': 'C-peptide exits the cells via a protein channel', 'D': 'C-peptide is further cleaved into insulin', 'E': 'C-peptide activates an intracellular signaling cascade'},
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B: C-peptide is packaged with insulin in secretory vesicles
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Q:A 79-year-old man, hospitalized for overnight monitoring after elective surgery, is found on morning rounds to be confused and disoriented. He was recovering well in the post-anesthesia care unit before being moved up to the inpatient floor unit; however, he was found to be delirious and agitated overnight. Therefore, he was given a dose of a drug that affects the opening frequency of a neuronal ion channel. During morning rounds, he is found to have weakness, tremors, uncoordinated muscle movements, blurred vision, and disorientation. Which of the following could be used to reverse the drug that was administered to this patient?? {'A': 'Activated charcoal', 'B': 'Ammonium chloride', 'C': 'Flumazenil', 'D': 'Naloxone', 'E': 'Sodium bicarbonate'},
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C: Flumazenil
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 25-year-old woman comes into her family doctor’s clinic confused as to how she failed her work-required urine drug test. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications. She states that she does not smoke and denies ever using any alcohol or recreational drugs. The patient’s social history reveals a recent change in her diet. For the past 2-weeks, she was experimenting with a ketogenic diet and using poppy seed bagels as her only source of carbohydrates. Her vital signs and physical examination are within normal limits. Which of the following physical exam findings might be present had this patient really been abusing the class of drug for which she most likely tested positive?? {'A': 'Miosis', 'B': 'Anhidrosis', 'C': 'Tachypnea', 'D': 'Conjunctival injection', 'E': 'Myalgia'},
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A: Miosis
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Q:A 5-year-old child presents with lower-extremity edema for the past 4 days. Three weeks ago, he experienced several days of cough and fever that was treated with acetaminophen. His medical history is unremarkable; he was born after an uneventful term pregnancy. His vaccinations are up to date. At presentation, his blood pressure is 81/42 mm Hg, and heart rate is 111/min. The child is playful and in no acute distress. Physical examination is remarkable only for ocular 'puffiness' and lower-extremity edema. Chest auscultation is clear, and there are no abnormalities during abdominal inspection. A urinalysis shows the presence of proteinuria, but there is no hematuria. What is the most appropriate treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Oral prednisone', 'B': 'Oral azathioprine', 'C': 'Plasmapheresis', 'D': 'Intravenous cyclophosphamide', 'E': 'No treatment is required'},
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A: Oral prednisone
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Q:A 4-day-old male newborn is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. His mother is concerned that he is losing weight. He was born at 40 weeks' gestation and weighed 2980g (6-lb 9-oz); he currently weighs 2830g (6-lb 4-oz). Pregnancy was uncomplicated. He passed stool and urine 8 and 10 hours after delivery. He has been exclusively breast fed since birth and feeds 11–12 times daily. His mother says she changes 5–6 heavy diapers daily. Examination shows an open and firm anterior fontanelle. Mucous membranes are moist. Capillary refill time is less than 2 seconds. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next best step in management?? {'A': 'Switch to soy-based formula', 'B': 'Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen', 'C': 'Add rice based cereal', 'D': 'Add cow milk based formula', 'E': 'Continue breastfeeding\n"'},
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E: Continue breastfeeding "
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Q:A 52-year-old female presents with a primary complaint of amenorrhea for the past 6 months. She also reports dyspareunia, recurrent headache, and infrequent episodes of night sweats. Diagnostic work-up reveals increased serum FSH levels. Which additional laboratory findings would most likely be seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Increased serum estradiol and decreased serum LH', 'B': 'Increased serum progesterone and increased serum LH', 'C': 'Decreased serum estradiol and increased serum LH', 'D': 'Decreased serum estradiol and increased serum progesterone', 'E': 'Decreased serum progesterone and increased serum testosterone'},
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C: Decreased serum estradiol and increased serum LH
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Q:A 10-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician for a well child appointment. The patient has been doing well in school. He plays on a club basketball team and is also a member of the chess club. He has many friends and is very happy. His parents currently have no concerns for him. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, you note a tall, muscular young boy. He is in the 99th percentile for weight and height. Cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. The patient's abdomen is obese, non-tender, and non-distended. Neurological exam is grossly non-focal. Testicular exam is notable for a right-sided testicular mass. Musculoskeletal exam reveals a normal range of motion and 5/5 strength in his upper and lower extremities. Dermatologic exam reveals acne and facial hair on the patient's face. Which of the following is the most likely underlying diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Leydig cell tumor', 'B': 'Normal development in the setting of obesity', 'C': 'Pituitary adenoma', 'D': 'Precocious puberty', 'E': 'Sertoli cell tumor'},
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A: Leydig cell tumor
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Q:A 27-year-old woman presents to the psychiatrist due to feelings of sadness for the past 3 weeks. She was let go from her job 1 month ago, and she feels as though her whole life is coming to an end. She is unable to sleep well at night and also finds herself crying at times during the day. She has not been able to eat well and has been losing weight as a result. She has no will to go out and meet with her friends, who have been extremely supportive during this time. Her doctor gives her an antidepressant which blocks the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine to help with these symptoms. One week later, she is brought to the emergency room by her friends who say that she was found to be in a state of euphoria. They mention bizarre behavior, one of which is booking a plane ticket to New York, even though she has 3 interviews lined up the same week. Her words cannot be understood as she is speaking very fast, and she is unable to sit in one place for the examination. Which of the following was most likely prescribed by her psychiatrist?? {'A': 'Venlafaxine', 'B': 'Sertraline', 'C': 'Lithium', 'D': 'Bupropion', 'E': 'Fluvoxamine'},
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A: Venlafaxine
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Q:A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has had difficulty swallowing. Specifically, he occasionally feels like he is choking while eating solids and then later regurgitates the undigested food. In addition, he says that his family has been complaining that he now has really bad breath. Based on clinical suspicion, he is sent for a barium swallow study, which reveals that there is a collection of dye posterior to the esophagus. Between which of the following muscles did the dye most likely enter the collection from the esophagus?? {'A': 'Circular and longitudinal muscle of the esophagus', 'B': 'Cricopharyngeus and circular muscle of the esophagus', 'C': 'Cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus', 'D': 'Superior and inferior pharyngeal constrictors', 'E': 'Through 2 parts of the cricopharyngeus'},
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C: Cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 49-year-old male complains of heartburn, epigastric pain, and diarrhea. He has a past medical history significant for heartburn that is nonresponsive to omeprazole. He denies any alcohol intake, and has not been taking any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. An endoscopy is performed, which shows two ulcers in the proximal duodenum, and one in the distal third of the duodenum. Which of the following is most likely true about this patient’s current condition?? {'A': 'Secretin administration would suppress the release of the suspected hormone in this patient', 'B': 'Increasing omeprazole dose will likely decrease the suspected hormone level', 'C': 'Chronic atrophic gastritis would decrease the suspected hormone level', 'D': 'Parietal cell hypertrophy is likely present', 'E': 'The suspected hormone acts via a receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway'},
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D: Parietal cell hypertrophy is likely present
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