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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A previously healthy 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 36-hour history of fever and profuse, watery diarrhea. Several children at the child's daycare center have developed similar symptoms over the past few days. The patient has not received any routine childhood vaccines because his parents were afraid of associated side effects. He appears lethargic. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F), pulse is 115/min, respirations are 25/min, and blood pressure is 90/58 mm Hg. Examination shows sunken eyes and dry mucous membranes. Capillary refill time is 3 seconds. Laboratory studies show: Hematocrit 52% Leukocyte count 9000/mm3 Platelet count 280,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 151 mEq/L K+ 3.2 mEq/L HCO3- 19 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 56 mEq/L Creatinine 1.0 mEq/L Glucose 90 mg/dL Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management?"? {'A': 'Administer intravenous 0.9% saline solution', 'B': 'Perform stool PCR for rotavirus antigen', 'C': 'Administer intravenous 0.45% saline solution', 'D': 'Administer intravenous 5% albumin', 'E': 'Administer intravenous 5% dextrose in water'},
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A: Administer intravenous 0.9% saline solution
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 4-week-old newborn is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was born at 40 weeks' gestation and weighed 3300 g (7 lb 4 oz). He now weighs 4300 g (9 lbs 1 oz). There is no family history of serious illness. He is at the 50th percentile for height and 50th percentile for weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a grade 3/6 harsh holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border and a soft mid-diastolic murmur over the cardiac apex. The lungs are clear to auscultation. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient's physical findings?? {'A': 'Communication between the pulmonary artery and the thoracic aorta', 'B': 'Right-to-left shunt through the atrial septum', 'C': 'Left-to-right shunt through the ventricular septum', 'D': 'Right ventricular outflow obstruction', 'E': 'Right-to-left shunt through the ventricular septum'},
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C: Left-to-right shunt through the ventricular septum
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 68-year-old woman in a wheelchair presents with her husband. She has a 12-month history of progressive difficulty in walking and maintaining balance. Her husband reports that she walks slowly, has difficulty turning, and her feet seem ‘glued to the ground’. She also has problems recalling names and details of recent events. She has no tremors, delusions, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, or head trauma. Past medical history is significant for essential hypertension treated with losartan and urinary incontinence, for which she takes oxybutynin. On physical examination, her vital signs include: temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 130/70 mm Hg, and pulse 80/min. On neurologic examination, her gait is slow, with short steps and poor foot clearance. A head CT is shown. The patient undergoes a lumbar puncture to remove 50 ml of cerebrospinal fluid, which transiently improves her gait for the next 3 days. What is the next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Acetazolamide', 'B': 'Endoscopic third ventriculostomy', 'C': 'Epidural blood patch', 'D': 'Extended lumbar drainage', 'E': 'Ventriculoperitoneal shunt'},
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E: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 44-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of progressive pain while swallowing. She has the feeling that food gets stuck in her throat and is harder to swallow than usual. She has a history of high-grade cervical dysplasia which was treated with conization 12 years ago. Four months ago, she was diagnosed with Graves' disease and started on antithyroid therapy. Her last menstrual period was 3 weeks ago. She has had 8 lifetime sexual partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Her father died of stomach cancer. She has never smoked and drinks one glass of wine daily. She uses cocaine occasionally. Her current medications include methimazole and a vitamin supplement. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 110/75 mm Hg. Examination of the oral cavity shows several white plaques that can be scraped off easily. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 11.9 g/dL Leukocyte count 12,200/mm3 Platelet count 290,000/mm3 Prothrombin time 12 seconds Partial thromboplastin time (activated) 38 seconds Serum pH 7.33 Na+ 135 mEq/L Cl- 104 mEq/L K+ 4.9 mEq/L HCO3- 24 mEq/L Blood urea nitrogen 13 mg/dL Glucose 110 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL HIV test positive In addition to starting antiretroviral therapy, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"? {'A': 'Therapy with nystatin mouthwash', 'B': 'Therapy with oral azithromycin', 'C': 'Therapy with IV ganciclovir', 'D': 'Esophagogastroduodenoscopy', 'E': 'Therapy with oral fluconazole'},
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E: Therapy with oral fluconazole
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A healthy 47-year-old woman presents to the women’s center for a routine pap smear. She has a past medical history of hypothyroidism and rheumatoid arthritis. She is taking levothyroxine, methotrexate, and adalimumab. The vital signs are within normal limits during her visit today. Her physical examination is grossly normal. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?? {'A': 'Mammography', 'B': 'Breast self-examination', 'C': 'Mammography in 3 years', 'D': 'Colposcopy', 'E': 'Colonoscopy'},
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C: Mammography in 3 years
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 46-year-old overweight male presents to his primary care physician for an annual checkup. He has a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with biopsy confirming Barrett's esophagus on therapy with omeprazole. Review of systems is unremarkable, and the patient is otherwise doing well. Vitals are within normal limits and stable. The patient asks about the need for continuing his omeprazole therapy. You recommend he continue his medication because of which of the following most probable long-term sequelae associated with Barrett's esophagus?? {'A': 'Adenocarcinoma', 'B': 'Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)', 'C': 'Transitional cell carcinoma', 'D': 'Gastro-intestinal stromal tumor (GIST)', 'E': 'MALT lymphoma'},
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A: Adenocarcinoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 59-year-old man presents with intense, sharp pain in his toe for the past hour. He reports similar symptoms in the past and this is his 2nd visit to the emergency department this year with the same complaint. The patient is afebrile and the vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, there is significant erythema, swelling, warmth, and moderate pain on palpation of the right 1st toe. The remainder of the examination is unremarkable. A plain radiograph of the right foot reveals no abnormalities. Joint arthrocentesis of the inflamed toe reveals urate crystals. Laboratory studies show: Serum glucose (random) 170 mg/dL Sodium 140 mEq/L Potassium 4.1 mEq/L Chloride 100 mEq/L Uric acid 7.2 mg/dL Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Blood urea nitrogen 9 mg/dL Cholesterol, total 170 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 43 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 73 mg/dL Triglycerides 135 mg/dL HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein Ibuprofen is prescribed for the acute treatment of this patient's symptoms. He is also put on chronic therapy to prevent the recurrence of future attacks. Which of the following drugs is 1st-line for chronic therapy of gout?? {'A': 'Methotrexate', 'B': 'Colchicine', 'C': 'Allopurinol', 'D': 'Indomethacin', 'E': 'Probenecid'},
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C: Allopurinol
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 67-year-old man refers to his physician for a follow-up examination. During his last visit 1 month ago, splenomegaly was detected. He has had night sweats for the past several months and has lost 5 kg (11 lb) unintentionally during this period. He has no history of severe illness and takes no medications. The vital signs are within normal limits. The examination shows no abnormalities other than splenomegaly. The laboratory studies show the following: Hemoglobin 9 g/dL Mean corpuscular volume 95 μm3 Leukocyte count 12,000/mm3 Platelet count 260,000/mm3 Ultrasound shows a spleen size of 15 cm and mild hepatomegaly. A peripheral blood smear shows teardrop-shaped and nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and immature myeloid cells. The marrow is very difficult to aspirate but reveals hyperplasia of all 3 lineages. The tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) test is negative. Clonal marrow plasma cells are not seen. JAK-2 is positive. The cytogenetic analysis is negative for translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Chronic myeloid leukemia', 'B': 'Hodgkin’s lymphoma', 'C': 'Multiple myeloma', 'D': 'Polycythemia vera', 'E': 'Primary myelofibrosis'},
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E: Primary myelofibrosis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 5-year-old African immigrant girl is brought to the office by her mother because she has had a fever and cough for the past month. They moved from Africa to the United States about 8 months ago. She denies any sore throat, rhinorrhea, diarrhea, or changes in appetite. Her mother says she has lost weight since her last visit 6 months ago for immunizations and a well-child visit. Previously, her weight was in the 36th percentile, but now she is in the 19th percentile. Her vital signs include: heart rate 75/min, respiratory rate 15/min, temperature 38.2°C (100.7°F), and blood pressure 110/76 mm Hg. Physical examination shows that the patient is breathing normally and has no nasal discharge. She has moderate non-tender cervical lymphadenopathy, bilaterally. On auscultation, there are diminished breath sounds from a right hemithorax. After the chest X-ray is ordered, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?? {'A': 'Bartonella serology', 'B': 'Lymph node biopsy', 'C': 'Rapid strep throat strep', 'D': 'Tuberculin skin test', 'E': 'Viral nasal swab'},
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D: Tuberculin skin test
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician in June for a routine check-up. She has chronic back pain and underwent an appendectomy at the age of 27. She is married and has two kids. The patient recently got back from a cruise to Mexico where she celebrated her 40th wedding anniversary. Her last mammogram was 6 months ago and showed no abnormalities. Her last Pap smear was 2 years ago and unremarkable. A colonoscopy 5 years ago was normal. Her mother died of breast cancer last year and her father has arterial hypertension. Her immunization records show that she has never received a pneumococcal or a shingles vaccine, her last tetanus booster was 6 years ago, and her last influenza vaccine was 2 years ago. She drinks 1– 2 alcoholic beverages every weekend. She takes a multivitamin daily and uses topical steroids. She regularly attends water aerobic classes and physical therapy for her back pain. She is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 72 kg (160 lb); BMI is 26 kg/m2. Her temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 84/min, and blood pressure is 124/70 mm Hg. Which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation at this time?? {'A': 'Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry screening', 'B': 'Colonoscopy', 'C': 'Influenza vaccine', 'D': 'Tetanus vaccine', 'E': 'Shingles vaccine'},
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E: Shingles vaccine
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 68-year-old man presents with blisters on the flexor surfaces of his arms and legs. He notes that the lesions appeared 2 days ago and have not improved. He says that he has had similar blisters in the past but has not sought medical attention until now. The man has no significant past medical history. He is afebrile and his vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, there are tense bullae present on the flexor surfaces of his arms and legs. Biopsy of a lesion and histopathologic examination reveal a subepidermal blister with a polymorphous but predominantly eosinophilic infiltrate. Which of the following is the best next diagnostic step in this patient?? {'A': 'Direct immunofluorescence study', 'B': 'Indirect immunofluorescence study', 'C': 'Swab and culture of the blister', 'D': 'Potassium hydroxide preparation (KOH prep) of the blister', 'E': 'Bacteriological examination of fluid trained from the blister'},
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A: Direct immunofluorescence study
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of fever, malaise, and severe right knee joint pain and swelling for 3 days. He had also had episodes of abdominal pain and epistaxis during this period. Five days ago, he had swelling and pain in his left ankle joint which has since resolved. He reports having a sore throat 3 weeks ago while he was camping in the woods, for which he received symptomatic treatment. His immunizations are up-to-date. His temperature is 38.7°C (101.6°F), pulse is 119/min, and blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg. Examination shows a swollen, tender right knee; range of motion is limited. There are painless 3- to 4-mm nodules over the elbow. Cardiopulmonary examination is normal. His hemoglobin concentration is 12.3 g/dL, leukocyte count is 11,800/mm3, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 58 mm/h. Arthrocentesis of the right knee joint yields clear, straw-colored fluid; no organisms are identified on Gram stain. Analysis of the synovial fluid shows a leukocyte count of 1,350/mm3 with 17% neutrophils. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Acute rheumatic fever', 'B': 'Infective endocarditis', 'C': 'Lyme disease', 'D': 'Kawasaki disease', 'E': 'Juvenile idiopathic arthritis\n"'},
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A: Acute rheumatic fever
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:One week after being involved in a bicycling accident, a 32-year-old woman comes to the physician because of intermittent double vision. She reports worsening of symptoms when she tries to type on her computer or while buttoning her shirts. Physical examination shows a slight right-sided head tilt. Her left eye is deviated laterally and upwards, which becomes even more prominent when she attempts left eye adduction. This patient's symptoms are most likely due to impaired innervation to which of the following muscles?? {'A': 'Superior oblique', 'B': 'Superior rectus', 'C': 'Lateral rectus', 'D': 'Inferior oblique', 'E': 'Inferior rectus'},
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A: Superior oblique
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 44-year-old woman comes to the emergency department after waking up with facial swelling and with difficulties speaking and swallowing. She states that she does not have allergies or recently had insect bites. She has a 4-year history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus controlled with medication. Her pulse is 110/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 97%. On physical exam, she appears uncomfortable, with notable swelling of the lips and tongue. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Serum C4 levels are within normal limits. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's symptoms?? {'A': 'Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction', 'B': 'IgE-mediated histamine release', 'C': 'Anaphylactoid reaction', 'D': 'Immune-complex deposition', 'E': 'Impaired bradykinin metabolism'},
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E: Impaired bradykinin metabolism
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 76-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasing muscle pain and stiffness, weakness of her shoulders and legs, and generalized fatigue for the past 4 months. She has been having great difficulty getting out of bed in the morning. On two occasions her son had to come over and help her stand up. She has had a 4-kg (9-lb) weight loss and has not been sleeping well during this period. She has had multiple episodes of left-sided headaches and pain in her jaw while chewing over the past 2 months. She had a fall and hit her head on the staircase banister 3 months ago. Her temperature is 38°C (100.4°F), pulse is 101/min, and blood pressure is 128/88 mm Hg. Examination shows conjunctival pallor. Range of motion of the shoulder and hip is mildly limited by pain. Muscle strength in bilateral upper and lower extremities is normal. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. On mental status examination, she admits her mood 'is not that great'. Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 59 mm/h and serum creatine kinase is 38 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's headache?? {'A': 'Chronic subdural hematoma', 'B': 'Tension headache', 'C': 'Giant cell arteritis', 'D': 'Migraine', 'E': 'Temporomandibular joint dysfunction\n"'},
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C: Giant cell arteritis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 50-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife with acute onset confusion, disorientation, and agitation. The patient's wife reports that he has diabetic gastroparesis for which he takes domperidone in 3 divided doses every day. He also takes insulin glargine and insulin lispro for management of type 1 diabetes mellitus and telmisartan for control of hypertension. Today, she says the patient forgot to take his morning dose of domperidone to work and instead took 4 tablets of scopolamine provided to him by a coworker. Upon returning home after 4 hours, he complained of dizziness and became increasingly drowsy and confused. His temperature is 38.9°C (102.0°F), pulse rate is 112 /min, blood pressure is 140/96 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 20/min. On physical examination, the skin is dry. Pupils are dilated. There are myoclonic jerks of the jaw present. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?? {'A': 'Scopolamine overdose', 'B': 'Domperidone overdose', 'C': 'Heatstroke', 'D': 'Diabetic ketoacidosis', 'E': 'Hypoglycemia'},
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A: Scopolamine overdose
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 6-month-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for multiple swellings on his scalp. His mother reports that she first noticed 3 softened and swollen areas over the child's scalp 2 months ago that have grown in size. The child is also urinating more frequently than usual. He was born by cesarean section at 39 weeks gestation. The mother had appropriate prenatal care. She has a history of gastroesophageal reflux disease for which she takes omeprazole. Her family history is unknown as she was adopted at a young age. The boy's temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, he has 3 areas of soft tissue swelling on his skull that are tender to palpation. Moderate asymmetric exophthalmos is noted. A water deprivation test is performed which demonstrates a urine specific gravity of 1.005. The urine specific gravity rises with desmopression administration. A head computerized tomography (CT) scan is performed which demonstrates multifocal lytic calvarial lesions. A biopsy of one of the lesions is performed. Analysis of the biopsy would most likely reveal which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Atypical lymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei', 'B': 'B cells with hair-like cytoplasmic projections', 'C': 'Cytoplasmic azurophilic granules forming needle-like structures', 'D': 'Proliferative monoclonal plasma cells', 'E': 'Rod-shaped granules with a latticed matrix'},
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E: Rod-shaped granules with a latticed matrix
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 36-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1, has back pain and numbness in her lower extremities after an emergency cesarean delivery of a healthy 3856-g (8-lb, 8-oz) newborn male. She had a placental abruption and lost approximately 2000 ml of blood. During the procedure, she received two units of packed red blood cells and intravenous fluids. She has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. She is sexually active with one male partner, and they use condoms inconsistently. She is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. Her temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and blood pressure is 94/58 mm Hg. Examination shows decreased sensation to temperature and pinprick below her waist and 0/5 muscle strength in her lower extremities. She feels the vibrations of a tuning fork placed on both of her great toes. Deep tendon reflexes are absent in the lower extremities and 2+ in the upper extremities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Tabes dorsalis', 'B': 'Anterior spinal artery syndrome', 'C': 'Guillain-Barré Syndrome', 'D': 'Brown-Séquard syndrome', 'E': 'Posterior spinal artery syndrome'},
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B: Anterior spinal artery syndrome
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 14-year-old girl presents in with her mother to a physician’s office. They are both concerned with the amount of hair growing on the girl's upper lip and cheeks. There are also sparse hairs on her chest. The mother reports that her daughter has not started menstruating either. The girl was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. She is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. On examination, the patient is in the 55th percentile for her height. Her blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 15/min. There is thin dark hair on her upper lip and on her cheeks. She also has pustular acne on her face and shoulders. Her breasts are in the initial stages of development and she speaks with a deep voice describing her concerns to the physician. Based on her clinical history, which of the following enzymes are most likely deficient?? {'A': '11-β-hydroxylase', 'B': '17-α-hydroxylase', 'C': 'Aromatase', 'D': '21-hydroxylase', 'E': '5-α-reductase'},
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D: 21-hydroxylase
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A researcher is investigating the relationship between inflammatory mediators and omega-3 fatty acids, namely docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in post-MI patients. IL-1ß is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in fibrosis and arrhythmias in the post-MI period. Research indicates that it causes loss of function in the gap junction connexin 43 (Cx43), resulting in an arrhythmogenic state. They perform an experiment investigating the cardioprotective effect of DHA on patients after a recent MI. Their results are shown in a Western blot analysis. Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion from these results?? {'A': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the carboxy-terminus are cardioprotective against the effects of IL-1β in post-MI cells.', 'B': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the terminal carbon are cardioprotective against the effects of IL-1β in post-MI cells.', 'C': 'Fatty acids with 3 cis-double bonds provide minimal benefits against arrhythmias after myocardial infarctions.', 'D': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the carboxy-terminus provide minimal benefits against arrhythmias after myocardial infarctions.', 'E': 'Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the terminal carbon provide minimal benefits against arrhythmias after myocardial infarctions.'},
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B: Fatty acids with double bonds in the 3rd position adjacent to the terminal carbon are cardioprotective against the effects of IL-1β in post-MI cells.
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old woman with a history of alcoholic hepatitis returns to clinic for follow-up after being diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and started on NSAIDs. She complains of continued joint effusions and increasing morning stiffness. Given this patient's presentation and history, which of the following drugs presents the greatest risk when started for the management of her condition?? {'A': 'Cyclosporine', 'B': 'Corticosteroids', 'C': 'Methotrexate', 'D': 'Hydroxychloroquine', 'E': 'Etanercept'},
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C: Methotrexate
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with a chief complaint of easy bruising and bleeding over the last 6 months. She has also noticed that she has been having fatty, foul smelling stools. Past history is significant for cholecystectomy a year ago to treat a long history of symptomatic gallstones. Based on clinical suspicion a coagulation panel was obtained showing a prothrombin time (PT) of 18 seconds (normal range 9-11 seconds), a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) of 45 seconds (normal 20-35 seconds), with a normal ristocetin cofactor assay (modern equivalent of bleeding time). Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's bleeding?? {'A': 'Hemophilia', 'B': 'Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)', 'C': 'Rat poison ingestion', 'D': 'Vitamin K deficiency', 'E': 'Von Willebrand disease'},
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D: Vitamin K deficiency
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 54-year-old man comes to the physician for an annual health maintenance examination. He reports that he feels well. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 22 years and drinks three 12-oz bottles of beer each night. He works as an accountant and says he does not have time to exercise regularly. He is 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 98 kg (216 lb); BMI is 31 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 146/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. His serum cholesterol concentration is 232 mg/dL and hemoglobin A1C is 6.9%. Which of the following preventative measures is likely to have the greatest impact on this patient's all-cause mortality risk?? {'A': 'Increased physical activity', 'B': 'Antidiabetic medication', 'C': 'Reduced alcohol intake', 'D': 'Blood pressure reduction', 'E': 'Smoking cessation'},
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E: Smoking cessation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician with fever, malaise, and bilateral facial pain and swelling that began 2 days ago. He has no history of serious illness and takes no medications. He was born in India, and his mother received no prenatal care. She is unsure of his childhood vaccination history. He returned from a trip to India 3 weeks ago, where he was visiting his family. His temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). There is erythema, edema, and tenderness of the right and left parotid glands. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Leukocyte count 13,000/mm3 Hemoglobin 13.0 g/dL Hematocrit 38% Platelet count 180,000/mm3 This patient is at greatest risk for which of the following complications?"? {'A': 'Diabetes mellitus', 'B': 'Glomerulonephritis', 'C': 'Facial nerve palsy', 'D': 'Osteomyelitis of facial bone', 'E': 'Impaired fertility'},
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E: Impaired fertility
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician for follow-up examination 5 days after sustaining a forehead laceration. Examination shows a linear, well-approximated laceration over the right temple. The wound is clean and dry with no exudate. There is a small amount of pink granulation tissue present. Microscopic examination of the wound is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Angiogenesis with type III collagen deposition', 'B': 'Macrophage infiltration and fibrin clot degradation', 'C': 'Capillary dilation with neutrophilic migration', 'D': 'Acellular tissue with type I collagen deposition', 'E': 'Fibroblast hyperplasia with disorganized collagen deposition'},
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A: Angiogenesis with type III collagen deposition
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 68-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her husband for the evaluation of confusion and memory deficits for the last month. During this period, she has also had mild weakness in her left leg. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Her current medications include enalapril and atorvastatin. She has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for the last 45 years. She drinks a glass of wine every day. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 135/85 mm Hg. She is oriented only to person. She recalls 2 out of 3 objects immediately and none after 5 minutes. The patient is unable to lift her eyebrows or to smile. Muscle strength is decreased in the left lower extremity. A T2-weighted MRI scan of the head shows several hyperintense round lesions in the frontal and temporal lobe at the border of the gray and white matter. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy', 'B': 'Glioblastoma multiforme', 'C': 'Multiple sclerosis', 'D': 'Colorectal cancer', 'E': 'Lung cancer'},
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E: Lung cancer
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 86-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her niece because the patient felt like she was spinning and about to topple over. This occurred around 4 hours ago, and although symptoms have improved, she still feels like she is being pulled to the right side. The vital signs include: blood pressure 116/75 mm Hg, pulse 90/min, and SpO2 99% on room air. Physical examination reveals right-sided limb ataxia along with hypoalgesia and decreased temperature sensation on the right side of the face and left side of the body. An urgent non-contrast CT scan of the head shows no evidence of hemorrhage. What other finding is most likely to be present in this patient?? {'A': 'Hemiparesis', 'B': 'Deviated tongue', 'C': 'Hemianopia', 'D': 'Intact cough reflex', 'E': 'Absent gag reflex'},
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E: Absent gag reflex
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 67-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department complaining of weakness and fatigue. She says she caught a “stomach bug” and has not been able to eat anything without vomiting for three days. Past medical history is significant for hyperlipidemia. She takes atorvastatin and a multivitamin daily, except for the last two days due to nausea. Today her heart rate is 106/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, temperature is 37.6°C (99.7°F) and blood pressure of 110/70 mm Hg. On physical examination, her oral mucosa is dry and she looks pale and uncomfortable. She is admitted for care and administered ondansetron. An intravenous infusion of normal saline is also initiated. An arterial blood gas is collected. Which of the following results is expected to be seen in this patient?? {'A': 'pH: 7.36, pCO2: 42 mm Hg, HCO3-: 22 mEq/L', 'B': 'pH: 7.30, pCO2: 36 mm Hg, HCO3-: 17 mEq/L', 'C': 'pH: 7.31, pCO2: 62 mm Hg, HCO3-: 27 mEq/L', 'D': 'pH: 7.48, pCO2: 44 mm Hg, HCO3-: 29 mEq/L', 'E': 'pH: 7.49, pCO2: 33 mm Hg, HCO3-: 18 mEq/L'},
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D: pH: 7.48, pCO2: 44 mm Hg, HCO3-: 29 mEq/L
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A scientist wants to determine if a specific fragment is contained within genome X. She uses a restriction enzyme to digest the genome into smaller fragments to run on an agarose gel, with the goal of separating the resulting fragments. A nitrocellulose blotting paper is then used to transfer the fragments from the agarose gel. A radiolabeled probe containing a complementary sequence to the fragment she is searching for is incubated with the blotting paper. Which of the following is the RNA equivalent of this technique?? {'A': 'Southern blot', 'B': 'Northern blot', 'C': 'Western blot', 'D': 'qPCR', 'E': 'RT-PCR'},
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B: Northern blot
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 57-year-old woman presents to the hospital complaining of 4 months of persistent abdominal pain and early satiety that has recently gotten worse. The patient says that she was prompted to come to the emergency department because she had several episodes of hematemesis. Her last menstrual period was approximately 8 years ago. The patient is sexually active with her husband and notes that she has recently had pain with intercourse as well as 'spotting' after intercourse. The patient states that she has also been experiencing nausea and weight loss associated with abdominal pain. Her blood pressure is 125/84 mm Hg, respiratory rate is 15/min, and heart rate is 76/min. Which of the following would be pathognomonic of this patient’s most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'PAS-positive macrophages', 'B': 'Signet ring cells', 'C': 'Ectopic thyroid tissue', 'D': 'Hyperplasia of gastric mucosa', 'E': 'Intestinal metaplasia in the stomach'},
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B: Signet ring cells
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Q:A 49-year-old woman with a long-standing history of a seizure disorder presents with fatigue, weight gain, and hair loss. The patient reports that the symptoms have gradually worsened over the past month and have not improved. Past medical history is significant for a seizure disorder diagnosed 10 years ago, for which she recently switched medications. She currently takes phenytoin 300 mg orally daily and a multivitamin. Review of systems is significant for decreased appetite, recent constipation, and cold intolerance. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 100/80 mm Hg, the pulse is 60/min, the respiratory rate is 16/min, and the oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient is slow to respond but cooperative. Cardiac exam is normal. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Skin is coarse and dry. Mild to moderate hair loss is present over the entire body, and the remaining hair is brittle. Which of the following additional findings would you expect to see in this patient?? {'A': 'Hyperreflexia', 'B': 'Decreased vibration sense and proprioception', 'C': 'Spasticity', 'D': 'Impaired memory', 'E': 'Tardive dyskinesia'},
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D: Impaired memory
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Q:Twenty-four hours after delivery, a 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) newborn develops respiratory distress. She was born at 38 weeks gestation. The vital signs include: pulse 136/min, respiratory rate 60/min, and blood pressure 60/30 mm Hg. Examination shows a scaphoid abdomen. The heart sounds are heard in the right hemithorax, and the lung sounds are absent on the left side. The umbilical artery blood gas analysis on 60% oxygen shows: pH 7.30 pCO2 48 mm Hg pO2 52 mmHg A nasogastric tube is inserted. A chest X-ray is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Bochdalek hernia', 'B': 'Kartagener’s syndrome', 'C': 'Midgut volvulus', 'D': 'Pneumothorax', 'E': 'Situs inversus'},
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A: Bochdalek hernia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 81-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of left-sided visual loss that started 1 hour ago. He describes initially seeing jagged edges, which was followed by abrupt, complete loss of central vision in the left eye. He has hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Blood pressure is 145/89 mm Hg. Neurologic examination shows no abnormalities. A photograph of the fundoscopic findings is shown. Which of the following tests is most likely to confirm this patient's underlying condition?? {'A': 'Glycated hemoglobin concentration', 'B': 'Carotid artery duplex ultrasonography', 'C': 'Erythrocyte sedimentation rate', 'D': 'CD4+ T-cell count', 'E': 'Optic tonometer'},
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B: Carotid artery duplex ultrasonography
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Q:A 33-year-old woman presents to the urgent care center with 4 days of abdominal pain and increasingly frequent bloody diarrhea. She states that she is currently having 6 episodes of moderate volume diarrhea per day with streaks of blood mixed in. She says she recently returned from a long camping trip with her friends where they cooked all of their own food and drank water from nearby streams. Physical examination is negative for acute tenderness, rebound tenderness, or abnormal bowel sounds. Her vital signs include temperature 38.0°C (100.4°F), blood pressure 106/74 mm Hg, heart rate 94/min, and respiratory rate 14/min. Given the following options, which is the most likely pathogen responsible for her presentation?? {'A': 'Clostridium difficile', 'B': 'Campylobacter', 'C': 'E. coli 0157:H7', 'D': 'Salmonella', 'E': 'Shigella'},
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B: Campylobacter
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Q:A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his girlfriend. The patient is a seasonal farm worker and was found laying down and minimally responsive under a tree. The patient was immediately brought to the emergency department. The patient has a past medical history of IV drug use, marijuana use, and alcohol use. His current medications include ibuprofen. His temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 100/55 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient's extremities are twitching, and his clothes are soaked in urine and partially removed. The patient is also drooling and coughs regularly. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Atropine', 'B': 'Electroencephalography', 'C': 'Lorazepam', 'D': 'Supportive therapy and monitoring', 'E': 'Urine toxicology'},
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A: Atropine
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Q:A 63-year-old woman with a previous diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and Sjogren syndrome was referred for a second opinion. She has had a known chronic idiopathic pericardial effusion for about a year and has dealt with intermittent chest pain ever since. She underwent 2 diagnostic pericardiocenteses, but the fluid returned each time. She also has used empiric anti-inflammatory therapies with NSAIDs and colchicine without significant changes in the size of the pericardial effusion. The etiological testing was negative. At this visit, she is still complaining of pain in her chest but has no evidence of distended neck veins. An ECG shows sinus rhythm with low QRS voltages. What will be the procedure of choice that would be both therapeutic and diagnostic?? {'A': 'Pericardial window', 'B': 'Repeated pericardiocentesis', 'C': 'Pericardiectomy', 'D': 'Non-surgical management', 'E': 'Pericardiodesis'},
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A: Pericardial window
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Q:A 64-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a fall. The patient states that he has felt abnormally clumsy lately and has noticed himself tripping and bumping into things. He states he otherwise is healthy but admits to having unprotected sex with multiple people recently. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mm Hg, pulse is 100/min, respiratory rate is 24/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Hemoglobin: 9 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% Mean corpuscular volume: 110 fL Leukocyte count: 6,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 197,000/mm^3 AST: 15 U/L ALT: 22 U/L GGT: 10 U/L Physical exam is notable for a broad-based and unstable gait. Which of the following conditions is the most likely etiology of this patient's presentation?? {'A': 'Chronic alcoholism', 'B': 'Chronic gastritis', 'C': 'Colon cancer', 'D': 'Tertiary syphilis', 'E': 'Vegetarian diet'},
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B: Chronic gastritis
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Q:A 75-year-old man with a seizure disorder is brought to the emergency department by a friend because of progressive confusion over the past two weeks. He is unable to provide any history. His vital signs are within normal limits. He appears lethargic and is only oriented to person. Oral mucosa is moist. There is no jugular venous distention. A basic metabolic panel shows a serum sodium concentration of 115 mEq/L but is otherwise normal. Serum osmolality is low and antidiuretic hormone level is elevated. X-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s hyponatremia?? {'A': 'Low cardiac output', 'B': 'Insulin deficiency', 'C': 'Aldosterone deficiency', 'D': 'Medication effect', 'E': 'Excess cortisol'},
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D: Medication effect
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Q:A 9-year-old girl is being evaluated for suspected Bartter’s syndrome, a renal disorder caused by defective Cl- reabsorption by the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter. In normal individuals, the segment of the nephron that houses this transporter is also characterized by which of the following?? {'A': 'Secretion of calcium', 'B': 'Impermeability to water', 'C': 'Site of action of ADH', 'D': 'Site of action of thiazide diuretics', 'E': 'Concentration of urine'},
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B: Impermeability to water
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Q:A 44-year-old obese woman presents with abdominal pain. She says the pain started while she was having lunch at a fast-food restaurant with her children. The pain began shortly after eating and has persisted for 6 hours. She has vomited once. Her vital signs are as follows: HR 88, BP 110/70 mmHg, T 38.5°C (101.3°F). On physical exam, she is tender to palpation in the right upper quadrant of her abdomen. Her skin appears normal. Her liver function tests, amylase, and lipase levels are normal. A right upper quadrant abdominal ultrasound is challenged by her body habitus and is not able to visualize any gallstones. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her presentation?? {'A': 'Acalculous cholecystitis', 'B': 'Cancer of the biliary tree', 'C': 'Gallstone disease', 'D': 'Pancreatic inflammation', 'E': 'Cholangitis'},
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C: Gallstone disease
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Q:A 29-year-old man develops dysphagia after sustaining a stroke secondary to a patent foramen ovale. He is only able to swallow thin liquids. He has lost 10 pounds because of limited caloric intake. The medical team recommends the placement of a feeding tube, but the patient declines. The patient also has a history of major depressive disorder with psychotic features, for which he has been treated with fluoxetine. He is alert and oriented to person, place, time and situation. He denies any visual or auditory hallucinations, suicidal ideation, guilt, or sadness. He can articulate to the team the risks of not placing a feeding tube, including aspiration, malnutrition, and even death, after discussion with his medical team. The medical team wishes to place the feeding tube because the patient lacks capacity given his history of major depressive disorder with psychotic features. Which of the following is true regarding this situation?? {'A': 'The patient lacks capacity and the feeding tube should be placed', 'B': 'The patient lacks capacity and his healthcare proxy should be contacted regarding placement of a feeding tube', 'C': 'The patient lacks capacity and the state should determine whether to place the feeding tube', 'D': 'The patient has capacity and may deny placement of the feeding tube', 'E': 'The hospital ethics committee should determine whether to place the feeding tube'},
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D: The patient has capacity and may deny placement of the feeding tube
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Q:A family who recently moved from Nebraska to Texas visits the pediatrician. They have a 3-year-old child that had been developing normally before this change in location. The child became lethargic, fatigued, pale, and constipated 3 months after moving to the new house. Also, the blood smear of the patient demonstrates the finding of sideroblasts. Analyze the scheme presented below. Which of the following enzymes labeled as no. 1 is impaired in this patient and causing his symptoms?? {'A': 'Ribonuclease', 'B': 'Ferrochelatase', 'C': 'ALA oxidase', 'D': 'Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase', 'E': 'Uroporphyrin 1'},
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B: Ferrochelatase
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Q:A 35-year-old male is found to be infected with an HIV strain resistant to saquinavir and zidovudine. Which of the following best explains the drug resistance observed in this patient?? {'A': 'HIV evasion of host response', 'B': 'pol mutation', 'C': 'env mutation', 'D': 'CCR5 mutation', 'E': 'HBV co-infection'},
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B: pol mutation
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Q:A 29-year-old man comes to the physician for worsening restlessness over the past several days. Three weeks ago, he was started on trifluoperazine for the treatment of schizophrenia. He reports that, since then, he has often felt compelled to pace around his house and is unable to sit or stand still. He is switched to an alternative antipsychotic medication. Four weeks later, the patient reports improvement of his symptoms but says that he has developed increased drowsiness, blurred vision, and dry mouth. The patient was most likely switched to which of the following drugs?? {'A': 'Metoclopramide', 'B': 'Chlorpromazine', 'C': 'Trimipramine', 'D': 'Fluphenazine', 'E': 'Haloperidol'},
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B: Chlorpromazine
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Q:A 34-year-old female presents to her primary care physician complaining of fatigue. Over the last three months she has experienced decreased energy and gained 7 pounds. Review of systems is negative for symptoms of depression but is positive for constipation, myalgias, and cold intolerance. Physical exam is notable for delayed deep tendon reflex relaxation. Vital signs are as follows: T 37.1 C, HR 61, BP 132/88, RR 16, and SpO2 100%. Which of the following is the best initial screening test for this patient?? {'A': 'Level of anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies', 'B': 'Morning cortisol and plasma ACTH', 'C': 'Serum Free T4', 'D': 'Serum TSH', 'E': 'Hemoglobin and hematocrit'},
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D: Serum TSH
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Q:A 16-year-old man presents to the clinic accompanied by his father, with the complaints of high fever, sore throat, and bloody diarrhea for 4 days. He adds that he is also nauseous and vomited several times in the past 2 days. He denies any recent travel or eating outside. He recently started a dog-walking business. The father relates that two of the dogs had been unwell. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), respiratory rate is 16/min, pulse is 77/min, and blood pressure is 100/88 mm Hg. A physical examination is performed and is within normal limits including the abdominal exam. Blood test results are given below: Hb%: 14 gm/dL Total count (WBC): 13,100/mm3 Differential count: Neutrophils: 80% Lymphocytes: 15% Monocytes: 5% What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Yersiniosis', 'B': 'C. difficile colitis', 'C': 'Bacillus cereus infection', 'D': 'Norovirus infection', 'E': 'Rotavirus infection'},
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A: Yersiniosis
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Q:A 22-year-old man with no significant past medical, surgical, social, or family history presents to the clinic with an itchy rash. His review of systems is otherwise negative. The patient’s blood pressure is 119/80 mm Hg, the pulse is 83/min, the respiratory rate is 15/min, and the temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F). Physical examination reveals crusting vesicular clusters on his upper back with a base of erythema and surrounding edema. What additional features would be most helpful to confirm the diagnosis?? {'A': 'Peanut allergy', 'B': 'Hyperparathyroidism', 'C': 'Type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'D': 'Iron deficiency anemia', 'E': 'Visible hematuria'},
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D: Iron deficiency anemia
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Q:A 4-month-old boy is brought to the physician by his father because of a progressively worsening rash on his buttocks for the last week. He cries during diaper changes and is more fussy than usual. Physical examination of the boy shows erythematous papules and plaques in the bilateral inguinal creases, on the scrotum, and in the gluteal cleft. Small areas of maceration are also present. A diagnosis is made, and treatment with topical clotrimazole is initiated. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings from this patient's rash is most likely to show which of the following findings?? {'A': 'Narrow budding, encapsulated yeast', 'B': 'Oval, budding yeast with pseudohyphae', 'C': 'Fruiting bodies with septate, acute-angle hyphae', 'D': 'Round yeast surrounded by budding yeast cells', 'E': 'Broad-based budding yeast\n"'},
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B: Oval, budding yeast with pseudohyphae
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Q:Four days after undergoing a Whipple procedure for newly-diagnosed pancreatic cancer, a 65-year-old man has shortness of breath. His surgery was complicated by bleeding for which he required intraoperative transfusion with 4 units of packed red blood cells and 1 unit of platelets. His temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F), pulse is 110/min, respirations are 26/min, and blood pressure is 95/55 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 85%. Cardiac examination shows normal heart sounds and no jugular venous distention. Auscultation of the lungs shows diffuse crackles bilaterally. The extremities are warm and there is no edema. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 17,000/mm3 and hemoglobin concentration of 9.8 g/dL. Arterial blood gas on room air shows: pH 7.35 PaO2 41 mm Hg PaCO2 38 mm Hg HCO3- 25 mEq/L The patient is intubated and mechanical ventilation is initiated. An x-ray of the chest is shown. Transthoracic echocardiography shows a normally contracting left ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's current condition?"? {'A': 'Acute occlusion of a pulmonary artery', 'B': 'Decreased chest wall compliance', 'C': 'Formation of anti-leukocyte antibodies', 'D': 'Diffuse inflammatory alveolar damage', 'E': 'Increased left atrial pressures'},
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D: Diffuse inflammatory alveolar damage
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatric emergency department after having an accident at school. According to his parents, he punched a student in the mouth, which caused a deep laceration to his hand. The child’s past medical history is unremarkable and all of his vaccines are current. A physical examination is significant for stable vital signs and lacerations over the 3rd and 4th metacarpophalangeal joints of his dominant hand. Which of the following antibiotic regimens is best for this type of injury?? {'A': 'Dicloxacillin', 'B': 'Clindamycin', 'C': 'Metronidazole', 'D': 'Amoxicillin-clavulanate', 'E': 'Cephalexin'},
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D: Amoxicillin-clavulanate
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Q:A 38-year-old male presents for counseling by a psychologist mandated by the court. The patient explains that he does not mean to hit his wife when they are arguing, but something just comes over him that he cannot control. Upon further discussion, the patient reveals that his father was incarcerated several times for physically abusing his mother. Which of the following best describes the behavior seen in this patient?? {'A': 'Acting out', 'B': 'Dissociation', 'C': 'Identification', 'D': 'Reaction formation', 'E': 'Splitting'},
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C: Identification
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 13-year-old girl presents to her pediatrician with vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain. The patient states that this has happened sporadically over the past 4 months. She is currently experiencing these symptoms and has soaked through 1 pad today. She denies being sexually active or using any illicit substances. Her vitals are within normal limits, and physical exam is notable for a healthy young girl with a non-focal abdominal and pelvic exam. Which of the following is the best next step in management?? {'A': 'Administer azithromycin and ceftriaxone', 'B': 'Order a coagulation profile', 'C': 'Perform a CT scan of the abdomen', 'D': 'Perform hysteroscopy and biopsy', 'E': 'Reassurance and discharge'},
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E: Reassurance and discharge
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 40-year-old man is physically and verbally abusive towards his wife and two children. When he was a child, he and his mother were similarly abused by his father. Which of the following psychological defense mechanisms is this man demonstrating?? {'A': 'Identification', 'B': 'Distortion', 'C': 'Regression', 'D': 'Projection', 'E': 'Splitting'},
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A: Identification
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Q:A 50-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of smelling abnormal odors on several occasions. He says that he smells burnt rubber even though there is nothing burning and no one around him can smell what he does. This symptom has been intermittently bothering him for the past 6 months. Also during this period, he had occasional nosebleeds. He works as a high school teacher. Although his work gets a little stressful around the exam season, he says he is able to cope well. Family history is unremarkable. He does not smoke or drink alcohol and denies the use of any medication. Physical examination reveals unilateral nasal obstruction with some dried blood in the nasal passage. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Psychomotor epilepsy', 'B': 'Neuroblastoma', 'C': 'Hypnagogic hallucination', 'D': 'Substance abuse', 'E': 'Schizophrenia'},
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B: Neuroblastoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 25-year-old man presents to the emergency department with back pain. He states that it started yesterday and has been gradually getting worse. He states that the pain is worsened with moving and lifting and is relieved with rest and ibuprofen. He has a past medical history of smoking and IV drug abuse and states he last used IV drugs 2 days ago. He thinks his symptoms may be related to lifting a heavy box. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 122/88 mmHg, pulse is 77/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for focal back pain lateral to the patient’s spine on the left. There is no midline tenderness and the rest of the patient’s exam is unremarkable. There are scars in the antecubital fossae bilaterally. Laboratory values including a C-reactive protein are unremarkable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Compression fracture', 'B': 'Epidural abscess', 'C': 'Epidural hematoma', 'D': 'Herniated nucleus pulposus', 'E': 'Muscle strain'},
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E: Muscle strain
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 37-year-old nulliparous woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of heavy, prolonged bleeding with menstruation, dyspareunia, and cyclical abdominal pain. Menses previously occurred at regular 28-day intervals and lasted 4 days with normal flow. Pelvic examination shows an asymmetrically enlarged, nodular uterus consistent in size with a 10-week gestation. A urine pregnancy test is negative. A photomicrograph of a section of an endometrial biopsy specimen is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Endometrial hyperplasia', 'B': 'Endometriosis', 'C': 'Leiomyoma', 'D': 'Adenomyosis', 'E': 'Endometrial carcinoma'},
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C: Leiomyoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 2-year-old girl presents with a rash on her body. Patient’s mother says she noticed the rash onset about 5 hours ago. For the previous 3 days, she says the patient has had a high fever of 39.0°C (102.2°F). Today the fever abruptly subsided but the rash appeared. Vitals are temperature 37.0°C (98.6°F), blood pressure 95/55 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, respiratory rate 30/min, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. Physical examination reveals a maculopapular, non-confluent, blanchable rash on her back, abdomen, and chest extending superiorly towards the nape of the patient’s neck. Which of the following is this patient’s most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Measles', 'B': 'Rubella', 'C': 'Roseola', 'D': 'Varicella', 'E': 'Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)'},
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C: Roseola
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:On a Sunday afternoon, a surgical oncologist and his family attend a football game in the city where he practices. While at the game, he runs into a physician colleague that works at the same institution. After some casual small talk, his colleague inquires, "Are you taking care of Mr. Clarke, my personal trainer? I heard through the grapevine that he has melanoma, and I didn't know if you have started him on any chemotherapy or performed any surgical intervention yet. Hopefully you'll be able to take very good care of him." In this situation, the surgical oncologist may confirm which of the following?? {'A': "The patient's name", 'B': "The patient's diagnosis", 'C': "The patient's treatment plan", 'D': 'No information at all', 'E': 'Only that Mr. Clarke is his patient'},
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D: No information at all
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 60-year-old Caucasian man comes to the physician because of progressive fatigue, shortness of breath, and leg swelling for the past 4 months. He has to pause several times when climbing one flight of stairs. For the past 10 years, he has had joint pain in his hands, wrists, and knees. He has diabetes mellitus and hypertension controlled with daily insulin injections and a strict low-calorie, low-sodium diet. He takes ibuprofen as needed for his joint pain. His wife says that he snores at night. He drinks two to three beers daily. He has smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 40 years. He went camping in northern New York one week ago. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows jugular venous distention, pitting edema around the ankles, and tanned skin. Crackles are heard at both lung bases. An S3 is heard at the apex. The liver is palpated 2 to 3 cm below the right costal margin. His skin appears dark brown. An ECG shows a left bundle branch block. Echocardiography shows left atrial and ventricular enlargement, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and mild mitral regurgitation. Which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Smoking cessation', 'B': 'Nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure therapy', 'C': 'Surgical valve repair', 'D': 'Regular phlebotomy', 'E': 'Protective clothing'},
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D: Regular phlebotomy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 83-year-old male presents to the emergency department with altered mental status. The patient’s vitals signs are as follows: temperature is 100.7 deg F (38.2 deg C), blood pressure is 143/68 mmHg, heart rate is 102/min, and respirations are 22/min. The caretaker states that the patient is usually incontinent of urine, but she has not seen any soiled adult diapers in the past 48 hours. A foley catheter is placed with immediate return of a large volume of cloudy, pink urine. Which of the following correctly explains the expected findings from this patient’s dipstick urinalysis?? {'A': 'Detection of an enzyme produced by red blood cells', 'B': 'Direct detection of white blood cell surface proteins', 'C': 'Detection of urinary nitrate conversion by gram-negative pathogens', 'D': 'Detection of urinary nitrate conversion by gram-positive pathogens', 'E': 'Detection of an enzyme produced by gram-negative pathogens'},
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C: Detection of urinary nitrate conversion by gram-negative pathogens
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 53-year-old woman presents to the clinic with a 1-month history of a ‘pounding’ in her head and neck and swelling of her feet. She has frequent episodes of diffuse wheezing that occur sporadically without known triggers and last for 1–2 hours. She was recently prescribed albuterol by an external physician but it did not improve her symptoms. She previously walked 2–3 blocks per day for exercise but now complains of dizziness, fatigue, and trouble breathing after walking only 1 block. On review of systems, she confirms a recent history of watery, nonbloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps. She eats a well-balanced diet of meat, dairy, eggs, fish, vegetables, and cereal grains. She has never used alcohol, tobacco, or other recreational drugs. Her temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), the blood pressure is 146/88 mm Hg, the heart rate is 89/min, the respiratory rate is 20/min. Abdominal exam reveals minor, diffuse tenderness to palpation without guarding or rebound. She has jugular venous distention and bilateral pedal edema. There are a few telangiectasias over her chest and abdomen. Lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac auscultation along the left sternal border in the 3rd–4th intercostal space reveals the following sound. At the end of the physical examination, her face suddenly becomes erythematous and warm and she begins wheezing. Which of the following is the most likely side effect of the first-line medication used to manage her condition?? {'A': 'Thromboembolism', 'B': 'Pancreatitis', 'C': 'Visual and/or auditory hallucinations', 'D': 'Cholelithiasis', 'E': 'Hypoglycemia'},
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D: Cholelithiasis
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An 8-year old boy with no past medical history presents to the emergency room with 24-hours of severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and non-bloody diarrhea. His mom states that he has barely eaten in the past 24 hours and has been clutching his abdomen, first near his belly button and now near his right hip. His temperature is 101.4°F (38.5°C), blood pressure is 101/63 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 22/min. On physical exam, the patient is lying very still. There is abdominal tenderness and rigidity upon palpation of the right lower quadrant. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s clinical presentation?? {'A': 'Granulomatous inflammation of the appendix', 'B': 'Diverticulum in the terminal ileum', 'C': 'Appendiceal lymphoid hyperplasia', 'D': 'Structural abnormality of the appendix', 'E': 'Twisting of the spermatic cord'},
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C: Appendiceal lymphoid hyperplasia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 57-year-old man with diabetes mellitus type 2 presents for a routine follow-up. His blood glucose levels have been inconsistently controlled with metformin and lifestyle modifications since his diagnosis 3 years ago. He is currently is on metformin and diet control with exercise. The vital signs are as follows a blood pressure of 122/82 mm Hg, a pulse of 83/min, a temperature of 36.3°C (97.4°F), and a respiratory rate of 10/min. At this current visit, the urinalysis results are as follows: pH 6.2 Color light yellow RBC none WBC none Protein 4+ Cast RBC casts Glucose absent Crystal none Ketone absent Nitrite absent 24-h urine protein excretion 3.7 g The urine albumin loss mapping shows: Urine albumin loss/24h current: 215 mg Urine albumin loss/24h 3 months ago: 28 mg The blood sugar analysis shows: Fasting blood sugar 153 mg/dL Post-prandial blood sugar 225 mg/dL HbA1c 7.4% Which of the following best describes the expected microscopic finding on renal biopsy?? {'A': 'Normal kidney biopsy; no pathological finding is evident at this time', 'B': 'Glomerular hypertrophy with slight glomerular basement membrane thickening', 'C': 'Significant global glomerulosclerosis', 'D': 'Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules and tubulointerstitial fibrosis', 'E': 'Glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion'},
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E: Glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 30-year-old primigravida schedules an appointment with her obstetrician for a regular check-up. She says that everything is fine, although she reports that her baby has stopped moving as much as previously. She is 22 weeks gestation. She denies any pain or vaginal bleeding. The obstetrician performs an ultrasound and also orders routine blood and urine tests. On ultrasound, there is no fetal cardiac activity or movement. The patient is asked to wait for 1 hour, after which the scan is to be repeated. The second scan shows the same findings. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Missed abortion', 'B': 'Fetal demise', 'C': 'Incomplete abortion', 'D': 'Complete abortion', 'E': 'Ectopic pregnancy'},
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B: Fetal demise
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 67-year-old man presents to the physician because of low-back pain for 6 months. The pain is more localized to the left lower back and sacral area. It is constant without any radiation to the leg. He has no significant past medical history. He takes ibuprofen for pain control. His father developed a bone disease at 60 years of age and subsequently had a fracture in the spine and another in the lower leg. The patient’s vital signs are within normal limits. The neurologic examination shows no focal findings. He has mild tenderness on deep palpation of the left pelvis. The physical examination of the lower extremities shows no abnormalities other than bowed legs. A radiograph of the pelvis is shown in the image. Which of the following serum tests is the most important initial diagnostic study?? {'A': 'Alkaline phosphatase', 'B': 'Calcium', 'C': 'Osteocalcin', 'D': 'Parathyroid hormone', 'E': 'Phosphorus'},
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A: Alkaline phosphatase
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 33-year-old man is admitted to hospital with a 1-week history of productive bloody cough, weight loss, and nocturnal sweats. He is of a lower socioeconomic status and has a history of alcohol and drug abuse. On physical examination his vital signs are as follows: blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg, heart rate is 89/min, respiratory rate is 18/min, and temperature is 37.9℃ (100.2℉). Physical examination is remarkable for a unilateral left-sided focus of diminished vesicular respiration and rales. X-ray shows a focus of infiltration in the upper portion of the left lung that is 2 cm in diameter with signs of cavitation. A nucleic acid amplification test is positive for M. tuberculosis. The patient is prescribed an anti-tuberculosis (TB) regimen that includes rifampin. Which target will be inhibited by rifampin, and which process will be disrupted?? {'A': 'DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, transcription', 'B': 'DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, translation', 'C': 'DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, transcription', 'D': 'DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, translation', 'E': 'DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, splicing'},
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C: DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, transcription
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with complaints of intermittent dysuria, pain with ejaculation, mild lower abdominal pain, and difficulty voiding for the last four months. There is no weight loss or change in stools. He has no known family history of cancer. His past medical history is notable for irritable bowel syndrome and hypertension. On examination, he is well-appearing but mildly uncomfortable. There are no abdominal or rectal masses appreciated; the prostate is mildly tender to palpation, but with normal size, texture, and contour. Urinalysis reveals trace leukocyte esterase and negative nitrite, negative blood, and no bacteria on microscopy. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?? {'A': 'Tamsulosin', 'B': 'Ciprofloxacin', 'C': 'Tamsulosin and ciprofloxacin', 'D': 'Finasteride', 'E': 'Duloxetine'},
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C: Tamsulosin and ciprofloxacin
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 49-year-old woman presents with a mass in her left breast. She says she discovered the mass during a monthly self-examination 3 months ago and has been 'watching it' since that time. She believes the mass has enlarged since she first discovered it. The patient denies any ulceration, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, or nipple discharge. Her past medical history is significant for mild osteoporosis, managed with alendronate. The patient is afebrile, and her vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, there is a 4-mm-diameter left breast mass that is firm and non-tender on palpation. A mammogram of the left breast is performed but fails to display the mass. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient?? {'A': 'Reassurance', 'B': 'Begin tamoxifen therapy', 'C': 'Repeat a mammogram in 6 months', 'D': 'Observe for 6 months and biopsy the mass if it persists', 'E': 'Perform an ultrasound of the left breast'},
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E: Perform an ultrasound of the left breast
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 28-year-old female presents to her primary care doctor complaining of new onset blurry vision. She first noticed her vision getting blurry toward the end of the day several days ago. Since then, she reports that her vision has been fine when she wakes up but gets worse throughout the day. She has also noticed that her eyelids have started to droop before she goes to bed. On exam, she has bilateral ptosis that is worse on the right. Administering edrophonium to this patient leads to an immediate improvement in her symptoms. Which of the following is most likely true about this patient’s condition?? {'A': 'An increasing response will be seen on repeated nerve stimulation', 'B': 'It is associated with a benign proliferation of epithelial cells of the thymus', 'C': 'It is associated with a neoplasm of lung neuroendocrine cells', 'D': 'It is caused by antibodies directed against presynaptic P/Q calcium channels', 'E': 'It is caused by a type III hypersensitivity reaction'},
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B: It is associated with a benign proliferation of epithelial cells of the thymus
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after a recent change in her medication regimen. She reports that she feels well. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, essential tremor, and chronic back pain. Current medications are metformin, glyburide, propranolol, simvastatin, ramipril, amitriptyline, and ibuprofen. Fingerstick blood glucose concentration is 47 mg/dL. Serum studies confirm this value. Which of the following pharmacologic mechanisms is most likely responsible for the absence of symptoms in this patient?? {'A': 'Inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonine reuptake', 'B': 'Blockade of potassium channels in pancreatic β-cells', 'C': 'Antagonism at β2-adrenergic receptors', 'D': 'Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme', 'E': 'Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase'},
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C: Antagonism at β2-adrenergic receptors
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Q:A 26-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of missing her 'monthlies'. She usually has her menses are around the 15th of every month and they last for about 4 days. She is not on any birth control and has recently gotten into a relationship with a boy from college. She is on lithium for maintenance therapy of her bipolar disorder. She once took herself off of lithium, but she became so depressed that she had a suicide attempt shortly after. She is concerned about how lithium use might affect her fetus if she were pregnant. What is the single most appropriate recommendation?? {'A': 'Continue her lithium monotherapy.', 'B': 'Supplement her treatment with 3-4 mg of folate per day.', 'C': 'Add another drug to the regime but decrease each drug’s dosage.', 'D': 'Discontinue the lithium after delivery and before breastfeeding.', 'E': 'The lithium should be discontinued immediately.'},
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A: Continue her lithium monotherapy.
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Q:A 31-year-old woman comes to the physician because she thinks that her “right wrist is broken.” She says that she has severe pain and that “the bone is sticking out.” She has not had any trauma to the wrist. Her medical records indicate that she was diagnosed with schizophrenia 2 years ago and treated with olanzapine; she has not filled any prescriptions over the past 4 months. Three weeks ago, she stopped going to work because she “did not feel like getting up” in the morning. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination of the right wrist shows no visible injury; there is no warmth, swelling, or erythema. Range of motion is limited by pain. On mental status examination, she has a flat affect. Her speech is pressured and she frequently changes the topic. She has short- and long-term memory deficits. Attention and concentration are poor. There is no evidence of suicidal ideation. Urine toxicology screening is negative. An x-ray of the wrist shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate response to this patient's concerns?? {'A': "“I cannot see any injury of your wrist and the physical exam as well as the x-ray don't show any injury. I imagine that feeling as if your wrist was broken may be very uncomfortable. Can you tell me more about what it feels like?”", 'B': '"""I understand your concerns; however, your symptoms seem to be psychogical in nature. I would be happy to refer you to a mental health professional."""', 'C': '"""I can imagine that you are uncomfortable. That certainly looks painful. Let\'s take care of this injury first and then we should talk about your problems getting up in the morning."""', 'D': "“It seems as though you are having a schizophrenia relapse. If you don't follow my recommendations and take your medications, you will most likely have further and possibly more severe episodes.”", 'E': '"""You are clearly distressed. However, your tests do not suggest a physical problem that can be addressed with medications or surgery. I suggest that we meet and evaluate your symptoms on a regular basis."""'},
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A: “I cannot see any injury of your wrist and the physical exam as well as the x-ray don't show any injury. I imagine that feeling as if your wrist was broken may be very uncomfortable. Can you tell me more about what it feels like?”
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Q:A 62-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of a chronic cough. He reports a six-month history of progressively worsening cough and occasional hemoptysis. He has lost ten pounds over the same time frame. His medical history is notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. He has a 50-pack-year smoking history. A chest radiograph reveals a coin-like central cavitary lesion. Tissue biopsy demonstrates findings consistent with squamous cell carcinoma. The patient is referred to a pulmonologist who starts the patient on a chemotherapeutic drug. However, after several weeks on the drug, the patient develops sensorineural hearing loss. Which of the following mechanisms of action is consistent with the most likely medication prescribed in this case?? {'A': 'DNA alkylating agent', 'B': 'Microtubule inhibitor', 'C': 'Folate analog', 'D': 'DNA intercalating agent', 'E': 'Platinum-based DNA crosslinker'},
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E: Platinum-based DNA crosslinker
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of an ulcer on his penis that he first noticed 4 days ago. He is currently sexually active with multiple male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Genital examination shows a shallow, nontender ulcer with a smooth base and indurated border along the shaft of the penis. There is bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Darkfield microscopy of a sample from the lesion shows gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria. A drug that acts by inhibition of which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient?? {'A': 'Transpeptidase', 'B': 'Aminoacyl-tRNA binding', 'C': 'Dihydrofolate reductase', 'D': 'Dihydropteroate synthase', 'E': 'Topoisomerase II and IV'},
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A: Transpeptidase
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Q:A 65-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and was recently discharged from the hospital for an exacerbation. His cough and chills have since improved, but his mobility is still severely limited by dyspnea and fatigue. He smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for 30 years, but quit 5 years ago. His medications include inhaled daily budesonide, formoterol, and tiotropium bromide plus ipratropium/albuterol as needed. Pulmonary function testing shows an FEV1 of 27% of predicted. Resting oxygen saturation ranges from 84–88%. Which of the following steps in management is most likely to increase the chance of survival in this patient?? {'A': 'Oral roflumilast', 'B': 'Oral theophylline', 'C': 'Antibiotic therapy', 'D': 'Oxygen therapy', 'E': 'Inhaled fluticasone'},
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D: Oxygen therapy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 52-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with colicky left flank pain that radiates to her groin. She appears to be in significant distress and is having trouble getting comfortable on the exam table. She and her mother both have a history of calcium oxalate kidney stones. She has a past medical history significant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension. She takes metformin, metoprolol and lisinopril. She has been watching her weight and eating a high protein diet that mainly consists of chicken and seafood. She also eats a great deal of yogurt for the calcium. She asks if she should cut out the yogurt, and wonders if it is the cause of her current kidney stone. What lifestyle modification would reduce her risk of developing kidney stones in the future?? {'A': 'Decrease yogurt intake', 'B': 'Increase electrolytes', 'C': 'Switch to a sulfonylurea', 'D': 'Switch to a potassium-sparing diuretic', 'E': 'Decrease protein intake'},
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E: Decrease protein intake
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 44-year-old man is brought to the clinic by his wife insisting that her husband has been acting strange lately. He is a dentist by profession and has no known medical conditions. For the past 6 weeks, he has insisted on listening to the 6 PM news on the radio. He is adamant that the news anchor is referencing his life during the broadcasts. Apart from this, his wife states that her husband is fine. He and his wife deny the use of any prescribed medications or illicit drugs. He is a non-smoker and drinks alcohol only on social occasions. Physical examination and routine laboratory investigations are normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Grandiose delusions', 'B': 'Erotomanic delusions', 'C': 'Bizarre persecutory', 'D': 'Delusion of inference', 'E': 'Delusion of reference'},
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E: Delusion of reference
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 26-year-old female presents to the emergency department with high fever, productive cough, and hemoptysis. She says that she has also been getting red tender bumps under the skin as well as joint pain. She believes that her symptoms started a few days after a small earthquake hit near her hometown and was otherwise healthy prior to these symptoms. No pathogenic bacteria are detected on sputum culture or by Gram stain. Based on clinical suspicion a lung biopsy is performed and the results are shown in the image provided. The most likely pathogen causing this disease lives in which of the following locations?? {'A': 'Bird and bat droppings', 'B': 'Desert dust and sand', 'C': 'Eastern United States soil', 'D': 'Rose bush thorns', 'E': 'Widespread'},
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B: Desert dust and sand
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:During the obstetric clerkship, the doctor is observing a 3rd-year resident assist a delivery. The patient only had 1 prenatal ultrasound that reported a male fetus. The delivery progresses without complications. The pediatrician-in-charge of the newborn notices a short, broad, upturned penis with an orifice in its dorsal aspect, and both testicles are present in the scrotum. Both the attending and PGY-3 resident immediately recognize the condition. Which of the following female anatomical structures is derived from the embryonic structure affected in this patient?? {'A': 'Labia minora', 'B': 'Bartholin glands', 'C': 'Labia majora', 'D': 'Vestibule', 'E': 'Clitoris'},
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E: Clitoris
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of irritability and frequent bowel movements. During this time, she has had a 6.8-kg (15-lb) weight loss. She has not had a change in appetite or diet. She takes no medications. Her temperature is 37.4°C (99.4°F), pulse is 112/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 126/74 mm Hg. Examination shows moist palms. The thyroid gland is diffusely enlarged; there are no palpable nodules. Serum studies show a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration of 0.2 μU/mL, thyroxine (T4) concentration of 22 μg/dL, and antibodies against the TSH receptor. Which of the following treatment modalities is associated with the lowest rate of recurrence for this patient's condition?? {'A': 'Subtotal thyroidectomy', 'B': 'Radioactive iodine ablation', 'C': 'Propranolol', 'D': 'Methimazole', 'E': 'Potassium iodide'},
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B: Radioactive iodine ablation
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 50-year-old man presents to the emergency department for evaluation of a pulsatile headache, palpitations, chest pain, and anxiety. The vital signs include: heart rate 90/min, blood pressure 211/161 mm Hg, and respiration rate 18/min. His fundoscopic exam is remarkable for papilledema. An urgent urinalysis reveals increased protein and red blood cells (RBCs). Further evaluation reveals elevated plasma metanephrines. What is the 1st step in the definitive treatment of this patient’s underlying disorder?? {'A': 'Beta-blockers followed by alpha-blockers', 'B': 'Alpha-blockers followed by beta-blockers', 'C': 'Calcium channel blockers', 'D': 'Emergent surgery', 'E': 'Hydralazine'},
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B: Alpha-blockers followed by beta-blockers
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 5-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because his lips turned blue for several minutes while playing earlier that evening. She reports that he has had similar episodes during feeding that resolved quickly. He was born at term following an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. He is at the 25th percentile for length and below the 5th percentile for weight. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 130/min, blood pressure is 83/55 mm Hg, and respirations are 42/min. Pulse oximetry on room air shows an oxygen saturation of 90%. During the examination, he sits calmly in his mother's lap. He appears well. The patient begins to cry when examination of his throat is attempted; his lips and fingers begin to turn blue. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?? {'A': 'Pulmonary vascular congestion on x-ray of the chest', 'B': 'Right axis deviation on ECG', 'C': 'Machine-like hum on auscultation', 'D': 'Anomalous pulmonary venous return on MR angiography', 'E': 'Diminutive left ventricle on echocardiogram\n"'},
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B: Right axis deviation on ECG
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressive weight loss for 3 months. Physical examination shows jaundice and a nontender, palpable gallbladder. A CT scan of the abdomen shows an ill-defined mass in the pancreatic head. She is scheduled for surgery to resect the pancreatic head, distal stomach, duodenum, early jejunum, gallbladder, and common bile duct and anastomose the jejunum to the remaining stomach, pancreas, and bile duct. Following surgery, this patient is at the greatest risk for which of the following?? {'A': 'Hypercoagulable state', 'B': 'Microcytic anemia', 'C': 'Calcium oxalate kidney stones', 'D': 'Wide-based gait', 'E': 'Increased bile production\n"'},
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B: Microcytic anemia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 25-year-old G1P0 woman at 14 weeks estimated gestational age presents for prenatal care. She has no complaints. No significant past medical history. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory findings are significant for the following: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.3 mIU/L (0.4–4.2 mIU/L) Total T4 11.4 µg/dL (5.4–11.5 µg/dL) Free total T4 0.7 ng/dL (0.7–1.8 ng/dL) Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient’s laboratory findings?? {'A': 'Estrogen regulation of thyroxine-binding globulin secretion (TBG)', 'B': 'Placental production of thyroxine', 'C': 'Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) regulation of TBG', 'D': 'Progesterone regulation of TBG', 'E': 'Estrogen mediated thyroid hyperplasia'},
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A: Estrogen regulation of thyroxine-binding globulin secretion (TBG)
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 50-year-old female is evaluated by her physician for recent weight gain. Physical examination is notable for truncal obesity, wasting of her distal musculature and moon facies. In addition she complains of abnormal stretch marks that surround her abdomen. The physician suspects pituitary adenoma. Which of the following high-dose dexamethasone suppression test findings and baseline ACTH findings would support his view?? {'A': 'Cortisol suppression, normal baseline ACTH', 'B': 'Cortisol suppression, high baseline ACTH', 'C': 'No cortisol suppression, high baseline ACTH', 'D': 'No cortisol suppression, low baseline ACTH', 'E': 'Elevation of cortisol above pre-test levels, high baseline ACTH'},
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B: Cortisol suppression, high baseline ACTH
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 64-year-old man presents to his physician 6 months after experiencing a myocardial infarction. The patient currently denies any symptoms and is only in for a check up. The patient's past medical history is notable for diabetes (type II), obesity, hypertension and cyclothymia. His current medications are hydrocholorthiazide, metoprolol, metformin, insulin, fluoxetine, and fish oil. On physical exam you note a calm elderly man who is moderately obese and in no current distress. The patient's cardiovascular exam is notable for a S4 heart sound. The patients lab work is below. Serum: Na+: 140 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.4 mEq/L HCO3-: 23 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 120 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.6 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.1 mg/dL AST: 11 U/L ALT: 9 U/L Cholesterol: 190 mg/dL Triglycerides: 150 mg/dL High density lipoprotein associated cholesterol: 11 mg/dL Low density lipoprotein associated cholesterol: 149 mg/dL The physician updates the patient's medication regimen after this visit. The patient returns 2 weeks later and presents his blood glucose diary to you demonstrating a mean blood glucose of 167 mg/dL. He is also complaining of flushing that occurs occasionally but otherwise is doing well. Which of the following is most likely to alleviate this patient's current symptom?? {'A': 'GLUT-4 insertion in cell membranes', 'B': 'Inhibition of angiotensin II formation', 'C': 'Discontinue diuretic that inhibits Na/Cl cotransporter', 'D': 'Irreversible inactivation of cyclooxygenase', 'E': 'Decreased inhibition of HMG CoA reductase'},
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D: Irreversible inactivation of cyclooxygenase
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician with increasing jaundice and fatigue for the past week. She has no history of a serious illness. She takes no medications and denies use of recreational drugs. She does not drink alcohol. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Her body mass index is 21 kg/m2. On physical examination, she has icteric sclera. Otherwise, her heart and lung sounds are within normal limits. Hemoglobin 15 g/dL Leukocyte count 6,000/mm3 with a normal differential Serum bilirubin Total 6.5 mg/dL Direct 0.9 mg/dL Alkaline phosphatase 70 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT) 430 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT) 560 U/L γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 43 U/L (N=5-50 U/L) Hepatitis A antibody Negative Hepatitis B surface antigen Negative Hepatitis C antibody Negative Rheumatoid factor 80 IU/mL (N=0-20 IU/mL) Antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer is 1:1280. Polyclonal immunoglobulin gamma is 5 g/dL. Which of the following antibodies is most likely to be positive in this patient?? {'A': 'Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide', 'B': 'Anti-double stranded DNA', 'C': 'Anti-liver kidney microsomal type 2', 'D': 'Anti-mitochondrial', 'E': 'Anti-smooth muscle'},
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E: Anti-smooth muscle
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 22-year-old female presents at 24 weeks gestation with a chief complaint of burning upon urination. On physical exam, you note a gravid uterus that extends above the umbilicus. A urine analysis and culture is sent demonstrating over 100,000 colony forming units of E. coli. Of note this patient had a similar UTI 7 weeks ago that was resolved with appropriate medication. Which of the following is the most appropriate management of this patient?? {'A': 'Nitrofurantoin', 'B': 'TMP-SMX', 'C': 'Cephalexin', 'D': 'Nitrofurantoin and continue with nitrofurantoin prophylaxis for the rest of the pregnancy', 'E': 'Cephalexin and IV antibiotic prophylaxis for the rest of the pregnancy'},
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D: Nitrofurantoin and continue with nitrofurantoin prophylaxis for the rest of the pregnancy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:n 18-month-old toddler is brought to the pediatrician by her mother for cough. The mother reports that her daughter has had a productive-sounding cough and runny nose for the past 2 days. She has also noticed that her daughter feels warm. On chart review, this is the 4th time this patient is presenting for similar concerns; the 3 previous diagnoses were otitis media (2 episodes) and bacterial sinusitis (1 episode). Her temperature is 38.3°C (101.0°F). Physical examination is notable for cough and purulent sputum from both nares, although her lungs are clear to auscultation. Sputum gram stain shows gram-positive diplococci. Serum immunoglobulin studies show normal levels of IgM and decreased levels of IgG and IgA. Which of the following is the most likely underlying diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Bruton agammaglobulinemia', 'B': ' Common variable immunodeficiency', 'C': ' Hyper-IgM syndrome', 'D': ' Selective IgA deficiency', 'E': 'Severe combined immunodeficiency'},
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C: Hyper-IgM syndrome
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 56-year old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of a dark spot on his left thigh. He says that he first noticed the spot about 3 years ago when he went to the beach with his family; however, at the time it was very small and he didn't think that it was worth mentioning. Since then, it has been growing slowly and he is now concerned about its size. He says that he does not have any other symptoms associated with the lesion. Physical exam reveals an asymmetric 2.5 centimeter plaque with irregular borders and a varying pattern of brown coloration. The lesion is studied and found to have a mutation in a gene that inhibits cyclin function. Which of the following is most likely true of this gene?? {'A': 'Both copies of the gene encoding the target are non-functional in tumors', 'B': 'Overproduction of the gene product leads to disease', 'C': 'The gene is involved in DNA repair', 'D': 'The gene is located on the X chromosome', 'E': 'The protein experienced gain of function mutation'},
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A: Both copies of the gene encoding the target are non-functional in tumors
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Q:A 35-year-old African American male is admitted to the hospital following a recent diagnosis of systemic histoplasmosis and subsequently treated with an intravenous anti-fungal agent. During the course of his hospital stay, he complains of headaches. Work-up reveals hypotension, anemia, and elevated BUN and creatinine. His medication is known to cause these side-effects through its binding of cell membrane ergosterol. With which anti-fungal is he most likely being treated?? {'A': 'Fluconazole', 'B': 'Flucytosine', 'C': 'Amphotericin B', 'D': 'Terbinafine', 'E': 'Griseofulvin'},
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C: Amphotericin B
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:An otherwise healthy 13-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of asthma attacks that have been increasing in frequency and severity over the past 4 weeks. He was first diagnosed with asthma 6 months ago. Current medications include high-dose inhaled fluticasone and salmeterol daily, with additional albuterol as needed. He has required several courses of oral corticosteroids. A medication is added to his therapy regimen that results in downregulation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils. Which of the following drugs was most likely added to the patient's medication regimen?? {'A': 'Zileuton', 'B': 'Omalizumab', 'C': 'Theophylline', 'D': 'Infliximab', 'E': 'Nedocromil\n"'},
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B: Omalizumab
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Q:A 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of abdominal pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, and swelling and pruritus of the lips, tongue, and throat for 1 hour. The symptoms began minutes after he started eating a lobster dinner. It is determined that his symptoms are due to surface crosslinking of IgE. This immunologic event most likely caused the release of which of the following?? {'A': 'Tryptase', 'B': 'Cathepsin', 'C': 'Serotonin', 'D': 'Bradykinin', 'E': 'Interferon gamma\n"'},
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A: Tryptase
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Q:A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of a skin lesion on his nose. The patient has had the lesion for 11 months and it has increased in size over the past few months. He is a farmer and lives together with his wife. His mother died of metastatic melanoma at the age of 67 years. The patient has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years and drinks 1–2 glasses of whiskey on weekends. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 75/min, and blood pressure is 140/78 mm Hg. Examination of the skin shows a nontender lesion at the right root of the nose. An image of the lesion is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?? {'A': 'Molluscum contagiosum', 'B': 'Keratoacanthoma', 'C': 'Basal cell carcinoma', 'D': 'Squamous cell carcinoma', 'E': 'Actinic keratosis'},
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C: Basal cell carcinoma
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 49-year-old man presents to a physician with the complaint of pain in the thigh after walking. He says that he is an office clerk with a sedentary lifestyle and usually drives to his office. On 2 occasions last month he had to walk to his office, which is less than a quarter of a mile from his home. On both occasions, soon after walking, he experienced pain in the right thigh which subsided spontaneously within a few minutes. His past medical history is negative for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or ischemic heart disease. He is a non-smoker and non-alcoholic. His father has ischemic heart disease. His physical examination is within normal limits, and the peripheral pulses are palpable in all extremities. His detailed diagnostic evaluation, including magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) and exercise treadmill ankle-brachial index (ABI) testing, suggests a diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease due to atherosclerosis of the right iliac artery. Which of the following is the best initial treatment option?? {'A': 'Exercise therapy', 'B': 'Mediterranean diet', 'C': 'A combination of aspirin and clopidogrel', 'D': 'Pentoxifylline', 'E': 'Percutaneous angioplasty with stenting'},
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A: Exercise therapy
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of palpitations. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her pulse is 136/min and irregularly irregular. An ECG shows irregularly spaced QRS complexes with no distinct P waves. Treatment is started with a drug that slows atrioventricular node conduction velocity and prevents voltage-dependent calcium entry into myocytes. The patient is at greatest risk for which of the following adverse effects?? {'A': 'Tinnitus', 'B': 'Dry mouth', 'C': 'Peripheral edema', 'D': 'Bronchospasm', 'E': 'Gingival hyperplasia'},
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E: Gingival hyperplasia
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 45-year-old male presents to the hospital complaining of frequent headaches and a decreased libido. During the physical exam, the patient also states that he has recently been experiencing vision problems. The patient is suffering from what type of adenoma?? {'A': 'Somatotroph', 'B': 'Lactotroph', 'C': 'Corticotroph', 'D': 'Thyrotroph', 'E': 'Gonadotroph'},
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B: Lactotroph
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 62-year-old man presents for evaluation of an adrenal nodule, which was accidentally discovered while performing a computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen for recurrent abdominal pain. The CT was negative except for a 3 cm low-density, well-circumscribed nodule in the left adrenal gland. He reports weight gain of 12 kg (26.4 lb) over the past 3 years. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, which have been difficult to control with medications. Which of the following is the best initial test for this patient?? {'A': 'ACTH stimulation test', 'B': 'CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis', 'C': '1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test', 'D': 'Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)', 'E': 'Inferior petrosal sampling'},
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C: 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:A 48-year-old woman presents to an urgent care clinic with the complaints of bloody diarrhea, mid-abdominal discomfort, and cramping for 3 days. She also has nausea, vomiting, and fever. She reports that she had eaten raw oysters at a local seafood restaurant almost 3 days ago, but she denies any other potentially infectious exposures. Her temperature is 37.5°C (99.6°F), respiratory rate is 15/min, pulse is 67/min, and blood pressure is 102/68 mm Hg. Physical examination is non-contributory. What is the most likely diagnosis?? {'A': 'Rotavirus infection', 'B': 'C. difficile colitis', 'C': 'Bacillus cereus infection', 'D': 'Norovirus infection', 'E': 'Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection'},
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E: Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection
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Answer the following medical question with one of the provided options:
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Q:The parents of a newly adopted 5-year-old child brought him to the pediatrician after he started to have bouts of diarrhea and bloating. His symptoms are worse after consuming dairy products and ice cream. The immunization history is up to date. His height and weight are in the 60th and 70th percentiles, respectively. His physical examination is normal. The pediatrician orders some lab tests because she believes there is a biochemical disorder. What is the first-line therapy for the most likely condition?? {'A': 'Omeprazole', 'B': 'Metoclopramide', 'C': 'Pancreatic lipase supplement', 'D': 'Diet modification', 'E': 'Cholestyramine'},
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D: Diet modification
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